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the niche category. These encourage the diversification of products. These niche products open opportunities for suppliers while concomitantly satisfying the demands of many individuals – therefore lengthening the tail portion of the long tail. In situations where popularity is currently determined by the lowest common denominator, a long-tail model may lead to improvement in a society's level of culture. The opportunities that arise because of the long tail greatly affect society's cultures because suppliers have unlimited capabilities due to infinite storage and demands that were unable to be met prior to the long tail are realized. At the end of the long tail, the conventional profit-making business model ceases to exist; instead, people tend to come up with products for varied reasons like expression rather than monetary benefit. In this way, the long tail opens up a large space for authentic works of creativity.
543:, and those highlighted by Anderson and Shirky are of very different, if not opposite, nature: Anderson and Shirky refer to frequency-rank relations, whereas the Gutenberg–Richter law and the Zipf's law are probability distributions. Therefore, in these latter cases "tails" correspond to large-intensity events such as large earthquakes and most popular words, which dominate the distributions. By contrast, the long tails in the frequency-rank plots highlighted by Anderson and Shirky would rather correspond to short tails in the associated probability distributions, and therefore illustrate an opposite phenomenon compared to the Gutenberg–Richter and the Zipf's laws.
528:'s articles highlight special cases in which we are able to modify the underlying relationships and evaluate the impact on the frequency of events. In those cases the infrequent, low-amplitude (or low-revenue) events – the long tail, represented here by the portion of the curve to the right of the 20th percentile – can become the largest area under the line. This suggests that a variation of one mechanism (internet access) or relationship (the cost of storage) can significantly shift the frequency of occurrence of certain events in the distribution. The shift has a crucial effect in probability and in the customer demographics of businesses like
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potentially offer. In other words, by proceeding further and further into the long tail, sales may become so small that the marginal cost of tracking them in rank order, even at a digital scale, might be optimised well before a million titles, and certainly before infinite titles. This model can provide further predictions into markets with long-tail distribution, such as the basis for a model for optimizing the number of each individual item ordered, given its current sales rank and the total number of different titles stocked.
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doing so, companies can gain valuable insights into their customer's needs and preferences, which can help drive product development and innovation. By creating a platform for their users to share their ideas and feedback, companies can harness the power of collaborative innovation and stay ahead of the competition. Ultimately, involving users in the innovation process is a win-win for both companies and their customers, as it leads to more tailored, effective products and services that better meet the needs of the end user.
1335:, calls the long tail theory into question, citing sales data which shows that the Web magnifies the importance of blockbuster hits. On his blog, Chris Anderson responded to the study, praising Elberse and the academic rigor with which she explores the issue but drawing a distinction between their respective interpretations of where the "head" and "tail" begin. Elberse defined head and tail using percentages, while Anderson uses absolute numbers. Similar results were published by
742:) stocks movies in centralized warehouses, its storage costs are far lower and its distribution costs are the same for a popular or unpopular movie. It is therefore able to build a viable business stocking a far wider range of movies than a traditional movie rental store. Those economics of storage and distribution then enable the advantageous use of the long tail: for example, Netflix finds that in aggregate, "unpopular" movies are rented more than popular movies.
941:(video rental). These purely digital retailers also have almost no marginal cost, which is benefiting the online services, unlike physical retailers that have fixed limits on their products. The internet can still sell physical goods, but at an unlimited selection and with reviews and recommendations. The internet has opened up larger territories to sell and provide its products without being confined to just the "local Markets" such as physical retailers like
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to the low-frequency long tail of the sector have found out that it can be an important niche, long ignored by consumer banks. The recipients of small credits tend to be very good payers of loans, despite their non-existent credit history. They are also willing to pay higher interest rates than the standard bank or credit card customer. It also is a business model that fills an important developmental role in an economy.
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distribution, when compared with traditional channels. An 80/20 rule fits the distribution of product sales in the catalog channel quite well, but in the
Internet channel, this rule needs to be modified to a 72/28 rule in order to fit the distribution of product sales in that channel. The difference in the sales distribution is highly significant, even after controlling for consumer differences.
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667:'s book sales come from obscure books that were not available in brick-and-mortar stores. They then quantified the potential value of the long tail to consumers. In an article published in 2003, these authors showed that, while most of the discussion about the value of the Internet to consumers has revolved around lower prices, consumer benefit (a.k.a.
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594:, that showed that a significant portion of Amazon.com's sales come from obscure books that are not available in brick-and-mortar stores. The long tail is a potential market and, as the examples illustrate, the distribution and sales channel opportunities created by the Internet often enable businesses to tap that market successfully.
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significantly influenced by the quantity of products available. Specifically, they find that the impacts of both positive and negative user reviews are weakened as product variety goes up. In addition, the increase in product variety reduces the impact of user reviews on popular products more than it does on niche products.
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In today's world, customers are eager to voice their opinions and shape the products and services they use. This presents a unique opportunity for companies to leverage interactive and internet-based technologies to give their users a voice and enable them to participate in the innovation process. By
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Before a long tail works, only the most popular products are generally offered. When the cost of inventory storage and distribution fall, a wide range of products become available. This can, in turn, have the effect of reducing demand for the most popular products. For example, a small website that
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On the demand side, tools such as search engines, recommendation software, and sampling tools are allowing customers to find products outside their geographic area. The authors also look toward the future to discuss second-order, amplified effects of Long Tail, including the growth of markets serving
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finds that the long tail has grown longer over time, with niche books accounting for a larger share of total sales. Their analyses suggested that by 2008, niche books accounted for 36.7% of Amazon's sales while the consumer surplus generated by niche books has increased at least fivefold from 2000 to
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Often presented as a phenomenon of interest primarily to mass market retailers and web-based businesses, the long tail also has implications for the producers of content, especially those whose products could not – for economic reasons – find a place in pre-Internet information distribution channels
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work. Users want products that are customized to their needs. They are willing to tell the manufacturer what they really want and how it should work. Companies can make use of a series of tools, such as interactive and internet based technologies, to give their users a voice and to enable them to
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As opposed to e-tailers, micro-finance is a distinctly low technology business. Its aim is to offer very small credits to lower-middle to lower class and poor people, that would otherwise be ignored by the traditional banking business. The banks that have followed this strategy of selling services
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From a given country's viewpoint, diplomatic interactions with other countries likewise exhibit a long tail. Strategic partners receive the largest amount of diplomatic attention, while a long tail of remote states obtains just an occasional signal of peace. The fact that even allegedly "irrelevant"
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The key supply-side factor that determines whether a sales distribution has a long tail is the cost of inventory storage and distribution. Where inventory storage and distribution costs are insignificant, it becomes economically viable to sell relatively unpopular products; however, when storage and
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derived from an XY graph that is created when charting popularity to inventory. In the graph shown above, Amazon's book sales would be represented along the vertical axis, while the book or movie ranks are along the horizontal axis. The total volume of low popularity items exceeds the volume of high
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and are thus long-tailed distributions in the statistical sense. This is used to describe the retailing strategy of selling many unique items with relatively small quantities sold of each (the "long tail")—usually in addition to selling fewer popular items in large quantities (the "head"). Sometimes
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as tools for education and training is starting to show a long-tailed pattern. It costs significantly less to modify a game than it has been to create unique training applications, such as those for training in business, commercial flight, and military missions. This has led some to envision a time
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The long-tail distribution applies at a given point in time, but over time the relative popularity of the sales of the individual products will change. Although the distribution of sales may appear to be similar over time, the positions of the individual items within it will vary. For example, new
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distributions or functions characterize an important number of behaviors from nature and human endeavor. This fact has given rise to a keen scientific and social interest in such distributions, and the relationships that create them. The observation of such a distribution often points to specific
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of inventory storage and distribution is high, only the most popular products are sold. But where the long tail works, minority tastes become available and individuals are presented with a wider array of choices. The long tail presents opportunities for various suppliers to introduce products in
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The distribution and inventory costs of businesses successfully applying a long tail strategy allow them to realize significant profit out of selling small volumes of hard-to-find items to many customers instead of only selling large volumes of a reduced number of popular items. The total sales of
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There may be an optimal inventory size, given the balance between sales and the cost of keeping up with the turnover. An analysis based on this pure fashion model indicates that, even for digital retailers, the optimal inventory may in many cases be less than the millions of items that they can
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A 2010 study conducted by Wenqi Zhou and
Wenjing Duan further points out that the demand side factor (online user reviews) and the supply side factor (product variety) interplay to influence the long tail formation of user choices. Consumers' reliance on online user reviews to choose products is
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kinds of mechanisms, and can often indicate a deep connection with other, seemingly unrelated systems. Examples of behaviors that exhibit long-tailed distribution are the occurrence of certain words in a given language, the income distribution of a business or the intensity of earthquakes (see:
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which are more central and thus influenced more by their recommendation network have significantly more pronounced long-tail distributions. Their data across 200 subject areas shows that a doubling of this influence leads to a 50% increase in revenues from the least popular one-fifth of books.
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In support of their findings, Wenqi Zhou and
Wenjing Duan not only find a longer tail but also a fatter tail by an in-depth analysis on consumer software downloading pattern in their paper "Online user reviews, product variety, and the long tail". The demand for all products decreases, but the
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They used a theoretical model to show how a reduction in search costs will affect the concentration in product sales. By analyzing data collected from a multi-channel retailing company, they showed empirical evidence that the
Internet channel exhibits a significantly less concentrated sales
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and even premium cable subscription services such as HBO and
Showtime open up the opportunity for niche content to reach the right audiences, in an otherwise mass medium. These may not always attract the highest level of viewership, but their business distribution models make that of less
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have many links going into them but "the long tail" of millions of weblogs may have only a handful of links going into them. Anderson described the effects of the long tail on current and future business models beginning with a series of speeches in early 2004 and with the publication of a
671:) from access to increased product variety in online book stores is ten times larger than their benefit from access to lower prices online. Thus, the primary value of the internet to consumers comes from releasing new sources of value by providing access to products in the long tail.
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Anderson argues that products in low demand or that have a low sales volume can collectively make up a market share that rivals or exceeds the relatively few current bestsellers and blockbusters, if the store or distribution channel is large enough. Anderson cites earlier research by
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was published and
Touching the Void began to sell again. Anderson realized that this was due to Amazon's recommendations. This created a niche market for those who enjoy books about mountain climbing even though it is not considered a popular genre supporting the long tail theory.
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2008. In addition, their new methodology finds that, while the widely used power laws are a good first approximation for the rank-sales relationship, the slope may not be constant for all book ranks, with the slope becoming progressively steeper for more obscure books.
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The competitive threat from these niche sites is reduced by the cost of establishing and maintaining them and the effort required for readers to track multiple small web sites. These factors have been transformed by easy and cheap web site software and the spread of
850:, which is capable of generating power law distributions of sales similar to those observed in practice, takes into account turnover in the relative sales of a given set of items, as well as innovation, in the sense that entirely new items become offered for sale.
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decrease for the hits is more pronounced, indicating the demand shifting from the hits to the niches over time. In addition, they also observe a superstar effect in the presence of the long tail. A small number of very popular products still dominates the demand.
1054:. Among his conclusions is the insight that as innovation becomes more user-centered the information needs to flow freely, in a more democratic way, creating a "rich intellectual commons" and "attacking a major structure of the social division of labor".
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The tail becomes bigger and longer in new markets (depicted in red). For example, if time progresses left to right, traditional retailers have focused on the area to the left of the chart, while online bookstores derive more sales from the area to the
277:. Intuitively, a distribution is (right) long-tailed if, for any fixed amount, when a quantity exceeds a high level, it almost certainly exceeds it by at least that amount: large quantities are probably even larger. Note that there is no sense of
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controlled by book publishers, record companies, movie studios, and television networks. Looked at from the producers' side, the long tail has made possible a flowering of creativity across all fields of human endeavour. One example of this is
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countries obtain at least rare amicable interactions by virtually all other states was argued to create a societal surplus of peace, a reservoir that can be mobilized in case a state needs it. The long tail thus functionally resembles "
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is a good example of this: Chris
Anderson defines long-tail TV in the context of "content that is not available through traditional distribution channels but could nevertheless find an audience." Thus, the advent of services such as
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rather than a power law; they reported that 80% of the music tracks available sold no copies at all over a one-year period. Anderson responded by stating that the study's findings are difficult to assess without access to its data.
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applies the long tail to the developments in insurgency and terrorist movements, showing how technology and networking allows the long tail of disgruntled groups and criminals to take on the nation state and have a chance to win.
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of numbers is the portion of the distribution having many occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution. The distribution could involve popularities, random numbers of occurrences of events with various
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article titled "From Niches to Riches: Anatomy of the Long Tail" examined the long tail from both the supply side and the demand side and identifies several key drivers. On the supply side, the authors point out how
1170:, to efficiently sell display inventory that might otherwise go unsold through direct sales force operations. As a result, by January 2011 between 20–25% of all US ad spending was derived from long tail advertisers.
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costs, information technology in general and
Internet markets in particular could substantially increase the collective share of hard-to-find products, thereby creating a longer tail in the distribution of sales.
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about a near-death mountain climbing accident that took place in the
Peruvian Andes. Anderson states the book got good reviews, but didn't have much commercial success. However, ten years later a book titled
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is an organization that provides micro credits to people worldwide, by using intermediaries called small microfinance organizations (S.M.O.'s)to distribute crowd sourced donations made by Kiva.org lenders.
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Given enough choice, a large population of customers, and negligible stocking and distribution costs, the selection and buying pattern of the population results in the demand across products having a
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graph showing popularity ranking. To the right (yellow) is the long tail; to the left (green) are the few that dominate. In this example, the cutoff is chosen so that areas of both regions are equal.
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Not all recommender systems are equal, however, when it comes to expanding the long tail. Some recommenders (i.e. certain collaborative filters) can exhibit a bias toward popular products, creating
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The "crowds" of customers, users and small companies that inhabit the long-tail distribution can perform collaborative and assignment work. Some relevant forms of these new production models are:
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A search for the phrase "long tail" in the database MathSciNet yielded 81 hits, the earliest being a 1946 paper by Brown and Tukey in the Annals of
Mathematical Statistics (volume 17, pages 1–12).
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The banking business has used internet technology to reach an increasing number of customers. The most important shift in business model due to the long tail has come from the various forms of
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monetizes the long tail of keywords, auction-oriented buying/selling mechanisms are also viable to help monetize the long tail of ad impressions available across niche publishers in the
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distribution costs are high, only the most popular products can be sold. For example, a traditional movie rental store has limited shelf space, which it pays for in the form of building
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In following a long-tailed innovation strategy, the company is using the model to tap into a large group of users that are in the low-intensity area of the distribution. It is their
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An Amazon employee described the long tail as follows: "We sold more books today that didn't sell at all yesterday than we sold today of all the books that did sell yesterday."
434:. It is important to understand why some distributions are normal vs. long tail (power) distributions. Chris Anderson argues that while quantities such as human height or
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The demand-side factors that lead to the long tail can be amplified by the "networks of products" which are created by hyperlinked recommendations across products. An
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492:). In "long-tailed" distributions a high-frequency or high-amplitude population is followed by a low-frequency or low-amplitude population which gradually "tails off"
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The intersection of viral marketing, online communities and new technologies that operate within the long tail of consumers and business is described in the novel by
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with long tails have been studied by statisticians since at least 1946. The term has also been used in the finance and insurance business for many years. The work of
1110:: The intentional spreading of marketing messages using preexisting social networks, with an emphasis on the casual, non-intentional and low cost, commonly through
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813:, is the process of building a network of users and then delivering challenges or tasks to be solved with the purpose of gaining insights or innovative ideas.
734:; to maximize its profits, it must stock only the most popular movies to ensure that no shelf space is wasted. Because online video rental provider (such as
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Bentley, R. Alexander; Lipo, Carl P.; Herzog, Harold A.; Hahn, Matthew W. (2007). "Regular rates of popular culture change reflect random copying".
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The drive to build a market and obtain revenue from the consumer demographic of the long tail has led businesses to implement a series of long-tail
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Given the diminishing cost of communication and information sharing (by analogy to the low cost of storage and distribution, in the case of
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In his Wired article Anderson opens with an anecdote about creating a niche market for books on Amazon. He writes about a book titled
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The long tail concept has found some ground for application, research, and experimentation. It is a term used in online business,
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756:' expanded, centralized warehousing allows for more offerings, thus making it possible for them to cater to more varied tastes.
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Some of the most successful Internet businesses have used the long tail as part of their business strategy. Examples include
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focuses on niches of content can be threatened by a larger website which has a variety of information (such as Yahoo)
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importance. As the opportunity cost goes down, the choice of TV programs grows and greater cultural diversity rises.
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to extend the reach of marketing to the low-frequency, low-intensity consumer in a cost-effective way, often through
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in which game-based training devices or simulations will be available for thousands of different job descriptions.
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model, in which a company outsources work to a large group of market players using a collaborative online platform.
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1905:"Online User Reviews, Product Variety, and the Long Tail: An Empirical Investigation on Online Software Downloads"
1869:"Consumer Surplus in the Digital Economy: Estimating the Value of Increased Product Variety at Online Booksellers"
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and Tom F. Tan, who suggest that head and tail should be defined by percentages rather than absolute numbers.
1943:"Goodbye Pareto Principle, Hello Long Tail: The Effect of Search Costs on the Concentration of Product Sales"
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techniques, most of them based on extensive use of internet technologies. Among the most representative are:
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study details this phenomenon along with several ideas that may promote the long tail and greater diversity.
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in business as "the notion of looking at the tail itself as a new market" of consumers was first coined by
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2280:"Diplomatic complexity and long-tailed distributions: the function of non-strategic bilateral relations"
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and transmission of commercial information from person to person in an online or real-world environment.
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Bentley, R. Alexander; Madsen, Mark E.; Ormerod, Paul (2009). "Physical space and long-tail markets".
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model, companies can rely on users of their products and services to do a significant part of the
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2010:"Blockbuster Culture's Next Rise or Fall: The Impact of Recommender Systems on Sales Diversity"
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as examples of businesses applying this strategy. Anderson elaborated the concept in his book
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in the 1950s and later has led to him being referred to as "the father of long tails".
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of MIT's Sloan School of Management defined the user-led innovation model in his book
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has successfully followed this business model. In Mexico the banks Compartamos and
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325:"long tail" is often arbitrary, but in some cases may be specified objectively; see
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Also in 2008, a sales analysis of an unnamed UK digital music service by economist
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applies, 80%) are accounted for by the first 20% of items in the distribution.
2555:"Long Tail theory contradicted as study reveals 10m digital music tracks unsold"
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1614:. Stochastic Modelling and Applied Probability. Vol. 51. pp. 266–301.
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is the name for a long-known feature of some statistical distributions (such as
37:"Long-tailed distribution" redirects here. For the term used in statistics, see
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563:, "Power Laws, Weblogs and Inequality", which noted that a relative handful of
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items constantly enter most fashion markets. A recent fashion-based model of
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also service this customer demographic, with an emphasis on consumer credit.
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In a 2006 working paper titled "Goodbye Pareto Principle, Hello Long Tail",
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magazine article in October 2004. Anderson later extended it into the book
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1889:"The Longer Tail: The Changing Shape of Amazon’s Sales Distribution Curve"
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Levine, David M.; Stephan, David; Krehbiel, Timothy C.; Berenson, Mark L.
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2445:"'Long Tail' Advertisers Are Back, U.S. Ad Expansion Reaches '03 Levels"
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process of innovation, share information, test and diffuse the results.
2397:"Vision and Mission Statement for Building Inclusive Financial Sectors"
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Brynjolfsson, Erik; Hu, Yu "Jeffrey"; Smith, Michael D. (Summer 2006).
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2517:"Rethinking the Long Tail Theory: How to Define 'Hits' and 'Niches'"
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2336:"The Long Tail and Its Implications for Media Audience Measurement"
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and high-tech entrepreneur Andrew Bud found that sales exhibited a
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2071:"Recommendation Networks and the Long Tail of Electronic Commerce"
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The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More
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collaboration groups that produce open-source software or create
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The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business is Selling Less of More
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However, the long tails characterizing distributions such as the
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The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More
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Brynjolfsson, Erik; Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, and Duncan Simester, 2006,
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Bynjolfsson, Erik; Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, and Michael D. Smith, 2010,
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Anderson has explained the term as a reference to the tail of a
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this large number of "non-hit items" is called "the long tail".
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an intermediate category is also included, variously called the
1730:"The Father of Long Tails. An interview with Benoît Mandelbrot"
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sales and sales ranking. They found that a large proportion of
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by focusing on long-tail keywords which have less competition.
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communities formed by groups of users can perform rapidly the
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Asmussen, S. R. (2003). "Steady-State Properties of GI/G/1".
348:), knowledge management, and social network mechanisms (e.g.
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Brynjolfsson, Erik; Yu (Jeffrey) Hu, and Michael D. Smith,
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and aggregated work that results in an innovation effort.
2399:. United Nations Capital Development Fund. Archived from
559:. The concept drew in part from a February 2003 essay by
321:. The specific cutoff of what part of a distribution is
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Oestreicher-Singer, Gal and Arun Sundararajan (2012).
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Bessis, Jöel "Risk Management in Banking". Wiley, 1995
1531:
1132:: The marketing of websites on search engines such as
712:, and Duncan Simester found that, by greatly lowering
2235:
Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications
1481:
1401:
2532:"More Long Tail debate: mobile music no, search yes"
273:
has a narrow technical meaning, and is a subtype of
2334:
1775:
1551:
1467:
1022:do innovation work that is useful to the company.
2184:Bentley, R.A.; Hahn, M.W.; Shennan, S.J. (2007).
1956:"From Niches to Riches: Anatomy of the Long Tail"
1701:
1699:
1418:
1403:
364:), and IT Security threat hunting within a SOC (
2503:"Excellent HBR piece challenging the Long Tail"
1903:Zhou, Wenqi; Duan, Wenjing (21 November 2010).
2008:Fleder, Daniel; Hosanagar, Kartik (May 2009).
1909:Electronic Commerce Research and Applications
1644:Statistics for Managers using Microsoft Excel
226:
8:
1583:Alpheus Bingham and Dwayne Spradlin (2011).
1241:The long tail has possible implications for
300:(primarily of popularity), which often form
281:"long tail" of a distribution, but only the
1646:. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 124.
893:. Similarly, mass-market distributors like
1898:
1896:
1468:{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to \infty }\Pr=1,}
1331:, professor of business administration at
233:
219:
55:
2295:
2246:
2209:
2129:
1530:
1510:
1482:
1480:
1439:
1406:
1400:
1229:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Feature of some statistical distributions
2377:. The Global Development Research Center
1834:The Long Tail: Definitions: Final Round!
396:magazine article, in which he mentioned
344:, for example), user-driven innovation (
2598:—a computer model by Fiona Maclachlan,
2519:. Knowledge@Wharton. 16 September 2009.
1575:
1388:
897:may be threatened by distributors like
767:, and actually reduce the long tail. A
327:segmentation of rank-size distributions
183:
147:
96:
65:
58:
1100:Buzz marketing: The strategic use of
858:Long-tailed distributions in diplomacy
828:article by Gal Oestreicher-Singer and
366:Information security operations center
2484:"Should You Invest in the Long Tail?"
1706:Quinion, Michael (24 December 2005).
285:of a distribution being long-tailed.
207:ACM Conference on Recommender Systems
7:
2553:Foster, Patrick (22 December 2008).
2311:Anderson, Chris (13 December 2004).
1815:"Power Laws, Weblogs and Inequality"
1778:scifoo: A problem with the Long Tail
2530:Anderson, Chris (8 November 2008).
1824:, by Clay Shirky. February 8, 2003.
1658:Using R for Introductory Statistics
1279:Distribution of independent content
779:Networks, crowds, and the long tail
725:Demand-side and supply-side drivers
2644:Tails of probability distributions
2600:The Wolfram Demonstrations Project
2333:McDonald, Scott (September 2008).
2278:Nishikawa-Pacher, Andreas (2023).
2140:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.10.002
1543:
1413:
1310:Military applications and security
963:massively multiplayer online games
953:Video and multiplayer online games
832:shows that categories of books on
25:
2186:"Random drift and culture change"
2153:Highfield, Roger (16 June 2004).
2048:"Benkler, The Wealth of Networks"
1877:working paper version, April 2003
438:follow a normal distribution, in
386:The long tail was popularized by
125:Item-item collaborative filtering
2611:
2501:Anderson, Chris (27 June 2008).
2190:Proceedings of the Royal Society
1589:. Pearson Education. p. 5.
1183:
1158:realm. Publishers utilize these
2341:Journal of Advertising Research
1987:Anderson, Chris (1 July 2006).
1529:
1077:: The building and managing of
360:), economic models, marketing (
2375:"Microcredit and Microfinance"
1989:"The Rise and Fall of the Hit"
1836:, comment #3 by Josh Petersen.
1804:The origins of "The Long Tail"
1612:Applied Probability and Queues
1540:
1526:
1520:
1504:
1492:
1453:
1440:
1421:
1410:
547:Chris Anderson and Clay Shirky
1:
1175:Cultural and political impact
867:" in interpersonal networks.
841:Turnover within the long tail
2569:General and cited references
2482:Elberse, Anita (July 2008).
2466:The Long Tail TV: Conclusion
2447:. MediaDailyNews. 2011-01-04
2118:Evolution and Human Behavior
1921:10.1016/j.elerap.2011.12.002
1708:"Turns of Phrase: Long Tail"
1515:
1487:
974:Microfinance and microcredit
298:rank-frequency distributions
2322:. Vol. 10, no. 1.
2265:10.1016/j.physa.2008.11.009
1997:. Vol. 14, no. 7.
1961:MIT Sloan Management Review
1368:, also known as tail event.
1209:the claims made and adding
748:MIT Sloan Management Review
156:Collaborative search engine
2660:
2423:"Democratizing Innovation"
2297:10.1057/s41311-023-00510-3
2155:"Why are they so popular?"
1875:, 49 (11), November 2003.
1782:. New York, NY: Hyperion.
1586:The Long Tail of Expertise
1130:search engine optimization
700:"Goodbye Pareto Principle"
647:cites earlier research by
621:. The term has since been
490:general LĂ©vy distributions
161:Content discovery platform
36:
32:Long tail (disambiguation)
29:
2353:10.2501/S0021849908080379
1366:Kolmogorov's zero–one law
675:The longer tail over time
275:heavy-tailed distribution
39:Heavy-tailed distribution
2575:Anderson, Chris (2006).
1774:Anderson, Chris (2006).
1762:"The shape of the tail."
1620:10.1007/0-387-21525-5_10
1052:Democratizing Innovation
635:Effects of online access
539:or the words-occurrence
444:preferential attachments
271:long-tailed distribution
269:In statistics, the term
120:Implicit data collection
115:Dimensionality reduction
2488:Harvard Business Review
1348:log-normal distribution
1333:Harvard Business School
1292:Contemporary literature
1152:search engine marketing
377:Frequency distributions
294:rank-size distributions
166:Decision support system
110:Collaborative filtering
74:Collective intelligence
2581:. New York: Hyperion.
2284:International Politics
2202:10.1098/rspb.2004.2746
2026:10.1287/mnsc.1080.0974
1849:. NPR. 5 November 2004
1553:
1469:
1314:In military thinking,
1162:environments, such as
1150:/DSPs: Similar to how
1015:user-driven innovation
1009:User-driven innovation
470:
288:In business, the term
135:Preference elicitation
97:Methods and challenges
53:
2505:. The Long Tail Blog.
1764:, roughtype.com, 2006
1728:Obrist, Hans Ulrich
1660:. CRC Press. p.
1656:John Verzani (2004).
1554:
1470:
1148:Demand-side platforms
537:Gutenberg–Richter law
516:Gutenberg–Richter law
467:
47:
2620:at Wikimedia Commons
1479:
1399:
1268:television on demand
532:and online sellers.
486:Pareto distributions
171:Music Genome Project
130:Matrix factorization
30:For other uses, see
2472:. January 17, 2005.
2403:on 31 December 2011
2257:2009PhyA..388..691B
2165:on 23 February 2006
2159:The Daily Telegraph
1303:Pattern Recognition
1156:display advertising
1083:virtual communities
1075:New media marketing
460:Statistical meaning
440:scale-free networks
432:Pareto distribution
390:in an October 2004
60:Recommender systems
2470:The Long Tail Blog
2014:Management Science
1873:Management Science
1820:2004-07-07 at the
1710:. World Wide Words
1549:
1535:
1465:
1417:
1377:Swarm intelligence
1372:Mass customization
1258:Cultural diversity
1194:possibly contains
937:(audio books) and
905:Internet companies
876:Competitive impact
626:popularity items.
551:Use of the phrase
471:
192:GroupLens Research
54:
2616:Media related to
2588:978-1-4013-0237-5
2196:(1547): 1443–50.
1789:978-1-4013-0237-5
1629:978-0-387-00211-8
1534:
1518:
1490:
1402:
1383:Explanatory notes
1361:Black swan theory
1337:Serguei Netessine
1239:
1238:
1231:
1196:original research
1038:Social innovation
1013:According to the
830:Arun Sundararajan
765:positive feedback
706:Erik Brynjolfsson
681:Erik Brynjolfsson
649:Erik Brynjolfsson
630:Academic research
599:Touching the Void
584:Erik Brynjolfsson
453:The Tipping Point
381:Benoît Mandelbrot
243:
242:
140:Similarity search
16:(Redirected from
2651:
2639:Statistical laws
2634:Economics curves
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1327:A 2008 study by
1251:opportunity cost
1234:
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1214:
1211:inline citations
1187:
1186:
1179:
957:The adoption of
760:smaller niches.
689:Michael D. Smith
669:consumer surplus
657:Michael D. Smith
592:Michael D. Smith
505:Pareto principle
448:Malcolm Gladwell
430:distribution or
235:
228:
221:
56:
48:An example of a
21:
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2561:. Times Online.
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1847:"The Long Tail"
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1828:
1822:Wayback Machine
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
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1759:
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1751:, October 2004.
1746:"The Long Tail"
1742:Anderson, Chris
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1177:
1118:and standalone
1108:Viral marketing
1079:social networks
1064:
1048:Eric von Hippel
1042:trial and error
1011:
976:
955:
907:
878:
873:
871:Business models
860:
848:consumer choice
843:
797:Knowledge (XXG)
781:
727:
710:Yu (Jeffrey) Hu
702:
685:Yu (Jeffrey) Hu
677:
653:Yu (Jeffrey) Hu
637:
632:
588:Yu (Jeffrey) Hu
549:
462:
450:’s “mavens” in
420:
374:
362:viral marketing
346:Eric von Hippel
239:
148:Implementations
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2425:. MIT Press
2407:25 December
2381:25 December
2169:25 December
2054:25 December
1853:25 December
1714:25 December
1164:Right Media
1160:ad exchange
982:developed.
967:Second Life
959:video games
929:(music and
895:Blockbuster
883:Web content
679:A study by
561:Clay Shirky
526:Clay Shirky
2628:Categories
2451:2014-01-20
2320:ChangeThis
1566:References
1395:Formally,
1323:Criticisms
1263:Television
1203:improve it
1120:microsites
1019:innovation
994:Bangladesh
834:Amazon.com
736:Amazon.com
665:Amazon.com
661:Amazon.com
541:Zipf's law
530:mass media
482:power laws
398:Amazon.com
334:mass media
302:power laws
247:statistics
105:Cold start
2559:The Times
2361:0022-2437
2248:0808.1655
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1571:Citations
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1344:Will Page
1316:John Robb
1207:verifying
1091:RSS feeds
1068:marketing
1062:Marketing
1027:e-tailers
865:weak ties
754:e-tailers
643:article,
511:Power law
428:power law
290:long tail
255:long tail
197:MovieLens
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50:power law
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2095:41410406
1929:23070895
1818:Archived
1533:as
1355:See also
1247:politics
1219:May 2015
1114:videos,
1095:podcasts
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965:such as
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795:such as
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