819:
31:
959:
1036:
53:
636:
1104:, harbours a comparable level of diversity with 119 taxa, including 46 endemics. Central America, spanning from Mexico to Panama, supports 106 taxa, with 10 being endemic to the region. Australia, when considered separately from the broader Australasian context, is home to 96 taxa, 22 of which are endemic. Notably, Costa Rica, despite its relatively small land area, supports a considerable 94 taxa, including 7 endemics.
348:, have broadened the understanding of the Porinaceae's diversity. These findings have also challenged traditional classification methods, as the relationship between physical characteristics and genetic relationships is not always straightforward. Lichens in the Porinaceae have diverse habitat preferences across a range of climatic zones. The family's distribution patterns and
271:. While Trichotheliaceae was proposed as an alternative, Porinaceae is the widely accepted name following ongoing nomenclatural discussions. Most members of this family typically have a crust-like appearance and grow on a variety of surfaces, including tree bark, leaves, and rocks. Porinaceae is known for its diverse
972:
Phylogenetic studies have provided insights into the evolution of morphological characters within
Porinaceae. Ascospore septation has emerged as a key character correlated with the family's phylogenetic structure, with two main clades distinguished by muriform versus transversely septate ascospores.
604:
A significant development came from a 2014 study by Nelsen et al., which conclusively demonstrated that
Myeloconidaceae, previously considered a separate family, is nested within Porinaceae. As a result, Myeloconidaceae was reduced to synonymy with Porinaceae. The same study revealed two main clades
521:
in 2019. LĂŒcking clarified that
Porinaceae was first established by Reichenbach in 1828 under the name "Porineae", with clear designation as a family. He argued that according to ICN Article 18.4 Example 9, "Porineae" was automatically corrected to Porinaceae without altering the authorship or date.
1122:
Very few species of
Porinaceae can be considered cosmopolitan. In contrast to some other lichen families like Verrucariaceae, very few Porinaceae species are common to both northern and southern temperate regions, suggesting a degree of geographical isolation in the family's evolutionary history.
992:
The diversity of morphologies observed in
Porinaceae, from crustose to squamulose and placodioid thalli, as well as varied reproductive strategies, underscores the complexity of the family's evolutionary history. This morphological plasticity presents challenges in taxonomic classification and
844:
group, have perithecia almost completely covered by the thallus, including a layer of crystals termed the crystallostratum. Other species lack this crystallostratum and may have more exposed, often darker coloured perithecia. The development of the involucrellum (a protective layer around the
830:
The ascomata in
Porinaceae develop through a unique process where they start enclosed but gradually open as they mature. This developmental pattern is characteristic of the larger group Ostropomycetidae, to which Porinaceae belongs. The asci are typically thin-walled compared to other
976:
In contrast, substrate preferences appear to have evolved multiple times, with foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) species not forming a monophyletic group. This indicates that adaptation to different substrates has occurred independently in various lineages. Thallus types, such as the
1047:
The
Porinaceae has a wide ecological range, occurring on various substrates and across diverse climatic conditions. Species in this family grow primarily as epiphytes on bark and leaves, but are also found on rocks, demonstrating their ability to adapt to different habitats.
685:
with distinct morphologies are placed in unexpected positions in the family tree, challenging attempts at a clear-cut classification based on morphological characters alone. As a result of these complexities, some researchers have opted to retain a broader concept of
1773:
Nelsen, Matthew P.; LĂŒcking, Robert; Andrew, Carrie J.; Aptroot, AndrĂ©; CĂĄceres, Marcela E.S.; Mercado-DĂaz, Joel A.; Plata, Eimy Rivas; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2014). "Molecular phylogeny reveals the true colours of
Myeloconidaceae (Ascomycota: Ostropales)".
680:
These findings collectively support the notion that
Porinaceae may need to be subdivided into a larger number of genera than previously recognised. However, the correlation between morphology and phylogeny in Porinaceae is not always straightforward. Some
1088:
latitudes. The family's diversity decreases rapidly towards higher latitudes, with only two species known with certainty from north of the Arctic Circle, and one from
Antarctica. Similarly, hot arid regions have very few or no Porinaceae species.
1732:
Lebreton, Elise; Ertz, Damien; LĂŒcking, Robert; Simon, Antoine; Smith, Clifford; SĂ©rusiaux, EmmanuĂ«l (2024). "Further expansion of morphological variability in the Porinaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales) with the placement of the enigmatic genus
1657:
Kraichak, Ekaphan; Huang, Jen-Pan; Nelsen, Matthew; Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2018). "A revised classification of orders and families in the two major subclasses of Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota) based on a temporal approach".
498:, confirming Porinaceae as the valid family name. A more recent nomenclatural debate arose in 2018 when Ekaphan Kraichak and colleagues proposed replacing the family name Porinaceae with Trichotheliaceae, citing specific rules from the
1950:
Rivas Plata, Eimy; LĂŒcking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2008). "When family matters: an analysis of Thelotremataceae (Lichenized Ascomycota: Ostropales) as bioindicators of ecological continuity in tropical forests".
585:
The current consensus among lichenologists maintains Porinaceae as the valid name for this fungal family, which is now placed in the order Gyalectales within the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the Lecanoromycetes.
803:. In some groups within the family, the ascomata are further covered by a layer of the thallus (the main body of the lichen) and occasionally by an additional layer of small crystal clusters, referred to as the
530:
The current understanding of Porinaceae's phylogenetic position began to take shape in the early 2000s. A pivotal study in 2004 by Grube, Baloch, and Lumbsch used molecular data to place Porinaceae within the
416:, recognising their ascohymenial nature. Subsequently, the family was variously classified in orders such as Sphaeriales and Pyrenulales, reflecting the ongoing uncertainty about its taxonomic position.
499:
593:
within the family, revealing a complex evolutionary history. This research has also highlighted ongoing challenges in the family's genus-level classification. Current analyses suggest that
330:
research has identified numerous distinct groups within Porinaceae, leading to debates about its classification and nomenclature. Discoveries of genera with distinctive features, such as
698:
The Porinaceae consists of lichen-forming fungi that mostly have a crust-like, or crustose, appearance on the surfaces they inhabit. These lichens form a symbiotic relationship with
427:
introduced the order Trichotheliales to accommodate Porinaceae. However, the position of this order within the broader ascomycete classification remained unresolved for some time.
647:
The discovery and phylogenetic placement of new genera have further complicated the family's taxonomy while expanding its known morphological diversity. For instance, the genus
721:
The thallus structure in Porinaceae shows remarkable diversity. While many species exhibit a typical crustose form, others display unique morphologies. For instance, the genus
1092:
The global distribution of Porinaceae reveals several centres of diversity. Brazil emerges as a significant area of species richness, with 122 taxa recorded, of which 21 are
1696:
Grube, Martin; Baloch, Elisabeth; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2004). "The phylogeny of Porinaceae (Ostropomycetidae) suggests a neotenic origin of perithecia in Lecanoromycetes".
1334:
Schilling, F. (1927). "Entwicklungsgeschichtliche und systematische Untersuchungen epiphyller Flechten" [Evolutionary and systematic studies of epiphyllic lichens].
589:
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have significantly advanced the understanding of Porinaceae's internal structure. A comprehensive analysis in 2024 identified 19 main
835:) ring-structure around the ascus apex. The hymenial gel is less conglutinate than in related families, which may be an adaptation related to the pyrenocarpous ascomata.
502:(ICN). They invoked Article 18.3, which states that a family name is illegitimate if based on an illegitimate genus name, and Article 32.1(c), which requires a valid
2321:
903:
The spores in Porinaceae are produced in sacs called asci, usually present in groups of eight. They vary in shape, from ellipsoid to cylindrical or spindle-shaped (
1135:, Porinaceae (as Trichotheliaceae) contains eight genera and about 365 species, but this total does not account for the most recent genus addition to the family,
1069:(rock-dwelling). Notably, fewer than 10% of taxa occur on more than one substratum type, indicating a high degree of substrate specialisation within the family.
2519:
1599:(2019). "Stop the abuse of time! Strict temporal banding is not the future of rank-based classifications in fungi (including lichens) and other organisms".
989:
type, show some correlation with phylogeny but also exhibit homoplasy, suggesting a complex evolutionary history of thallus morphology within the family.
2580:
2493:
2308:
522:
LĂŒcking also contended that Article 32.1(c) did not apply in this case because the original publication met the requirements for valid publication.
818:
2334:
2199:
562:
evolution. This hypothesis helped explain the family's distinctive features within the broader group. The study also noted that the evolution of
2146:(1809). "Förteckning pa de i Sverige vÀxande arter af Lafvarnes famille" [List of the species of the lichen family growing in Sweden].
1570:
Eriksson, O.E.; Baral, H.-O.; Currah, R.S.; Hansen, K.; Kurtzman, C.P.; Rambold, G.; LaessĂž, T., eds. (2003). "Outline of Ascomycota â 2003".
2092:
1890:
1554:
1492:
1464:
1369:
1310:
993:
highlights the need for integrating morphological and molecular data in understanding the family's diversity and evolutionary relationships.
554:
The 2004 study highlighted a unique way that Porinaceae and other Ostropomycetidae develop their fruiting bodies, termed hemiangiocarpous
1987:
1806:
LĂŒcking, Robert; Moncada, Bibiana; Sipman, Harrie; Bezerra Sobreira, Priscylla; Viñas, Carlos; GutĂerrez, Jorge; Flynn, Timothy (2020).
761:
anatomy, forming distinct lobes and growing on rock. Its thallus structure includes columnar crystal clusters embedded in a network of
1812:: a new genus of placodioid lichens from the Caribbean and Hawaii shakes up the Porinaceae tree (lichenized Ascomycota: Gyalectales)"
1305:. Vol. 1/2 (13 ed.). Berlin Stuttgart: Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Borntraeger Science Publishers. p. 144.
2565:
2215:
MĂŒller, J. (1885). "Pyrenocarpeae Cubenses a cl. C. Wright lectae" [Cuban pyrenocarpous lichens collected by C. Wright].
1084:
emphasis. Up to 75% of Porinaceae species are found in tropical and/or subtropical regions, while the remainder occur mainly in
973:
This suggests that ascospore septation patterns have been conserved over evolutionary time within major lineages of the family.
2570:
360:
Porinaceae taxonomy has evolved considerably, shaped by advances in fungal phylogenetics and persistent nomenclatural debates.
558:. The researchers suggested that the closed, flask-shaped fruiting bodies (ascomata) of Porinaceae might have evolved through
2339:
1385:
690:
while awaiting more comprehensive sampling and additional genetic markers to resolve the family's internal relationships.
205:
1630:, nom. cons. (lichenâforming fungi) by changing the date and place of publication, while conserving the listed type".
891:, which consist of dichotomously branched algal cells arranged around a central foot, encapsulating a layer of fungal
741:, a feature that expands the known morphological range of the family. Another example of thallus diversity is seen in
1846:
Sobreira, Priscylla Nayara Bezerra; CĂĄceres, Marcela Eugenia Da Silva; Maia, Leonor Costa; LĂŒcking, Robert (2018). "
1107:
Other regions of high Porinaceae diversity include India (58 taxa, 16 endemics), Ecuador (56 taxa, 4 endemics), and
632:
was retained as a separate genus within Porinaceae due to its distinct morphology and strongly supported monophyly.
52:
2524:
895:. This pattern of co-dispersal, where the photobiont envelops the mycobiont, is unprecedented in lichenised fungi.
1073:
860:, which are unbranched, sterile filaments that help support spore development. These structures do not react to
673:, with its unique reproductive structures, has been firmly placed within Porinaceae, closely related to certain
30:
2575:
1132:
944:
917:
905:
885:
873:
847:
809:
792:
783:
763:
755:
747:
735:
727:
607:
576:
564:
508:
431:
studies, starting in the early 2000s, have provided clearer insights into the relationships within Porinaceae.
297:
289:
281:
2168:(1949). "Catalogue des lichens de la region lyonnaise" [Catalogue of the Lichens of the Lyon Region].
2076:
2010:
Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; SĂĄnchez-GarcĂa, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022).
1509:
428:
327:
1549:]. Bibliotheca Lichenologica (in German). Vol. 58. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 123â136.
2235:
1540:
Scripta Lichenologica. Lichenological papers dedicated to Antonin Vezda. Nebentitel "Festschrift A. Vezda"
1298:
1196:
958:
823:
964:
625:
472:
39:
2273:
1035:
2083:, a new genus of foliicolous lichen with unique diaspores". In KĂ€rnefelt, Ingvar; Thell, Arne (eds.).
840:
640:
2560:
2467:
2458:
2362:
1040:
657:
272:
2485:
2416:
2300:
710:
652:
503:
467:
349:
2195:
1440:. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienes. Vol. 12. Uppsala: Lundequistska bokhandeln. pp. 1â590.
1224:
1062:
1058:
1018:
1002:
663:
452:
447:
369:
323:
194:
179:
47:
838:
Perithecial structure shows some variation within the family. Many species, particularly in the
404:. The classification of Porinaceae has seen several shifts since the mid-20th century. In 1952,
209:
2532:
2088:
1896:
1886:
1596:
1550:
1488:
1460:
1365:
1316:
1306:
1066:
635:
518:
2537:
2326:
1483:(1988). "Principles of classification and main taxonomic groups". In Galun, Margalith (ed.).
1259:
624:
and placed within Porinaceae. Despite its unique features, particularly its yellow to orange
2177:
2125:
2033:
2023:
1960:
1927:
1863:
1823:
1783:
1746:
1705:
1667:
1639:
1608:
1397:
1353:
1097:
536:
256:
915:), which can range from simple transverse divisions to a more complex, brick-like pattern (
2087:. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 95. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 509â516.
1982:
1480:
1116:
532:
420:
276:
94:
1057:
In terms of substrate preferences, approximately 45% of Porinaceae species are primarily
2403:
867:
Some genera within Porinaceae have evolved unique reproductive structures. For example,
352:
preferences reflect its evolutionary adaptations to different environmental conditions.
2480:
2411:
2295:
2165:
2109:
1401:
1166:
1155:
1101:
1050:
715:
669:
483:
476:
405:
344:
332:
149:
143:
539:. This research suggested close relationships between Porinaceae and families such as
2554:
2143:
2011:
1235:
1202:
1144:
1108:
295:. Porinaceae species generate small, typically flask-shaped reproductive structures (
185:
167:
137:
2028:
1416:
2389:
1850:, a new genus in the Porinaceae (Ascomycota, Ostropales), with the first record of
1531:
800:
621:
598:
548:
544:
540:
495:
413:
1612:
1438:
Foliicolous lichens. I. A revision of the obligately foliicolous, lichenized fungi
2258:
2054:
601:(not derived from a single lineage), with several other genera nested within it.
2452:
2267:
1671:
1081:
1001:
In terms of secondary chemistry, members of the Porinaceae produce a variety of
931:
704:
699:
316:
268:
234:
219:
104:
2443:
2217:
Botanische JahrbĂŒcher fĂŒr Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie
1867:
1054:, found in Great Britain, is a saxicolous species with a semi-aquatic habitat.
845:
perithecium) also varies, with some species having a well-developed, sometimes
605:
within Porinaceae, largely correlated with ascospore septation: one clade with
1964:
1931:
1828:
1807:
1750:
1709:
1423:
Overview of the Plant Kingdom Developed Through Natural Gradations. An Attempt
1357:
1177:
1023:
857:
793:
565:
457:
424:
303:), which house spores essential for reproduction. It includes nine recognised
155:
84:
1538:, eine neue Flechte von den Atlantischen Inseln (Ascomycotina, Ostropales)".
1320:
874:
784:
728:
577:
2398:
2282:
2181:
1900:
1085:
1014:
939:
64:
2129:
848:
764:
756:
748:
475:
in 1883. This situation led to Porinaceae being treated as synonymous with
298:
736:
509:
445:, which has been a source of nomenclatural confusion. Originally based on
2506:
2437:
2383:
2347:
2252:
1263:
1213:
1077:
945:
918:
906:
886:
880:
608:
571:
555:
338:
312:
173:
1626:
McCarthy, P.M. (1996). "(1236) Proposal to amend the entry for the name
1303:
Syllabus of Plant Families: Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
2313:
2038:
1112:
1093:
935:
924:
655:
on a long branch within the family, separate from other genera such as
559:
308:
290:
810:
282:
1188:
912:
861:
832:
441:
322:
Recent research has illuminated the complex evolutionary history and
304:
260:
161:
74:
2511:
2498:
2352:
2229:
2204:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin: Typographia Academica. p. 263.
1787:
1643:
2287:
1547:, a new lichen from the Atlantic Islands (Ascomycotina, Ostropales)
1418:
Conspectus regni vegetabilis per gradus naturales evoluti. Tentamen
1034:
1021:, found in the inner layer of the thallus in certain genera, like
957:
892:
817:
682:
634:
590:
264:
128:
119:
2472:
831:
Ostropomycetidae, often featuring a faint chitinoid (resembling
2233:
620:, formerly the sole genus in Myeloconidaceae, was found to be
1013:
violet). Additionally, some species contain compounds called
613:
ascospores and another with transversely septate ascospores.
1451:
Henssen, Aino; Jahns, Hans Martin; Santesson, Johan (1974).
1512:(1993). "Notes on ascomycete systematics â Nos 1418â1529".
789:) and may be partially covered by a structure known as the
2116:, a new genus of pyrenocarpous lichens from the tropics".
1945:
1943:
1941:
930:
The family also produces asexual reproductive structures (
2085:
Lichenological Contributions in Honour of David Galloway
551:, a finding largely corroborated by subsequent studies.
1841:
1839:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1487:. Vol. III. Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. s41â5.
934:), which release tiny, non-septate (undivided) spores (
1801:
1799:
1797:
1297:
Jaklitsch, Walter; Baral, Hans-Otto; LĂŒcking, Robert;
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1096:. Australasia, encompassing Australia, New Zealand,
2427:
2373:
2242:
1425:] (in Latin). Leipzig: C. Cnobloch. p. 20.
927:) and are often surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.
372:in 1828 under the name "Porineae". He called them
2170:Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon
1976:
1974:
864:-based stains, indicating they are non-amyloid.
856:Inside the ascomata, the fungal tissue contains
651:, described in 2020, forms a strongly supported
570:ascomata in Porinaceae was accompanied by other
465:has historically been applied to species around
1918:(Porinaceae , Ostropales) from Great Britain".
1885:. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 294.
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
574:adaptations, such as thin-walled asci and less
439:The family Porinaceae is typified by the genus
279:forms to more complex structures with distinct
2012:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa â 2021"
1453:Lichenes. Eine EinfĂŒhrung in die Flechtenkunde
807:. These structures are sometimes adorned with
535:, specifically in a group later recognised as
2148:Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Nya Handlingar
1388:(1929). "The classification of lichens. II".
1005:, including characteristic hues like yellow (
451:, which was later considered a nomenclatural
8:
2057:[Lichenological Contributions XVI].
769:to meandering lines when viewed from above.
373:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
777:The fruiting bodies of these fungi, called
2230:
29:
20:
2037:
2027:
1827:
1364:. New York: Academic Press. p. 610.
597:, as traditionally circumscribed, may be
1660:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
1160:Sobreira, M.CĂĄceres & LĂŒcking (2018)
923:). The spores are typically colourless (
911:), and are divided by thin cross-walls (
815:, which are tiny hair-like projections.
667:. Similarly, the recently studied genus
1914:Orange, Alan (2015). "A new freshwater
1881:Cannon, Paul F.; Kirk, Paul M. (2007).
1459:]. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag.
1457:Lichens: An Introduction to Lichenology
1251:
517:However, this proposal was rejected by
419:A significant change came in 1995 when
725:is characterised by a thallus bearing
368:Porinaceae was originally proposed by
1131:According to a 2022 survey of fungal
954:Morphological evolution and diversity
7:
2363:0365dfcc-9306-46fd-914e-91eaabfe5fee
1119:collectively (47 taxa, 5 endemics).
1072:Geographically, Porinaceae has a sub
799:, which can sometimes be reduced or
514:for a name to be validly published.
1988:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1218:LĂŒcking, Moncada & Viñas (2020)
1981:McCarthy, P.M. (4 December 2013).
1601:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1402:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1929.tb06749.x
500:International Code of Nomenclature
14:
2581:Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach
1061:(bark-dwelling), 35% are mainly
311:, with significant diversity in
51:
2055:"Lichenologische BeitrÀge XVI"
1301:(2016). Frey, Wolfgang (ed.).
1182:P.M.McCarthy & Elix (1996)
486:proposal officially conserved
326:challenges within the family.
16:Family of lichen-forming fungi
1:
1953:Biodiversity and Conservation
1613:10.1080/07352689.2019.1650517
1065:(leaf-dwelling), and 20% are
1883:Fungal Families of the World
1816:Plant and Fungal Systematics
1776:Australian Systematic Botany
1415:Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1828).
879:. These produce disc-shaped
871:possesses structures called
718:energy for the partnership.
702:, typically from the genera
388:, and included four genera:
1485:CRC Handbook of Lichenology
1171:SĂ©rus. & LĂŒcking (2007)
853:(blackened) involucrellum.
2597:
1868:10.11646/phytotaxa.358.1.4
781:, are often flask-shaped (
745:, which has a distinctive
2201:Systema Orbis Vegetabilis
2029:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2
1983:"Catalogue of Porinaceae"
1965:10.1007/s10531-007-9289-9
1932:10.1017/S0024282915000365
1829:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0031
1751:10.1017/S0024282924000124
1710:10.1017/S0953756204000826
1672:10.1093/botlinnean/boy060
1207:(MĂŒll.Arg.) Choisy (1949)
1074:cosmopolitan distribution
962:The leaf-dwelling lichen
200:
193:
134:
127:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
2566:Lecanoromycetes families
1031:Habitat and distribution
968:, photographed in Brazil
2182:10.3406/linly.1949.8557
2079:; LĂŒcking, R. (2007). "
1260:"Taxon name:Porinaceae"
773:Reproductive structures
429:Molecular phylogenetics
328:Molecular phylogenetics
2571:Taxa described in 1828
2130:10.1006/lich.1996.0038
1990:â Botanical Web Portal
1436:Santesson, R. (1952).
1044:
969:
827:
644:
471:following the work of
374:
275:, ranging from simple
1545:Sagiolechia atlantica
1536:Sagiolechia atlantica
1038:
961:
821:
638:
473:Ferdinand von Mueller
1698:Mycological Research
1299:Lumbsch, H. Thorsten
461:âan unrelated genusâ
435:Nomenclature debates
226:Phragmopelthecaceae
2375:Phragmopelthecaceae
2053:MĂŒller, J. (1882).
1514:Systema Ascomycetum
1009:yellow) or violet (
824:Pseudosagedia aenea
412:species within the
364:Historical taxonomy
243:P.M.McCarthy (2001)
2059:Flora (Regensburg)
1045:
970:
965:Porina leptosperma
938:) that are either
899:Spores and conidia
828:
645:
448:Pertusaria pertusa
383:warty-core lichens
375:Warzenkernflechten
370:Ludwig Reichenbach
307:and more than 365
216:Clathroporinaceae
40:Porina heterospora
2548:
2547:
2533:Open Tree of Life
2236:Taxon identifiers
2118:The Lichenologist
2094:978-3-443-58074-2
1920:The Lichenologist
1892:978-0-85199-827-5
1739:The Lichenologist
1704:(10): 1111â1118.
1556:978-3-443-58037-7
1494:978-0-8493-3583-9
1466:978-3-13-496601-5
1371:978-0-12-044950-7
1354:Ahmadjian, Vernon
1312:978-3-443-01089-8
250:
249:
241:Myeloconidiaceae
203:Trichotheliaceae
123:
2588:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2317:
2316:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2274:Trichotheliaceae
2263:
2262:
2261:
2244:Trichotheliaceae
2231:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2108:McCarthy, P.M.;
2105:
2099:
2098:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2031:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1959:(6): 1319â1351.
1947:
1936:
1935:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1770:
1755:
1754:
1729:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1676:
1675:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1510:Hawksworth, D.L.
1508:Eriksson, O.E.;
1505:
1499:
1498:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1294:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1256:
1241:
1240:MĂŒll.Arg. (1885)
1230:
1219:
1208:
1194:
1183:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1098:Lord Howe Island
1076:, with a strong
947:
942:or thread-like (
920:
908:
888:
876:
850:
841:Porina epiphylla
812:
805:crystallostratum
795:
786:
766:
758:
750:
738:
730:
714:, which provide
641:Saxiloba firmula
610:
579:
567:
537:Ostropomycetidae
511:
387:
384:
381:
377:
300:
292:
284:
244:
238:
229:
223:
213:
118:
56:
55:
33:
21:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2576:Lichen families
2551:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2459:Myeloconidaceae
2457:
2456:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2429:Myeloconidaceae
2423:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2369:
2361:
2359:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2238:
2228:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1852:F. squamulifera
1845:
1844:
1837:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1788:10.1071/SB13040
1772:
1771:
1758:
1731:
1730:
1717:
1695:
1694:
1679:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1644:10.2307/1224150
1625:
1624:
1620:
1597:LĂŒcking, Robert
1595:
1594:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1390:New Phytologist
1384:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1313:
1296:
1295:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1192:
1181:
1170:
1159:
1149:MĂŒll.Arg (1882)
1148:
1129:
1117:Solomon Islands
1041:Porina scabrida
1033:
999:
956:
949:
922:
910:
901:
890:
878:
852:
814:
797:
788:
775:
768:
760:
753:thallus with a
752:
740:
732:
696:
658:Phragmopeltheca
612:
581:
569:
533:Lecanoromycetes
528:
513:
437:
421:Josef Hafellner
385:
382:
379:
366:
358:
302:
294:
286:
242:
233:
228:L.Xavier (1976)
227:
217:
204:
183:
177:
171:
165:
159:
153:
147:
141:
117:
95:Lecanoromycetes
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2449:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2408:
2395:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2344:
2331:
2318:
2305:
2292:
2279:
2264:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2207:
2187:
2176:(6): 105â120.
2157:
2135:
2124:(5): 401â414.
2100:
2093:
2081:Gallaicolichen
2068:
2065:(33): 515â519.
2045:
2002:
1970:
1937:
1926:(6): 351â358.
1906:
1891:
1873:
1854:from Brazil".
1848:Flabelloporina
1835:
1822:(2): 577â585.
1793:
1756:
1745:(2â3): 61â71.
1735:Gallaicolichen
1715:
1677:
1666:(3): 233â249.
1649:
1638:(3): 533â534.
1618:
1607:(3): 199â253.
1581:
1562:
1555:
1523:
1500:
1493:
1472:
1465:
1443:
1428:
1407:
1377:
1370:
1358:Hale, Mason E.
1345:
1326:
1311:
1276:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1185:
1174:
1167:Gallaicolichen
1163:
1156:Flabelloporina
1152:
1137:Flabelloporina
1133:classification
1128:
1125:
1102:Norfolk Island
1051:Porina rivalis
1032:
1029:
998:
995:
955:
952:
943:
916:
904:
900:
897:
884:
872:
869:Gallaicolichen
846:
808:
791:
782:
774:
771:
762:
754:
746:
734:
726:
723:Flabelloporina
716:photosynthetic
695:
692:
670:Gallaicolichen
606:
582:hymenial gel.
575:
563:
527:
524:
519:Robert LĂŒcking
507:
492:P. nucula
477:Pertusariaceae
436:
433:
406:Rolf Santesson
365:
362:
357:
354:
345:Gallaicolichen
333:Flabelloporina
296:
288:
287:or fan-shaped
280:
248:
247:
246:
245:
239:
230:
224:
214:
198:
197:
191:
190:
150:Gallaicolichen
144:Flabelloporina
132:
131:
125:
124:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2593:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:(in French).
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:SĂ©rusiaux, E.
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2022:(1): 53â453.
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Hafellner, J.
1476:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:(2): 85â116.
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1338:(in German).
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1236:Trichothelium
1233:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1203:Pseudosagedia
1200:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1145:Clathroporina
1142:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:New Caledonia
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:Pseudosagedia
1008:
1004:
996:
994:
990:
988:
987:Clathroporina
984:
983:Trichothelium
981:s.str. type,
980:
974:
967:
966:
960:
953:
951:
948:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
921:
914:
909:
898:
896:
894:
889:
882:
877:
870:
865:
863:
859:
854:
851:
843:
842:
836:
834:
826:
825:
820:
816:
813:
806:
802:
798:
796:
794:involucrellum
787:
780:
772:
770:
767:
759:
751:
744:
739:
733:(fan-shaped)
731:
724:
719:
717:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
693:
691:
689:
684:
678:
676:
672:
671:
666:
665:
660:
659:
654:
650:
643:
642:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
611:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
583:
580:
573:
568:
566:pyrenocarpous
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
526:Phylogenetics
525:
523:
520:
515:
512:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
469:
468:Porina nucula
464:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
444:
443:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
376:
371:
363:
361:
355:
353:
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
293:
285:
278:
274:
270:
267:in the order
266:
262:
258:
254:
240:
236:
231:
225:
221:
215:
211:
207:
202:
201:
199:
196:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:Trichothelium
182:
181:
176:
175:
170:
169:
168:Pseudosagedia
164:
163:
158:
157:
152:
151:
146:
145:
140:
139:
138:Clathroporina
133:
130:
126:
121:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2428:
2374:
2243:
2220:
2219:(in Latin).
2216:
2210:
2200:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2147:
2144:Acharius, E.
2138:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2061:(in Latin).
2058:
2048:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1986:
1956:
1952:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1882:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1782:(1): 38â47.
1779:
1775:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1701:
1697:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1604:
1600:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1484:
1475:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1437:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1361:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1302:
1267:. Retrieved
1254:
1234:
1223:
1212:
1201:
1197:ca. 160 spp.
1187:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1071:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1022:
1019:myeloconones
1010:
1006:
1000:
991:
986:
982:
978:
975:
971:
963:
950:) in shape.
929:
902:
875:peltidiangia
868:
866:
855:
839:
837:
829:
822:
804:
790:
785:perithecioid
778:
776:
742:
729:flabelliform
722:
720:
711:Trentepohlia
709:
703:
697:
687:
679:
674:
668:
662:
656:
648:
646:
639:
629:
622:monophyletic
617:
615:
603:
599:paraphyletic
594:
588:
584:
578:conglutinate
553:
549:Stictidaceae
545:Gyalectaceae
541:Graphidaceae
529:
516:
496:type species
491:
487:
484:conservation
481:
479:for a time.
466:
462:
456:
446:
440:
438:
418:
414:Strigulaceae
409:
402:Stigmatidium
401:
397:
393:
389:
367:
359:
343:
337:
331:
321:
252:
251:
184:
178:
172:
166:
160:
154:
148:
142:
136:
135:
114:
38:
18:
2561:Gyalectales
2453:Wikispecies
2268:Wikispecies
2196:Fries, E.M.
2039:10481/76378
1995:6 September
1532:Henssen, A.
1362:The Lichens
1269:6 September
1193:Ach. (1809)
1082:subtropical
1063:foliicolous
1059:corticolous
932:conidiomata
705:Phycopeltis
700:green algae
694:Description
504:description
482:In 1996, a
398:Porothelium
356:Systematics
317:subtropical
269:Gyalectales
235:Walt.Watson
232:Porinaceae
105:Gyalectales
24:Porinaceae
2555:Categories
2390:Q121186793
2223:: 375â421.
2166:Choisy, M.
2154:: 145â169.
2114:Myeloconis
2110:Elix, J.A.
2016:Mycosphere
1520:: 163â194.
1386:Watson, W.
1342:: 269â300.
1247:References
1229:Fr. (1825)
1178:Myeloconis
1067:saxicolous
1024:Myeloconis
1017:, such as
1015:phenalones
985:type, and
858:paraphyses
849:carbonised
765:reticulate
757:fenestrate
749:placodioid
630:Myeloconis
628:pigments,
618:Myeloconis
616:The genus
458:Pertusaria
425:Klaus Kalb
394:Chiodecton
378:, meaning
299:perithecia
277:crust-like
273:morphology
253:Porinaceae
156:Myeloconis
115:Porinaceae
85:Ascomycota
81:Division:
2399:FloraBase
2259:Q98078921
2112:(1996). "
1862:(1): 67.
1856:Phytotaxa
1534:(1995). "
1321:429208213
1242:â 40 spp.
1231:â 70 spp.
1225:Segestria
1209:â 80 spp.
1086:temperate
997:Chemistry
940:ellipsoid
883:known as
881:diaspores
801:vestigial
737:squamules
677:species.
664:Segestria
626:medullary
510:diagnosis
350:substrate
324:taxonomic
319:regions.
263:-forming
218:VÄzda ex
210:F.Schill.
180:Segestria
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
2507:MycoBank
2481:Fungorum
2444:Q6947303
2438:Wikidata
2412:Fungorum
2384:Wikidata
2348:MycoBank
2296:Fungorum
2253:Wikidata
2198:(1825).
1901:60741230
1810:Saxiloba
1360:(1973).
1336:Hedwigia
1264:MycoBank
1220:â 2 spp.
1214:Saxiloba
1184:â 4 spp.
1151:â ca. 25
1078:tropical
1003:pigments
946:filiform
919:muriform
907:fusiform
887:peltidia
779:ascomata
743:Saxiloba
649:Saxiloba
609:muriform
572:hymenial
560:neotenic
556:ontogeny
339:Saxiloba
313:tropical
195:Synonyms
174:Saxiloba
111:Family:
61:Domain:
2538:5442777
2473:6604256
2314:3296740
1578:: 1â89.
1572:Myconet
1173:â 1 sp.
1162:â 1 sp.
1113:Vanuatu
1094:endemic
936:conidia
925:hyaline
913:septate
653:lineage
494:as the
453:synonym
408:placed
309:species
101:Order:
91:Class:
2525:388284
2360:NZOR:
2340:500143
2327:108047
2288:1TRTLF
2091:
1916:Porina
1899:
1889:
1628:Porina
1553:
1491:
1463:
1368:
1319:
1309:
1189:Porina
1127:Genera
1100:, and
1007:Porina
979:Porina
893:hyphae
862:iodine
833:chitin
688:Porina
675:Porina
595:Porina
591:clades
547:, and
488:Porina
463:Porina
442:Porina
410:Porina
390:Porina
342:, and
305:genera
291:scales
261:lichen
257:family
237:(1929)
222:(1974)
212:(1927)
208:&
206:Bitter
162:Porina
129:Genera
122:(1828)
2512:90812
2486:90812
2417:81154
2404:23206
2353:81496
2322:IRMNG
2301:81496
1632:Taxon
1542:[
1455:[
1421:[
811:setae
490:with
283:lobes
265:fungi
255:is a
220:Poelt
120:Rchb.
75:Fungi
2520:NCBI
2499:2148
2494:GBIF
2335:ITIS
2309:GBIF
2283:EPPO
2089:ISBN
1997:2024
1897:OCLC
1887:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1317:OCLC
1307:ISBN
1271:2024
1115:and
1080:and
683:taxa
661:and
423:and
315:and
2468:EoL
2178:doi
2126:doi
2034:hdl
2024:doi
1961:doi
1928:doi
1864:doi
1860:358
1824:doi
1784:doi
1747:doi
1737:".
1706:doi
1702:108
1668:doi
1664:188
1640:doi
1609:doi
1398:doi
708:or
506:or
455:of
259:of
2557::
2535::
2522::
2509::
2496::
2483::
2470::
2455::
2440::
2414::
2401::
2386::
2350::
2337::
2324::
2311::
2298::
2285::
2270::
2255::
2174:18
2152:30
2150:.
2122:28
2120:.
2063:65
2032:.
2020:13
2018:.
2014:.
1985:.
1973:^
1957:17
1955:.
1940:^
1924:47
1922:.
1895:.
1858:.
1838:^
1820:65
1818:.
1814:.
1796:^
1780:27
1778:.
1759:^
1743:56
1741:.
1718:^
1700:.
1680:^
1662:.
1636:45
1634:.
1605:38
1603:.
1584:^
1574:.
1518:11
1516:.
1394:28
1392:.
1356:;
1340:67
1315:.
1279:^
1262:.
1195:â
1139:.
1111:,
1027:.
543:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
336:,
2221:6
2184:.
2180::
2132:.
2128::
2097:.
2042:.
2036::
2026::
1999:.
1967:.
1963::
1934:.
1930::
1903:.
1870:.
1866::
1832:.
1826::
1808:"
1790:.
1786::
1753:.
1749::
1712:.
1708::
1674:.
1670::
1646:.
1642::
1615:.
1611::
1576:9
1559:.
1497:.
1469:.
1404:.
1400::
1374:.
1323:.
1273:.
386:'
380:'
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
