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information about sex, both from their parents and their schools. During puberty, adolescents experience a heightened need for sexual knowledge and a deeper understanding of their own physical and psychological changes. However, the prevailing cultural norms often hinder open conversations on these topics. To complicate matters, the rapid growth of the
Internet has made explicit content, such as pornography, widely accessible to people of all ages. The availability, affordability, and anonymity of online pornography have made it a readily accessible source for curious individuals. This has given rise to numerous consequences and impacts on its users, including psychological and social effects that are of growing concern.
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Hong Kong leverage the platform to explore cross-racial dating, challenging traditional gender expectations within
Chinese culture. Female profiles, predominantly from Asian women, often adopt names associated with 'whore-like' or 'bad girl' femininity, with explicit photos focusing on specific body parts. Male profiles frequently feature explicit images, reinforcing a narrative of forceful male seduction. This complex interplay of cultural dynamics underscores the unique and evolving nature of online interactions in the region.
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tensions persist between
Chinese and Western mindsets. The site's membership in Hong Kong exhibits a significant gender imbalance, with around 100,000 male members compared to 8,000 females in December 2007. Women experience a flood of requests, while men often struggle to receive replies. Although the site is available in both Chinese and English, users from various backgrounds tend to correspond in English.
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information networks, telephones or other means of communications, violators shall be detained for no less than 10 days but no more than 15 days and may, in addition, be fined no more than 3,000 yuan; and if the circumstances are relatively minor, they shall be detained for no more than 5 days or be fined no more than 500 yuan; simple possession is legal.
643:
In many
Eastern countries, particularly in China in recent years, discussions surrounding sexual matters have often been viewed as embarrassing or taboo. Adolescents, who are going through the challenging period of puberty, face a significant challenge when it comes to obtaining accurate and reliable
308:
According to
Article 68 of the Public Security Administration Punishments Law, it is illegal to produce, transport, duplicate, sell or lend pornographic materials including books, periodicals, pictures, movies and audio-video products, or disseminate pornographic information by making use of computer
669:
On the mainland China front, the government's stringent policies against pornography and
Internet censorship shape the online landscape. The uneven gender ratio on AFF.com in Hong Kong creates opportunities for non-Chinese men, particularly Caucasians, to connect with Chinese women. Chinese women in
652:
In 2013, a study was conducted among college students in
Chongqing, China, revealing that the use of pornography was quite prevalent in this demographic. Shockingly, 94.2% of college students reported having been exposed to pornography prior to entering college. The study further highlighted a
515:
A crackdown of pornographic websites in 2004 lead to the arrests of over 200 people and the shutdown of over 700 pornographic websites including "99 Erotica", after having acquired more than 300,000 registered users within a year of its launch. One of those imprisoned, Wang Yanli, was believed to be
656:
The findings of the study indicated a significant connection between the use of pornography and the frequency of masturbation among the college students. Moreover, it was observed that a higher frequency of masturbation in conjunction with pornography had detrimental effects on sperm concentration
435:
Chinese internet censors are highly skilled at detecting pornographic images, audios, and videos. However, these censors are imperfect and susceptible to errors. An online lecture on human birth was shut down after censors flagged the livestream as pornographic material. “A livestreamed course on
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in the process of attempting to access these websites has prompted some services in China to charge a membership fee in return for greater reliability and fewer or no advertisements. However, the use of domestic bank accounts makes such websites even more vulnerable to authorities. The continued
665:
In Hong Kong, the Adult FriendFinder (AFF.com) website operates within a sophisticated and
Western-influenced metropolis, marked by high-tech infrastructure and underlying moral conservatism. Despite efforts by progressive communities and sex activists to foster a sex-positive cultural climate,
348:
In 1997, a sweeping wave of regulations aimed at restricting internet usage was enacted. Section Five of the
Computer Information Network and Internet Security, Protection, and Management Regulations was the first time pornography was specifically targeted and banned in China's criminal law. It
554:
Between 2009 and 2010, crackdowns on pornography sites resulted in the arrests of thousands of people annually. In 2009, 5,394 people were arrested and 9,000 illegal porn-related sites were shut down. In 2010, Chinese authorities shut down 60,000 pornographic websites and arrested almost 5,000
227:
laws and definitions vary depending on the governing authority. In the PRC there are criminal laws which prohibit the production, dissemination, and selling of sexually explicit material, and anyone doing so may be sentenced to life imprisonment. There is an ongoing campaign against "spiritual
439:
Pornography related charges often carry serious punishments. Distributors of pornography can face up to life imprisonment and possession charges carry hefty fines and can carry prison sentences. Some critics claim that censorship disproportionately targets LGBT content, which leads to higher
334:), will often change pornographic videos to "8 seconds educational videos" to educate users that the government is conducting a campaign to combat pornography and illegal activities, or to simply prevent users from downloading or uploading pornographic materials.
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domestically. First introduced in 1997, three years after the internet first arrived in China, it included regulations prohibiting the use of the internet to disseminate sexually suggestive material, among other things. The Great
Firewall is a subsystem of the
349:
defined obscene material as any "books, periodicals, movies, video-and audio-tapes, pictures, etc. that explicitly portray sexual behavior or undisguisedly publicize pornographic materials", but made exception for those used for medical or artistic purposes.
440:
criminalization of authors and creators who attempt to make pornography more inclusive. Others claim that the crackdown on pornography is used as a tool by the Communist Party to increase censorship and further limit freedom of expression.
356:'s prohibition on pornography has been complete, and the government has shown no signs of reversing its decision. Directors, producers, and actors involved in pornographic films have been barred from competing in any film competitions. Any
436:
meiosis, the division of sex cells...” resulted in a similar problem for a biology teacher in Wenzhou, China. While trying to eliminate all sexual content, censors have inadvertently targeted educational content though the law allows it.
368:
Chinese government consistently holds the idea that pornography information is harmful, arguing that "disseminating pornographic information online severely harms the physical and mental health of minors, and seriously corrupts social
317:
In practice, enforcement is limited to punishing violators who spread pornographic materials amounting to more than 40 files on China's social media platforms, and punishment is rare for leeching and seeding pornographic materials via
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and Tuputech, these censors were designed to detect, block, and remove all sexual content. The development of artificial intelligence technologies has been essential in the success of the censorship of internet pornography in China.
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As punishment, the law provides for fines, public surveillance of the individual, or imprisonment not exceeding two years. In cases where the act is deemed to be for-profit, the maximum imprisonment period is to be three years.
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to avoid being detected by the authorities. The quantity of advertisements on these websites, sometimes with no pornographic content available after the advertisements have been navigated, and the high risk of picking up
421:
In its effort to combat internet pornography and other internet activity which it deemed illegal, the government of China issued the widespread use of internet censors. Algorithms designed by tech companies including
1094:[At present, the network of obscene pornographic information repeatedly prohibited, repeatedly fight, seriously endangering the physical and mental health of minors, seriously corrupting the social ethos...]
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The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China prescribes the production and distribution of pornography as punishable offences. It does not prescribe possession to be illegal. It defines pornography
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is high because authorities have not traditionally recognised their copyrights. Copyright protection is usually strictly applied in the ROC, but pornography has been seen as an exception.
262:
In contrast, pornography is legal in Taiwan and it's available via a number of routes, including DVD, television and the Internet. The level of piracy of pornographic films in the
289:
sex-propagating books or periodicals, films, video- or audio-tapes, pictures or other pornographic articles which concretely describe sexual acts or undisguisedly publicize sex
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Sex education is extremely limited in China. Consequently, pornography has become the "only source of information for millions of young people" looking to learn about sex.
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concerning correlation between pornography consumption and masturbation habits, suggesting that prolonged exposure to pornography could potentially lead to addiction.
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In 2005 authorities sentenced its eleven workers, among them teachers and civil servants, to imprisonment ranging from three to twelve years for disseminating
384:
1434:"Fighting the obscene, pornographic, and unhealthy—an analysis of the nature, extent, and regulation of China's online pornography within a global context"
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became popular in the West. A few major (though ill-fated) websites appeared in China during 2004, including "99 Erotica Forum" and "Erotica Juneday". The
1267:
1375:"Pornography Use Could Lead to Addiction and Was Associated With Reproductive Hormone Levels and Semen Quality: A Report From the MARHCS Study in China"
240:. Nationwide surveys between the years 2000 and 2015 revealed "more than 70 percent of men aged 18 to 29 said they had watched porn in the past year".
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1158:[Chinese cultural traditions and moral values do not allow obscene and pornographic information to spread unchecked on the Internet.]
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creation and distribution of pornography, despite its illegality, has resulted in the imprisonment of thousands of people across China.
527:(then around $ 490) a year, and sentenced founder Chen Hui to life imprisonment. Among those who complained about the harshness of the
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the first woman jailed on a pornography related charge. She received a sentence of four years for operating an online strip club.
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game between the two has led providers and users to find other ways to share adult content, both self-made and pirated from other
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1481:"Lizzy Kinsey and the Adult Friendfinders: an ethnographic study of Internet sex and pornographic self-display in Hong Kong"
108:
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Cui, Zhihong; Mo, Min; Chen, Qing; Wang, Xiaogang; Yang, Huan; Zhou, Niya; Sun, Lei; Liu, Jinyi; Ao, Lin; Cao, Jia (2021).
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National People's Congress. 中华人民共和国刑法 [Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China]. Article 367.
523:. In October 2006 authorities closed down "Erotica Juneday", which charged its highest-paying members 3,999
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and moral values do not allow obscene and pornographic information to spread unchecked on the Internet".
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before they can watch or download pornographic content. The websites typically offer a mix of domestic
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848:[Taiwan's first genuine adult channel launches and promotes adult copyright protection].
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PRC authorities have closed down many pornographic services in recent years, but an ongoing
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1072:[Fight against pornography and illegality - Cleaning the Web 2014 - Xinhuanet].
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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videos and pirated content from Japan, Europe and the US. They typically set up their
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to describe the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the
1111:
747:. Australian Centre on China in the World - Australian Centre on China in the World
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319:
1107:"Sex and the Law in China: 'The People Will Pull, and the Government Will Follow'"
904:"Law of the PRC on Penalties for Administration of Public Security - China.org.cn"
768:"Sex and the Law in China: 'The People Will Pull, and the Government Will Follow'"
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418:, also referred to as the "National Public Security Work Informational Project".
1933:
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322:(P2P) networks. Many get pornographic materials this way. Giant companies like
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1536:"Consumption of pornographic materials in early adolescents in Hong Kong"
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822:"China passes new national security law extending control over internet"
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and the total sperm count, raising important health-related concerns.
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Blanchard, Ben; Mao, Sabrina; Lim, Benjamin Kang (30 December 2010).
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Pornography collectors who have resources are called "old drivers" (
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The first pornographic websites appeared in China before sites like
581:), while sharing pornographic videos is referred to as "driving" (
370:
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of 1983. Although pornography is illegal, it is available via the
330:
which provides Cloud storages and P2P offline download services (
1042:"China steps up purge of online porn amid wider censorship push"
1582:
493:
160:
58:
17:
1242:"5,000 arrested in China for Internet pornography last year"
997:"Incomplete and Opaque: The Problems with China's Porn Laws"
599:), the recipient of the content is known as a "car seat" (
1021:"Production of XXX movies banned in China — UPI.com"
468:
for these websites requires visitors to navigate through
1170:"China's Pornography Laws Are a Backdoor for Censorship"
1136:[Deep development, cleaning action to the end].
251:. In this aspect the development of the nation's online
1023:. United Press International (www.upi.com). 2008-01-01
952:"Daily BitTorrent Statistic in China for 2021-05-24"
1874:
1616:
1534:Ma, Cecilia M. S.; Shek, Daniel T. L. (June 2013).
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
354:State Administration of Radio, Film and Television
1268:"China shuts over 60,000 porn websites this year"
538:. She called on authorities to either repeal the
360:found in violation may have its license revoked.
976:"Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China"
886:"Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China"
797:"No Porn for Chinese Stuck Under Virus Lockdown"
294:translation by Asian Legal Information Institute
287:
1540:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
542:in China or stop pretending the nation enjoys
304:Public Security Administration Punishments Law
1594:
8:
1223:(in Chinese). 中央电视台 - CCTV. 20 December 2006
1092:当前，网络淫秽色情信息屡禁不止、屡打不绝，严重危害未成年人身心健康，严重败坏社会风气……
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1601:
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506:Pornography related arrests and censorship
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880:
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203:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
373:", pornography information is close to "
735:
1318:"Problematic Pornography Use in China"
1196:"China jails woman in porn crackdown"
745:"Spiritual Pollution Thirty Years On"
743:Barmé, Geremie R (17 November 2013).
492:overseas and frequently change their
228:pollution", the term referencing the
7:
790:
788:
786:
784:
725:Legal status of internet pornography
255:reflects the overall development of
87:adding citations to reliable sources
1432:Liang, Bin; Lu, Hong (2012-09-01).
1082:from the original on 15 April 2019
14:
890:Asian Legal Information Institute
234:Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign
33:This article has multiple issues.
1928:
1919:
1918:
928:"500人微信群里多次传播淫秽色情视频及图片，潮州两男子被刑拘"
694:
680:
617:) and pornography is "welfare" (
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63:
22:
1485:Culture, Health & Sexuality
1479:Jacobs, Katrien (August 2010).
995:Tone, Sixth (9 December 2016).
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
1194:Richardson, Tim (2004-08-16).
1156:中国的文化传统和道德观念更不允许淫秽色情信息在网上肆意传播。
820:France, Agence (1 July 2015).
702:Erotica and pornography portal
631:
613:
595:
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1:
720:Legality of child pornography
1497:10.1080/13691058.2010.481332
1438:Crime, Law and Social Change
1142:(in Chinese). Archived from
852:(in Chinese). 8 January 2013
715:Internet censorship in China
639:Impact on use of Pornography
385:Chinese cultural traditions
1981:
1553:10.1016/j.jpag.2013.03.011
1379:Frontiers in Endocrinology
1334:10.1007/s40429-022-00408-9
1316:Chen, Lijun (2022-06-01).
710:Pornography laws by region
407:People's Republic of China
341:
217:People's Republic of China
1914:
1450:10.1007/s10611-012-9380-3
1392:10.3389/fendo.2021.736384
1322:Current Addiction Reports
1105:Wall, Kim (6 June 2013).
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249:pornographic film studios
174:This article needs to be
1676:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
956:iknowwhatyoudownload.com
846:"台灣首家正版成人頻道開播 或促成人片版權保護"
766:KIM WALL (6 June 2013).
215:In China, including the
447:Survival of pornography
398:Great Firewall of China
270:Legality and punishment
230:Chinese Communist party
1965:Pornography by country
401:was coined in 1997 by
297:
98:"Pornography in China"
770:. China: The Atlantic
648:Impact on Adolescents
544:freedom of expression
452:Pornographic websites
416:Golden Shield Project
338:Government censorship
1851:United Arab Emirates
1610:Pornography in Asia
1217:"央视《焦点访谈》：捣毁"情色六月天""
83:improve this article
1955:Pornography in Asia
1878:limited recognition
1546:(3 Suppl): S18–25.
486:amateur pornography
472:advertisements for
375:spiritual pollution
344:Censorship in China
1174:Human Rights Watch
1146:on 23 October 2014
480:-esque pills, and
223:(ROC/Taiwan), the
1942:
1941:
1070:"扫黄打非·净网2014－新华网"
661:Impact on Culture
221:Republic of China
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1134:"纵深发展，净网行动进行到底"
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1050:. 21 April 2014
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1491:(6): 691–703.
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1198:. The Register
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1934:Asia portal
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1080:Archived
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536:Li Yinhe
531:was the
529:sentence
474:sex toys
411:Internet
292:—
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