411:. Once inside, the multinucleate plasmodium divides to spread and produce more zoospores. The plasmodium causes the infected host cells to multiply rapidly and enlarge into a gall. This rapid multiplication also produces uninucleate cells that aggregate together as sporosori. The sporosori look like a powdery mass within the gall, which gives this disease its name. Eventually the gall swells and bursts out the epidermis of the tuber, releasing the spores back into the soil. Gall severity depends on inoculum level, environment, and potato skin type. Infection is most prevalent in the early stages of tuber formation while the potato tissue is unsuberized. But, infection can occur at all stages on development. White and red skinned potatoes and highly susceptible while
455:. Potato tubers will form powdery scab pustules that inhibit their ability to be sold. Many markets decline to buy potatoes with ugly scarring even if they are safe to eat. Research has not yet found an effective way to peel the scabs without damaging the potato. Potatoes that are rejected for sale create a large financial burden on farmers. Additionally, because soil borne inoculum can survive for years as spores, the pathogen is very difficult to eliminate once present. In Great Britain a recent
342:
found powdery scab was significantly more common on plants grown in constant dampness compared to plants grown with varying moisture levels. In this same study it was concluded that disease risk was related more to the environment, or moisture level, than the level of inoculum present. Inoculum may be present but not able to disperse due to environmental conditions, and therefore does not reach host tissue to infect. Other environmental factors that affect
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31:
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promoted by cool soil temperatures and high soil moisture, delayed planting can also help reduce negative effects of the pathogen. Delayed planting reduces the growth period in cooler soils subsequently decreasing germination of the spores. One limitation to this method is an additional decrease of early market yield. Pre-planting chemigation with
470:
currently has no effective chemical controls. Therefore, other cultural management techniques must be used. Using certified clean seeds and planting in fields that have been historically healthy is the best form of control. These methods may prevent infestation from resting spores. Since infection is
341:
of south-central
Washington, and north-central Oregon. The environmental condition is particularly critical during the release of infective agents (zoospores) into the soil-environment . Upon release from resting spores, zoospores require moisture to swim towards the host tuber or roots. One study,
500:
they exhibit overall reduction in disease. While pathogen reduction has been experimentally supported, further experimentation needs to be performed. Genomic data inclusive a genome draft became recently available, that might hold information that can be used to improve disease management.
243:) to infect the root hairs of potatoes or tomatoes. Powdery scab is a cosmetic defect on tubers, which can result in the rejection of these potatoes. Potatoes which have been infected can be peeled to remove the infected skin and the remaining inside of the potato can be cooked and eaten.
306:
plasmodium (one pair on nuclei, n+n). Similar to the asexual stage, this plasmodium will also replicate its nucleus to create a multinucleate plasmodium (many pairs of nuclei, n+n). The second main different between stages occurs here. The pairs of nuclei (n+n) will fuse by
359:
within the cell walls caused by excess nitrogen may increase susceptibility of host to infection. It is apparent that the environment can directly affect both the host susceptibility and the dispersal of the pathogen ultimately setting the pace for the disease cycle.
946:
Schwelm, Arne; Badstöber, Julia; Bulman, Simon; Desoignies, Nicolas; Etemadi, Mohammad; Falloon, Richard E.; Gachon, Claire M. M.; Legreve, Anne; Lukeš, Julius; Merz, Ueli; Nenarokova, Anna; Strittmatter, Martina; Sullivan, Brooke K.; Neuhauser, Sigrid (2018).
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can reduce the propagules of the pathogen. Other common means of control include using resistant potatoes and crop rotations. Several cultivars of resistant potatoes include
Granola, Nicola, Ditta, and Gladiator. Because soil-borne
354:
or ammonium nitrogen increase the incidence and severity of powdery scab. It is thought that the fertilization increases root growth, and thus provides more tissue for infection and disease cycling to occur. Also, reduced
735:
Qu, Xinshun; Christ, Barbara J. (2007-12-01). "In vitro culture of the obligate parasite
Spongospora subterranea (cercozoa; plasmodiophorida) associated with root-inducing transferred-DNA transformed potato hairy roots".
884:
Shah, Farhat A.; Falloon, Richard E.; Butler, Ruth C.; Lister, Ros A.; Thomas, Steve M.; Curtin, Denis (2014-09-17). "Agronomic factors affect powdery scab of potato and amounts of
Spongospora subterranea DNA in soil".
439:, another plant pathogen. As a result, its presence greatly threatens potato marketability for farmers. The burst pustules can also act as a wound for other fungi to infect, such as
322:
As a reminder, most of the life cycle is still unclear. However, the presence of zoospores, plasmodia, zoosporangia, and resting spores have been observed in the field and lab. The
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Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S, Desoignies N, Etemadi M, Falloon RE, Gachon CM, Legreve A, Lukeš J, Merz U, Nenarokova A, Strittmatter M, Sullivan BK, Neuhauser S (April 2018).
841:
Lees, Alison K.; Graaf, Pieter van de; Wale, Stuart (2008-04-23). "The
Identification and Detection of Spongospora subterranea and Factors Affecting Infection and Disease".
1099:
Merz, U.; Falloon, R. E. (2008-09-26). "Review: Powdery Scab of Potato—Increased
Knowledge of Pathogen Biology and Disease Epidemiology for Effective Disease Management".
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298:
Sexual Stage: This stage follows a similar pattern to the asexual stage, but with a few exceptions. It is hypothesized that two zoospores fuse together to form a
1421:
319:). These resting spores have three-layered walls and are extremely resistant to the environment, allowing them to persist in the soil for longer than 10 years.
295:, which eventually release more zoospores. This process can happen relatively quickly and can act as an important source of secondary inoculum within a field.
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Powdery Scab has important implications for commercial farming. Not only does the pathogen itself cause harm, but the pathogen is also a vector for
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therefore high priority is given to researching the variations within potato cultivars for researching host/pathogen relationships and management.
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zoospore (with two separate haploid nuclei, n+n) and then infect the roots. Once the infection occurs, the dikaryotic zoospore develops into a
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451:. Thus, tubers with powdery scab can have increased incidences of other devastating diseases, including pink rot, dry rot, black dot, and
269:. It has been proposed, due to this similarity, that there are two distinct stages that Sss can exist as; the asexual and sexual stages.
1039:
787:
Balendres, M. A.; Tegg, R. S.; Wilson, C. R. (2016-02-05). "Key events in pathogenesis of spongospora diseases in potato: a review".
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496:(SAR), a natural plant defense mechanism. When potatoes are inoculated with BABA and then later inoculated with the pathogen,
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1154:"Potential Management of Powdery Scab and Mop Top Virus Using an Integration of Soil Fumigation and Genetic Resistance"
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skinned are somewhat resistant. Russet skin is thicker and has higher levels of the LOX protein which is used as a
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of the host cells and eventual bursting. However, the mechanism behind this is still unknown. Zoospores infect the
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Maldonado, M. Loreto
Hernandez, Richard E. Falloon, Ruth C. Butler, Anthony J. Conner, and Simon R. Bulman. "
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should involve alternate species that will promote a partial life cycle of the pathogen. This way the
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funded diagnostic project discovered that as much as 82% of fields tested positive for soil inoculum.
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894:
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632:"Bulletin #2436, Powdery Scab of Potatoes | Cooperative Extension Publications | University of Maine"
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C. R. Brown, G. Vandemark, D. Johnson, Tom
Cummings, Dallas Batchelor, Jeff Miller, Chris Olsen.
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621:" Australasian Plant Pathol. Australasian Plant Pathology 44.4 (2015): 445-53. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.
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Resistance to
Spongospora Subterranea Induced in Potato by the Elicitor β-aminobutyric Acid.
587:
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105:
682:
Merz, Ueli (2008-04-16). "Powdery Scab of Potato—Occurrence, Life Cycle and
Epidemiology".
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pathogenesis is most effective in cool, damp environments, such as northern Britain, the
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will germinate without producing new spores. Researchers have investigated the use of
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1202:"Draft Genome Resource for the Potato Powdery Scab Pathogen Spongospora subterranea"
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Nitzan, Nadav, Dennis Johnson, Dallas Batchelor, and Chuck Brown. "Powdery Scab."
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nuclear division (creates many nuclei within a single cell) and turns into a
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levels and karyogamy events are only theorized and have yet to be proven.
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that infects the below ground structures of the host. Infection leads to
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containing a powdery mass. These can eventually rupture within the tuber
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Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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259:(Sss). Most of the currently-proposed life cycle is based on that of
235:. The powdery pustules contain resting spores that release anisokont
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949:"Not in your usual Top 10: Protists that infect plants and algae"
568:"Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae"
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1268:
492:(BABA) in promoting potato resistance. BABA triggers a plants
1006:
Diseases, Pests and Disorders of Potatoes: A Colour Handbook
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UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Powdery Scab on Potato
1034:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 108–109.
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Wale, Stuart; Platt, Bud; Cattlin, Nigel D. (2008-04-11).
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for resistance. There is little known about variation and
311:, and the plasmodium will quickly divide into numerous
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In general, not a lot is known about the life cycle of
667:
Effect of Powdery Scab Root Galls on Yield of Potato.
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within a sporosori (spore sack, alternatively called
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plasmodium. Then, the multinucleate plasmodium forms
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350:practices. Increased use of fertilizers containing
41:(survival structure) of the powdery scab pathogen
215:and is widespread in potato growing countries.
8:
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665:Dennis A. Johnson and Thomas F. Cummings.
29:
20:
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1200:Ciaghi S, Neuhauser S, Schwelm A (2018).
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519:"Resistance to Powdery Scab in Potatoes"
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265:, a closely related and better-studied
239:(asexual spore with two unequal length
738:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1261:from the US Department of Agriculture
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669:(2015).Plant Disease 99:10, 1396-1403
372:Potato tuber covered in powdery scabs
7:
1437:7ded0fe4-e07a-4727-8f50-743f84d5ae60
1259:Resistance to Powdery Scab in Potato
1206:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
1175:Resistance to Powdery Scab in Potato
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843:American Journal of Potato Research
684:American Journal of Potato Research
395:by attaching to the outer surface,
1032:The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases
346:infection are directly related to
276:infects root tissue and becomes a
14:
750:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00289.x
1089:. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2015.
1056:"Powdery Scab | AHDB Potatoes"
219:of powdery scab include small
1:
887:Australasian Plant Pathology
789:Australasian Plant Pathology
543:"Potato scabs/RHS Gardening"
494:systemic acquired resistance
480:can survive for many years,
283:. This plasmodium undergoes
442:Phytophthora erythroseptica
399:, and then penetrating the
223:in the early stages of the
1527:
1218:10.1094/MPMI-06-18-0163-A
1113:10.1007/s11540-008-9105-2
953:Molecular Plant Pathology
907:10.1007/s13313-014-0317-4
855:10.1007/s12230-008-9018-2
809:10.1007/s13313-016-0398-3
696:10.1007/s12230-008-9019-1
572:Molecular Plant Pathology
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47:Scientific classification
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37:
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379:is an obligate parasite
262:Plasmodiophora brassicae
227:, progressing to raised
1473:spongospora-subterranea
1309:Spongospora subterranea
1279:Spongospora subterranea
1255:from Cornell University
1085:"How to Manage Pests."
344:Spongospora subterranea
335:Spongospora subterranea
253:Spongospora subterranea
206:Spongospora subterranea
164:Spongospora subterranea
145:Spongospora subterranea
490:beta-aminobutyric acid
448:Phytophthora infestans
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200:. It is caused by the
1177:. Web. 11 Nov. 2015.
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1511:Forma specialis taxa
1060:potatoes.ahdb.org.uk
1030:Jones, D.G. (2013).
437:potato mop-top virus
421:sexual recombination
1253:Powdery scab photos
1190:(2007): 6-7. Print.
1122:20.500.11850/380051
899:2014AuPP...43..679S
801:2016AuPP...45..229B
16:Disease of potatoes
1506:Parasitic rhizaria
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118:Plasmodiophoraceae
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1271:Taxon identifiers
1212:(12): 1227–1229.
1152:Gudmestad, Neil.
966:10.1111/mpp.12580
705:20.500.11850/9544
584:10.1111/mpp.12580
272:Asexual Stage: A
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1357:iNaturalist
1303:Wikispecies
916:10182/10430
453:late blight
389:hyperplasia
385:hypertrophy
330:Environment
278:uninucleate
257:subterranea
212:subterranea
168:subterranea
131:Spongospora
1490:Categories
1065:2015-10-22
641:2015-11-11
636:umaine.edu
552:2015-11-11
528:2015-11-11
524:. USDA/ARS
505:References
463:Management
431:Importance
393:root hairs
381:phytomyxea
304:binucleate
300:dikaryotic
281:plasmodium
94:Phytomyxea
1131:0014-3065
925:0815-3191
863:1099-209X
817:0815-3191
758:1066-5234
714:1099-209X
486:zoospores
405:lenticels
401:epidermis
397:encysting
357:cellulose
348:agronomic
317:cystosori
309:karyogamy
267:protozoan
237:zoospores
202:cercozoan
139:Species:
39:Sporosori
1501:Endomyxa
1396:MycoBank
1375:10518555
1294:Q1431083
1288:Wikidata
1236:29969057
1139:37670848
985:29024322
933:18388456
871:29987047
825:13658887
766:18070323
722:38001426
602:29024322
478:inoculum
403:through
274:zoospore
241:flagella
233:periderm
229:pustules
217:Symptoms
113:Family:
82:Cercozoa
77:Phylum:
70:Rhizaria
1463:1501345
1349:3204343
1227:6443038
976:5772912
895:Bibcode
797:Bibcode
774:8842628
593:5772912
423:within
409:stomata
352:nitrate
285:mitotic
225:disease
221:lesions
181:Lagerh.
166:f. sp.
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101:Order:
89:Class:
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324:ploidy
209:f. sp.
198:tubers
195:potato
177:Wallr.
1470:PPE:
1427:70186
1370:IRMNG
1157:(PDF)
1135:S2CID
929:S2CID
867:S2CID
821:S2CID
770:S2CID
718:S2CID
522:(PDF)
255:f.sp
1458:OBIS
1422:NCBI
1383:ITIS
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1331:EPPO
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