232:
decreases with frequency; so, for instance, interference in the medium wave (US AM) broadcast band in the one megahertz region may be strong, while interference with the FM broadcast band around 100 megahertz may be considerably less. Distance is a factor; the closer the interference is to a radio receiver, the more intense it will be. Even WiFi reception in the gigahertz range can be degraded if the receiving antennae are very close to a radiating AC adapter. A determination of if interference is coming from a specific AC adapter can be made simply by unplugging the suspect adapter while observing the amount of interference received in the problem radio band. In a modern household or business environment, there may be multiple AC adapters in use; in such a case, unplug them all, then plug them back in one by one until the culprit or culprits is found.
216:(SMPSs) became almost ubiquitous for this purpose due to their compact size and light weight relative to their power output ability. Mains voltage is rectified to a high direct voltage driving a switching circuit, which contains a transformer operating at a high frequency and outputs direct current at the desired voltage. The high-frequency ripple is more easily filtered out than mains-frequency. The high frequency allows the transformer to be small, which reduces its losses; and the switching regulator can be much more efficient than a linear regulator. The result is a much more efficient, smaller, and lighter device. Safety is ensured, as in the older linear circuit, because a transformer still provides
341:
542:
automatically supply different power; it is essential to use the right tip for the apparatus being powered, but no switch needs to be set correctly by the user. The advent of switch-mode power supplies has allowed adapters to work from any AC mains supply from 100 to 240 V with an appropriate plug; operation from standard 12 V DC vehicle and aircraft supplies can also be supported. With the appropriate adapter, accessories, and tips, a variety of equipment can be powered from almost any source of power.
633:
64:
514:, with multiple plug sizes and types are common on generic power supplies. Other replacement power supplies have arrangements for changing the power connector, with four to nine different alternatives available when purchased in a set. This allows many different configurations of AC adapters to be put together, without requiring soldering. Philmore and other competing brands offer similar AC adapters with interchangeable connectors.
533:(SMPSs) are smaller, lighter, and more efficient. They put out a much more constant voltage than unregulated supplies as the input voltage and the load current vary. When introduced, their prices were high, but by the early 21st century the prices of switch-mode components had dropped to a degree which allowed even cheap supplies to use this technology, saving the cost of a larger and heavier mains-frequency transformer.
433:(kWh) per year, about 1% of total electrical energy consumption, could be saved in the United States by replacing all linear power supplies (average efficiency 40–50%) with advanced switching designs (efficiency 80–90%), by replacing older switching supplies (efficiencies of less than 70%) with advanced designs (efficiency of at least 80%), and by reducing standby consumption of supplies to not more than 1 watt.
52:
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366:. A single version of a device may be used in many markets, with the different power requirements met by different external power supplies, so that only one version of the device need be manufactured, stocked, and tested. If the design of the device is modified over time (a frequent occurrence), the power supply design itself need not be retested (and vice versa).
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electrical products are poorly labeled with information concerning the power supply they require, so it is prudent to record the specifications of the original power supply in advance, to ease replacement if the original is later lost. Careful labeling of power adapters can also reduce the likelihood of a mixup which could cause equipment damage.
668:
in March, 2007 released the USB Battery
Charging Specification which defines, "...limits as well as detection, control and reporting mechanisms to permit devices to draw current in excess of the USB 2.0 specification for charging ...". Electric fans, lamps, alarms, coffee warmers, battery chargers,
436:
Since the report was published, SMPSs have indeed replaced linear supplies to a great extent, even in wall warts. The 2002 report estimated that 6% of electrical energy used in the U.S. "flows through" power supplies (not counting only the wall warts). The website where the report was published said
490:
Some "universal" replacement power supplies allow output voltage and polarity to be switched to match a range of equipment. With the advent of switch-mode supplies, adapters which can work with any voltage from 110 VAC to 240 VAC became widely available; previously either 100–120 VAC
223:
A linear circuit must be designed for a specific, narrow range of input voltages (e.g., 220–240 VAC) and must use a transformer appropriate for the frequency (usually 50 or 60 Hz), but a switched-mode supply can work efficiently over a very wide range of voltages and frequencies; a single
742:) sold from 2010, intended to replace the many incompatible proprietary power supplies and eliminate waste by reducing the total number of supplies manufactured. Conformant supplies deliver 5 VDC via a micro-USB connector, with preferred input voltage handled ranging from 90 to 264 VAC.
486:
External power adapters can fail, or can become separated from the product they are intended to power. Consequently, there is a market for replacement adapters. The replacement must match input and output voltages, match or exceed current capability, and be fitted with a matching connector. Many
541:
Some universal adapters automatically set their output voltage and maximum current according to which of a range of interchangeable tips is fitted; tips are available to fit and supply appropriate power to many notebook computers and mobile devices. Different tips may use the same connector, but
353:
Simplified product inventory, distribution, and certification – An electronic product that is sold and used internationally must be powered from a wide range of power sources, and must meet product safety regulations in many jurisdictions, usually requiring expensive certification by national or
325:
Electrical noise reduction – Because radiated electrical noise falls off with the square of the distance, it is to the manufacturer's advantage to convert potentially noisy AC line power or automotive power to "clean", filtered DC in an external adapter, at a safe distance from noise-sensitive
231:
that they generate. The nature of these high speed, high-energy switching designs is such that when these preventative measures are not implemented, relatively high energy harmonics can be generated, and radiated, well into the radio portion of the spectrum. The amount of RF energy typically
444:, an inefficient power supply is hot to the touch, as is one that wastes power without an electrical load. This waste heat is itself a problem in warm weather, since it may require additional air conditioning to prevent overheating, and even to remove the unwanted heat from large supplies.
417:
Considering the total efficiency of power supplies for small electronic equipment, the older mains-frequency linear transformer-based power supply was found in a 2002 report to have efficiencies from 20 to 75%, and have considerable energy loss even when powered up but not supplying power.
525:
appreciably, in some cases well below the nominal label voltage even within the nominal rated current, causing the equipment being supplied to malfunction or be damaged. Supplies with linear (as against switched) regulators are heavy, bulky, and expensive.
521:", in that their voltage can change considerably with load. If they are lightly loaded, they may put out much more than the nominal "name plate" voltage, which could damage the load. If they are heavily loaded, the output voltage may
349:
Configuration versatility – Externally powered electronic products can be used with different power sources as needed (e.g. 120 VAC, 240 VAC, 12 VDC, or external battery pack), for convenient use in the field, or when
318:), the equipment need not be designed with concern for hazardous voltages inside the enclosure. This is particularly relevant for equipment with lightweight cases which may break and expose internal electrical parts.
145:
Aside from obviating the need for internal power supplies, adapters offer flexibility: a device can draw power from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle battery, or aircraft battery, just by using different
398:
referring in 2001 to such devices as "Energy
Vampires". Legislation is being enacted in the EU and a number of U.S. states to reduce the level of energy wasted by some of these devices. Such initiatives include
321:
Heat reduction – Heat reduces reliability and longevity of electronic components, and can cause sensitive circuits to become inaccurate or malfunction. A separate power supply removes a source of heat from the
202:. Ratings over a few watts made the devices too large and heavy to be physically supported by a wall outlet. The output voltage of these adapters varied with load; for equipment requiring a more stable voltage,
422:(SMPSs) are much more efficient; a good design can be 80–90% efficient, and is also much smaller and lighter. In 2002 most external plug-in "wall wart" power adapters commonly used for low-power
150:. Safety can be another advantage, as hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains power is transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall outlet before going into the appliance handled by the user.
209:
circuitry was added. Losses in the transformer and the linear regulator were considerable; efficiency was relatively low, and significant power dissipated as heat even when not driving a load.
198:
variations small enough to leave the powered device unaffected. Size and weight of the device was largely determined by the transformer, which in turn was determined by the power output and
437:
in 2010 that despite the spread of SMPSs, "today's power supplies consume at least 2% of all U.S. electricity production. More efficient power supply designs could cut that usage in half".
329:
Weight and size reduction – Removing power components and the mains connection plug from equipment powered by rechargeable batteries reduces the weight and size which must be carried.
1372:
429:
External supplies are usually left plugged in even when not in use, and consume from a few watts to 35 watts of power in that state. The report concluded that about 32 billion
310:
Safety – External power adapters can free product designers from worrying about some safety issues. Much of this style of equipment uses only voltages low enough not to be a
386:
A survey of consumers showed widespread dissatisfaction with the cost, inconvenience, and wastefulness of the profusion of power adapters used by electronic devices.
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Ease of replacement – Power supplies are more prone to failure than other circuitry due to their exposure to power spikes and their internal generation of
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872:
517:
The label on a power supply may not be a reliable guide to the actual voltage it supplies under varying conditions. Many low-cost power supplies are "
1365:
727:. The ITU recommendation was expanded and updated in June, 2011. The hope is to markedly reduce the profusion of non-interchangeable power adapters.
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and even toys have been designed to tap power from a USB connector. Plug-in adapters equipped with USB receptacles are widely available to convert
860:
565:
A battery eliminator is an adapter intended to allow a device intended for battery operation, such as a radio, to be operated from an AC outlet.
466:
A six-way connector on a "universal" DC power supply, consisting of a four-way X connector and two separate individual connectors (one is the
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capacity. This allows supplying the device's components with power during usage while maintaining an uncompromised constant charging speed.
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internally, although the power supply must out of necessity use dangerous mains voltage. If an external power supply is used (usually via a
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connector (and voltage) has emerged as a de facto standard in low-power AC adapters for many portable devices. In addition to serial
414:, so even if they have a low efficiency, the amount of energy they waste is less than 1% of household consumption of electric energy.
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772:(full name "IEC Technical Specification 62700: DC Power supply for notebook computer"), which was published on February 6, 2014.
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ICT devices", which specifies a charger similar in most respects to that of the GSMA/OMTP proposal and to the
European
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of an external power supply is often very similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.
607:. To facilitate portability by sparing physical space and reducing the weight, power supply units were externalized.
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published
Recommendation ITU-T L.1000, "Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other
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336:. External power supplies can be replaced quickly by a user without the need to have the powered device repaired.
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A disassembled AC adapter showing a simple, unregulated linear DC supply circuit: a transformer, four diodes in a
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connectors, which are electrically compatible in function to the original USB connector but physically smaller.
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or 200–240 VAC versions were used. Adapters which can also be used with motor vehicle and aircraft power
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But others have argued that these inefficient devices are low-powered, e.g., devices that are used for small
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technology, by which the consuming device would tell the external power supply what kind of power is needed.
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External AC adapters are widely used to power small or portable electronic devices. The advantages include:
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Another early producer of battery eliminators was the Galvin
Manufacturing Corporation (later known as
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Many inexpensive switched-mode AC adapters do not implement adequate filtering and/or shielding for
1221:"Universal power adapter and charger solution for mobile terminals and other hand-held ICT devices"
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standard for almost all equipment requiring an external converter, with new buildings fitted with
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The issue of inefficiency of some power supplies has become well known, with U.S. president
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was proposed to standardize delivery of up to 100 watts, suitable for devices such as
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The trend towards more-compact electronic devices has driven a shift towards the
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Computer Times: 2006 review of a satisfactory third-party universal AC adapter
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has extensive coverage of the profusion of coaxial DC power connectors in use.
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devices were of linear design, as well as supplies built into some equipment.
333:
55:
A "wall-wart" type AC adapter for a household game console. The output has a
1327:
How to choose a wallwart for your small appliance, and how to get rid of them
1268:"Google Pushes for PC Electrical Efficiency; Side Effect: No More Wall-Warts"
482:
Universal laptop power supply with adjustable voltage between 12 and 24 volts
17:
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37:"External Power Supply" redirects here. For the 2009 European standard, see
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Energy star information on external power supply specification and testing
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which controls the charging makes use of a power supply unit's remaining
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100–240 VAC unit will handle almost any mains supply in the world.
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describes the USB standards for DC power delivery to connected devices.
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IEC has created a standard for interchangeable laptop power supplies,
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596:
194:, and a filter to smooth the pulsating waveform to DC, with residual
1350:
1152:"Work begins at company that designs first mass-produced car radios"
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Constant voltage is produced by a specific type of adapter used for
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1126:"Rogers Recollections: A Chronicle of Excellence and Achievement"
1130:
1102:"What Google is buying: Motorola's 83-year history of invention"
765:
wiring, making external AC-to-DC adapter circuitry unnecessary.
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company in 1925 as a complement to his line of "battery less"
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connector). The X-connector here provides 3.5 and 2.5 mm
239:
1190:"USB-IF Enhances Battery Charging Capabilities with New Spec"
1072:"Universal Laptop Power Adapters For The Air, Road, And Wall"
377:. These types of adapters are commonly known as eliminators.
568:
Early commercial battery eliminators were produced by the
610:
When a laptop computer is operated while recharging, the
1243:"Google to Push for More Electrical Efficiency in PC's"
1024:
Power
Supplies: A Hidden Opportunity for Energy Savings
823:
describes standards for mobile phone battery chargers.
801:
describes the usual sources of power for an AC adapter
344:
AC adapter supporting four different AC plug systems
1419:
1389:
1223:. International Telecommunication Union. 2011-06-13
545:A "Green Plug" system has been proposed, based on
975:"Survey Finds Consumers Grow Weary of Wall Warts"
946:Brewer, Dennis C.; Brewer, Paul A. (2006-12-06).
840:, widely used in most mobile device AC adapters.
561:November 1925 magazine ad for battery eliminator
1041:Efficiency of Power Supplies in the Active Mode
440:Since wasted electrical energy is released as
1366:
707:that usually depend on proprietary adapters.
660:over USB 3.0). Numerous accessory gadgets ("
583:), which was opened on September 25, 1928 by
8:
738:for "hand-held data-enabled mobile phones" (
1089:Green Plug tries to replace the worry warts
274:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1442:Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices
1373:
1359:
1351:
873:Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices
67:"Power brick" in-line configuration, with
1022:Calwell, Chris and Travis Reeder (2002),
648:exchange, the USB standard also provides
294:Learn how and when to remove this message
107:, often enclosed in a case similar to an
846:describes other types of power supplies.
474:and two sizes of coaxial power connector
1447:DC Power supply for notebook computer (
1012: – Extreme Tech article
914:
861:Switched-mode power supply applications
138:-powered equipment, adapters typically
1176:"Gallery: 25 years of Toshiba laptops"
316:power connector, often of coaxial type
1347:By Jonathan Gordon, free iTunes eBook
1296:Dixon-Warren, Sinjin (16 July 2019).
174:Originally, most AC/DC adapters were
7:
1241:Markoff, John (September 26, 2006).
949:Wiring Your Digital Home For Dummies
834:, a series of Apple power connectors
272:adding citations to reliable sources
212:Early in the twenty-first century,
142:as well as powering the equipment.
30:For other senses of this term, see
894:'s equivalent of laptop ac adapter
587:and his brother Joseph E. Galvin.
25:
1278:from the original on 17 July 2011
1274:. Discovery Communications, Ltd.
1029:Natural Resources Defense Council
985:from the original on 15 July 2011
1031:, pp. 4–9. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
782:
701:USB Power Delivery Specification
685:USB power (see photo at right).
244:
1070:Andrew Ku (September 2, 2011).
636:Common sizes of USB AC adapters
111:. AC adapters deliver electric
1298:"AC Adapters: GaN, SiC or Si?"
1003:Bush Takes Aim at "Wall Warts"
364:Technischer Überwachungsverein
186:voltage to a lower voltage, a
115:to devices that lack internal
1:
923:"Definition of power adapter"
27:Type of external power supply
1400:Common external power supply
1195:. 2007-04-17. Archived from
979:Power Electronics Technology
850:Power supply unit (computer)
821:Common external power supply
736:Common external power supply
725:Common external power supply
531:switched-mode power supplies
420:Switched-mode power supplies
229:electromagnetic interference
214:switched-mode power supplies
39:Common external power supply
1492:
799:AC power plugs and sockets
625:
451:
127:themselves. The internal
43:
36:
29:
952:. John Wiley & Sons.
628:USB hardware § Power
360:Underwriters Laboratories
103:) is a type of external
448:Universal power adapters
44:Not to be confused with
1332:External Power Supplies
815:Coaxial power connector
458:Coaxial power connector
1345:TEST AC Power Adapters
666:USB Implementers Forum
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603:were internal like in
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170:to smooth the waveform
168:electrolytic capacitor
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1432:Computer power supply
981:. Penton Media, Inc.
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570:Edward S. Rogers, Sr.
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537:Auto-sensing adapters
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176:linear power supplies
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681:automotive power to
612:integrated circuitry
424:consumer electronics
268:improve this section
1402:(for mobile phones)
863:(SMPS) applications
405:One Watt Initiative
1406:USB Power Delivery
1337:2020-12-04 at the
1057:2014-10-13 at the
1008:2007-11-13 at the
810:Battery eliminator
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616:electrical current
601:power supply units
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553:Battery eliminator
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218:galvanic isolation
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154:Modes of operation
140:charge the battery
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69:detachable AC cord
61:
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1091:Engadget May 2008
973:Morrison, David.
959:978-0-470-10682-2
883:Electronic filter
605:desktop computers
512:spider connectors
468:nine-volt battery
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207:voltage regulator
190:to convert it to
184:mains electricity
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182:to convert the
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87:(also called a
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1420:Not USB based
1418:
1412:
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1202:on 2011-07-28
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797:
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791:
790:Energy portal
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766:
753:, proposed a
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401:standby power
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312:safety hazard
309:
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298:
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287:
284:December 2018
277:
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263:
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258:
253:This section
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106:
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98:
94:
93:power adapter
90:
86:
85:AC/DC adapter
82:
74:
70:
65:
58:
53:
47:
40:
33:
19:
18:Power adapter
1444:(IEEE P1823)
1426:
1307:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:
1280:. Retrieved
1271:
1261:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1184:
1170:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1129:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1084:
1075:
1065:
1047:
1036:
1023:
1017:
998:
987:. Retrieved
978:
968:
948:
941:
930:. Retrieved
926:
917:
844:Power supply
838:Power MOSFET
827:Ferrite bead
767:
744:
729:
714:
698:
687:
646:digital data
639:
609:
594:
578:
567:
564:
544:
540:
528:
516:
511:
507:
504:X connectors
503:
501:
492:
489:
485:
454:DC connector
439:
435:
428:
416:
409:
393:
385:
305:
290:
281:
266:Please help
254:
226:
222:
211:
192:pulsating DC
173:
144:
133:
105:power supply
100:
96:
92:
89:wall charger
88:
84:
80:
78:
1476:Repurposing
1309:21 December
878:Transformer
740:smartphones
699:In 2012, a
650:5 VDC power
585:Paul Galvin
519:unregulated
506:or six-way
472:phone plugs
180:transformer
125:mains power
97:power brick
1465:Categories
1427:AC adapter
1411:PoweredUSB
1282:2011-06-03
1252:2011-06-03
1227:2013-03-23
1206:2011-02-21
1161:2023-06-25
1137:2023-06-25
1111:2023-06-25
989:2011-06-03
932:2023-06-25
910:References
757:and up to
747:Larry Page
734:defined a
626:See also:
622:Use of USB
452:See also:
390:Efficiency
350:traveling.
334:waste heat
326:circuitry.
322:apparatus.
236:Advantages
117:components
81:AC adapter
1449:IEC 62700
867:USB Power
855:Rectifier
770:IEC 62700
721:hand-held
711:Standards
690:micro-USB
677:power or
595:In early
502:Four-way
371:computers
354:regional
255:does not
188:rectifier
129:circuitry
101:wall wart
73:NEMA 1-15
46:Rectifier
1384:delivery
1382:DC power
1335:Archived
1303:EE Times
1276:Archived
1106:CNNMoney
1055:Archived
1006:Archived
983:Archived
776:See also
745:In 2006
694:mini-USB
652:, up to
581:Motorola
403:and the
382:Problems
358:such as
148:adapters
119:to draw
1156:HISTORY
832:MagSafe
805:Adapter
675:240 VAC
671:120 VAC
529:Modern
495:EmPower
375:laptops
276:removed
261:sources
136:battery
121:voltage
109:AC plug
956:
763:12 VDC
751:Google
679:12 VDC
658:900 mA
654:500 mA
597:laptop
204:linear
196:ripple
1393:based
1200:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
927:PCMAG
898:USB-C
683:5 VDC
523:droop
493:(see
113:power
99:, or
75:plug.
1311:2019
1131:IEEE
954:ISBN
759:15 A
755:12 V
730:The
715:The
692:and
640:The
456:and
442:heat
373:and
259:any
257:cite
71:and
1436:ATX
1391:USB
888:PSU
717:ITU
673:or
642:USB
576:.
547:USB
362:or
270:by
83:or
79:An
1467::
1300:.
1270:.
1245:.
1154:.
1128:.
1104:.
1074:.
1027:,
977:.
925:.
890:,
407:.
220:.
95:,
91:,
1451:)
1438:)
1434:(
1374:e
1367:t
1360:v
1313:.
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1255:.
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1178:.
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1114:.
1078:.
992:.
962:.
935:.
656:(
497:)
297:)
291:(
286:)
282:(
278:.
264:.
59:.
48:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
