1952:
2010:
and the second coil, B, through an inductor, so that the current in coil B is delayed with respect to current in A. At unity power factor, the current in A is in phase with the circuit current, and coil A provides maximum torque, driving the instrument pointer toward the 1.0 mark on the scale. At zero power factor, the current in coil B is in phase with circuit current, and coil B provides torque to drive the pointer towards 0. At intermediate values of power factor, the torques provided by the two coils add and the pointer takes up intermediate positions.
2014:
application. A second stationary field coil, perpendicular to the voltage coils, carries a current proportional to current in one phase of the circuit. The moving system of the instrument consists of two vanes that are magnetized by the current coil. In operation, the moving vanes take up a physical angle equivalent to the electrical angle between the voltage source and the current source. This type of instrument can be made to register for currents in both directions, giving a four-quadrant display of power factor or phase angle.
1960:
the load. Line current in the circuit would also be 1.4 times the current required at 1.0 power factor, so the losses in the circuit would be doubled (since they are proportional to the square of the current). Alternatively, all components of the system such as generators, conductors, transformers, and switchgear would be increased in size (and cost) to carry the extra current. When the power factor is close to unity, for the same kVA rating of the transformer more load current can be supplied.
1944:
1398:
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74:(RMS) current and voltage. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source, or due to a non-linear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power may be greater than the real power, so more current flows in the circuit than would be required to transfer real power alone. A power factor magnitude of less than one indicates the voltage and current are not in phase, reducing the average
3261:
877:
capacitors can be locally connected. These capacitors help to generate reactive power to meet the demand of the inductive loads. This will keep that reactive power from having to flow from the utility generator to the load. In the electricity industry, inductors are said to consume reactive power, and capacitors are said to supply it, even though reactive power is just energy moving back and forth on each AC cycle.
889:
3840:
137:
836:
reactive power with the current waveform lagging the voltage. Capacitive loads such as capacitor banks or buried cables generate reactive power with the current phase leading the voltage. Both types of loads will absorb energy during part of the AC cycle, which is stored in the device's magnetic or electric field, only to return this energy back to the source during the rest of the cycle.
1084:
117:
637:
968:. Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like a variable capacitor. Unlike with capacitors, the amount of reactive power furnished is proportional to voltage, not the square of voltage; this improves voltage stability on large networks. Synchronous condensers are often used in connection with
1700:
simplification is often a good approximation for stiff voltage sources (not being affected by changes in load downstream in the distribution network). Total harmonic distortion of typical generators from current distortion in the network is on the order of 1–2%, which can have larger scale implications but can be ignored in common practice.
1393:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\mbox{distortion power factor}}&={\frac {I_{1}}{I_{rms}}}\\&={\frac {I_{1}}{\sqrt {I_{1}^{2}+I_{2}^{2}+I_{3}^{2}+I_{4}^{2}+\cdots }}}\\&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+{\frac {I_{2}^{2}+I_{3}^{2}+I_{4}^{2}+\cdots }{I_{1}^{2}}}}}}\\&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+THD_{i}^{2}}}}\\\end{aligned}}}
160:, consisting of combinations of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, current flow has a sinusoidal response to the sinusoidal line voltage. A linear load does not change the shape of the input waveform but may change the relative timing (phase) between voltage and current, due to its inductance or capacitance.
398:
2634:
The power factor is the measure of reactive power. It is the ratio of active power to the total of active and reactive power. It is about 0.65 with an ordinary PSU, but PSUs with active PFC have a power factor of 0.97–0.99. hardware reviewers sometimes make no difference between the power factor and
1959:
Power factors below 1.0 require a utility to generate more than the minimum volt-amperes necessary to supply the real power (watts). This increases generation and transmission costs. For example, if the load power factor were as low as 0.7, the apparent power would be 1.4 times the real power used by
1930:
Dynamic power factor correction (DPFC), sometimes referred to as real-time power factor correction, is used for electrical stabilization in cases of rapid load changes (e.g. at large manufacturing sites). DPFC is useful when standard power factor correction would cause over or under correction. DPFC
1903:
is inserted between the bridge rectifier and the main input capacitors. The boost converter attempts to maintain a constant voltage at its output while drawing a current that is always in phase with and at the same frequency as the line voltage. Another switched-mode converter inside the power supply
880:
The reactive elements in power factor correction devices can create voltage fluctuations and harmonic noise when switched on or off. They will supply or sink reactive power regardless of whether there is a corresponding load operating nearby, increasing the system's no-load losses. In the worst case,
1818:
Negative-sequence harmonics (5th, 11th, 17th, etc.) combine 120 degrees out of phase, similarly to the fundamental harmonic but in a reversed sequence. In generators and motors, these currents produce magnetic fields which oppose the rotation of the shaft and sometimes result in damaging mechanical
928:. These contactors are controlled by a regulator that measures power factor in an electrical network. Depending on the load and power factor of the network, the power factor controller will switch the necessary blocks of capacitors in steps to make sure the power factor stays above a selected value.
876:
Power factor correction brings the power factor of an AC power circuit closer to 1 by supplying or absorbing reactive power, adding capacitors or inductors that act to cancel the inductive or capacitive effects of the load, respectively. In the case of offsetting the inductive effect of motor loads,
372:
The power factor is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. As power is transferred along a transmission line, it does not consist purely of real power that can do work once transferred to the load, but rather consists of a combination of real and reactive power, called apparent power.
2017:
Digital instruments exist that directly measure the time lag between voltage and current waveforms. Low-cost instruments of this type measure the peak of the waveforms. More sophisticated versions measure the peak of the fundamental harmonic only, thus giving a more accurate reading for phase angle
2009:
of the electrodynamic type, carrying two perpendicular coils on the moving part of the instrument. The field of the instrument is energized by the circuit current flow. The two moving coils, A and B, are connected in parallel with the circuit load. One coil, A, will be connected through a resistor
1604:
847:
consume both real power and reactive power. The vector sum of real and reactive power is the complex power, and its magnitude is the apparent power. The presence of reactive power causes the real power to be less than the apparent power, and so, the electric load has a power factor of less than 1.
839:
For example, to get 1 kW of real power, if the power factor is unity, 1 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1 kW ÷ 1 = 1 kVA). At low values of power factor, more apparent power needs to be transferred to get the same real power. To get 1 kW of real power at 0.2
835:
If a purely resistive load is connected to a power supply, current and voltage will change polarity in step, the power factor will be 1, and the electrical energy flows in a single direction across the network in each cycle. Inductive loads such as induction motors (any type of wound coil) consume
391:
One can relate the various components of AC power by using the power triangle in vector space. Real power extends horizontally in the real axis and reactive power extends in the direction of the imaginary axis. Complex power (and its magnitude, apparent power) represents a combination of both real
81:
In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred. The larger currents increase the energy lost in the distribution system and require larger wires and other equipment. Because of the
2013:
Another electromechanical instrument is the polarized-vane type. In this instrument a stationary field coil produces a rotating magnetic field, just like a polyphase motor. The field coils are connected either directly to polyphase voltage sources or to a phase-shifting reactor if a single-phase
2021:
Power
Quality Analyzers, often referred to as Power Analyzers, make a digital recording of the voltage and current waveform (typically either one phase or three phase) and accurately calculate true power (watts), apparent power (VA) power factor, AC voltage, AC current, DC voltage, DC current,
1699:
values (distortion power factor can also be used to describe individual order harmonics, using the corresponding current in place of total current). This definition with respect to total harmonic distortion assumes that the voltage stays undistorted (sinusoidal, without harmonics). This
867:
A high power factor is generally desirable in a power delivery system to reduce losses and improve voltage regulation at the load. Compensating elements near an electrical load will reduce the apparent power demand on the supply system. Power factor correction may be applied by an
1963:
Utilities typically charge additional costs to commercial customers who have a power factor below some limit, which is typically 0.9 to 0.95. Engineers are often interested in the power factor of a load as one of the factors that affect the efficiency of power transmission.
1865:
2232:. Note 1, section 3.1.1.1, when defining the quantities for power factor, asserts that real power only flows to the load and can never be negative. As of 2013, one of the authors acknowledged that this note was incorrect, and is being revised for the next edition. See
386:
2022:
frequency, IEC61000-3-2/3-12 Harmonic measurement, IEC61000-3-3/3-11 flicker measurement, individual phase voltages in delta applications where there is no neutral line, total harmonic distortion, phase and amplitude of individual voltage or current harmonics, etc.
1016:
1997:
The power factor in a single-phase circuit (or balanced three-phase circuit) can be measured with the wattmeter-ammeter-voltmeter method, where the power in watts is divided by the product of measured voltage and current. The power factor of a balanced
1921:
Due to their very wide input voltage range, many power supplies with active PFC can automatically adjust to operate on AC power from about 100 V (Japan) to 240 V (Europe). That feature is particularly welcome in power supplies for laptops.
715:
182:, energy storage in the loads results in a phase difference between the current and voltage waveforms. During each cycle of the AC voltage, extra energy, in addition to any energy consumed in the load, is temporarily stored in the load in
104:, distort the current drawn from the system. In such cases, active or passive power factor correction may be used to counteract the distortion and raise the power factor. The devices for correction of the power factor may be at a central
840:
power factor, 5 kVA of apparent power needs to be transferred (1 kW ÷ 0.2 = 5 kVA). This apparent power must be produced and transmitted to the load and is subject to losses in the production and transmission processes.
632:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}S&=P+jQ\\|S|&={\sqrt {P^{2}+Q^{2}}}\\{\text{pf}}&=\cos {\theta }={\frac {P}{|S|}}=\cos {\left(\arctan {\left({\frac {Q}{P}}\right)}\right)}\\Q&=P\,\tan(\arccos({\text{pf}}))\end{aligned}}}
128:) = 0). The blue line shows the instantaneous power entering the load: all of the energy received during the first (or third) quarter cycle is returned to the grid during the second (or fourth) quarter cycle, resulting in an
2635:
the efficiency factor. Although both these terms describe the effectiveness of a power supply, it is a gross mistake to confuse them. There is a very small effect from passive PFC – the power factor grows only from 0.65 to 0.7–0.75.
872:
utility to improve the stability and efficiency of the network. Individual electrical customers who are charged by their utility for low power factor may install correction equipment to increase their power factor to reduce costs.
987:
are increasingly used. These systems are able to compensate sudden changes of power factor much more rapidly than contactor-switched capacitor banks and, being solid-state, require less maintenance than synchronous condensers.
1443:
1904:
produces the desired output voltage from the DC bus. This approach requires additional semiconductor switches and control electronics but permits cheaper and smaller passive components. It is frequently used in practice.
1777:
1855:
A disadvantage of passive PFC is that it requires larger inductors or capacitors than an equivalent power active PFC circuit. Also, in practice, passive PFC is often less effective at improving the power factor.
1814:
in the magnetic core of the transformer. Eddy current losses generally increase as the square of the frequency, lowering the transformer's efficiency, dissipating additional heat, and reducing its service life.
819:
between -1 and 1. When the power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow is entirely reactive, and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle. When the power factor is 1, referred to as the
69:
flowing in the circuit. Real power is the average of the instantaneous product of voltage and current and represents the capacity of the electricity for performing work. Apparent power is the product of
1917:
with passive PFC can achieve power factor of about 0.7–0.75, SMPSs with active PFC, up to 0.99 power factor, while a SMPS without any power factor correction have a power factor of only about 0.55–0.65.
2074:
To distinguish between linear and nonlinear loads, we may say that linear time-invariant loads are characterized so that an application of a sinusoidal voltage results in a sinusoidal flow of current.
1810:. This could overload the neutral wire in some cases and create error in kilowatt-hour metering systems and billing revenue. The presence of current harmonics in a transformer also result in larger
851:
A negative power factor (0 to −1) can result from returning active power to the source, such as in the case of a building fitted with solar panels when surplus power is fed back into the supply.
1089:
403:
220:
A circuit with a low power factor will use a greater amount of current to transfer a given quantity of real power than a circuit with a high power factor thus causing increased losses due to
2726:
The disadvantages of passive PFC techniques are that they typically yield a power factor of only 0.60 to 0.70 Dual-stage active PFC technology a power factor typically greater than 0.98
2527:
The interaction between the positive and negative sequence magnetic fields and currents produces torsional oscillations of the motor shaft. These oscillations result in shaft vibrations.
2435:
1028:
In linear circuits having only sinusoidal currents and voltages of one frequency, the power factor arises only from the difference in phase between the current and voltage. This is
392:
and reactive power, and therefore can be calculated by using the vector sum of these two components. We can conclude that the mathematical relationship between these components is:
2905:
810:
2713:
1431:
148:) ≈ 0.71). The blue line (instantaneous power) shows that a portion of the energy received by the load is returned to the grid during the part of the cycle labeled
642:
As the angle θ increases with fixed total apparent power, current and voltage are further out of phase with each other. Real power decreases, and reactive power increases.
2423:...and voltage-time relationship deviates from the pure sine function. The distortion at the point of generation is very small (about 1% to 2%), but nonetheless it exists.
752:
2193:
1666:
1008:. Because current in these systems is interrupted by a switching action, the current contains frequency components that are multiples of the power system frequency.
1693:
1633:
1059:, variable speed drives and other devices. Filters consisting of linear capacitors and inductors can prevent harmonic currents from entering the supplying system.
82:
costs of larger equipment and wasted energy, electrical utilities will usually charge a higher cost to industrial or commercial customers with a low power factor.
3112:
356:
1989:
Small customers, such as households, are not usually charged for reactive power and so power factor metering equipment for such customers will not be installed.
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Higher-powered products are also likely to use active PFC, since it would be the most cost effective way to bring products into compliance with the EN standard.
1976:
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increases the power factor of a load, improving efficiency for the distribution system to which it is attached. Linear loads with a low power factor (such as
3785:
1599:{\displaystyle THD_{i}={\frac {\sqrt {\displaystyle \sum _{h=2}^{\infty }I_{h}^{2}}}{I_{1}}}={\frac {\sqrt {I_{2}^{2}+I_{3}^{2}+I_{4}^{2}+\cdots }}{I_{1}}}}
1979:, PCs with internal power supplies will require the use of active power factor correction to meet the ENERGY STAR 5.0 Program Requirements for Computers.
2540:
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2700:
Normally, the power factor value of electronic device without power factor correction is approximately 0.5. Passive PFC 70~80% Active PFC 90~99.9%
2988:
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With the rising cost of energy and concerns over the efficient delivery of power, active PFC has become more common in consumer electronics. Current
2876:
373:
The power factor describes the amount of real power transmitted along a transmission line relative to the total apparent power flowing in the line.
2218:
Trial-Use
Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions
832:
to show the sign of the phase angle. Capacitive loads are leading (current leads voltage), and inductive loads are lagging (current lags voltage).
2593:
1709:
1806:. In a wye-configuration of a transformer, triplen harmonics will not create these currents, but they will result in a non-zero current in the
78:
of the two. A negative power factor occurs when the device (normally the load) generates real power, which then flows back towards the source.
2623:
2934:
2827:
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2396:
2347:
Almarshoud, A. F.; et al. (2004), "Performance of Grid-Connected
Induction Generator under Naturally Commutated AC Voltage Controller",
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2225:
2201:
2095:
2067:
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reactive elements can interact with the system and with each other to create resonant conditions, resulting in system instability and severe
3843:
2446:
2041:
Another common mnemonic is CIVIL – in a capacitor (C) the current (I) leads voltage (V), voltage (V) leads current (I) in an inductor (L).
2297:
The fact that the solid arc has, at low frequencies, a negative power factor, indicates that the arc is supplying power to the alternator…
2896:
2562:
Wolfle, W.H.; Hurley, W.G. (2003), "Quasi-active power factor correction with a variable inductive filter: theory, design and practice",
361:
The VA and var are non-SI units dimensionally similar to the watt but are used in engineering practice instead of the watt to state what
3682:
658:
when the current waveform is behind the voltage waveform. A lagging power factor signifies that the load is inductive, as the load will
1043:
currents in addition to the original (fundamental frequency) AC current. This is of importance in practical power systems that contain
979:
For power factor correction of high-voltage power systems or large, fluctuating industrial loads, power electronic devices such as the
3790:
3260:
3105:
2158:
376:
The power factor can also be computed as the cosine of the angle θ by which the current waveform lags or leads the voltage waveform,.
3410:
2721:
2018:
on distorted waveforms. Calculating power factor from voltage and current phases is only accurate if both waveforms are sinusoidal.
2814:. 9th International Conference Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation: October 9–11, 2007, Barcelona, Spain. IEEE. pp. 1–5.
1951:
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Examples of non-linear loads on a power system are rectifiers (such as used in a power supply), and arc discharge devices such as
3035:
2770:
Sugawara, I.; Suzuki, Y.; Takeuchi, A.; Teshima, T. (19–23 Oct 1997), "Experimental studies on active and passive PFC circuits",
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31:
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1703:
The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor is the overall, true power factor or just power factor (PF):
3745:
3677:
3667:
3543:
3443:
3098:
1798:, or zero-sequence, harmonics (3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.) have the property of being in-phase when compared line-to-line. In a
369:
explicitly disallows using units for this purpose or as the only source of information about a physical quantity as used.
1019:
Sinusoidal voltage and non-sinusoidal current give a distortion power factor of 0.75 for this computer power supply load.
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1972:
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is a measure of how much the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases the average power transferred to the load.
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167:), changing polarity at the same instant in each cycle. All the power entering the load is consumed (or dissipated).
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3205:
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1844:(50 or 60 Hz). The filter consists of capacitors or inductors and makes a non-linear device look more like a
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1880:
to change the waveform of current drawn by a load to improve the power factor. Some types of the active PFC are
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824:
power factor, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by the load. Power factors are usually stated as
3770:
3578:
3518:
3175:
2002:
is the same as that of any phase. The power factor of an unbalanced polyphase circuit is not uniquely defined.
140:
Instantaneous and average power calculated from AC voltage and current for a load with a lagging power factor (
2548:
3709:
3699:
3689:
2653:
2038:– the voltage E, leads the current I, in an inductor L. The current I leads the voltage E in a capacitor C.
725:
171:
2952:, Schenectady, New York: General Electric, Meter and Instrument Department, 1949, pp. 66–68, GET-1087A
209:) have a power factor of almost 1, but circuits containing inductive or capacitive loads (electric motors,
3630:
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2999:
980:
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38:
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Accordingly, the generator will consume active power from the grid, which leads to negative power factor.
2309:
Zhang, S. (July 2006), "Analysis of some measurement issues in bushing power factor tests in the field",
760:
3765:
3533:
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105:
75:
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Wölfle, W. H.; Hurley, W. G., "Quasi-active Power Factor
Correction: The Role of Variable Inductance",
1405:
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is the distortion component associated with the harmonic voltages and currents present in the system.
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
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1807:
1802:, these harmonics can result in circulating currents in the delta windings and result in greater
950:
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by the inductive load. A leading power factor signifies that the load is capacitive, as the load
214:
194:
1943:
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fluctuations. As such, reactive elements cannot simply be applied without engineering analysis.
2335:…(the measurement) gives both negative power factor and negative resistive current (power loss)
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120:
Power flow calculated from AC voltage and current entering a load having a zero power factor (
2964:"The Fundamentals of FFT-Based Signal Analysis and Measurement in LabVIEW and LabWindows/CVI"
1638:
943:
drawn by the synchronous motor is a function of its field excitation. It is referred to as a
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rely on the magnitude of certain order harmonics rather than the total harmonic distortion.
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71:
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Passive PFC the power factor is low at 60–80%. Active PFC ... a power factor of up to 95%
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guidelines for computers call for a power factor of ≥ 0.9 at 100% of rated output in the
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The synchronous condenser's installation and operation are identical to those of large
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17:
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Duddell, W. (1901), "On the resistance and electromotive forces of the electric arc",
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Chavez, C.; Houdek, J. A. "Dynamic
Harmonic Mitigation and power factor correction".
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1935:, to quickly connect and disconnect capacitors or inductors to improve power factor.
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in power lines, and requiring the use of higher-rated conductors and transformers.
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108:, spread out over a distribution system, or built into power-consuming equipment.
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The Active PFC Market is
Expected to Grow at an Annually Rate of 12.3% Till 2011
2233:
2115:
1968:
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In a purely resistive AC circuit, voltage and current waveforms are in step (or
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1772:{\displaystyle {\mbox{PF}}={\frac {\cos {\varphi }}{\sqrt {1+THD_{i}^{2}}}}}
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921:
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requires power factor correction be incorporated into consumer products.
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Bolioli, T.; Duggirala, M.; Haines, E.; Kolappan, R.; Wong, H. (2009),
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1001:
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724:
between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal to the
1896:. Active power factor correction can be single-stage or multi-stage.
3334:
2488:
1911:
configuration may be used to substantially improve the power factor.
1845:
1787:
In practice, the local effects of distortion current on devices in a
1066:
designed to work properly with non-sinusoidal currents must be used.
2950:
Manual of
Electric Instruments Construction and Operating Principles
815:
Since the units are consistent, the power factor is by definition a
654:
if the current waveform is advanced in phase concerning voltage, or
2772:
INTELEC 97, 19th
International Telecommunications Energy Conference
2844:"Power Factor – Importance, Calculation and Correction techniques"
2541:"Power Supply Design Principles: Techniques and Solutions, Part 3"
1950:
1942:
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1014:
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858:
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50:
2929:(11 ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 3‐29 paragraph 80,
2746:(application note), Fairchild Semiconductor, 2004, archived from
1035:
Non-linear loads change the shape of the current waveform from a
682:
is positive as reactive power travels through the circuit and is
3289:
2154:
710:
is negative as reactive power is being supplied to the circuit.
328:(VA). The magnitude of the complex power is the apparent power (
263:
190:
then returned to the power grid a fraction of the period later.
3094:
2403:
The DPF is the cosine of the angle between these two quantities
2030:
Anglophone power engineering students are advised to remember:
2478:
2451:
2150:
193:
Electrical circuits containing predominantly resistive loads (
961:
or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level.
2436:"Single-phase load harmonics vs. three-phase load harmonics"
2143:
972:
transmission projects or in large industrial plants such as
2118:: International Electrotechnical Commission. Archived from
366:
908:(single-phase or three-phase units, delta-connection); 6.
2005:
A direct reading power factor meter can be made with a
1975:. According to a white paper authored by Intel and the
2388:
Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines
1714:
1411:
1093:
1955:
Capacitor bank on a utility pole in San Jose, CA, USA
1712:
1674:
1641:
1614:
1469:
1446:
1408:
1087:
763:
734:
696:
690:
reactive power, and therefore the reactive component
668:
401:
334:
310:
278:
248:
2566:, vol. 18, no. 1, IEEE, pp. 248–255,
217:, and others) can have a power factor well below 1.
3809:
3719:
3656:
3618:
3472:
3409:
3320:
3275:
3268:
3128:
2385:Ewald Fuchs; Mohammad A. S. Masoum (14 July 2015).
1868:Specifications taken from the packaging of a 610 W
957:onto the network as required to support a system's
1771:
1687:
1660:
1627:
1598:
1425:
1392:
804:
746:
702:
674:
631:
350:
316:
284:
254:
1823:Power factor correction (PFC) in non-linear loads
953:. It operates at a leading power factor and puts
262:) (sometimes called average power), expressed in
2060:Power System Harmonics and Passive Filter Design
3025:"Fluke 1760 Three-Phase Power Quality Recorder"
1899:In the case of a switched-mode power supply, a
1062:To measure the real power or reactive power, a
30:For the firearms cartridge ranking system, see
3106:
3066:Harmonics and how they relate to power factor
2652:, Find articles, Mar 16, 2006, archived from
2234:http://powerstandards.com/Shymanski/draft.pdf
1947:75 MVAr capacitor bank in a 150 kV substation
1635:is the fundamental component of the current,
92:) can be corrected with a passive network of
8:
1039:to some other form. Non-linear loads create
2190:Authoritative Dictionary of Standards Terms
3272:
3113:
3099:
3091:
2989:"WT3000E Series Precision Power Analyzers"
2927:Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers
2445:, Pacific Gas and Electric, archived from
1695:is the current on the h harmonic; all are
713:
384:
2290:
1760:
1755:
1732:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1646:
1640:
1619:
1613:
1588:
1571:
1566:
1553:
1548:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1512:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1445:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1377:
1372:
1350:
1329:
1324:
1307:
1302:
1289:
1284:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1247:
1222:
1217:
1204:
1199:
1186:
1181:
1168:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1092:
1088:
1086:
788:
780:
772:
764:
762:
733:
695:
667:
614:
595:
557:
552:
540:
523:
515:
509:
501:
483:
471:
458:
452:
440:
432:
402:
400:
343:
335:
333:
309:
277:
247:
2694:, Silverstone Technology, archived from
646:Lagging, leading and unity power factors
358:), also expressed in volt-amperes (VA).
2884:(Version 5.0 ed.), US: Energy Star
2149:. § 5.3.2 (p. 132, 40 in the
2050:
1931:uses semiconductor switches, typically
855:Power factor correction of linear loads
662:reactive power. The reactive component
27:Ratio of active power to apparent power
2167:
2112:"SI Units – Electricity and Magnetism"
918:automatic power factor correction unit
863:Power factor correction of linear load
2720:, Electronic products, archived from
2522:Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems
2505:Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems
2502:Sankaran, C. (1999), "Transformers",
2418:Effects of Harmonics on Power Systems
2349:Electric Power Components and Systems
1848:load. An example of passive PFC is a
949:. It is started and connected to the
132:power flow (light blue line) of zero.
7:
2740:Power Factor Correction (PFC) Basics
1977:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
912:(for controls and ventilation fans)
2391:. Elsevier Science. pp. 432–.
2311:IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery
1051:, some forms of electric lighting,
896:; 2. Network connection points; 3.
805:{\displaystyle |P|=|S|\cos \theta }
3791:Renewable energy commercialization
2878:Program Requirements for Computers
1939:Importance in distribution systems
1783:Distortion in three-phase networks
1486:
25:
2898:Version 5.0 System Implementation
3839:
3838:
3259:
2968:National Instruments Corporation
2859:Power Factor Correction Handbook
2714:"PFC options for power supplies"
2164:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2086:Boylestad, Robert (2002-03-04).
2062:. Wiley, IEEE Press. p. 2.
1832:The simplest way to control the
1789:three-phase distribution network
1426:{\displaystyle {\mbox{THD}}_{i}}
174:loads are present, such as with
3041:from the original on 2022-10-09
2911:from the original on 2022-10-09
2519:Sankaran, C. (1999), "Motors",
939:can supply reactive power. The
2625:ATX Power Supply Units Roundup
2090:(10th ed.). p. 857.
931:In place of a set of switched
924:that are switched by means of
789:
781:
773:
765:
622:
619:
611:
602:
524:
516:
441:
433:
344:
336:
32:Power factor (shooting sports)
1:
3786:Renewable Energy Certificates
3746:Cost of electricity by source
3668:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
3544:High-voltage shore connection
2088:Introductory Circuit Analysis
650:Power factor is described as
3801:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
3599:Transmission system operator
3559:Mains electricity by country
3136:Automatic generation control
2904:(white paper), Energy Star,
2252:Suresh Kumar, K. S. (2013).
1907:For a three-phase SMPS, the
1840:that passes current only at
1057:switched-mode power supplies
894:Reactive power control relay
747:{\displaystyle \cos \theta }
100:. Non-linear loads, such as
3826:List of electricity sectors
3821:Electric energy consumption
3539:High-voltage direct current
3514:Electric power transmission
3504:Electric power distribution
3181:Energy return on investment
2628:, xBit labs, archived from
2602:: Nuigalway, archived from
970:high-voltage direct-current
870:electric power transmission
843:Electrical loads consuming
3896:
3741:Carbon offsets and credits
3459:Three-phase electric power
2925:; Beaty, H. Wayne (1978),
2780:10.1109/INTLEC.1997.646051
2547:, Nuvation, archived from
2539:Schramm, Ben (Fall 2006),
1668:is the total current, and
240:Real power or active power
228:Definition and calculation
29:
3834:
3796:Renewable Energy Payments
3285:Fossil fuel power station
3257:
3072:, U Texas, archived from
2820:10.1109/EPQU.2007.4424144
2361:10.1080/15325000490461064
2323:10.1109/tpwrd.2006.874616
2256:. Pearson. p. 8.10.
2254:Electric Circuit Analysis
1876:Active PFC is the use of
1872:showing active PFC rating
1435:total harmonic distortion
1030:displacement power factor
1024:Non-sinusoidal components
845:alternating current power
215:fluorescent lamp ballasts
49:system is defined as the
3579:Single-wire earth return
3519:Electrical busbar system
3176:Energy demand management
2865:, ON Semiconductor, 2007
2712:Brooks, Tom (Mar 2004),
2580:10.1109/TPEL.2002.807135
2174:: CS1 maint: location (
365:is being expressed. The
300:Together, they form the
292:), usually expressed in
3710:Residual-current device
3700:Power system protection
3690:Generator interlock kit
2672:Power Factor Correction
2491:: EnergyLogix Solutions
1661:{\displaystyle I_{rms}}
1095:distortion power factor
1076:distortion power factor
1070:Distortion power factor
1010:Distortion power factor
86:Power-factor correction
18:Power-factor correction
3875:Electrical engineering
3494:Distributed generation
3166:Electric power quality
2691:Why we need PFC in PSU
2656:on September 1, 2009,
2485:Harmonics and IEEE 519
2443:Power System Harmonics
2292:10.1098/rsta.1904.0022
1993:Measurement techniques
1956:
1948:
1873:
1773:
1689:
1662:
1629:
1600:
1490:
1437:of the load current.
1427:
1394:
1020:
981:static VAR compensator
913:
864:
806:
748:
704:
676:
633:
352:
318:
286:
256:
213:valves, transformers,
153:
144: = 45°, cos(
133:
124: = 90°, cos(
39:electrical engineering
3865:Electrical parameters
3766:Fossil fuel phase-out
3534:Electricity retailing
3529:Electrical substation
3509:Electric power system
2415:Sankaran, C. (1999),
1954:
1946:
1894:synchronous condenser
1867:
1800:delta-wye transformer
1774:
1690:
1688:{\displaystyle I_{h}}
1663:
1630:
1628:{\displaystyle I_{1}}
1601:
1470:
1428:
1395:
1055:, welding equipment,
1053:electric arc furnaces
1018:
946:synchronous condenser
900:; 4. Inrush-limiting
891:
862:
807:
749:
705:
677:
634:
353:
319:
294:reactive volt-amperes
287:
257:
139:
119:
3122:Electricity delivery
2996:Yokogawa Corporation
1836:current is to use a
1710:
1672:
1639:
1612:
1444:
1406:
1085:
817:dimensionless number
761:
732:
694:
666:
399:
332:
308:
276:
246:
235:has two components:
3731:Availability factor
3683:Sulfur hexafluoride
3564:Overhead power line
3464:Virtual power plant
3439:Induction generator
3392:Sustainable biofuel
3201:Home energy storage
3191:Grid energy storage
3156:Droop speed control
2846:. 23 November 2018.
2774:, pp. 571–78,
2572:2003ITPE...18..248W
2285:(359–371): 512–15,
2058:Das, J. C. (2015).
1850:valley-fill circuit
1765:
1576:
1558:
1540:
1505:
1382:
1334:
1312:
1294:
1276:
1227:
1209:
1191:
1173:
351:{\displaystyle |S|}
3880:Engineering ratios
3605:Transmission tower
3216:Nameplate capacity
3005:on 7 November 2017
2474:"Harmonic Effects"
2239:2016-03-04 at the
1957:
1949:
1874:
1769:
1751:
1718:
1685:
1658:
1625:
1596:
1562:
1544:
1526:
1506:
1491:
1423:
1415:
1390:
1388:
1368:
1320:
1298:
1280:
1262:
1213:
1195:
1177:
1159:
1097:
1021:
951:electrical network
914:
865:
802:
744:
700:
672:
629:
627:
348:
314:
282:
252:
195:incandescent lamps
154:
134:
3852:
3851:
3756:Environmental tax
3636:Cascading failure
3405:
3404:
3241:Utility frequency
3032:Fluke Corporation
2936:978-0-07-020974-9
2829:978-84-690-9441-9
2789:978-0-7803-3996-5
2595:Power electronics
2398:978-0-12-800988-8
2263:978-8-13-179155-4
2227:978-0-7381-1963-2
2203:978-0-7381-2601-2
2097:978-0-13-097417-4
2069:978-1-118-86162-2
2007:moving coil meter
2000:polyphase circuit
1973:PC's power supply
1878:power electronics
1804:resistive heating
1794:For example, the
1767:
1766:
1717:
1594:
1583:
1518:
1507:
1414:
1384:
1383:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1235:
1234:
1134:
1096:
998:fluorescent lamps
937:synchronous motor
920:consists of some
703:{\displaystyle Q}
675:{\displaystyle Q}
617:
565:
529:
486:
477:
317:{\displaystyle S}
285:{\displaystyle Q}
255:{\displaystyle P}
222:resistive heating
203:electric toasters
16:(Redirected from
3887:
3842:
3841:
3751:Energy subsidies
3705:Protective relay
3646:Rolling blackout
3273:
3263:
3231:Power-flow study
3171:Electrical fault
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3004:
2998:. Archived from
2993:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2903:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2525:, Electro-Test,
2516:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2455:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2421:, Electro-Test,
2412:
2406:
2405:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2249:
2243:
2231:
2230:, Std. 1459–2000
2214:
2208:
2207:
2192:(7th ed.),
2186:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2055:
1909:Vienna rectifier
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1697:root mean square
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1575:
1570:
1557:
1552:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1484:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1293:
1288:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1208:
1203:
1190:
1185:
1172:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1094:
992:Non-linear loads
811:
809:
808:
803:
792:
784:
776:
768:
753:
751:
750:
745:
717:
709:
707:
706:
701:
681:
679:
678:
673:
638:
636:
635:
630:
628:
618:
615:
577:
576:
572:
571:
570:
566:
558:
530:
528:
527:
519:
510:
505:
487:
484:
478:
476:
475:
463:
462:
453:
444:
436:
388:
357:
355:
354:
349:
347:
339:
323:
321:
320:
315:
291:
289:
288:
283:
261:
259:
258:
253:
199:heating elements
197:, devices using
151:
147:
143:
127:
123:
90:induction motors
72:root mean square
59:absorbed by the
21:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3830:
3814:
3812:
3805:
3736:Capacity factor
3724:
3722:
3715:
3695:Numerical relay
3673:Circuit breaker
3661:
3659:
3652:
3614:
3554:Load management
3524:Electrical grid
3489:Demand response
3482:
3477:
3468:
3449:Microgeneration
3401:
3316:
3264:
3255:
3251:Vehicle-to-grid
3124:
3119:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2923:Fink, Donald G.
2921:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2790:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2724:on 2008-12-02,
2711:
2710:
2706:
2698:on 2008-12-22,
2688:
2687:
2683:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2632:on 2008-11-20,
2622:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2607:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2457:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2241:Wayback Machine
2228:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2166:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2032:ELI the ICE man
2028:
1995:
1941:
1928:
1901:boost converter
1870:PC power supply
1862:
1830:
1825:
1785:
1725:
1708:
1707:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1584:
1508:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1387:
1386:
1341:
1340:
1261:
1238:
1237:
1148:
1137:
1136:
1118:
1108:
1099:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1026:
994:
966:electric motors
898:Slow-blow fuses
857:
759:
758:
730:
729:
692:
691:
664:
663:
648:
626:
625:
585:
579:
578:
553:
545:
541:
514:
488:
480:
479:
467:
454:
445:
429:
428:
409:
397:
396:
382:
330:
329:
324:) expressed as
306:
305:
274:
273:
244:
243:
230:
188:magnetic fields
149:
145:
141:
125:
121:
114:
112:Linear circuits
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3857:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3817:
3815:
3811:Statistics and
3810:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3761:Feed-in tariff
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3549:Interconnector
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3499:Dynamic demand
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3429:Combined cycle
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Load-following
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Electric power
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3059:
3058:External links
3056:
3053:
3052:
3016:
2980:
2955:
2941:
2935:
2914:
2887:
2868:
2849:
2835:
2828:
2802:
2788:
2762:
2730:
2704:
2681:
2662:
2639:
2615:
2584:
2554:
2531:
2511:
2508:, Electro-Test
2494:
2465:
2427:
2407:
2397:
2377:
2355:(7): 691–700,
2339:
2317:(3): 1350–56,
2301:
2269:
2262:
2244:
2226:
2220:, IEEE, 2000,
2209:
2202:
2181:
2133:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2068:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2027:
2024:
1994:
1991:
1940:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1861:
1858:
1842:line frequency
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1682:
1678:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1622:
1618:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1420:
1401:
1400:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1071:
1068:
1047:loads such as
1025:
1022:
993:
990:
941:reactive power
935:, an unloaded
856:
853:
813:
812:
801:
798:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
743:
740:
737:
728:of the angle,
699:
671:
647:
644:
640:
639:
624:
621:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
586:
584:
581:
580:
575:
569:
564:
561:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
533:
526:
522:
518:
513:
508:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
489:
482:
481:
474:
470:
466:
461:
457:
451:
448:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
410:
408:
405:
404:
381:
380:Power triangle
378:
346:
342:
338:
313:
298:
297:
281:
270:Reactive power
267:
251:
229:
226:
158:linear circuit
113:
110:
66:apparent power
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Pigouvian tax
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Earth-leakage
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:Failure modes
3617:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3569:Power station
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Rankine cycle
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Cooling tower
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3277:Non-renewable
3274:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Grid strength
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Demand factor
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3079:on 2011-09-27
3075:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2888:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2753:on 2014-06-11
2749:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2606:on 2020-08-06
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2551:on 2007-03-09
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2456:on 2015-09-24
2453:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2122:on 2007-12-11
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:eddy currents
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1782:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1680:
1676:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1620:
1616:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1418:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1004:machines, or
1003:
999:
991:
989:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
884:
878:
874:
871:
861:
854:
852:
849:
846:
841:
837:
833:
831:
827:
823:
818:
799:
796:
793:
785:
777:
769:
757:
756:
755:
741:
738:
735:
727:
723:
718:
716:
711:
697:
689:
685:
669:
661:
657:
653:
645:
643:
608:
605:
599:
596:
592:
589:
587:
582:
573:
567:
562:
559:
554:
549:
546:
542:
537:
534:
531:
520:
511:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
490:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
449:
447:
437:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
411:
406:
395:
394:
393:
389:
387:
379:
377:
374:
370:
368:
364:
359:
340:
327:
311:
303:
302:complex power
295:
279:
271:
268:
265:
249:
241:
238:
237:
236:
234:
227:
225:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
161:
159:
138:
131:
118:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3776:Net metering
3723:and policies
3641:Power outage
3610:Utility pole
3574:Pumped hydro
3480:distribution
3475:Transmission
3424:Cogeneration
3226:Power factor
3225:
3081:, retrieved
3074:the original
3065:
3043:. Retrieved
3031:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3000:the original
2995:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2967:
2958:
2949:
2944:
2926:
2917:
2897:
2890:
2877:
2871:
2858:
2852:
2838:
2811:
2805:
2771:
2765:
2755:, retrieved
2748:the original
2739:
2733:
2725:
2722:the original
2717:
2707:
2699:
2696:the original
2690:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2665:
2657:
2654:the original
2648:
2642:
2633:
2630:the original
2624:
2618:
2608:, retrieved
2604:the original
2594:
2587:
2563:
2557:
2549:the original
2544:
2534:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2504:
2497:
2484:
2468:
2458:, retrieved
2447:the original
2442:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2402:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2334:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2253:
2247:
2217:
2212:
2189:
2184:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2106:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1984:EN 61000-3-2
1981:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1929:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1875:
1854:
1831:
1819:vibrations.
1817:
1808:neutral wire
1793:
1786:
1702:
1608:
1402:
1075:
1073:
1061:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1009:
1006:arc furnaces
995:
978:
963:
944:
930:
917:
915:
879:
875:
866:
850:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
821:
814:
720:If θ is the
719:
712:
687:
683:
659:
655:
651:
649:
641:
390:
383:
375:
371:
360:
326:volt-amperes
299:
231:
219:
192:
169:
162:
155:
129:
85:
84:
80:
64:
54:
43:power factor
42:
36:
3771:Load factor
3626:Black start
3594:Transformer
3295:Natural gas
3246:Variability
3221:Peak demand
3211:Merit order
3141:Backfeeding
2675:, TECHarp,
2598:(project),
1982:In Europe,
1969:Energy Star
1926:Dynamic PFC
1828:Passive PFC
1000:, electric
974:steel mills
910:Transformer
883:overvoltage
722:phase angle
3859:Categories
3813:production
3658:Protective
3589:Super grid
3584:Smart grid
3411:Generation
3345:Geothermal
3236:Repowering
3083:2010-09-20
3045:6 November
3009:6 November
2973:6 November
2757:2009-11-29
2610:2008-11-05
2545:Newsletter
2460:2013-11-26
2206:, Std. 100
2045:References
2036:ELI on ICE
1933:thyristors
1890:buck-boost
1860:Active PFC
1049:rectifiers
1045:non-linear
933:capacitors
926:contactors
922:capacitors
906:Capacitors
902:contactors
176:capacitors
106:substation
102:rectifiers
94:capacitors
56:real power
3721:Economics
3444:Micro CHP
3322:Renewable
3305:Petroleum
3300:Oil shale
3186:Grid code
3146:Base load
2798:109885369
2369:110279940
2170:cite book
2026:Mnemonics
1734:φ
1730:
1581:⋯
1487:∞
1472:∑
1317:⋯
1232:⋯
1064:wattmeter
1037:sine wave
800:θ
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180:inductors
98:inductors
3870:AC power
3844:Category
3631:Brownout
3419:AC power
3129:Concepts
3036:Archived
2906:archived
2331:39895367
2237:Archived
2196:, 2000,
2159:Archived
2157:. 2006.
1834:harmonic
1041:harmonic
688:supplies
684:consumed
363:quantity
233:AC power
211:solenoid
184:electric
172:reactive
165:in phase
47:AC power
3660:devices
3370:Thermal
3365:Osmotic
3360:Current
3340:Biomass
3330:Biofuel
3312:Nuclear
3269:Sources
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606:arccos
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