825:
843:
867:
2704:
42:
910:
59:
80:
1085:
1030:
891:
2409:(which cites Mktchyan and Sarkisov (1985) and others) state that the mating time is from 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. Note that in 1982 and 1985 the emergence of the insects in early September would have been in Armenian Summer Time (UTC+5), whereas the Republic of Armenia has been on UTC+4 time year-round since 2012.
1021:-like cysts in the process. From mid-September to mid-October adults emerge from the ground between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. to mate. The adult insects, lacking mouthparts, do not feed. Adult males live for only a few days, but adult females can live longer, burrowing into the ground to lay their eggs.
2168:
The red color found on some of the cross stones is a result of their being painted with Vortan Karmir, a red dye made from beetles native to
Armenia. The red dye was among the more famous exports of the kingdom, and was valued more than gold in Europe and the Near East. Its resilience has long since
2474:
1. «Որդան կարմիր» պետական արգելավայրը (այսուհետ` արգելավայր) ստեղծվել է Հայկական Սովետական Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետության Մինիստրների խորհրդի 1987 թվականի փետրվարի 2-ի N 61 որոշմամբ` Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Արմավիրի մարզի աղուտ հողերի վրա: Արգելավայրն զբաղեցնում է 219.85 հեկտար տարածք, բաղկացած է
2022:
insects were required to dye 1 kg of silk according to the figures of Cardon (2007): 1,000 g to 1,400 g of dried insects per 100 g of silk, with 40 adult females per gram of dried insects. Note that Virey (1840) reports 18,000–23,000 insects per 360-gram troy pound (50–64
1141:
of less than 10 km (3.9 sq mi), plus severely fragmented occupancy or known to exist at only a single location, plus continued decline (observed, inferred, or projected) in the area of occurrence, area of occupancy, and area, extent, and/or quality of habitat; and an
1996:
Some articles improperly cite Cardon to suggest, incorrectly, that
Armenian cochineal insects were more valuable, by weight, than gold (i.e., one gram of insects was worth several grams of gold) during this era. Cardon (2007) does, however, note that according to the records of a
842:
824:
866:
2475:երկու առանձին տեղամասերից` Արազափի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսարևմտյան մասում (198.33 հեկտար) և Ջրառատի գյուղական համայնքի հյուսիսային մասում (21.52 հեկտար)` Արարատյան հարթավայրում, ծովի մակերևույթից 835–850 մետր բարձրության վրա:
1387:
originally referred to the
Armenian carmine, a parasitic insect living on Gramineae grass, but the same name was also used by Arab geographers for insects living on oak trees in Maghreb and Al-Andalus, probably referring to
815:
2204:
Vahedi, Hassan-Ali; Hodgson, C.J. (2007). "Some species of the hypogeal scale insect
Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and Africa".
727:
insects were required to dye one kilogram (2.2 lb) of silk crimson during this period. On the comparison between
Armenian and Polish cochineal, the author of a 15th-century treatise on silks in
779:
509:
480:
3166:
1057:, would appear bloody from the insects. In the mid-20th century the extent of occurrence in Armenia was 100 km (39 sq mi) with a recorded distribution that included the
731:
wrote that "two pounds of the large will dye as much as one pound of small ; it is true that it gives a more noble and brighter colour than the small, but it gives less dye."
3161:
3108:
3080:
1980:
Cardon, Dominique (2000), "Du verme cremexe au veluto chremesino: une filierè vénitienne du cramoisi au XVe siécle", in Molà, L.; Mueller, R.C.; Zanier, C. (eds.),
2397:
Cardon (2007) cites her own field mission in
Armenia in 1989 as well as the papers by Jakubski (1965) and Mktrtchian and Sarkisov (1985) for her description of
1053:
The red dye-producing insects of the Ararat plain were once plentiful: a 19th-century French traveler wrote that shepherds' flocks, when led to drink from the
1645:
Proceedings of the 12th
Biennial Symposium of the Textile Society of America ("Textiles and Settlement: From Plains Space to Cyber Space") (October 6–9, 2010)
2099:
Medizinische
Zoologie oder getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der Thiere, in der Arzneimitellehre in Betracht kommen, in systematischer Folge herausgegeben
2912:
2001:
merchant trading in
Constantinople during the 1430s, even the cheapest Armenian cochineal insects were still worth more, pound-for-pound, than some live
1069:, but by the 1990s the extent of occurrence in Armenia had shrunk to about 20 km (7.7 sq mi), mostly in Armavir Province. During the
3067:
890:
370:
2502:
1827:
1736:
1553:
1444:
1376:
1270:
2530:(Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission. 9 February 2000. pp. 16–17. Archived from
1143:
1138:
2524:
2323:
The
Chemist: Or, Reporter of Chemical Discoveries and Improvements, and Protector of the Rights of the Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer
1394:", although "t is ... not clear whether the 'Kirmiz' dyestuff mentioned in early Arab texts always refers to the use of the insect
774:
504:
475:
3156:
1958:
1615:
Koren, Zvi C. (2005), "Chromatographic analyses of selected historic dyeings from ancient Israel", in Janaway, R.; Wyeth, P. (eds.),
3136:
1728:
Cochineal Red: The Art History of a Color [adapted from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, v. 67, no. 3 (Winter 2010)]
1518:
1304:
1228:
2573:
622:
2247:
2419:
2155:
2036:
L'arte della seta in Firenze. Trattato del Secolo XV, pubblicato per la prima volta, e dialoghi raccolti da Girolamo Gargiolli
1924:
Petroviciu, Irina; Crețu, Ileana; Vanden Berghe, Ina; Wouters, Jan; Medvedovici, Andrei; Albu, Florin; Creanga, Doina (2012).
1726:
723:
textiles, which are heavier than silk and require more dye. It has been estimated that on the order of a half million dried
245:
2061:
Wouters, Jan; Verhecken, André (1989). "The Coccid Insect Dyes: HPLC and Computerized Diode-Array Analysis of Dyed Yarns".
2181:
1663:
256:
79:
2142:
804:
223:
200:
2497:] (in Armenian), vol. I, Yerevan, Armenia: "Geodeziayi ev Kʻartezagrutʻyan Kentron" POAK, 2007, p. 83,
2360:
1890:
1855:
1096:
1088:
1038:
942:
species: up to 10–12 mm (0.39–0.47 in) long and 7 mm (0.28 in) wide. It has been noted that one
748:
species from the Americas, which could be harvested several times per year and yielded a much more concentrated dye.
293:
282:
271:
2132:(in German), vol. Tome III (1835) , Frankfurt, Germany: Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, pp. 9–64
1649:
2130:
Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg / Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles
818:), who visited the Ararat plain in the early 1830s and wrote a report about the "cochineal" insects living there.
3019:
2856:
1925:
1116:
814:
after the Russian physician, traveler, and historian of German descent Iosif Khristianovich Gamel (Josef Hamel) (
3141:
2959:
2907:
1166:
877:
1731:. New York City and New Haven, USA and London, UK: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press.
1042:
578:
2981:
1077:
of the Armenian salt marshes to create "economic and agricultural regions", and the creation of lakes for
2319:"Remarks on the former uses of purple or scarlet colouring insects. New cochineal of Persia and Armenia."
1618:
Scientific Analysis of Ancient and Historic Textiles: Informing, Preservation, Display and Interpretation
3151:
3131:
2646:
1134:
674:
383:
184:
1146:
of less than 100 km (39 sq mi) with the aforementioned conditions of continued decline.
2703:
2122:
1695:
Une Relation de la Hutième Campagne de Sargon (714 av. J.-C.) texte Assyrien inédit, publié et traduit
3146:
3041:
2566:
519:
1926:"A discussion on the red anthraquinone dyes detected in historic textiles from Romanian collections"
1046:
1017:. The nymphs continue to feed on these roots throughout the spring and summer, forming protective
582:
486:
2765:
2274:
2221:
2078:
2040:
1790:
1699:
1597:
1589:
1346:
1263:
A Systematic Catalogue of the Scale Insect Family Magarodidae (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World
670:
334:
234:
209:
74:
1751:
41:
3085:
2531:
909:
3093:
3028:
2836:
2826:
2498:
2337:
2318:
2175:
2141:. Publication of Hamel's 4 May 1833 report on the Ararat cochineal. Hamel's report mentions
2097:
1823:
1732:
1549:
1514:
1508:
1440:
1372:
1300:
1294:
1266:
1000:
927:
605:
as one of the most valuable commodities exported from Armenia. The Armenians themselves used
551:
543:
527:
365:
58:
3098:
2891:
2866:
2266:
2213:
2070:
1782:
1581:
1190:
1154:
1062:
951:
873:
650:
455:
394:
260:
2304:
A Critical Revision of the Families Margarodidae and Termitococcidae (Hemiptera, Coccoidea)
485: It is possible that Armenian cochineal dye was in use as early as 714 BC, when the
2745:
2559:
1819:
1390:
1108:
1058:
978:
712:
646:
547:
531:
464:
430:
1693:
2488:
2034:
1236:
934:
is extracted, is oval-shaped, soft-bodied, crimson in color, and has large forelegs for
2933:
2886:
2663:
1162:
689:
658:
594:
141:
2158:. Armenian Monuments Awareness Project. Archived from the original on October 13, 2014
1084:
1029:
3125:
2881:
2791:
2651:
1616:
1601:
1196:
1174:
1170:
808:
789:
770:
760:
638:
500:
471:
450:
161:
17:
2455:
2401:
biology, which states that the mating time is from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m. The
2278:
2225:
1572:
Böhmer, Harald; Thompson, Jon (1991). "The Pazyryk Carpet: A Technical Discussion".
3033:
2964:
2851:
2760:
2735:
2430:
2270:
1074:
1070:
793:
716:
614:
574:
515:
440:
425:
326:
322:
151:
1513:. Oxford, UK and Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterwoth-Heinemann. pp. 118–119.
1299:. Vol. IV (2nd ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. pp. 102–103.
3004:
3013:
2796:
2740:
2725:
2656:
2006:
1809:
1481:
1178:
943:
681:
435:
417:
405:. Both insects produce red dyestuffs that are also commonly called cochineal.
2846:
2750:
2682:
2217:
2074:
1891:"The use of insect dyes in Oriental rugs and textiles: Some unresolved issues"
1585:
1100:
1054:
1012:
330:
1668:– Workshop on the Preparation of Historical Lake Pigments (March 23–25, 2011)
1507:
Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2004).
3054:
2943:
2806:
2622:
1841:
English translation by T.A. Obaldeston with introductory notes by R.P. Wood.
1662:
Kirby, Jo (2011), "Dyes, Dyeing and Lake Pigments – Historical Background",
1643:
1203:
1158:
994:
990:
957:
935:
764:
742:
735:
566:
490:
398:
131:
111:
91:
2306:. London, United Kingdom: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
2102:(in German). Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Trowitzsch and Sohn. p. 356
493:
was recorded as seizing red textiles as spoils of war from the kingdoms of
2376:
1902:
1867:
1642:
Cardon, Dominique (2010), "Natural Dyes, Our Global Heritage of Colours",
1123:
elsewhere. There have been no recent scientific reports on populations of
2998:
2876:
2821:
2801:
2730:
2691:
2629:
1451:
English translation by Caroline Higgitt of Cardon's French-language book
1337:
Donkin, R.A. (1977). "The Insect Dyes of Western and West-Central Asia".
1066:
974:
849:
834:
728:
402:
1593:
1350:
3072:
2938:
2871:
2831:
2816:
2770:
2755:
2675:
2670:
2641:
2636:
2082:
2002:
1120:
1078:
986:
981:
emerge from the ground in the springtime and crawl until they find the
931:
854:
752:
701:
618:
610:
554:
wrote specifically of a worm-produced dyestuff from the Ararat region.
539:
445:
355:
348:
345:
2096:
Brandt, Johann Friedrich; Ratzeburg, Julius Theodor Christian (1833).
1794:
2811:
2613:
2601:
2582:
1998:
1112:
1104:
946:(360 grams) of cochineal insects requires 18,000–23,000 specimens of
763:, making it difficult to distinguish chemically from the dyestuff of
666:
662:
654:
642:
626:
494:
375:
342:
338:
121:
101:
2975:
2457:«Որդան Կարմիր» Պետական Արգելավայրի Կանոնադրությունը Հաստատելու Մասին
2325:, vol. I, London, United Kingdom: R. Hastings, pp. 209–210
2123:"Über Cochenille am Ararat und über Wurzelcochenille im Allgemeinen"
3059:
2464:(in Armenian). Government of the Republic of Armenia. July 12, 2003
2344:, vol. I, London, United Kingdom: J. Limbird, pp. 295–296
1986:(in French), Venice, Italy: Fondazione Giorgio Cini, pp. 63–73
1786:
2928:
2861:
2841:
2596:
2525:
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1, Second Edition
1818:. Vol. 4. Johannesburg, South Africa: IBIDIS Press. pp.
1624:, London, United Kingdom: Archetype Publications, pp. 194–201
1083:
1081:, "severely restricted the area for the insects and existence."
1065:
provinces in Armenia as well as the Turkish, Iranian, and Russian
1028:
1018:
908:
634:
590:
2460:["Vordan Karmir" State Reservation Statute of Approval].
2606:
2169:
proved itself; the color you see now is more than 800 years old.
1222:
1220:
1218:
982:
720:
708:
697:
3046:
2979:
2555:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2720:
669:
of the 15th through 17th centuries, and a 16th-century velvet
577:, which was derived from another insect. The Armenian cities
421:
351:
2427:
Regional Environmental Center for the Caucasus (REC Caucasus)
2375:(5). Oriental Rug Auction Review: 42–43. 1988. Archived from
1698:(in French). Paris, France: Librairie Paul Geuthner. p.
2702:
1383:
Vedeler, citing Cardon (2007), notes that "the Persian name
1227:
Ben-Dov, Y.; Miller, D.R.; Gibson, G.A.P. (9 October 2014).
2156:"Geghard 7: Monk cells, Khachkar Wall. Geghard's Khachkars"
1961:. Treasures of Medieval Waterford, Ireland: Medieval Museum
1567:
1565:
719:
was more plentiful, cheaper, and more effective for dyeing
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
1815:. Five books in one volume: new modern English translation
424:
in the Middle East and Europe, along with the insect dyes
2551:
1095:
The population in Armenia resides almost entirely in the
1437:
Natural Dyes: Sources, Tradition, Technology and Science
1137:
within Armenia by meeting the following conditions: an
707:-based dyes were especially prized in Europe for dyeing
2248:"Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae
1901:(5). Oriental Rug Auction Review: 33–39. Archived from
1866:(5). Oriental Rug Auction Review: 40–41. Archived from
1510:
Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments
557:
During the Middle Ages the Armenian cochineal dyestuff
2689:
2680:
2661:
2627:
2611:
2023:
insects per gram; not stated whether they were dried).
950:, but 100,000–130,000 specimens of the sister species
1111:
established in 1987 near the Araks River border with
1103:
habitat of 198.33 ha (490.1 acres) northwest of
696:
insects was worth more than 5 grams (0.18 ounces) of
597:
historians even referred to Artashat as "the town of
522:, writing in the 1st century AD, noted that the best
2342:
The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction
2988:
2952:
2921:
2900:
2779:
2713:
2589:
2039:(in Italian). Florence, Italy: G. Barbèra. p.
1371:. Oxford, United Kingdom: OXBOW BOOKS. p. 52.
1199:of Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal species
497:(the geographic predecessor of Armenia) and Kilhu.
2420:"Political Administrative Region (marz): Armavir"
1011:), literally "worm's grass") and the common reed
534:) that some ancient writers likely confused with
3167:Taxa named by Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg
2297:
2295:
1041:is in red and the historic dye-producing cities
629:. Chemical analyses have identified the dye of
1849:
1847:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1539:
1537:
1107:and 21.52 ha (53.2 acres) in the north of
788:can be distinguished by its small admixture of
692:during the 1430s, one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of
1720:
1718:
1716:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1362:
1360:
1256:
1254:
637:textiles of the 3rd through 10th centuries, a
374:, literally "worm's red") and historically in
2567:
2259:Annales de la Société Entomologique de France
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
1488:. Republic of Armenia Ministry of Environment
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
8:
2462:Armenian Legal Information System (ARLIS.am)
2340:, in Watt, Charles; Watt, John Jr. (eds.),
2321:, in Watt, Charles; Watt, John Jr. (eds.),
1439:. London, United Kingdom: Archetype Books.
2976:
2913:Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands
2574:
2560:
2552:
2009:women and adolescents) that he had bought.
1983:La Seta in Italia dal Medioevo al Seicento
1157:, agricultural improvements, uncontrolled
1127:outside the surroundings of Mount Ararat.
57:
40:
31:
3162:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich von Brandt
1781:(2). American Oriental Society: 105–107.
1265:. United Kingdom: Intercept (Lavoisier).
589:: during the 8th through 10th centuries
1775:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1548:. London, United Kingdom: Studio Vista.
938:. The females can be quite large for a
896:A 2006 Armenian postage stamp depicting
585:were early centers of the production of
2361:"Vordan Karmir: The Red Worm (From the
2252:(Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)"
1214:
1165:. Natural foes of the species include
930:species. The adult female, from which
820:
734:Around the end of the 16th century the
2338:"On useful insects and their products"
2173:
1482:"Porphyrophora ham melii Brandt, 1833"
759:owes its red color almost entirely to
341:. It was formerly used to produce an
1856:"Vordan Karmir or Armenian Cochineal"
1345:(5/6). Anthropos Institute: 847–880.
389:The Armenian cochineal scale insect,
7:
792:, which is the major constituent of
741:dyes were supplanted by dyes of the
601:". The Arabs and Persians regarded
2302:Jakubski, Antoni Władysław (1965).
2265:(1). Taylor & Francis: 81–125.
2212:(1). Taylor & Francis: 23–122.
1674:, Munich, Germany: Doerner Institut
1580:(4). Ars Brevis Foundation: 30–36.
1574:Source: Notes in the History of Art
1153:population in Armenia include the
880:(15th century), dyed crimson with
573:is not to be confused with dyer's
462:), and the plant dye madder (from
226:, 1834 (revived by Jakubski, 1965)
25:
2487:"Էնդեմիկ Տեսակներ: Կենդանիներ ",
2033:Gargiolli, Girolamo, ed. (1868).
1959:"Henry VIII's Cap of Maintenance"
1692:Thureau-Dangin, François (1912).
1453:Le monde des teintures naturelles
1229:"ScaleNet, Porphyrophora hamelii"
688:insects were so valuable that in
2069:(4). Maney Publishing: 189–200.
889:
865:
841:
823:
649:in the 6th or 7th century, silk
78:
1097:Vordan Karmir State Reservation
1089:Vordan Karmir State Reservation
1039:Vordan Karmir State Reservation
956:(or 20,000–25,000 specimens of
565:, was widely celebrated in the
2271:10.1080/00379271.2005.10697442
1773:Kurdian, H. (1941). "Kirmiz".
1455:(Éditions Belin, Paris, 2003).
803:In 1833 the German naturalist
1:
1296:Studies in Ancient Technology
1119:and a few patches of several
518:physician and pharmacologist
2403:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia
2365:, Vol. 8, 1982, pp. 642–43)"
2206:Systematics and Biodiversity
2690:
2681:
2662:
2628:
2612:
2363:Soviet Armenia Encyclopedia
1155:development of saline lands
1115:, plus a site southeast of
805:Johann Friedrich von Brandt
3183:
1650:Textile Society of America
1648:, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA:
1546:A History of Dyed Textiles
1435:Cardon, Dominique (2007).
1367:Vedeler, Marianne (2014).
775:Excessive citations inline
561:, also known in Persia as
505:Excessive citations inline
476:Excessive citations inline
444:and related species), and
3157:Insects described in 1833
2700:
2336:Fennel, James H. (1842),
2218:10.1017/s1477200006002039
2180:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2075:10.1179/sic.1989.34.4.189
2018:400,000 to 560,000 dried
1808:Obaldeston, T.A. (2000).
1586:10.1086/sou.10.4.23203293
1544:Robinson, Stuart (1969).
1004:
916:cysts around the root of
369:
331:Aras (Araks) River valley
216:
208:
190:
183:
75:Scientific classification
73:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
3137:Endemic fauna of Armenia
2960:Glossary of dyeing terms
2780:Traditional textile dyes
2489:
2456:
1854:Babenko, Vitali (1988).
1033:The historic habitat of
1025:Habitat and conservation
784: The dyestuff of
546:the Armenian historians
2495:Armenian National Atlas
2490:Հայաստանի Ազգային Ատլաս
2063:Studies in Conservation
878:Cardinal Pierre de Foix
780:considered for deletion
623:illuminated manuscripts
510:considered for deletion
481:considered for deletion
231:Porphyrophora armeniaca
2707:
2405:(1982) and the online
2317:Virey, M.J.J. (1840),
1933:E-Preservation Science
1725:Phipps, Elena (2010).
1293:Forbes, R.J. (1964) .
1261:Ben-Dov, Yair (2005).
1161:grazing, and possibly
1092:
1050:
953:Porphyrophora polonica
920:
786:Porphyrophora polonica
460:Porphyrophora polonica
434:and related species),
416:is one of the ancient
3109:Porphyrophora hamelii
3020:Porphyrophora hamelii
2990:Porphyrophora hamelii
2706:
2647:Reactive dye printing
2399:Porphyrophora hamelii
1889:Mushak, Paul (1988).
1151:Porphyrophora hamelii
1135:critically endangered
1131:Porphyrophora hamelii
1125:Porphyrophora hamelii
1087:
1035:Porphyrophora hamelii
1032:
971:Porphyrophora hamelii
964:Porphyrophora hamelii
948:Porphyrophora hamelii
924:Porphyrophora hamelii
914:Porphyrophora hamelii
912:
812:Porphyrophora hamelii
757:Porphyrophora hamelii
725:Porphyrophora hamelii
694:Porphyrophora hamelii
675:Henry VIII of England
631:Porphyrophora hamelii
542:and Armenia. In the
536:Porphyrophora hamelii
468:and related species).
414:Porphyrophora hamelii
391:Porphyrophora hamelii
384:critically endangered
313:), also known as the
311:Porphyrophora hamelii
268:Coccionella armeniaca
194:Porphyrophora hamelii
67:Porphyrophora hamelii
50:Porphyrophora hamelii
18:Porphyrophora hamelii
2246:Foldi, Imre (2005).
1369:Silk for the Vikings
1144:extent of occurrence
1055:Araxes (Araks) River
1014:Phragmites australis
996:Aeluropus littoralis
966:is a winged insect.
918:Aeluropus littoralis
609:to produce dyes for
454:species such as the
393:, is in a different
337:, including East of
220:Porphyrophora hameli
2407:Red Book of Armenia
2369:Oriental Rug Review
1939:. Morana RTD: 90–96
1895:Oriental Rug Review
1860:Oriental Rug Review
1486:Red Book of Armenia
991:grow in saline soil
962:). The adult male
680:At the time of the
279:Coccionella hamelii
35:Armenian cochineal
27:Species of true bug
2787:Armenian cochineal
2708:
2537:on 28 January 2016
2436:on 17 October 2014
2121:Hamel, J. (1833),
1239:on 25 October 2014
1093:
1051:
969:The life cycle of
959:Dactylopius coccus
928:sexually dimorphic
921:
853:(cross-stones) at
835:Noravank Monastery
767:from the Americas.
744:Dactylopius coccus
671:cap of maintenance
653:from 15th-century
382:. The species is
335:Armenian Highlands
325:indigenous to the
307:Armenian cochineal
290:Coccionella hameli
3119:
3118:
3094:Open Tree of Life
2982:Taxon identifiers
2973:
2972:
2504:978-99941-0-176-4
1829:978-0-620-23435-1
1813:De Materia Medica
1738:978-0-300-19560-6
1666:Back to the Roots
1555:978-0-289-79644-3
1446:978-1-904982-00-5
1378:978-1-78297-215-0
1272:978-1-84585-000-5
1139:area of occupancy
977:. Newly hatched
874:liturgical gloves
855:Geghard Monastery
673:that belonged to
651:liturgical gloves
552:Movses Khorenatsi
544:Early Middle Ages
530:and its "grain" (
303:
302:
297:
286:
275:
264:
253:Margarodes hameli
249:
238:
227:
16:(Redirected from
3174:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3088:
3076:
3075:
3063:
3062:
3050:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2977:
2867:Polish cochineal
2695:
2686:
2667:
2633:
2617:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2429:. Archived from
2424:
2416:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2357:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2256:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2201:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2127:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2030:
2024:
2016:
2010:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1770:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1673:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1569:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1480:Khachatryan, H.
1477:
1456:
1450:
1432:
1399:
1382:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1311:
1310:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1235:. Archived from
1224:
1191:Polish cochineal
1006:
893:
869:
845:
827:
783:
661:fabrics such as
641:cloth used in a
513:
484:
456:Polish cochineal
395:taxonomic family
386:within Armenia.
373:
315:Ararat cochineal
292:
281:
270:
255:
244:
233:
222:
196:
83:
82:
61:
44:
32:
21:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3142:Insects of Asia
3122:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3092:
3084:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2948:
2917:
2896:
2775:
2709:
2698:
2585:
2580:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2359:
2358:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2233:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2013:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1772:
1771:
1758:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1723:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1459:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1402:
1396:Kermes Vermilio
1391:Kermes vermilio
1379:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1336:
1335:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1291:
1280:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1187:
1149:Threats to the
1027:
907:
900:
894:
885:
870:
861:
846:
837:
833:ceiling art at
828:
809:scientific name
798:Kermes vermilio
768:
647:Sassanid Persia
548:Ghazar Parpetsi
498:
469:
465:Rubia tinctorum
431:Kermes vermilio
418:natural sources
411:
409:History and art
204:
198:
192:
179:
176:P. hamelii
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3090:
3077:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3010:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2908:Use of saffron
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2516:
2503:
2479:
2447:
2411:
2390:
2347:
2328:
2309:
2291:
2261:. New Series.
2231:
2187:
2147:
2113:
2088:
2053:
2025:
2011:
1989:
1972:
1950:
1916:
1881:
1843:
1828:
1800:
1787:10.2307/594255
1756:
1737:
1712:
1684:
1654:
1634:
1607:
1561:
1554:
1533:
1519:
1499:
1457:
1445:
1400:
1377:
1356:
1312:
1305:
1278:
1271:
1250:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1175:harvester ants
1163:climate change
1133:is considered
1117:Ararat village
1109:Jrarat village
1105:Arazap village
1049:are in purple.
1026:
1023:
906:
903:
902:
901:
895:
888:
886:
871:
864:
862:
847:
840:
838:
829:
822:
807:suggested the
690:Constantinople
524:kokkos baphike
410:
407:
301:
300:
299:
298:
287:
276:
265:
250:
242:Coccus radicis
239:
228:
214:
213:
206:
205:
199:
188:
187:
181:
180:
173:
171:
167:
166:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
142:Sternorrhyncha
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
71:
70:
63:
62:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3179:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Tyrian purple
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:Types of dyes
2712:
2705:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2533:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2379:on 2013-07-01
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2250:sensu stricto
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1905:on 2013-07-01
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1870:on 2013-07-01
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:Dioscorides,
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1520:0-7506-5749-9
1516:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:90-04-08307-3
1302:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:Porphyrophora
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
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857:painted with
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163:Porphyrophora
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3152:Armenian art
3132:Margarodidae
2989:
2965:List of dyes
2837:Dyer's broom
2792:Black walnut
2786:
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2532:the original
2519:
2508:, retrieved
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1232:
1179:erratic ants
1171:lady beetles
1150:
1148:
1130:
1129:
1124:
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1075:desalination
1052:
1034:
1013:
1008:
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535:
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503:
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474:
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371:որդան կարմիր
360:
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327:Ararat plain
323:scale insect
319:Ararat scale
318:
314:
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230:
219:
193:
191:
175:
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152:Margarodidae
66:
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3147:Animal dyes
3014:Wikispecies
2746:Substantive
2664:Rōketsuzome
2657:Ring dyeing
1965:28 November
1752:archive.org
1101:salt meadow
985:of certain
684:in Europe,
682:Renaissance
625:and church
613:(including
520:Dioscorides
448:from other
259:, 1902 and
3126:Categories
3106:ScaleNet:
2922:Craft dyes
2683:Tsutsugaki
2590:Techniques
2541:10 October
2468:10 October
2440:10 October
2162:12 October
2136:11 October
2106:11 October
2046:16 October
2020:P. hamelii
2007:Circassian
1526:4 December
1210:References
1167:mold mites
993:, such as
973:is mostly
944:troy pound
898:P. hamelii
882:P. hamelii
876:(left) of
235:Burmeister
138:Suborder:
112:Arthropoda
3005:Q10637838
2953:Reference
2807:Cochineal
2797:Bloodroot
2766:Discharge
2623:Kalamkari
2510:3 January
2383:9 October
2284:9 October
1943:4 January
1909:9 October
1874:9 October
1835:4 January
1750:(Also at
1744:8 October
1705:8 October
1678:9 October
1628:8 October
1602:191394307
1492:9 October
1339:Anthropos
1243:8 October
1204:Cochineal
1159:livestock
1091:, Armenia
1079:fisheries
1009:Aeluropus
850:Khachkars
778:is being
765:cochineal
746:cochineal
736:Old World
711:, as the
567:Near East
516:Roman-era
508:is being
491:Sargon II
479:is being
399:cochineal
397:from the
354:known in
343:eponymous
294:Lindinger
283:Lindinger
272:Lindinger
257:Cockerell
170:Species:
132:Hemiptera
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
52:(female)
3086:10093038
2999:Wikidata
2877:Turmeric
2822:Dyewoods
2802:Brazilin
2761:Disperse
2736:Reactive
2630:Katazome
2279:86389986
2226:85698171
2176:cite web
1999:Venetian
1594:23203293
1351:40459185
1233:ScaleNet
1202:Mexican
1185:See also
1121:hectares
1073:period,
1067:Caucasus
1043:Artashat
1005:որդանխոտ
1001:Armenian
771:template
729:Florence
639:cashmere
619:pigments
611:textiles
579:Artashat
501:template
472:template
403:Americas
366:Armenian
352:dyestuff
210:Synonyms
148:Family:
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
3099:4191366
3073:2080703
2939:Procion
2934:Inkodye
2901:History
2872:Saffron
2857:Logwood
2832:Gamboge
2812:Cudbear
2771:Pigment
2741:Solvent
2726:Natural
2676:Tie-dye
2671:Shibori
2642:Mordant
2637:Leheria
2083:1506286
1063:Armavir
1007:(genus
936:digging
932:carmine
905:Biology
884:carmine
753:carmine
713:scarlet
702:crimson
700:. The
663:velvets
659:Ottoman
627:frescos
595:Persian
540:Galatia
446:carmine
420:of red
356:Armenia
349:carmine
346:crimson
333:in the
321:, is a
261:Fernald
212:
158:Genus:
128:Order:
122:Insecta
118:Class:
69:(male)
3060:PORPHA
3047:837265
2862:Madder
2852:Kermes
2847:Indigo
2827:Fustic
2751:Sulfur
2652:Resist
2614:Kasuri
2602:Dyeing
2583:Dyeing
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1795:594255
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1195:genus
1177:, and
1113:Turkey
1071:Soviet
1059:Ararat
979:nymphs
794:kermes
721:woolen
717:kermes
667:lampas
655:France
643:kaftan
635:Coptic
617:) and
603:kirmiz
599:kirmiz
587:kirmiz
575:kermes
571:Kirmiz
563:kirmiz
526:, the
495:Urartu
438:(from
428:(from
426:kermes
380:kirmiz
376:Persia
339:Turkey
296:, 1954
285:, 1954
274:, 1954
263:, 1903
248:, 1856
237:, 1835
224:Brandt
203:, 1833
201:Brandt
3081:IRMNG
3034:4LZ9M
2929:Dylon
2842:Henna
2817:Cutch
2692:Yūzen
2597:Batik
2535:(PDF)
2528:(PDF)
2493:[
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2275:S2CID
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2222:S2CID
2126:(PDF)
2079:JSTOR
1929:(PDF)
1791:JSTOR
1672:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1598:S2CID
1590:JSTOR
1347:JSTOR
1019:pearl
989:that
983:roots
926:is a
872:Silk
796:from
769:‹The
645:from
499:‹The
489:king
470:‹The
246:Meyer
3068:GBIF
3055:EPPO
2892:Woad
2887:Weld
2731:Acid
2721:Dyes
2607:Ikat
2543:2014
2512:2015
2499:ISBN
2470:2014
2442:2014
2385:2014
2373:VIII
2286:2014
2182:link
2164:2014
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1967:2015
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1911:2014
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1061:and
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698:gold
665:and
621:for
593:and
591:Arab
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581:and
550:and
329:and
305:The
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