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Each slower level contains knowledge that is more general than the faster level; for example, genes contain more general knowledge than anapoietic mechanisms, which in turn contain more general knowledge than cell functions. This hierarchy of knowledge enables the anapoietic level to implement
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As the hierarchy evolves towards higher levels of organization, the speed of adaptation increases. Evolution is the slowest; gene expression is faster; and so on. The final cell function is the fastest. Ultimately, practopoiesis challenges current neuroscience doctrine by asserting that mental
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A groundbreaking theory of practopoiesis explains how various types of adaptations interact in a living system? Practopoiesis, a term due to its originator Danko Nikolić, is a reference to a hierarchy of adaptation mechanisms answering this question. The adaptive hierarchy forms a kind of a
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is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological
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1402:
JosĂ© Antonio MartĂn H., Javier de Lope and DarĂo
Maravall: "Adaptation, Anticipation and Rationality in Natural and Artificial Systems: Computational Paradigms Mimicking Nature" Natural Computing, December, 2009. Vol. 8(4), pp. 757-775.
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operations primarily occur at the homeostatic, anapoietic level (iii) — i.e., that minds and thought emerge from fast homeostatic mechanisms poietically controlling the cell function. This contrasts the widespread assumption that
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without going further, a leader may act spontaneously yet without disaster. A March/April 2009 Complexity article further explains the self-adjusting systems used and the realistic implications. Physicists have shown that
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In an adaptive system, a parameter changes slowly and has no preferred value. In a self-adjusting system though, the parameter value “depends on the history of the system dynamics”. One of the most important qualities of
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Empirical tests of practopoiesis require learning on double-loop tasks: One needs to assess how the learning capability adapts over time, i.e., how the system learns to learn (adapts its adapting skills).
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hierarchy: adaptive actions of one component result in creation of another component. The theory proposes that living systems exhibit a hierarchy of a total of four such adaptive poietic operations:
1600:
Nikolić, D. (2023). Where is the mind within the brain? Transient selection of subnetworks by metabotropic receptors and G protein-gated ion channels. Computational
Biology and Chemistry, 107820.
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Nikolić, D. (2017). "Why deep neural nets cannot ever match biological intelligence and what to do about it?" International
Journal of Automation and Computing, 14(5), 532-541.
1483:"Danko Nikolić (Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main) on ResearchGate - Expertise: Artificial Intelligence, Quantitative Psychology, Cognitive Psychology"
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Dong, X., Du, X., & Bao, M. (2020). "Repeated contrast adaptation does not cause habituation of the adapter." Frontiers in Human
Neuroscience, 14, 569. (
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1625:(2009). "Adaptation, Anticipation and Rationality in Natural and Artificial Systems: Computational Paradigms Mimicking Nature".
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1283:, which are the most fundamental ingredients of a mind. Activation of concepts through anapoiesis is suggested to underlie
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1144:{\displaystyle P_{t+h}(S\rightarrow S'|E)-P_{t+h}(S\rightarrow S')<P_{t}(S\rightarrow S'|E)-P_{t}(S\rightarrow S')}
1306:. These membrane proteins are suggested to transiently select subnetworks and by doing so, give raise to cognition.
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is equal to the probability that the system change its behavior independently of the occurrence of the event
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HĂĽbler, A. & Wotherspoon, T.: "Self-Adjusting
Systems Avoid Chaos". Complexity. 14(4), 8 – 11. 2008
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that the system suffers a change or be perturbed (in its elements or in its processes) when the event
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Sharov, A. A. (2018). "Mind, agency, and biosemiotics." Journal of
Cognitive Science, 19(2), 195-228.
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Wotherspoon, T.; Hubler, A. (2009). "Adaptation to the edge of chaos with random-wavelet feedback".
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924:{\displaystyle \lim _{t\rightarrow \infty }P_{t}(S\rightarrow S'|E)=P_{t}(S\rightarrow S')}
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Every adaptive system converges to a state in which all kind of stimulation ceases.
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The feedback loops and poietic interaction in hierarchical adaptations.
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It has been proposed that anapoiesis is implemented in the brain by
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https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2020.589634/full
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Danko Nikolić (2015). "Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind".
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1226:. This is possible because the components are organized into a
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is an adaptive system if and only if when t tends to infinity
29:
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El Hady, A. (2016). Closed loop neuroscience. Academic Press.
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occurs is strictly greater than the prior probability that
445:{\displaystyle P(S\rightarrow S'|E)>P(S\rightarrow S')}
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is synonymous with computations executed at the level of
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be an arbitrary event that is a stimulus for the system
173:. Adaptive systems can be organized into a hierarchy.
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represent a key feature of adaptive systems, such as
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196:The law of adaptation may be stated informally as:
1275:cells can achieve all four levels of organization.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:System that can adapt to the environment
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1193:Hierarchy of adaptations: Practopoiesis
581:{\displaystyle (t\rightarrow \infty )}
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308:{\displaystyle P(S\rightarrow S'|E)}
176:Artificial adaptive systems include
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1185:occurs in almost all systems with
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355:suffers a change independently of
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1155:Benefit of self-adjusting systems
638:{\displaystyle (S\rightarrow S')}
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588:the probability that the system
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1206:self-adjusting system in which
1166:adaptation to the edge of chaos
954:will exist a temporal interval
267:if and only if the probability
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1368:Gene expression programming
1324:Evolutionary biology portal
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1674:Organizational cybernetics
1532:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.03.003
1271:Sharov proposed that only
1639:10.1007/s11047-008-9096-6
1343:Artificial neural network
161:; or in the human world,
1353:Diffusion of innovations
712:. In mathematical terms:
1615:Martin H., Jose Antonio
1348:Complex adaptive system
1250:mechanisms (anapoiesis)
934:Thus, for each instant
1338:Adaptive immune system
1300:metabotropic receptors
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1168:” or ability to avoid
1162:self-adjusting systems
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1669:Control engineering
1524:2015JThBi.373...40N
1439:2009JPCA..113...19W
1254:final cell function
1246:non gene-involving
1222:interactions among
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1383:Neural adaptation
967:{\displaystyle h}
947:{\displaystyle t}
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601:{\displaystyle S}
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348:{\displaystyle S}
328:{\displaystyle E}
260:{\displaystyle S}
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186:negative feedback
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69:"Adaptive system"
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1619:Javier de Lope
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18:Practopoiesis
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1487:the original
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1433:(1): 19–22.
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