2360:, feared for the hegemony of his victorious neighbour and contacted the Portuguese in Ambon in 1576. Although Babullah discovered his scheming and took him prisoner for a while, he could not stop the Portuguese-Tidorese alliance to take form. A Ternatean invasion of Tidore was carried out, and although Babullah’s troops had some success and nearly succeeded in killing Sancho de Vasconcellos, the Portuguese were able to construct a fort on the east side of Tidore in early 1578. It was a strategical arrangement, and there was little love lost between the Portuguese and Tidorese. The new Portuguese stronghold, Fort Reis Magos, was situated north of the later Tidorese capital Soasiu. Although relatively modest, it was sufficient to deter Ternatean aims. Another problem for Babullah was the Bacan Sultanate whose ruler Dom João was a baptized Christian. Although he forced Dom João to give up his Portuguese leanings in about 1575 and poisoned the ruler two years later, Babullah always had to count on the clandestine hostility of the Bacanese. On the whole, Babullah was nevertheless an extremely successful ruler who expanded his realm in all directions in eastern Indonesia and was known as the Lord of Seventy-two Islands. Islam served as a formidable anti-Portuguese uniting force, and its dissemination accelerated.
2337:, cut off from the outside world. Sultan Babullah finally gave an ultimatum to leave Ternate within 24 hours. Those who were indigenous in Ternate were allowed to remain on condition that they become royal subjects. The current captain Nuno Pereira de Lacerda accepted the conditions, since the prospects of further resistance were entirely hopeless. Thus, on 15 July 1575 some Portuguese left Ternate and others were allowed to remain as merchants. Babullah showed a measure of moderation, considering the importance of Portuguese Malacca for the spice trade. He allowed Portuguese merchants to still trade and that the prices in cloves were to remain as they had been. Formally, the Sultan vowed to keep the fortress only until his father's murderers had been punished, although he did not actually consider giving up his conquest. A small group of Portuguese remained in Ternate, as hostages. A Portuguese relief armada, arriving too late to change the course of things, took most of the Portuguese on board and sailed over to Ambon where they strengthened the local garrison.
2433:. Being inveterate enemies of the Catholic Iberian monarchy, the Protestant seafarers seemed to be natural allies with Ternate which, in spite of past victories, still perceived the Philippine colony as an acute threat. On 22 February 1605 a Dutch fleet approached and captured Ambon whose Portuguese garrison quickly surrendered. In the same year, on 19 May, the Dutch commander Cornelis Bastiaensz staged an invasion of Tidore, assisted by Saidi Berkat. The weak fort was taken after a powder explosion rendered further resistance impossible. The defenders fled to the mountains while the Ternatan soldiers eagerly plundered and burnt the houses of their old adversary. The Portuguese settlers with their families were forced to leave Tidore for
178:
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99:
2212:. The capable Galvão, accompanied by 170 Portuguese and 120 dependents led an attack on the fortification of the four allies in Tidore. The allies were well equipped with 5-600 firearms, cuirasses, coats of mail, helmets and swords which had been taken from the Portuguese or received from the Spaniards. In spite of this the invasion was completely successful, and the defenders were pushed back on 21 December. Dayal was severely wounded in the fighting and died soon after. The allied kings had to agree on peace with the Portuguese.
200:
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2298:(outriggers geared for warfare). A sea battle followed where the Sultan of Tidore was wounded in the leg, while the Portuguese managed to break through and reach the fort. However, the Portuguese position was still precarious. Moreover, Babullah’s fleets carried out devastating raids on the Christianized villages of the Moro population in
2416:
and had some interest in reaching at the economic resources of the
Moluccas. Although the Spanish and Portuguese domains were administratively separated, Portugal asked for free economic and militar support, and a series of seaborne expeditions from Manila were launched in 1582, 1584, 1585, 1593 and
2237:
and imprisoned the Sultan for security reasons. The enraged
Ternatean chiefs now allied with the Sultan of Tidore and attacked the positions of the Portuguese. Eventually the Portuguese found reason to depose the captain of their garrison and release Hairun. The parties then arrived to an agreement.
2208:, Alauddin I of Bacan and Katarabumi of Jailolo, in order to regain his throne. The new Ternatan regent Samarau also sympathized with the alliance. By now, the Portuguese were badly cornered in their fortress. At this moment, in October 1536, a relief armada appeared from Malacca with a new captain,
2477:
backing. These forays were probably linked with
Babullah's efforts. The attacks were largely defeated by the Portuguese - except in the Moluccas where Ternate triumphed. The Ternatan success was crowned by the repeated defeats of the Spanish invasions up to 1603. In that way the process of colonial
2452:
was dispatched from Manila in 1606 and quickly overran
Ternate. This event, too, did in no way decide the competition between the Dutch-Ternate and Spain-Tidore alliances. Already in the next year 1607, the Dutch East India Company established a stronghold on the east coast of Ternate. This was
2383:
and suggested a joint attack against the
Portuguese fort in Tidore. This was rejected by Drake, though the Sultan gave him a ring as a token of friendship and held expectations of a future Anglo-Ternatan alliance. Babullah also made diplomatic forays towards the Muslim states of
2191:
New disturbances soon surfaced. The new captain
Vicente de Fonseca began to plot with the Ternatan grandee Pati Sarangi to get rid of the young monarch. The plans were discovered, however, and Dayal and his mother escaped to Tidore in 1533, where his maternal uncle Sultan
2265:
and were successful for a while. The
Portuguese left Ambon to its fate for several years, though they eventually came back to build a new stronghold in 1569. Since the Sultan was active in the waterways, he could harass the vital deliveries of foodstuff from Moro in
2180:
reacted by withdrawing to a fortified place on the island, and forbade the people to deliver foodstuff to São João
Baptista. The crisis ended when a new captain, Gonçalo Pereira arrived to Ternate, and a temporary reconciliation took place.
2232:
was Sultan and, as such, dependent on the
Portuguese. During his long reign (1535–1570) he oscillated between enmity and friendship with the Portuguese. A rift appeared in 1557 since the latter confiscated the clove harvest from
2453:
followed by several decades of warfare and
European colonial rivalry, until the Spanish finally decided to leave the Moluccas altogether in 1663. In this struggle, however, the Portuguese had no significant role.
274:
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2429:(r. 1583-1606) immediately entered into diplomatic relations with the European newcomers. Control over the spice trade was an early priority of the Dutch, who were soon to be organized in the
2157:
However, the manners of the Portuguese garrison and efforts to regulate the spice trade soon led to dissatisfaction. The political situation was further complicated by the neighbouring island
2294:
was encircled although the garrison was able to hold out for years. A Portuguese relief fleet approached Ternate later in the same year and was met by a large Ternatan and Tidorese fleet of
2330:. The Portuguese troops under the command of captain Sancho de Vasconcellos could keep their Ambonese fortress with great difficulty, and lost much of their grip over the trade in cloves.
2286:
The Portuguese captain Diogo Lopes de Mesquita eventually ordered the assassination of Hairun in February 1570. This act immediately triggered a violent uprising under his son Baab or
267:
2105:(VOC) and Ternate, ending their active involvement in Moluccas affairs. However, they were soon replaced by the Spanish who maintained an Iberian presence in the region up to 1663.
2465:
was able to defeat a European power. The years around 1570 witnessed a coordinated onslaught on the Portuguese possessions in South and Southeast Asia by the Muslim states of
2176:
A first crisis erupted in 1530 when the Portuguese Captain arrested and executed the Ternatan regent Darwis on unproven accusations of treason. The mother of the young Sultan
2290:
who was proclaimed Sultan on Hiri Island, north of Ternate, and waged a holy war against the Portuguese. The traditional rival Tidore sided with the Ternateans. The fortress
2245:
Nevertheless, Hairun encouraged attacks against Christian settlements that took a high toll in human lives. In the 1560s he sent war fleets, with participation from his son
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to maintain the blockade. With no hope for relief, the Portuguese agreed to release Sultan Dayal, who had effectively been kept prisoner and thus peace was restored.
775:
2141:
that had largely flowed via Malacca. The Malukan sultanates were therefore interested in befriending the Portuguese who appeared in Malukan waters from 1512. Sultan
2478:
subordination of the region was significantly delayed, although the Dutch East India Company would strangle Malukan independence in the course of the 17th century.
2400:, though no concrete enterprise came out of this. More important was assistance from the port cities in Java, whose ships fought the Portuguese positions in Ambon.
1861:
1537:
987:
1896:
1436:
2958:
2502:
2798:
J. Keuning (1988) "Ambonese, Portuguese and Dutchmen: The history of Ambon to the end of the seventeenth century", in M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz et al. (eds)
1986:
1291:
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1239:
1961:
1926:
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1906:
1313:
942:
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475:
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Jose M. Escribano-Páez (2020) "Diplomatic gifts, tributes and frontier violence: Circulation of contentious presents in the Moluccas (1575–1606)",
2461:
The Ternatean–Portuguese struggle, in particular the events in the 1570s, was significant as a rare occasion when an indigenous power of maritime
1881:
1587:
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318:
114:
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Image of Tidore town in 1601, with Spanish and Dutch ships engaged in a fight. A mosque, a Catholic church and a small fortress can be seen.
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1971:
1814:
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2018:
2013:
1936:
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323:
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800:
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What spelt the end of the Portuguese presence was, however, the appearance of the Dutch in 1599. The Sultan of Ternate,
1662:
755:
303:
2417:
1603. None of these were successful, and Iberian presence in the region remained limited to Tidore and parts of Ambon.
2356:
The triumph of Babullah nevertheless evoked anxiety among other political players in the region. The Sultan of Tidore,
1819:
1707:
1627:
1405:
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1507:
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635:
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520:
510:
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358:
241:
655:
2757:
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A series of new sieges of the fort followed. The Ternateans temporarily allied with Tidore, Bacan and the
1809:
1752:
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1567:
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1022:
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328:
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2838:
Anthony Reid (2006) "The pre-modern sultanate's view of its place in the world", in Anthony Reid (ed.),
1677:
1637:
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103:
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1956:
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1102:
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171:
141:
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2130:
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and its allies, on the other. Hostilities broke out from time to time after the establishment of
2003:
1804:
1577:
1487:
1234:
1037:
1032:
997:
890:
605:
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1047:
700:
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415:
284:
126:
2904:
2448:
The swift Ternatan and Dutch triumph was short-lived, since a large Spanish expedition under
2968:
2307:
2177:
2121:. However, its position was always insecure, due to the presence of three other sultanates,
2086:
1991:
1789:
1562:
1482:
1355:
1254:
1197:
1172:
1052:
1042:
982:
972:
922:
902:
640:
615:
540:
515:
405:
343:
2242:
signed a letter of vassalage which is the oldest preserved letter with seals in Indonesia.
2220:
2142:
2082:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1697:
1572:
1522:
1385:
1350:
1249:
1127:
1027:
967:
680:
670:
545:
480:
430:
2408:
The uneasy understanding between the Portuguese traders and Ternate was disturbed by the
2724:
C. Wessels (1929) "De Katholieke missie in het Sultanaat Batjan (Molukken), 1667-1609",
2363:
2172:
Map from 1519 showing the islands of North Moluccas, with the Portuguese banner planted.
2474:
2470:
2462:
2380:
2273:
2162:
2114:
2094:
2085:, although this aspect was frequently blurred by cross-faith alliances. It was also an
2070:
2050:
2008:
1981:
1976:
1886:
1672:
1380:
1370:
1264:
740:
490:
137:
71:
17:
2149:, was constructed at the south coast of Ternate, near the sultan’s seat, around 1522.
41:
2942:
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2372:
2303:
2258:
2205:
2193:
1269:
765:
435:
2426:
2311:
2250:
2146:
182:
2811:
Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 125-9; P.A. Tiele, Part VI:7, p. 235-6.
2497:
2466:
2413:
2357:
2254:
2118:
2098:
2074:
1732:
252:
245:
620:
2333:
For five years the Portuguese and their families endured a harsh blockade on
2101:. The Portuguese were eventually defeated in 1605 by an alliance between the
2093:. Portuguese-Ternatan rivalry later merged with attempts of expansion by the
2440:
2397:
2345:
2299:
2267:
2196:
ruled. He later proceeded to Jailolo at safe distance from the Portuguese.
2054:
1876:
46:
The Dutch and Ternatans conquer the Portuguese fort in Tidore in 1605, from
1428:
2204:
The fugitive Dayal was active in fomenting a new alliance with the rulers
2089:
since the Portuguese aim was to control export of the profitable trade in
2295:
2261:
in northern Ambon were supported both by Hairun and Javanese troops from
2066:
1966:
1891:
2315:
2134:
2669:
Kruidnagelen en Christenen: De VOC en de bevolking van Ambon 1656-1696
2654:
Documentação para a história das missões Padroado portugues do Oriente
2434:
2393:
2389:
2323:
2319:
2262:
2234:
2229:
2158:
2138:
2090:
160:
2630:
P.A. Tiele (1877-1887), "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel",
2895:
P.A. Tiele (1877-1887) "De Europëers in den Maleischen Archipel",
2439:
2362:
2344:
2327:
2272:
2219:
2167:
2078:
2866:
Strange parallels: Southeast Asia in global contexts, c. 800-1830
2714:
Simon Pratt, "The forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia, today"
1432:
256:
2302:. His captains also fought the Portuguese and their allies in
2586:. Banda Naira: Yayasan Warisan dan Budaya Banda Naira, p. 61.
2412:
in 1581. The Spanish were by now securely established in the
2081:
identities of the combatants gave the struggle elements of a
2117:
by the early 16th century and handled much of the lucrative
2113:
The Sultanate of Ternate was the most powerful realm in the
2133:. When the Portuguese conquered the vital trading entrepot
2145:
of Ternate invited the foreigners to his islands. A fort,
2306:, with mixed success. The Ternatans managed to subjugate
2367:
The Drake expedition meets with Sultan Babullah in 1579.
2840:
Veranda of violence; The background to the Aceh problem
2883:
Maluku Utara: perjalanan sejarah 1250 - 1800, Volume I
2270:
to the Portuguese settlement and garrison in Ternate.
2789:. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, Vol. II, p. 7-8.
2538:. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Vol. I, p. 38.
2621:. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, Vol. I, p. 502.
2606:
Malay seals from the Islamic world of Southeast Asia
2165:, who showed up in the Moluccas from time to time.
2868:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 853-4.
2551:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, p. 120-1.
2820:Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990), p. 131-5.
2689:Artur Basilio de Sá (1956), Vol. IV, p. 350, 367.
2257:missionaries had been successful. The Muslims of
2536:Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel
2379:in 1579, Babullah made efforts to ally with the
2137:in 1511, this had consequences for the trade in
2842:. Singapore: Singapore University Press, p. 57.
2573:. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, pp. 241-3.
34:
1275:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
2349:Malukan soldier, late 16th century, from the
1444:
268:
8:
2897:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
2632:Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde
2560:C. F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 39-40.
2503:Portuguese colonialism in Indonesian history
2277:A Portuguese carrack from a map dated 1565.
2584:Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore
2224:The geographical outlines of the Moluccas.
1451:
1437:
1429:
275:
261:
253:
40:
31:
2767:P.A, Tiele (1877-1887), Part V:4, p. 199.
2216:Heightened tension under Hairun 1557–1570
2643:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 40.
2595:C.F. van Fraassen (1987), Vol. I, p. 40.
2582:Willard A. Hanna & Des Alwi (1990),
2228:At this time, a brother of Dayal called
2514:
2608:. Singapore: NUS Press, Nos 1836-1837.
2341:Tidorean-Portuguese alliance 1578–1605
2061:and their allies on one hand, and the
2249:, to help up the Muslim positions in
7:
2571:A treatise on the Moluccas (c. 1544)
2959:Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia
2049:were a series of conflicts in the
25:
2523:Sejarah sosial kesultanan Ternate
27:Colonial war in the Spice Islands
2829:Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 155-6.
2756:. London: Readers Union, p. 157.
2410:union between Spain and Portugal
235:
226:
217:
208:
198:
187:
176:
165:
154:
131:
120:
108:
97:
2964:Portuguese colonisation in Asia
2855:. London: Hutchinson, p. 39-65.
2776:Hubert Jacobs (1980), p. 470-1.
2671:. Leiden: KITLV Press, p. 17-9.
2890:Jejak Portugis di Maluku Utara
2885:. Ternate: Khairun University.
2853:The Portuguese seaborne empire
2800:Dutch authors on Asian history
2047:Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts
35:Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts
1:
2741:Historical atlas of Indonesia
2525:. Yogyakarta: Ombak, p. 73-6.
286:Portuguese colonial campaigns
2949:Maritime history of Portugal
1987:Lombok and Karangasem (1894)
2888:Irza Arnyta Djaafar (2007)
2802:. Dordrecht: Foris, p. 372.
2743:. Richmond: Curzon, p. 103.
2652:Artur Basilio de Sá (1956)
2521:Abdjan Jahja et al. (2012)
2985:
2680:P.A. Tiele IV:6, p. 455-6.
2604:Annabel Teh Gallop (2019)
2534:C. F. van Fraassen (1987)
2282:Siege of Ternate 1570–1575
62:1530–1605 (intermittently)
2754:The life of Francis Drake
1475:
294:
147:
90:
54:
39:
2864:Victor Lieberman (2009)
2431:East India Company (VOC)
2103:Dutch East India Company
1738:South Africa (1659-1677)
1733:New Netherland (1659–63)
1673:New Netherland (1643–45)
1314:Banda Oriental (1816–20)
1292:Banda Oriental (1776–77)
1245:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
1018:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
115:Dutch East India Company
2547:Leonard Andaya (1993).
2375:visited Ternate during
2153:Early clashes 1530–1557
1513:Banda Islands (1609–21)
1411:Guinea-Bissau (1963–74)
948:Coromandel Coast (1619)
223:Nuno Pereira de Lacerda
214:Diogo Lopes de Mesquita
82:Dutch–Ternatean victory
18:Portuguese–Ternate wars
2726:Historisch Tijdschrift
2634:, Part IV:5, p. 441-3.
2445:
2368:
2353:
2278:
2225:
2173:
2073:in 1522. The strongly
1718:2nd Recife (1652-1654)
1329:Mozambique (1847–1910)
953:Persian Gulf (1621–22)
856:Indian Ocean (1586–89)
626:Indian Ocean (1538–60)
426:Persian Gulf (1507–15)
391:Indian Ocean (1505–17)
148:Commanders and leaders
2881:M. Adnan Amal (2002)
2785:Hubert Jacobs (1980)
2617:Hubert Jacobs (1974)
2569:Hubert Jacobs (1971)
2443:
2366:
2348:
2276:
2223:
2171:
2161:that allied with the
1800:Sri Lanka (1764-1766)
1748:Sri Lanka (1670-1670)
1208:East Africa (1696–98)
496:Sri Lanka (1520–1658)
2892:. Yogyakarta: Ombak.
2787:Documenta Malucensia
2752:A.E.W. Mason (1943)
2739:Robert Cribb (2000)
2667:Gerrit Knaap (2004)
2619:Documenta Malucensia
2493:Sultanate of Ternate
2450:Pedro Bravo de Acuña
2404:Spanish intervention
2377:his circumnavigation
2063:Sultanate of Ternate
1962:Gold Coast (1869–70)
1598:Liuqiu Island (1636)
1528:Pescadores (1622–24)
1416:Mozambique (1964–74)
1381:Mozambique (1917-18)
1376:Mozambique (1917–18)
1361:East Timor (1911–12)
1304:French Guiana (1809)
1158:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1153:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
576:Moluccas (1530–1607)
242:Pedro Bravo de Acuña
194:Steven van der Hagen
104:Sultanate of Ternate
2549:The world of Maluku
2238:Hairun and his son
2034:Indonesia (1946–49)
2029:Indonesia (1941–45)
1922:Palembang (1851–59)
1728:Malabar (1658-1663)
1543:Persian Gulf (1625)
1498:Cape Rachado (1606)
993:Persian Gulf (1625)
963:Persian Gulf (1622)
933:Persian Gulf (1614)
876:Sri Lanka (1587–88)
861:Persian Gulf (1586)
746:Sri Lanka (1557–58)
736:Gulf of Oman (1554)
721:Persian Gulf (1551)
591:Persian Gulf (1534)
571:Persian Gulf (1529)
204:Cornelis Bastiaensz
142:Sultanate of Tidore
2851:C.R. Boxer (1969)
2656:, Vol. IV, p. 462.
2488:Governor of Maluku
2446:
2369:
2354:
2279:
2226:
2174:
1957:Pasoemah (1864–68)
1927:Montrado (1854–55)
1837:Cape Colony (1806)
1820:Cape Colony (1795)
1723:2nd Colombo (1654)
1693:Philippines (1646)
1668:Cambodia (1643–44)
1603:Porto Calvo (1637)
1583:Liaoluo Bay (1633)
1466:colonial campaigns
1371:Angola (1914–1917)
1287:Angola (1774–1778)
1098:Malaysia (1640–41)
1038:East Africa (1632)
958:Trincomalee (1622)
928:Brazil (1612–1615)
661:East Africa (1542)
621:Brazil (1534–1536)
566:East Africa (1528)
481:East Africa (1517)
406:East Africa (1507)
386:East Africa (1505)
2335:São João Baptista
2292:São João Baptista
2147:São João Baptista
2042:
2041:
1877:Sumatra (1821–37)
1815:Gold Coast (1782)
1708:Guararapes (1649)
1703:Guararapes (1648)
1613:Vietnam (1637–43)
1563:Batavia (1628–29)
1508:Mozambique (1608)
1503:Mozambique (1607)
1426:
1425:
1339:Mozambique (1895)
1163:Malabar (1658–63)
1063:Gold Coast (1637)
1003:Gold Coast (1625)
891:India (1599–1600)
806:Chaul (1570–1571)
691:Insulindia (1545)
546:Insulindia (1526)
541:Insulindia (1525)
536:Sumatra (1523–24)
511:Insulindia (1521)
371:India (1500–1513)
324:Morocco (1463–64)
251:
250:
127:Portuguese Empire
86:
85:
16:(Redirected from
2976:
2869:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2722:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2200:1535-1537 revolt
2024:Venezuela (1908)
1972:Mandor (1884–85)
1967:Aceh (1873–1913)
1947:Borneo (1859–63)
1902:Ahanta (1837–39)
1872:Palembang (1821)
1867:Palembang (1819)
1743:Taiwan (1661–62)
1633:Itamaracá (1640)
1588:Taiwan (1635–36)
1470:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1430:
1406:Angola (1961–74)
1401:Africa (1961–74)
1366:Angola (1914–15)
1351:Angola (1902–04)
1319:Brazil (1821–25)
1270:Brazil (1762–63)
1148:Brazil (1652–54)
1103:Angola (1641–48)
1053:Arabia (1633–43)
816:Mangalore (1571)
731:Arabia (1552–54)
289:
287:
277:
270:
263:
254:
240:
239:
238:
231:
230:
229:
222:
221:
220:
213:
212:
211:
203:
202:
201:
192:
191:
190:
181:
180:
179:
170:
169:
168:
159:
158:
157:
136:
135:
134:
125:
124:
123:
113:
112:
111:
102:
101:
100:
56:
55:
48:India Orientalis
44:
32:
21:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2939:
2938:
2878:
2876:Further reading
2873:
2872:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2734:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2708:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2662:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2577:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2484:
2459:
2423:
2421:Siege of Tidore
2406:
2343:
2284:
2218:
2202:
2155:
2143:Bayan Sirrullah
2111:
2083:war of religion
2043:
2038:
1992:Pedir (1897–98)
1952:Japan (1863–64)
1847:Moluccas (1810)
1780:India (1739–41)
1678:India (1644-45)
1628:Mormugão (1639)
1623:Salvador (1638)
1578:Abrolhos (1631)
1548:Salvador (1625)
1533:Salvador (1624)
1471:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1427:
1422:
1386:Timor (1942–43)
1309:China (1809–10)
1240:India (1729–32)
1113:India (1644–45)
1078:India (1638–39)
1008:Malaysia (1628)
938:Malaysia (1615)
918:Malaysia (1606)
913:Malaysia (1606)
871:Malaysia (1587)
866:Malaysia (1586)
836:Malaysia (1575)
831:Malaysia (1574)
826:Malaysia (1573)
821:India (1570–75)
801:Goa (1570–1571)
741:Pakistan (1557)
726:Malaysia (1551)
706:Malaysia (1547)
686:Ethiopia (1543)
681:Ethiopia (1542)
676:Ethiopia (1542)
671:Ethiopia (1542)
666:Ethiopia (1542)
656:Ethiopia (1542)
651:Ethiopia (1541)
616:Moluccas (1536)
611:Malaysia (1536)
606:Malaysia (1535)
596:Malaysia (1534)
531:Malaysia (1523)
491:Malaysia (1520)
446:Malaysia (1511)
290:
285:
283:
281:
244:
236:
234:
233:
232:Gaspar de Mello
227:
225:
224:
218:
216:
215:
209:
207:
199:
197:
196:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
174:
166:
164:
163:
155:
153:
140:
132:
130:
129:
121:
119:
109:
107:
106:
98:
96:
74:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2804:
2791:
2778:
2769:
2760:
2745:
2732:
2717:
2706:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2660:
2645:
2636:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2588:
2575:
2562:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2463:Southeast Asia
2458:
2455:
2422:
2419:
2405:
2402:
2342:
2339:
2283:
2280:
2217:
2214:
2210:António Galvão
2201:
2198:
2186:Papuan Islands
2154:
2151:
2110:
2107:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:Bone (1905–06)
2006:
2004:Kerinci (1903)
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:Bone (1858–59)
1939:
1934:
1932:Nias (1855–64)
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Java (1825–30)
1889:
1887:Bone (1824–25)
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1857:Algiers (1816)
1854:
1849:
1844:
1842:Java (1806–07)
1839:
1834:
1832:Surinam (1804)
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Java (1749–57)
1792:
1787:
1785:Java (1741–43)
1782:
1777:
1775:Java (1719–23)
1772:
1770:Java (1704–07)
1761:
1760:
1758:Java (1674–80)
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1683:Tabocas (1645)
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Malacca (1641)
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Malacca (1606)
1490:
1488:Amboina (1605)
1485:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1282:Morocco (1769)
1279:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:Morocco (1640)
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1013:Malacca (1629)
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
908:Sumatra (1606)
905:
899:
898:
894:
893:
888:
883:
881:Mombasa (1589)
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
841:Morocco (1578)
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
811:Honavar (1571)
808:
803:
798:
796:Sumatra (1569)
793:
791:Malacca (1568)
788:
783:
778:
776:Morocco (1564)
773:
771:Morocco (1562)
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
646:Red Sea (1541)
643:
641:Red Sea (1541)
638:
636:Red Sea (1541)
633:
631:Red Sea (1541)
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Morocco (1533)
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
561:Sumatra (1528)
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
521:Sumatra (1522)
518:
513:
508:
506:Bahrain (1521)
503:
501:Sumatra (1521)
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
476:Morocco (1516)
473:
471:Morocco (1515)
468:
466:Morocco (1515)
463:
461:Morocco (1514)
458:
456:Morocco (1514)
453:
451:Morocco (1513)
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:Socotra (1507)
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
376:Algeria (1501)
373:
367:
366:
362:
361:
359:Morocco (1490)
356:
354:Morocco (1489)
351:
349:Morocco (1487)
346:
341:
339:Morocco (1471)
336:
334:Morocco (1471)
331:
329:Morocco (1468)
326:
321:
319:Morocco (1458)
316:
314:Morocco (1437)
311:
309:Morocco (1419)
306:
304:Morocco (1415)
300:
299:
295:
292:
291:
282:
280:
279:
272:
265:
257:
249:
248:
205:
150:
149:
145:
144:
138:Spanish Empire
117:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:
60:
52:
51:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2981:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:Francis Drake
2365:
2361:
2359:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:Mir of Tidore
2199:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:Spice Islands
2048:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Borneo (1823)
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Ceylon (1782)
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Penfui (1749)
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:Taiwan (1652)
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:Brazil (1645)
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Taiwan (1642)
1656:
1654:
1653:Taiwan (1641)
1651:
1649:
1648:Luanda (1641)
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Ceylon (1640)
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Elmina (1637)
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Brazil (1636)
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Recife (1630)
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Elmina (1625)
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1538:Luanda (1624)
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Bantam (1601)
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:Angola (1907)
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Brazil (1756)
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1235:Angola (1723)
1233:
1231:
1230:Brazil (1711)
1228:
1226:
1225:Brazil (1710)
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Angola (1681)
1196:
1194:
1193:Angola (1671)
1191:
1189:
1188:Angola (1670)
1186:
1184:
1183:Angola (1670)
1181:
1179:
1178:Brazil (1666)
1176:
1174:
1173:Angola (1665)
1171:
1169:
1168:Margão (1659)
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Arabia (1650)
1141:
1139:
1138:Brazil (1649)
1136:
1134:
1133:Brazil (1648)
1131:
1129:
1128:Angola (1647)
1126:
1124:
1123:Brazil (1645)
1121:
1119:
1118:Brazil (1645)
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Brazil (1641)
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:Brazil (1640)
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Brazil (1638)
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Brazil (1636)
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Arabia (1633)
1046:
1044:
1043:Bengal (1632)
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Brazil (1631)
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Brazil (1630)
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Brazil (1625)
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:Angola (1624)
986:
984:
983:Brazil (1624)
981:
979:
978:Angola (1623)
976:
974:
973:Angola (1622)
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Jaffna (1619)
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
887:
886:Jaffna (1591)
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Arabia (1581)
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
786:Brazil (1567)
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:Jaffna (1560)
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Brazil (1558)
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Arabia (1548)
714:
712:
711:Arabia (1548)
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Arabia (1523)
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Arabia (1507)
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:Guinea (1478)
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
296:
293:
288:
278:
273:
271:
266:
264:
259:
258:
255:
247:
243:
206:
195:
184:
173:
162:
161:Sultan Hairun
152:
151:
146:
143:
139:
128:
118:
116:
105:
95:
94:
89:
81:
78:
77:
73:
69:
66:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2954:North Maluku
2896:
2889:
2882:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2786:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2728:8:2 and 8:3.
2725:
2720:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2591:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2460:
2447:
2427:Saidi Berkat
2424:
2407:
2370:
2355:
2350:
2334:
2332:
2291:
2285:
2244:
2227:
2203:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2156:
2112:
2087:economic war
2057:between the
2046:
2044:
1998:20th century
1997:
1996:
1977:Jambi (1885)
1862:Ambon (1817)
1826:19th century
1825:
1824:
1805:India (1781)
1764:18th century
1763:
1762:
1753:India (1673)
1698:Kombi (1647)
1663:Chile (1643)
1573:Jambi (1630)
1523:Macau (1622)
1518:Johor (1613)
1478:17th century
1477:
1396:India (1961)
1391:India (1954)
1345:20th century
1334:China (1849)
1324:China (1846)
1298:19th century
1260:India (1752)
1255:India (1746)
1250:India (1746)
1220:India (1704)
1214:18th century
1203:India (1693)
1083:India (1639)
1068:India (1638)
1028:Jambi (1630)
968:China (1622)
923:India (1612)
897:17th century
846:India (1581)
781:Japan (1565)
766:Japan (1561)
756:India (1559)
701:India (1547)
696:India (1546)
601:Tunis (1535)
581:India (1531)
575:
551:India (1526)
516:China (1521)
441:India (1510)
436:India (1509)
431:India (1508)
411:India (1507)
401:India (1506)
396:India (1506)
381:India (1504)
365:16th century
298:15th century
91:Belligerents
47:
29:
2700:Diplomatica
2498:Spice trade
2467:South India
2414:Philippines
2358:Gapi Baguna
2351:Boxer Codex
2119:spice trade
2099:Philippines
2053:in eastern
2019:Bali (1908)
2014:Bali (1906)
1937:Bali (1858)
1917:Bali (1849)
1912:Bali (1848)
1907:Bali (1846)
1897:Aceh (1831)
1852:Java (1811)
1558:Cuba (1628)
903:Java (1601)
556:Java (1527)
246:Gapi Baguna
2943:Categories
2702:2, p. 259.
2509:References
2059:Portuguese
1982:Edi (1890)
1618:Goa (1638)
486:Goa (1517)
2398:West Java
2300:Halmahera
2296:korakoras
2268:Halmahera
2055:Indonesia
183:Said Shah
172:Baabullah
2899:, Nos.
2482:See also
2288:Babullah
2255:Catholic
2115:Moluccas
2075:Catholic
2071:Moluccas
2067:Portugal
72:Moluccas
67:Location
2969:Ternate
2475:Ottoman
2381:English
2316:Ambelau
2308:Hoamoal
2163:Spanish
2135:Malacca
2127:Jailolo
2109:Context
2097:in the
2095:Spanish
2457:Legacy
2435:Manila
2394:Brunei
2390:Johore
2326:, and
2324:Kelang
2320:Manipa
2263:Jepara
2253:where
2235:Makian
2230:Hairun
2159:Tidore
2139:cloves
2123:Tidore
2091:cloves
2079:Muslim
79:Result
50:(1607)
2473:with
2371:When
2328:Boano
2312:Seram
2304:Ambon
2251:Ambon
2178:Dayal
2131:Bacan
1462:Dutch
2471:Aceh
2469:and
2396:and
2386:Aceh
2310:(in
2259:Hitu
2247:Baab
2240:Baab
2129:and
2077:and
2045:The
59:Date
2314:),
2194:Mir
2069:in
2945::
2933:36
2931:,
2929:35
2927:,
2925:32
2923:,
2921:30
2919:,
2917:29
2915:,
2909:28
2907:,
2905:27
2903:,
2901:25
2437:.
2392:,
2388:,
2322:,
2318:,
2125:,
2935:.
1452:e
1445:t
1438:v
276:e
269:t
262:v
20:)
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