Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil

2278: 1516: 2470: 2229: 2578:, in which they believed a spirit protector of each individual dwelled. It is believed that only the sons of the most important men of the tribe were buried in the funerary urns. The religious events had a wide scope, and brought together different ethnic groups. The ancient Indians were responsible for numerous artistic manifestations, such as pottery pieces, dances, songs/poetry and, the one that impressed Westerners the most, the sophisticated and rich featherwork. Tupi literature appears with the arrival of European writing, when missionaries started writing in Tupi to convert the natives, and chronicles transcribed indigenous songs. 1906:, and adopted bellicose and expansionist attitudes. The chieftain, besides dominating large territories, continuously organized his warriors to conquer new territories. The pottery of these societies was highly elaborate, demonstrating mastery of complex production techniques. There were elaborate funerary urns (associated with the cult of the dead chiefs) and trade. Archaeological evidence points to an urban-scale population density in these civilizations. It is believed that monoculture was practiced, in addition to intensive hunting and fishing, intensive root production, and food storage. According to researcher Anna Roosevelt, 1346:, since the peoples who occupied the territory are not known to have writing systems. Linguistic, ethnological, and historical studies have aided archaeological research as much as possible. However, few authors have attempted to reconstruct this history in a panoramic way (and attempts by archaeologists to establish an overview of pre-Cabraline history have not proved satisfactory). A further aggravating factor is that much remains to be done at various levels of research - language records and comparisons, analysis of excavated materials, the relationship between antiquity sites and others from the colonial period. 33: 1775:, agriculture has likely been practiced since at least 2,090 years ago. Although Amazonian pottery is older than agriculture, the same phenomenon does not occur in the rest of the country, where the oldest pottery dates back 3,000 years (also in the area of São Raimundo Nonato). Brazilian archeologists consider that the appearance of pottery in these regions is linked to sedentarism and agriculture since pottery is difficult to transport and usually had the function of storing food. The "Taquara-Itaré tradition" is probably the most studied pottery tradition in the country. 2217: 2137: 1923: 1350: 1429: 1804:

starting with percussion flaking and moving on to pressure flaking. The changes in flaking techniques are associated with different types of hunting, one targeting large animals and the other small animals. Nothing, however, is certain about the hunting style of the ancient Amazonian peoples. Scholars believe that these peoples fed on mollusks (an observation based on the discovery of sites such as midden), small animals, and fruits. Middens remain the main archaeological sites of this period in the Amazon.

2205: 1702:) have been identified. The most abundant figures represent human beings, plants and animals, but purely abstract graphisms are also found. Some cave walls depict hunting scenes and ritual celebrations. According to some archaeologists, the themes of violence in ancient rock art would be linked to the technical development achieved in subsequent years, responsible for promoting more efficient hunting strategies. The northeastern tradition concluded about 5,000 years ago. 1322:. In this sense, the most accepted periodization is divided into: Pleistocene (hunters and gatherers at least 12,000 years ago) and Holocene, the latter being subdivided into Early Archaic (between 12,000 and 9,000 years ago), Middle Archaic (between 9,000 and 4,500 years ago) and Recent Archaic (from 4,000 years ago until the arrival of the Europeans). It is believed that the first peoples began to inhabit the region where Brazil is now located 60,000 years ago. 2418:, and the dating of ceramics identified. As demonstrated by the history of the Tupi-Guaraní from their languages, the expansion movement occurred between 3,000 and 2,000 years ago from the Amazon region; most of the archeological artifacts of these peoples are dated between the years 500 and the year 1,500. The time of the expansion to the coast is verified by the highest concentration of artifacts in this region between the 11th and 13th centuries. 2193: 1598: 2148:, was discovered in the 1960s. It has been studied since the 1970s by Niède Guidon, a French-Brazilian archaeologist. The findings (chipped stones and traces of bonfires) date back approximately 11,000 years. According to the team, it is not unlikely that the discoveries could be up to 48,000 years old. Guidon's thesis goes much further - about 100,000 years - and assumes that humans did not arrive in America from 1845:

Americas, with geometric and zoomorphic themes, and paintings in white and red paint. The vessels took on oval and circular shapes. The best-known groups of ceramic styles are called "Hachurado-Zonado" and "Saldóide Barrancóide". The latter is related to red and white incisions and paintings, while the former is to the preference for ornate decoration. "Saldóide Barrancóide" ceramics, found in the lower and middle

1736:, artifacts (knives, scrapers, arrowheads) from 8,500 to 6,500 years ago have been located, established as the "Vinitu tradition". The more recent "Humaitá tradition" (between 6,500 and 2,000 years ago) extends from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul. People of this tradition produced scrapers, awls, and even zooliths (stone statues in the shape of animals). Another tradition identified in the south was called " 1664: 1467:, was responsible for research in the state of Minas Gerais, in the region of Lagoa Santa. Although he used a methodology that is not accepted nowadays, he contributed to the collection of information about the Pleistocene era. Even at this time, substantial efforts were made to preserve Brazil's historical heritage. Thanks to the efforts of several intellectuals, the Prehistory Institute of 1983:

civilization, as well as other great Amazonian civilizations, is related to the entrance of European diseases into the continent, responsible for decimating the local populations at around 1,500 of the present era. The natural characteristics of the Amazon Rainforest (dense forest, etc.) would explain why the ancient Europeans did not make acquaintance with this Brazilian civilization.

73: 5930: 1230: 2326: 2039:

monumental accumulation of labor. This hypothesis partially invalidates interpretations about the existence of complex societies in the Amazon. Archaeologists responsible for the excavation and anthropogenic hypothesis have questioned the team's methodology, pointing to sample sizes and evidence in the study that could be interpreted as signifying human structures.

1879: 1490:, which aims to conduct searches to provide a more complete picture of the Brazilian historical-cultural past. Meanwhile, institutions such as the National Museum, the Ipiranga Museum, and the Prehistory Institute conducted isolated research, and the Émil Goeldi Museum launched a project called PRONAPABA (National Project of Archaeological Research in the 2548:; their leaders were also allied with the French in the fight against the Portuguese. The Carijós inhabited the southern coast of the country. The Tupiniquim inhabited the present-day region of the state of São Paulo, and the Tupinambá the southeast region of Brazil. The current knowledge of ancient Tupi is mainly based on the language of the Tupinambá. 1784: 1698:) cave paintings dating back 10,500 years have been found. At the site of the Boqueirão da Pedra Furada, numerous cave paintings in red pigment were found. The authors identify the painting tradition of this area as the "northeast tradition". Besides the northeast tradition, subtraditions such as Várzea Grande (southeast of Piauí) and Seridó ( 1475:) was created, while a few years later (1961), new legislation on heritage was enacted. Accompanying this advance in the question of preservation of Brazilian memory, excavations were carried out at the mouth of the Amazon river by Clifford Evans and Betty J. Meggers between 1949 and 1950, discovering important ceramic artifacts, and in 1910:"The development of intensive agriculture in prehistoric times seems to have been correlated to the rapid expansion of the populations of complex societies. Suggestively, the displacements and depopulation of the historical period caused these economies to return to patterns of less intensive root cultivation and animal capture (...)." 2163:. Illuminated explanatory panels tell the story of the presence of humans in the Americas with drawings, maps, and texts. The space also holds clay funerary urns and replicas of two human skeletons found in caves in the region. One of them, a 30-year-old Indian woman, was found practically complete and dates back to 9,700 years ago. 1827:(the main indication of the practice of agriculture in the region). The new findings may shed light on the mysteries surrounding everything from the significance of complex societies in the Amazon to the origins of the Amazon rainforest, possibly anthropogenic. According to archaeologist Marcos Pereira Magalhães, 1943:(Middle Amazon). The first Horizon ("Horizonte") is characterized by white, black, and red paintings, geometric themes, and incisions. The second horizon is characterized by deep incisions and the dotting technique. It is believed that the "Horizonte Inciso Ponteado" was associated with the ancestors of the 2060:, in São Paulo. It was excavated by archaeologist Maria Beltrão at the service of the National Museum from 1964 onwards. The first Brazilians in the region were ancient and produced artifacts such as projectile points, scrapers, and slugs. A charcoal sample from this site provided a date of 14,200 years. 2166:

Drawings were found as well in the Toca do Boqueirão, also in Pedra Furada, which likely represent a scene of an attack by the felines that once inhabited the continent. The conceptions of the current Indians living in the northeast region of the country, like the Kiriri, although much modified, may

1893:

The demographic increase of Amazonian populations in late Prehistoric times, combined with other factors, gave rise to major transformations among the indigenous societies of the Amazon. According to archaeologists, the societies inhabiting regions of the Amazon basin began to organize themselves in

1424:

by the National Museum, was another important figure in the history of Brazilian archaeology, who excavated at Lagoa Santa between 1926 and 1929. His goal was to find traces that would prove Lund's classic findings. Drenpohl, however, was not successful in his enterprise, and he went on to criticize

2110:

Spearheads and pottery shards dating back 10,000 to 6,000 years were found there. The results concluded that the Paleoindians (the first inhabitants of the Americas) lived in the Amazon region from 11,200 to 10,000 years ago. This serves as evidence that human occupation in the continent took place

1857:

In addition to horticulture, these societies practiced hunting and fishing. Shellfish consumption was reduced, and these peoples began to settle in the floodplains and riverbanks. Coarse pottery bowls have been identified in these territories, so that some archaeologists hypothesize the presence of

2438:

to the south of the Central Brazilian region. Some groups must have separated from the latter and moved into the Amazon region at least a thousand years ago. The Jê peoples preferred to settle in plateau regions (such as the original Brazilian Plateau region), evidenced by study of their languages

2106:

The prehistoric inhabitants of that region supported themselves with a stable economy and produced culture and technologies. The Paleoindians lived in comfortable and protected caves, had a healthier diet, and produced pottery, cave paintings, and arrowheads. They were hunters of small animals and

1803:

The oldest records of inhabitants in the Amazon region are dated as early as 12,500 B.C. Likely, the territory had already been colonized earlier, but only further research in the Amazon will be able to confirm this hypothesis. Archeologists identified the development of stone chipping techniques,

1654:

At the end of the Pleistocene period, the temperature varied widely in phases of glacier expansion and contraction. It is believed that temperatures were cooler in the Pleistocene than in the Holocene when they experienced a considerable increase. At the beginning of the Middle Archaic period, the

1624:

Neves ventured the hypothesis that the occupation of the Americas was older than previously imagined, although not going back very far in time (about 14,000 years before the present), and that it was carried out by peoples from distinct regions, such as Oceania and Africa. This thesis was not well

2551:

The Tupi peoples lived in villages of 600 to 700 inhabitants. Some villages were fortified because of inter-tribal wars. No authority appeared with absolute or considerably strong power over the other members of the society, although there were "hierarchies" according to gender, warrior merit and

2038:

could be essentially natural structures, by processes similar to fluvial mound formation elsewhere, with evidence of human activity only in more superficial layers. Because they required significantly less human activity for their formation, complex societies would not have been necessary for the

1650:

Archaeologists call a "phase" a cultural complex where the elements are closely associated. By "tradition" archaeologists mean the standard practices and techniques of the ancients for making, for example, lithic industry and cave paintings. A subtradition is a split within the tradition, usually

1816:

attributes greater antiquity to the practice of agriculture in the Amazon. According to archeologist Eduardo Bespalez, Amazonian agriculture can reach 8,000 years, a date close to the first records of agriculture in the world. Furthermore, the Garbin archeological site reinforces the thesis that

1674:

The Brazilian Paleolithic age is usually situated between 12,000 and 4–2,000 years before the present when the agricultural practice emerged and spread in the region. Before that time, humans lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, a fact proven by archeological findings and representations in

1958:

epoch were probably specialized regions for burial, worship, work, and warfare. The late prehistoric occupation of the territory was sedentary. The entry of maize and other seeds into the region, as well as their popularization among Americans, dates back to the first millennium before Christ.

1844:

During this time, the Amazonian peoples adopted a lifestyle similar to the lifestyle adopted by many tribes in the territory today. Thus, the indigenous people would have lived in a state of relative settlement, performing horticulture. These groups developed the first elaborate pottery in the

1641:

show that they were unaware of pottery and that their lithic industry was relatively simple. Recent research, however, claims that these humans were sedentary. Findings such as numerous burials and the use of raw materials existing only at this site have reinforced these ideas. An analysis of

2410:

Many archaeological artifacts from the ceramic period are affiliated with these ancient peoples of the Tupi-Guaraní linguistic matrix. The archaeological sites associated with these peoples were extensive villages, usually located on plateau or terrace regions. In these archaeological sites,

2289:

While most research on earlier Brazil has mainly analyzed the material remains left by these peoples, recent pre-Cabraline Brazil is usually studied through the native languages. The study of native languages allows us to understand many aspects of these cultures, as well as their historical

1982:

people, the site houses complex constructions such as roads, fortifications, and trenches for protection. As the discovery is recent, studies on the ways of life of these populations are still needed, although scholars believe that these people cultivated cassava. The disappearance of this

1853:

cultural complexes, although it is now accepted that Amazonian indigenous people developed this elaborate pottery in the lower region themselves, and probably influenced the Andes at a later date. The "Saldóide Barrancóide" style is also believed to have been created in the lower Orinoco.

2341:

One of the most relevant linguistic groups in Brazil, and one which likely spread in a large scale over Brazilian territory before 1500, is the Tupi group. The main language family within this larger group is the Tupi-Guaraní. These peoples may have first inhabited the headwaters of the

2621:(1494) is the most important, for defining the portions of the globe that would belong to Portugal during the period in which Brazil was a Portuguese colony. Its clauses established that the lands east of an imaginary median that would pass 370 maritime leagues west of the 2068:

The Ponta de Flecha site was excavated between 1981 and 1982 by C. Barreto and E. Robrahn. The findings from the site - among them arrowheads and bones - date back to both the Pleistocene and Holocene times. The animal bones found were marked by human lithic instruments.

1405:, represented the official interest in the archeological-historical facts in the country - sent the first scientific expeditions to these regions. After years of research, these missions claimed that "shell mounds" would have anthropogenic formation, i.e. human origin. 1997:

Teso dos Bichos or Tesos Marajoaras, located on Marajó Island, is the site where one of the most elaborate civilizations of the pre-Cabraline Amazon were born, occupying 2.5 hectares. One of the distinguished features of the complex societies of Marajó Island is the

1333:

worldview, in which people without writing would be people without history. In the context of Brazilian history, this nomenclature would not accept that the indigenous people had their own history. For this reason, some prefer to call this period pre-Cabraline.

2524:

rivers and controlled the river navigation. During the conquest, they were allied with the French, and some accounts speak of marriages between Potiguara and French, involving anti-Portuguese war agreements. The Tabajara inhabited the southern bank of the

1690:

In the northeast region, the techniques for working with lithic material became increasingly diversified and complex over time. The number of stoves, for example, increased as dating approached the year 8,000 before the present. Campfires were also found.

1934:

The ceramics produced by these civilizations are classified into two main groups: the "Horizonte Policrômico" and the "Horizonte Inciso Ponteado". Among the archaeological sites that presented vestiges grouped under the "Horizonte Policrômico" are: The

1549:

species could not have survived the Beringian crossing, because it would have died from the cold. Thus, they believe that the existence of the fossil indicates the migration of people from warm regions of the globe. Finds in Minas Gerais and

1849:, were likely created between 2,800 and 800 B.C.. The "Hachurado-Zonado" styles of Tutoshcainyo and Ananatuba date from around 2,000-800 B.C. and 1,500-500 B.C. respectively. Many scholars have admitted that this pottery was influenced by 5774: 1530:

The occupation of American territory is a topic that has generated substantial controversy, especially as many archaeologists are still reluctant to accept that humans could have arrived in the Americas by other routes than the

2354:

rivers. The Tupi-Guaraní expansion happened between 3,000 and 2,000 years ago, shortly after this group differentiated from others in the region between the Xingu and Madeira rivers, forming new language subgroups, such as the

1973:

One of the Amazonian civilizations known to have developed large cities and towns during the pre-Cabraline period was Kuhikugu. The archaeological site, discovered by archaeologist Michael Heckenberger, is located within the

1561:

The discoveries in Brazil led to polemics about the traditional view of the occupation of the Americas and archeologists started to defend other theories about the great migrations, among them, that humans arrived in the

2625:

would belong to the kingdom of Portugal, while the lands to the west would be owned by the kings of Castile (now Spain). In the current Brazilian territory, the line crossed from north to south, from the current city of

2465:

On the eve of the arrival of Europeans in America in 1500, it is estimated that the current territory of Brazil (the eastern coast of South America) was inhabited by two million indigenous people, from north to south.

5781: 1887: 1747:. Usually, skeletons of ancient Americans, lithic pieces, food remains, are found near them. A large part of the Brazilian middens are covered by the sea, due to the climatic changes that occurred during the late 1668: 1472: 1939:(mouth of the Amazon) and the Guarita (Middle Amazon), among others located outside the Brazilian Amazon. Archaeological sites associated with the "Horizonte Inciso Ponteado" include Santarém (Lower Amazon) and 1721:. The people of these regions changed their way of life about 6,500 years ago when they began to eat mollusks and fruits. In the center of the country, a tradition of rock paintings called "Planalto" developed. 1914:

Chronicles from the early colonial period are employed today in the reconstruction of ancient Brazilian civilizations. Many foreign chroniclers have described indigenous elements from the period of the complex

1558:, in Piauí, archaeologists advocate an age of 50,000 years for a shelter occupied by prehistoric man. Also at this same site, archaeologists were able to find human artifacts dating back to more than 48,000 BP 2118:. The migratory movement would have occurred in successive waves. The Amazonian populations, whose signs she found in the Pedra Pintada cave, probably migrated south without having had contact with American 2017:

It was estimated that the civilization responsible for the work would have a population of 500,000 people. The inhabitants of this civilization would belong to a society of Tuxaua, lords of the mouth of the

5760: 5767: 1578:

contribute to these theories. It can be generally admitted that Brazil was occupied 60,000 years ago, as far as Piauí is concerned. Migratory currents would have reached Minas Gerais 30,000 years ago and

2390:

region. The last phase of dispersion of the Tupi-Guaraní peoples occurred around the year 1,000. The speakers of languages associated with the Tupi-Guaraní family were already settled in southern Brazil

5793: 5590: 4268:

Roosevelt, Anna C.; Douglas, John E.; Amaral, Anderson Marcio; Silveira, Maura Imazio da; Barbosa, Carlos Palheta; Barreto, Mauro; Silva, Wanderley Souza da; Brown, Linda J. (19 November 2009).

2250:

In Brazil, besides the remains from Piauí, there is also an ancient set found in the region of Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais), possibly the representatives of the country's ancient linguistic group

2171:, in general, as huge men, ferocious and implacable, with rude features and wide-open eyes, truly frightening. According to anthropologist Nascimento, who studied in his Master's thesis for the 308: 5801: 2261:

In 1974, at Lapa Vermelha IV, during the excavation of Annette Laming-Emperaire's team, a human skeleton dated 11,500 years BP, the oldest in the Americas, was discovered, later nicknamed

2152:

by land (via the Bering Strait as is believed until today), but by sea, using boats. However, the findings of São Raimundo Nonato remain controversial and do not yet fully refute the

1605:

Luzia is the name of the oldest human fossil found in the Americas. Charcoal near the fossilized remains was dated to about 11,000 years before present. Found by French archaeologist

5918: 1425:

the defenders of the antiquity of humans from Lagoa Santa. In 1934, shortly after Drenkpohl's last expedition, Angione Costa published the first manual of Brazilian archaeology.

1487: 4190: 3818: 1416:

ceramics were made in this period, and were analyzed in 1882 by Egyptologist Paul l'Epine, who believed he identified Egyptian and Asian spellings on the indigenous ceramics.

5128: 321: 2290:

affiliations and migrations. When European chroniclers described the ancient Brazilian peoples, they mostly used linguistic names and, thanks to the missionary work of some

2228: 1439:

After 1950, official archaeology diminished, while the number of amateurs who began to carry out research in the country increased. One of these was Guilherme Tiburtius, a

1683:

indicate the development of chipped stone, containing slugs (a slug-shaped lithic artifact used to scrape wooden supports), splinters, awls, and stoves for roasting meat.

1613:(Minas Gerais), the fossil of this prehistoric woman contributes to reigniting an old debate about the origins of humans in the Americas. According to paleoanthropologist 2529:, in what is now the coastal region of Pernambuco. They were important allies of the Portuguese during the conquest. The Caetés inhabited the region of Pernambuco from 1835:

societies socially, culturally, and economically integrated with the resources of the Neotropical rainforest, with which they interacted objectively and subjectively."

1375:), where he settled between 1834 and 1880. In his researches, he found human bones mixed in with these prehistoric remains, one of the first findings that contradicted 299: 1728:. The Uruguay phase, which succeeds the first chronologically, dates from 11,555 to 8,640 BP and is composed of scrapers, bifacial blades, and projectile points. In 2407:). Thanks to an extensive network of waterways, the peoples of this linguistic group were able to spread out and at the same time maintain contact with each other. 1409:, however, the director of the Ipiranga Museum, first opposed this view, stating that the shell remains would have been formed by natural, intertropical phenomena. 4952: 1978:(Upper Xingu region) and proved to have been a large urban complex that may have housed up to 50,000 inhabitants. Probably built by the ancestors of the current 2265:. She cast doubt on the Clovis Theory since she is a woman with characteristics very distinct from today's indigenous people (who are closer to the epigenetic 1393:

Middens, shell mounds, and other debris accumulated by human action were archeological remains responsible for stirring scientific debate in the 19th century.

1144: 1900:." These societies became increasingly hierarchical containing nobles, "commoners" and captive servants, with a centralized leadership in the figure of the 5575: 1755:. They exist almost everywhere along the Brazilian coast. At the time of their discovery, in the 19th century, they were compared to similar structures in 1258: 1180: 1170: 279: 264: 2269:

group). Luzia was investigated by bioanthropologists and archaeologists Walter Alves Neves, André Prous, Joseph F. Powell, Erik G. Ozolins, and Max Blum.

1379:. He was the first to defend the antiquity of American Man based on archaeological finds, but he failed to convince the scientific community of his time. 5911: 289: 139: 2426:

The Macro-Jê expansion began 3,000 years ago in the Midwest Region of Brazil. The Jê group itself possibly originated in the headwaters regions of the

2277: 1724:

The oldest dates in the South are attributed to the "Ibicuí tradition" (between 13,000 and 8,500 years old), composed of simple artifacts found in the

1629:, besides races not being a scientific way to classify human beings, the differentiations between human groups only emerged after 9.5 thousand years. 899: 338: 1554:

have been dated between 25,000 and 12,000 BP At the Alice Boer archaeological site in São Paulo, pieces dating back to 14,200 BP have been found. In

2329:

Idol from Iguape, found by researcher Ricardo Krone in 1906. The discovery occurred during one of his researches at the Morro Grande midden, in the

1115: 815: 1486:

The recent history of archaeology in Brazil includes the creation of PRONAPA (National Project for Archaeological Research) with the assistance of

5084: 4439:

As práticas mortuárias dos caçadores-coletores pré-históricos da região de Lagoa Santa (MG): um estudo de caso do sítio arqueológico Lapa do Santo

3419:"Lithic Technology and Prehistoric Settlement in Central and Northeast Brazil: Definition and Spatial Distribution of the Itaparica Technocomplex" 2969: 2088: 5896: 3085: 1367:(1801-1880). Lund lived much of his life in Brazil, and was responsible for studying several reminiscences of ancient plants in the caves of the 4117: 5279: 5234: 2216: 1655:

sea level was 10 meters lower than it is today. Many regions of the country, such as Piauí, for example, were much wetter than they are today.

1515: 41: 4793: 7126: 5904: 5600: 4886: 4038: 3889: 3859: 3802: 3744: 3648: 3621: 3577: 3533: 3301: 3238: 3198: 3171: 3024: 2953: 2900:"Emílio Goeldi — Este site está sendo migrado... Clique aqui para acessar novos conteúdos em gov.br/museugoeldi Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi" 2859: 2795: 1570:(from Southeast Asia) or Australian (from the South Pacific) currents, while other authors still think of a migration current originating in 1120: 870: 575: 405: 5158: 4454: 2480:

The names of some of the main groups that inhabited Brazil on the eve of the European arrival are (among them some of non-Tupi origin): The

2022:. There would be a division of labor between men and women, a diet rich in protein (animal and vegetable), and fermented beverages (such as 865: 858: 7121: 5269: 2469: 1694:

The cave paintings of this region have been instigating experts. In the Baixão da Perna 1 cave, for example, (in the archeological area of

333: 2330: 2114:

Still, Roosevelt's findings have not yet fully refuted the hypothesis of the arrival of the first inhabitants of the Americas through the

1831:"The Amazonian Neotropical Culture is the result of a long-term regional historical event, derived from the Tropical Culture developed by 1447:, who conducted one of the most important searches for Indian antiquities in Brazil, collecting artifacts for his collection (received by 1065: 217: 4996: 5377: 1759:. Middens are associated with the "Itaipu tradition". The people who inhabited the coast are usually defined as semi-nomadic fishermen. 1175: 475: 1675:

pre-Cabraline paintings. At this time, archaeologists found different types of lithic industries in several regions of Brazil. In the

269: 4903: 4928: 4650: 4533: 3826: 3069: 2741: 1705:

In the central and northeastern region, an important cultural tradition has been identified by scholars: The "Itaparica tradition" (

1130: 1060: 1035: 830: 438: 2881: 2586:

Other groups, with debated theories on their origins and their languages that have inhabited Brazil since pre-Cabraline times are:

2570:

in ancient Tupi for "warrior chiefs") generally occupied the role of tribal authorities. There was belief in good and bad spirits (

2204: 1535:

land bridge. However, discoveries made in Brazilian archaeological sites have called into question the validity of this theory. In

1502:. In 1980, the first Brazilian Archaeological Society was created. Archaeology is now taught in Brazil, although in a limited way. 4059:"Archaeological mounds in Marajó Island in northern Brazil: A geological perspective integrating remote sensing and sedimentology" 1325:

The expression "prehistory of Brazil" is also used to refer to this period, but the term has been criticized since the concept of

5461: 5219: 1919:. The dissolution of these social organizations is usually related to the conquest, which affected their demographic structure. 1165: 810: 775: 755: 733: 3317: 5153: 4751: 2131: 1460: 1251: 803: 656: 483: 430: 378: 5741: 4570: 2175:

the rituals and ethnic identification of the northeastern Indians based on the conceptions of a remnant group - the Kiriri of

1420:

also conducted important research in Brazil's northern region at that time. The Austrian J. A. Padberg-Drenkpohl, hired after

294: 5628: 5212: 2813:"Carlos Fausto, Os índios antes do Brasil.,Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar Editor, 2000. 94 pp. (Coleção "Descobrindo o Brasil")" 1792: 1105: 1040: 738: 713: 580: 415: 398: 190: 1642:

cavities in the teeth of these Americans shows that they, although having no agriculture, drew heavily on plant resources.

5828: 5823: 5736: 5418: 5113: 2167:

still be a useful element to decipher such representations with a conjectural strategy. The drawings are described by the

1394: 1210: 1205: 1185: 1155: 1140: 1110: 1000: 919: 373: 151: 32: 5934: 5688: 5476: 5325: 5118: 2477:

According to Luís da Câmara Cascudo, the Tupi were the first "indigenous grouping that had contact with the colonizer."

1288: 1045: 980: 708: 703: 420: 99: 2192: 2009:

are considered monumental structures and, for this reason, are essential for the interpretation of the Marajoara past.

505: 6693: 5565: 5372: 5335: 5320: 5239: 5077: 4221:"A cronologia das pinturas rupestres da Caverna da Pedra Pintada, Monte Alegre, Pará: revisão histórica e novos dados" 2172: 924: 840: 5345: 3111: 2460: 2359:, Omágua, Guaiaqui, and Xirinó. The Cocama and Omágua peoples headed to the Amazon River, while the Guaiaqui went to 2306: 6302: 3466:"A Pertinência de uma Abordagem Tecnológica para o Estudo do Povoamento Pré-histórico do Planalto Central do Brasil" 3373: 6045: 5683: 5513: 5428: 5413: 4149: 2160: 1468: 1244: 1160: 1125: 937: 718: 490: 343: 56: 5754: 5708: 5698: 5438: 5362: 5249: 5229: 5148: 2144:

The archaeological site of Pedra Furada, located in São Raimundo Nonato, in the Serra da Capivara National Park,

2107:

gatherers of fruit. At the height of their civilization, they might have reached as many as 300,000 individuals.

1610: 1398: 1368: 768: 671: 621: 616: 445: 232: 1894:

increasingly elaborate ways between 1,000 B.C. and 1,000 A.D. Archaeologists define these societies as "complex

6982: 6542: 5499: 5259: 5195: 5138: 3359:

Arqueologia do Noroeste Mineiro: análise de indústria lítica da bacia do Rio Preto - Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brasil

2078: 1992: 1676: 1606: 889: 568: 555: 3716: 2136: 1922: 284: 4825: 4374: 4220: 6396: 6223: 5806: 5585: 2057: 1349: 1284: 1215: 1005: 4422:

Os líticos de Lagoa Santa: um estudo sobre organização tecnológica de caçadores-coletores do Brasil Central

1617:, responsible for naming the fossil, the morphology of Luzia's skull would bring her closer to the current 1428: 585: 7040: 5595: 5545: 5423: 5367: 5330: 5310: 5305: 5070: 4437: 4420: 4403: 3506: 3357: 3089: 2631: 2427: 2234: 1818: 1772: 1729: 1695: 1618: 1555: 1532: 1499: 1452: 1150: 1095: 1050: 995: 990: 975: 877: 825: 780: 750: 356: 6608: 6312: 5633: 5560: 5408: 5340: 5207: 4971: 4497: 4375:"O T R O N C O DA J U R E M A: Ritual e etnicidade entre os povos indígenas do nordeste - o caso Kiriri" 2899: 2618: 1975: 1541: 1025: 609: 535: 180: 161: 134: 2973: 2251: 2092: 1817:

pottery was not, in its origins, associated with agriculture. Brazilian archaeologists have found only

1015: 3399: 1947:-speaking peoples, while the "Horizonte Policrômico" would have been produced by the ancestors of the 168: 7058: 6978: 6025: 5952: 5718: 5663: 5535: 5530: 5185: 4124: 3955: 2656: 2614:, establishing limits and dividing the world already discovered from the world yet to be discovered. 2376: 2282: 2100: 1883: 1476: 1075: 1020: 745: 726: 651: 4010:"Moundbuilders of the Amazon : geophysical archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil | WorldCat.org" 1737: 590: 6771: 6385: 5703: 5678: 5570: 5550: 5491: 5382: 5352: 5315: 5202: 5168: 4800: 2571: 2501: 2400: 1699: 1680: 1626: 1406: 1280: 1100: 1030: 985: 970: 960: 955: 909: 450: 249: 244: 222: 146: 4269: 2294:, today we know the ancient Brazilian languages (which gave rise to modern indigenous languages). 6916: 6766: 5818: 5746: 5728: 5693: 5643: 5525: 5471: 5443: 5293: 5274: 4946: 4697: 4405:

Os grafismos rupestres e suas unidades estilísticas no Carste de Lagoa Santa e Serra do Cipó - MG

4341: 4250: 4078: 3981: 3465: 3446: 3254: 2084: 1364: 1070: 1055: 950: 914: 820: 661: 631: 328: 227: 207: 7030: 6866: 6861: 6796: 6322: 6317: 4571:"IBGE | Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento | território brasileiro e povoamento | história indígena" 4270:"Early Hunter in the Terra Firme Rainforest: Stemmed Projectile Points from the Curuá Goldmines" 3689: 3142: 2372: 1651:

because there has been a differentiation of the original pattern into two or more new patterns.

1412:

Between 1880 and 1900, the first excavations in the Amazon took place. Extensive discoveries of

1287:

in 1500, at a time when the region that is now Brazilian territory was occupied by thousands of

1010: 3638: 173: 17: 7002: 6994: 6929: 6831: 6761: 6633: 6623: 6493: 5871: 5864: 5658: 5620: 5481: 5466: 5396: 5254: 5224: 5190: 5105: 5097: 4934: 4924: 4882: 4656: 4646: 4539: 4529: 4476: 4333: 4291: 4242: 4034: 3885: 3855: 3798: 3740: 3644: 3617: 3573: 3529: 3523: 3487: 3438: 3297: 3234: 3194: 3188: 3167: 3161: 3065: 3059: 3020: 2949: 2943: 2855: 2830: 2791: 2737: 2648: 2643: 2526: 2513: 2473:

Distribution of Tupi and non-Tupi speaking groups (Tapuia) on the coast of 16th-century Brazil

2414:

The chronology of the history of the Tupi-Guaraní peoples is based on archeological theories,

2392: 2003: 1944: 1936: 1788: 1733: 1580: 1456: 1440: 1413: 1402: 1276: 835: 785: 604: 545: 515: 185: 114: 64: 6628: 4099: 4028: 3734: 3228: 7066: 7020: 6851: 6841: 6821: 6741: 6736: 6651: 6562: 6375: 6332: 6261: 6193: 6158: 5653: 5648: 5605: 5555: 5448: 5433: 5133: 4850: 4687: 4466: 4325: 4281: 4232: 4070: 3477: 3430: 2820: 2415: 1718: 1714: 1523: 965: 391: 259: 4359: 1597: 7092: 7071: 6846: 6791: 6585: 6455: 5880: 5813: 5713: 5673: 5610: 5540: 5123: 5048: 2356: 1832: 1479:

and Paraná between 1954 and 1956 by Joseph Emperaire and Annette Laming - where the first

945: 530: 495: 200: 127: 6949: 6944: 6934: 6776: 6713: 6276: 2411:

averaging between 10,000 and 2,000 square meters in width, ancient pottery was abundant.

2310: 4058: 3016:

Construindo a arqueologia no Brasil: a trajetória da Sociedade de Arqueologia Brasileira

2995: 1574:. The similarities between the material traces found in the Americas and those found in 6939: 6891: 6856: 6811: 6751: 6445: 6422: 6342: 6208: 6173: 6153: 6128: 5453: 5264: 5053: 4453:

Neves, Walter A.; Powell, Joseph F.; Prous, Andre; Ozolins, Erik G.; Blum, Max (1999).

4313: 2606:

On the European side, the discovery of Brazil was preceded by several treaties between

2591: 2153: 1464: 1417: 1135: 666: 646: 636: 525: 465: 455: 425: 410: 368: 274: 4692: 4675: 4179:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Pré-história. 1979. 4100:"Folha de S.Paulo - Povos antigos não fizeram aterros no Pará, diz grupo - 19/10/2009" 2560:

in ancient Tupi, intermediaries between the religious world and the world of men) and

2544:

The Tremembé inhabited the western bank of the Acaraú river. The Tamoio inhabited the

2002:", large artificial embankments built to place dwellings, probably to avoid flooding. 1663: 7115: 7076: 6954: 6876: 6871: 6836: 6816: 6786: 6781: 6669: 6613: 6590: 6580: 6266: 6228: 6198: 6118: 6093: 6020: 6015: 5987: 5885: 5638: 5357: 4701: 4455:"Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American" 4345: 4254: 3450: 2545: 2343: 2298: 2168: 2115: 1948: 1725: 1638: 1234: 845: 790: 520: 4471: 4191:"História da ocupação do Baixo Amazonas prova que humanos e floresta podem conviver" 4082: 2325: 7012: 6886: 6412: 6098: 6088: 5964: 5180: 4716: 4237: 3482: 3434: 2019: 1768: 1614: 1491: 1372: 1330: 884: 599: 500: 237: 212: 81: 5977: 5833: 5025:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. III. Rio de Janeiro: Imprensa Nacional. 1902. 1878: 550: 4881:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. 4876: 4776: 4174: 3930: 3879: 3849: 3792: 3668: 3611: 3594: 3567: 3550: 3418: 3340: 3291: 3014: 2849: 2812: 2785: 2736:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. 2731: 2574:, Anhang, among others), who influenced events in the cosmos. Each man carried a 2430:

and Araguaia rivers. A large part of the Jê speaking peoples moved away from the

1740:"; this one would have been responsible for making stoves and projectile points. 1609:

in the 1970s at the archaeological site of Lapa Vermelha, in the municipality of

6728: 6600: 6508: 6475: 6391: 6367: 6337: 6203: 6163: 6148: 6108: 6078: 5997: 5982: 5668: 4286: 2485: 2387: 2368: 2351: 2262: 1940: 1823: 1813: 1756: 1748: 1592: 1519: 1421: 1376: 1343: 1315: 1295: 540: 510: 363: 254: 104: 45: 3673:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Geografia da Universidade de São Paulo. 1783: 1763:

Recent Archaic from the south to the northeast regions (4,000 BP to 1,500 A.D.)

72: 6896: 6826: 6661: 6643: 6513: 6282: 6256: 6238: 6058: 5972: 5580: 5143: 3794:

Amazonian Indians from Prehistory to the Present: Anthropological Perspectives

2622: 2538: 2521: 2509: 2497: 2404: 2347: 1710: 1326: 1311: 1299: 904: 696: 689: 626: 6427: 6357: 4480: 4337: 4295: 4246: 3613:

Moundbuilders of the Amazon: Geophysical Archaeology on Marajo Island, Brazil

3491: 3442: 2834: 1862:. Sites of these cultural complexes have been found in the Ucaiali basin, on 6924: 6618: 6485: 6465: 6407: 6307: 6143: 5992: 5838: 4938: 4752:"South American Indian languages - Grammatical characteristics | Britannica" 4660: 4543: 2481: 2396: 2334: 2266: 2176: 1567: 1546: 1480: 1448: 1303: 676: 460: 7025: 6801: 6718: 6498: 6292: 6271: 6138: 6063: 4794:"Reflexões sobre a contribuição de Pierre Clastres à Antropologia Política" 4613: 4009: 3670:

A reconstituic̃ão da pré-história amazônica: algumas considerações teóricas

2825: 2517: 2505: 2255: 2053: 1927: 1882:

Ceramics produced by ancient complex societies that lived in the region of

1863: 4057:

de Fátima Rossetti, Dilce; Góes, Ana Maria; Mann de Toledo, Peter (2009).

3736:

Cerâmica arqueológica da Amazônia: vasilhas da colec̜ão Tapajônica Mae-USP

3119: 2301:, they encountered ethnic groups linked to four main language groups: The 2099:, on the left bank of the Amazon River, a few kilometers from what is now 1545:

was found with a date of 7,750 BP. According to some archaeologists, this

6901: 6705: 6572: 6503: 6470: 6402: 6327: 6233: 6183: 6178: 6103: 6073: 6053: 6007: 5244: 4918: 4640: 4525:

Brasil : terra à vista! : a aventura ilustrada do descobrimento

4523: 3690:"MidiaNews | Agricultura em sítio arqueológico de RO pode ter 8 mil anos" 3377: 2627: 2607: 2493: 2489: 2431: 2360: 2314: 2145: 1968: 1796: 1752: 1706: 1684: 1601:

Computerized reconstruction of Luzia, the oldest fossil from the Americas

1563: 1536: 1495: 1444: 1319: 894: 641: 470: 109: 37: 3525:

A arqueologia guarani: construção e desconstrução da identidade indígena

1494:). Several studies have been conducted since then on middens, Brazilian 1310:, some authors prefer to work with the geological epochs of the current 7048: 6906: 6881: 6518: 6450: 6437: 6380: 6347: 6248: 6213: 6168: 6083: 6035: 6030: 5843: 4920:

The Tainos : rise & decline of the people who greeted Columbus

2562: 2534: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2383: 2364: 2291: 2119: 2096: 2091:, coordinated in 1996 a team that researched the Pedra Pintada Cave in 1979: 1902: 1896: 1859: 1846: 1787:

Some experts, such as Eduardo Goes Neves, argue that landscapes in the

1575: 1433: 4074: 3761: 3272: 2395:, for example), in the Amazon basin, and also on the coast of Brazil ( 1363:

The first scholar to inquire into Brazil's past was Danish naturalist

6806: 6756: 6417: 6352: 6297: 6287: 6218: 6188: 6123: 6113: 6068: 5938: 5929: 5093: 4907:(PDF). Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma. 2617:

Of these agreements signed at a distance from the assigned land, the

2530: 2440: 2302: 1744: 1571: 1388: 1307: 4676:"As hipóteses sobre o centro de origem e rotas de expansão dos Tupi" 4219:

Pereira, Edithe da Silva; Moraes, Claide de Paula (26 August 2019).

4442:(text thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. 4425:(text thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. 4408:(text thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. 4329: 3511:(text thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. 3362:(text thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. 6746: 6554: 6460: 6133: 5062: 4777:"A Socialidade contra o Estado: a antropologia de Pierre Clastres" 4642:

O Brasil antes dos brasileiros : a pré-história do nosso país

2611: 2468: 2276: 2180: 2135: 1877: 1850: 1782: 1662: 1596: 1551: 1514: 1427: 1348: 1342:

The study of Brazilian history before 1500 is mostly done through

31: 29:

History of Brazil before the arrival of Europeans (antiquity-1500)

1888:

Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo

1669:

Museum of Archeology and Ethnology of the University of São Paulo

2149: 6975: 6690: 6539: 5949: 5900: 5066: 3905: 3143:"Crânios sugerem que povo de Luzia habitou México e São Paulo" 1432:

Pre-Cabraline Indians' rock painting in Cachoeira Resplendor,

2790:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Universidade de Brasília. 2516:

and Temiminó. The Potiguara inhabited the region between the

1637:

Studies conducted in the region inhabited by Luzia and other

48:, are attributed to ancient indigenous peoples of the region. 4150:"Os Povos Guarani Na Região de Indaiatuba | PDF | Sociedade" 3400:"Incrições Rupestres Serra da Capivara - Ache Tudo e Região" 2851:

Introdução à arqueologia brasileira: (etnografia e história)

4599:(in Brazilian Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Ática. 3345:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. 2005. 3318:"Primeiros brasileiros eram sedentários, sugerem pesquisas" 3881:

História da América Latina: América Latina Colonial Vol. 2

2254:, whose closest descendants today would be the Kiriri and 4225:

Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas

3508:

Contribuição à Arqueologia Guarani: estudo do Sítio Röpke

3040: 1566:

between 150,000 and 100,000 years ago, arriving by Malay-

4123:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 19 April 2009. Archived from 2379:

peoples moved to the extreme southern region of Brazil.

2034:

In October 2009, a group of geologists claimed that the

3166:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Universitária UFPE. 2854:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Companhia Editora Nacional. 2285:

depicting a Camacan family in the early colonial period

4528:. Edgar Vasques. Porto Alegre, RS: L & PM Pocket. 3762:"Ancient Amazon Cities Found; Were Vast Urban Network" 3000:

Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional

2925: 2083:

Anna Roosevelt (great-granddaughter of U.S. President

1353:

Lund copying rock paintings in a cave in Lagoa Santa,

3599:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Instituto de Pré-História. 2439:

among the languages of the Macro-Jê trunk, which are

1294:

Traditional prehistory is generally divided into the

4737:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Vol. 2. p. 865. 3637:

Silverman, Helaine; Isbell, William (4 April 2008).

7085: 7057: 7039: 7011: 6993: 6915: 6727: 6704: 6660: 6642: 6599: 6571: 6553: 6484: 6436: 6366: 6247: 6044: 6006: 5963: 5727: 5619: 5512: 5490: 5395: 5292: 5167: 5104: 3356:Xavier, Leandro Augusto Franco (12 February 2008). 2533:, "the Marim of the Caetés", to where the state of 2297:When Europeans came to occupy the eastern coast of 1799:

on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest of Acre

1743:The main archaeological sites on the coast are the 4851:"Academia BRASIL-EUROPA. Ed.A.BISPO: Jean de Léry" 4826:"Com Ciência - Arqueologia e Sítios Arqueológicos" 3293:O povo de Luzia: em busca dos primeiros americanos 3956:"Science -- Heckenberger et al. 301 (5640): 1710" 1791:(above) would have been shaped by the actions of 4314:"On Stratigraphy and Chronology at Pedra Furada" 2337:, revealed that it is more than 2,500 years old. 3906:"acroosevelt.net - Registered at Namecheap.com" 3572:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Jorge Zahar Editor. 3290:Neves, Walter A.; Piló, Luís Beethoven (2008). 1779:Pre-Ceramic period (Amazon) (12,000 - 3,000 BP) 3522:Schiavetto, Solange Nunes de Oliveira (2003). 2970:"Projeto Nacional de Pesquisas Arqueológicas»" 2371:and Teneteara moved toward the northeast. The 2030:Formation by fluvial sedimentation of the hill 1987:Mount of Teso dos Bichos (400 BC - 1,300 A.D.) 1926:Complex ceramics from the Marajoara phase, on 5912: 5078: 4997:"Madrid, Treaty of (1750) | Encyclopedia.com" 3596:O sambaqui: visto através de alguns sambaquis 3013:Schaan, Denise Pahl; Bezerra, Márcia (2009). 1451:'s Sambaqui Museum). He studied the coast of 1252: 8: 4498:"Panorama das Línguas Indígenas da Amazônia" 4402:Baeta, Alenice Maria Motta (19 April 2011). 3505:Soares, André Luis Ramos (12 January 2005). 3190:Pré-história do Mato Grosso: Cidade de Pedra 2811:Guzmán, Décio de Alencar (7 February 2005). 3342:Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia 6990: 6972: 6701: 6687: 6550: 6536: 5960: 5946: 5919: 5905: 5897: 5518: 5401: 5298: 5173: 5085: 5071: 5063: 4951:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3982:"Ancient Amazon Actually Highly Urbanized" 3569:Sambaqui: arquelogia do litoral Brasileiro 3296:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora Globo. 2880:Ambientebrasil, Redação (6 January 2009). 1625:received by some scientists. According to 1463:. Harold V. Walter, the English Consul in 1329:is questioned by some scholars as being a 1259: 1245: 290:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 51: 4799:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from 4691: 4470: 4436:Strauss, André Menezes (20 August 2010). 4373:Nascimento, Marco Tromboni De S. (1994). 4285: 4236: 3643:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3481: 3118:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from 3088:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from 2972:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from 2824: 1954:The large Amazonian sites of the complex 1840:Early ceramic period (3,000 - 1,000 B.C.) 1539:, for example, a fossil of the roundworm 5031: 2948:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EdUSP. 2000. 2386:-speaking peoples reached as far as the 2324: 1921: 1459:and was assisted in his research by the 3851:Amazônia antiga: arqueologia no entorno 3733:Gomes, Denise Maria Cavalcante (2002). 2667: 2188: 1767:The appearance of cultivated plants in 1522:inscriptions at Costão do Santinho, in 63: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4944: 4746: 4744: 4645:. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Editor. 4608: 4606: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4492: 4490: 4307: 4305: 4214: 4212: 4197:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 July 2021 4094: 4092: 4052: 4050: 3640:Handbook of South American Archaeology 3555:(in Portuguese). Brown & Evaristo. 3549:Capanema, Guilherme Schuch de (1876). 2087:), a professor of anthropology at the 1717:like slugs, awls, and knives, but few 1687:was carried out at these early sites. 1646:Holocene in Brazil (12,000 - 4,000 BP) 4419:Junior, Pugliese (28 February 2008). 4004: 4002: 3931:"Kuikuro - Povos Indígenas no Brasil" 3873: 3871: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3662: 3660: 3464:Lourdeau, Antoine (19 January 2008). 3335: 3333: 3331: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 7: 4360:"Museu do Homem Americano – FUMDHAM" 3417:Lourdeau, Antoine (1 January 2015). 2875: 2873: 2871: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2730:da Cunaha, Manuela Carneiro (2008). 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 1930:Island; in this case, a funerary urn 1866:, in the Orinoco and in the Amazon. 1621:of Australia and natives of Africa. 5159:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 4875:Cunha, Manuela Carneiro da (1992). 4274:Amazônica - Revista de Antropologia 3717:"Evolução antropomorfa da Amazônia" 3112:"Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara" 1713:, Piauí). This tradition developed 476:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 3884:(in Brazilian Portuguese). Edusp. 3739:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EdUSP. 3610:Roosevelt, Anna Curtenius (1991). 3233:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EdUSP. 3193:(in Brazilian Portuguese). EdUSP. 3163:Pré-história do Nordeste do Brasil 3064:. California Academy of Sciences. 2926:"Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia" 2052:The Alice Boer site is located in 280:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 265:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 25: 5154:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 4735:Dicionário do folclore brasileiro 4717:"Os Antigos Habitantes do Brasil" 4693:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1996.111642 4033:(in Brazilian Portuguese). AGIR. 3141:Angelo, Claudio (21 March 2005). 2331:Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station 1659:Northeast and Center-South Brazil 831:March of the One Hundred Thousand 5928: 5139:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 4976:education.nationalgeographic.org 2227: 2215: 2203: 2191: 1506:Pleistocene (60,000 - 12,000 BP) 1228: 71: 5023:Livro do Centenário (1500-1900) 4901:Grimes, Joseph E., ed. (1972). 4472:10.1590/S1415-47571999000400001 3797:. University of Arizona Press. 3273:"Who were the first americans?" 3259:Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre 3187:Vialou, Águeda Vilhena (2005). 3086:"Sítio Arqueológico Alice Boer" 2132:Serra da Capivara National Park 1273:pre-Cabraline history of Brazil 18:Pre-Columbian history of Brazil 4459:Genetics and Molecular Biology 4238:10.1590/1981.81222019000200005 3483:10.18224/hab.v4.2.2006.985-710 3435:10.1179/2055556314Z.0000000005 3374:"FUMDHAM - Pinturas rupestres" 3019:(in Portuguese). G K Noronha. 2602:Pre-Cabraline Brazil in Europe 900:1993 Constitutional referendum 890:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 339:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 309:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 1: 4878:História dos índios no Brasil 4855:www.academia.brasil-europa.eu 3819:"Ancient Amazon Civilization" 3261:(in Portuguese), 3 April 2023 3227:Melatti, Julio Cezar (2007). 2733:História dos Índios no Brasil 1354: 920:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 152:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 140:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 42:Solstício Archaeological Park 7127:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 5037:Period in Brazilian history 3667:Meggers, Betty Jane (1974). 3528:(in Portuguese). Annablume. 2111:more than 20,000 years ago. 2013:Anthropogenic hill formation 1461:Federal University of Paraná 709:Constitutionalist Revolution 576:Proclamation of the Republic 421:Confederation of the Equator 322:United Kingdom with Portugal 7122:History of Brazil by period 5601:Water supply and sanitation 5149:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 5124:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 5021:"Descobrimento do Brasil". 4287:10.18542/amazonica.v1i2.296 4118:"A Pré-história Brasileira" 3848:Paiva, Maurício de (2009). 3715:Magalhães, Marcos Pereira. 3058:Jablonski, Nina G. (2002). 2537:is today, dismembered from 2273:Recent pre-Cabraline period 2173:Federal University of Bahia 2140:Pedra Furada site paintings 1963:Kuhikugu (1,500 - 400 A.D.) 1771:dates back 4,000 years. In 1471:(currently integrated into 379:Recognition of Independence 369:Declaration of Independence 7143: 6977:Indigenous peoples of the 6692:Indigenous peoples of the 6541:Indigenous peoples of the 5951:Indigenous peoples of the 5129:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 4782:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4722:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4674:Noelli, Francisco (1996). 4504:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4362:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 4030:Breve história da Amazônia 3722:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 3404:www.achetudoeregiao.com.br 3149:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 3047:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 3002:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2945:Quantos anos faz o Brasil? 2888:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 2886:Ambientebrasil - Ambientes 2458: 2161:Museum of the American Man 2129: 2076: 1990: 1966: 1590: 1401:- which together with the 1386: 811:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 734:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 719:Communist uprising of 1935 491:Liberal rebellions of 1842 344:Constituent Cortes of 1820 6989: 6971: 6700: 6686: 6549: 6535: 5959: 5945: 5858: 5521: 5404: 5383:President of the Republic 5301: 5176: 5036: 4733:Cascudo, Luís da Câmara. 4620:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4575:brasil500anos.ibge.gov.br 3160:Martin, Gabriela (1997). 2906:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 2817:Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos 2333:. Its age, calculated by 2159:The site also houses the 2064:Abismo da Ponta de Flecha 1874:(1,000 B.C. - 1,000 A.D.) 1399:National Museum of Brazil 871:1988 Constituent Assembly 816:Vacancy in the Presidency 756:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 697:Second Brazilian Republic 622:Coffee with milk politics 556:Post–abolition of slavery 406:1823 Constituent Assembly 334:Conquest of French Guiana 5306:Administrative divisions 4904:Languages of the Guianas 3878:Bethell, Leslie (1997). 3791:Roosevelt, Anna (1994). 2222:Serra da Capivara, Piauí 2210:Serra da Capivara, Piauí 2198:Serra da Capivara, Piauí 2079:Caverna da Pedra Pintada 2043:Main archeological sites 1993:Monte de Teso dos Bichos 1607:Annette Laming-Emperaire 1283:of Portuguese navigator 781:Construction of Brasília 776:Lott's preventative coup 5044:(antiquity until 1500) 4972:"Treaty of Tordesillas" 4680:Revista de Antropologia 4595:Bueno, Eduardo (2003). 4522:Bueno, Eduardo (2003). 4176:Revista de pré-história 3322:www.jornaldosite.com.br 2882:"Arqueologia no Brasil" 2848:Costa, Angyone (1980). 2582:Other indigenous groups 285:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 5462:Science and technology 5144:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 4917:Rouse, Irving (1992). 4639:Prous, André. (2006). 4312:Guidon, Niede (1989). 4027:Souza, Márcio (2001). 3935:pib.socioambiental.org 3854:(in Portuguese). DBA. 3593:Duarte, Paulo (1968). 2826:10.4000/nuevomundo.398 2787:Arqueologia brasileira 2474: 2461:Tupi–Guarani languages 2338: 2286: 2141: 2089:University of Illinois 2056:, a municipality near 1931: 1912: 1890: 1837: 1800: 1671: 1667:Midden model from the 1602: 1527: 1511:Territorial occupation 1436: 1360: 915:Car Wash investigation 826:Araguaia Guerrilla War 506:Eusébio de Queirós Law 49: 4715:Noelli, Francisco S. 4614:"Os índios no Brasil" 4104:www1.folha.uol.com.br 3566:Gaspar, Madu (2000). 2784:Prous, André (1991). 2619:Treaty of Tordesillas 2472: 2328: 2280: 2139: 1925: 1908: 1881: 1829: 1793:pre-Columbian peoples 1786: 1666: 1600: 1542:Ancylostoma duodenale 1518: 1431: 1352: 1306:periods. However, in 804:Military dictatorship 610:Federalist Revolution 586:Republic of the Sword 536:Revolt of the Muckers 431:Abdication of Pedro I 223:Quilombo dos Palmares 135:Treaty of Tordesillas 35: 5280:World Heritage Sites 5213:Environmental issues 5186:Brazilian Antarctica 5001:www.encyclopedia.com 4597:Brasil: uma história 4318:Current Anthropology 2657:Andean civilizations 2590:Kalina (speakers of 2283:Jean-Baptiste Debret 1285:Pedro Álvares Cabral 925:Coronavirus pandemic 746:Integralist Uprising 551:Abolition of Slavery 295:Opening of the ports 6694:Central-West Region 5829:Syncretic Religions 5737:Freedom of religion 5419:Automotive industry 5033: 4195:National Geographic 3986:Scientific American 3910:www.acroosevelt.net 3766:National Geographic 3277:National Geographic 3061:The First Americans 2904:www.museu-goeldi.br 2455:16th-century Brazil 1976:Xingu National Park 1951:-speaking peoples. 1773:São Raimundo Nonato 1700:Rio Grande do Norte 1696:São Raimundo Nonato 1681:archeological sites 1633:The people of Luzia 1627:National Geographic 1556:São Raimundo Nonato 1483:datings were made. 1455:and the plateau of 1407:Hermann Von Ihering 1041:Rio Grande do Norte 451:1834 Additional Act 374:War of Independence 250:War of the Emboabas 6917:Mato Grosso do Sul 5935:Indigenous peoples 5789:Eastern Orthodoxy 5782:Ukrainian Catholic 5477:Telecommunications 5134:Empire (1822–1889) 5119:Indigenous peoples 5032: 4756:www.britannica.com 3616:. Academic Press. 3122:on 18 January 2012 2623:Cape Verde Islands 2475: 2363:and the Xirinó to 2339: 2287: 2142: 2085:Theodore Roosevelt 1932: 1891: 1870:Amazonian complex 1808:Amazon agriculture 1801: 1672: 1603: 1583:15,000 years ago. 1528: 1437: 1397:, director of the 1365:Peter Wilhelm Lund 1361: 1289:indigenous peoples 1001:Mato Grosso do Sul 938:By federative unit 821:Institutional Acts 704:Revolution of 1930 677:Lieutenant revolts 662:Revolt of the Lash 642:Annexation of Acre 632:Amazon rubber boom 228:France Equinoxiale 208:France Antarctique 147:European discovery 100:Indigenous Peoples 50: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 6983:Southeast Regions 6967: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 5894: 5893: 5854: 5853: 5796: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5761:Armenian Catholic 5566:Income inequality 5508: 5507: 5391: 5390: 5378:Political parties 5373:National Congress 5336:Freedom of speech 5321:Foreign relations 5288: 5287: 5061: 5060: 4888:978-85-7164-260-7 4830:www.comciencia.br 4502:www.comciencia.br 4276:(in Portuguese). 4227:(in Portuguese). 4075:10.1002/gea.20250 4040:978-85-220-0533-8 3891:978-85-314-0497-9 3861:978-85-7234-401-2 3829:on 8 January 2013 3804:978-0-8165-1821-0 3746:978-85-314-0616-4 3696:. 24 October 2010 3650:978-0-387-75228-0 3623:978-0-12-595348-1 3579:978-85-7110-530-0 3535:978-85-7419-363-2 3303:978-85-250-4418-1 3240:978-85-314-1013-0 3200:978-85-314-0917-2 3173:978-85-7315-083-4 3147:Folha de S. Paulo 3026:978-85-62913-00-6 2955:978-85-314-0546-4 2861:978-85-04-00040-5 2797:978-85-230-0316-6 2649:Pre-Columbian era 2644:History of Brazil 2552:shamanic powers. 1789:Amazon Rainforest 1734:Rio Grande do Sul 1719:projectile points 1581:Rio Grande do Sul 1338:Study methodology 1269: 1268: 1235:Brazil portal 1156:Jewish Brazilians 1046:Rio Grande do Sul 878:1988 Constitution 841:Redemocratization 836:Brazilian Miracle 786:Legality Campaign 769:Populist Republic 739:1937 Constitution 714:1934 Constitution 652:Taubaté Agreement 581:1891 Constitution 546:Military Question 484:Reign of Pedro II 416:1824 Constitution 329:Pernambuco Revolt 115:Marajoara culture 65:History of Brazil 16:(Redirected from 7134: 6991: 6973: 6702: 6688: 6551: 6543:Northeast Region 6537: 5961: 5947: 5933: 5932: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5898: 5874: 5867: 5792: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5684:National symbols 5519: 5457: 5429:Economic history 5414:Animal husbandry 5402: 5299: 5174: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5064: 5034: 5027: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4968: 4957: 4956: 4950: 4942: 4914: 4908: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4748: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4695: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4567: 4548: 4547: 4519: 4506: 4505: 4494: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4240: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4130:on 19 April 2009 4129: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4054: 4045: 4044: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4014:www.worldcat.org 4006: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3875: 3866: 3865: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3825:. Archived from 3815: 3809: 3808: 3788: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3376:. Archived from 3370: 3364: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3255:"Luzia (fóssil)" 3251: 3245: 3244: 3230:Indios do Brasil 3224: 3205: 3204: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2996:"Página Inicial" 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2976:on 18 April 2010 2966: 2960: 2959: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2877: 2866: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2828: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2781: 2748: 2747: 2727: 2451:, among others. 2416:glottochronology 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 1821:associated with 1812:New research in 1795:. In the image, 1709:, Minas Gerais, 1526:, Santa Catarina 1441:German immigrant 1359: 1356: 1277:Brazil's history 1275:is the stage in 1261: 1254: 1247: 1233: 1232: 1231: 976:Federal District 594: 399:Reign of Pedro I 392:Empire of Brazil 303: 270:Treaty of Madrid 260:Vila Rica Revolt 177: 169:Brazilwood cycle 75: 52: 21: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7097: 7081: 7053: 7035: 7007: 6985: 6959: 6911: 6723: 6696: 6674: 6656: 6638: 6595: 6567: 6545: 6523: 6480: 6432: 6362: 6243: 6040: 6002: 5955: 5941: 5927: 5925: 5895: 5890: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5850: 5723: 5709:Science fiction 5699:Public holidays 5615: 5576:Life expectancy 5504: 5486: 5455: 5387: 5363:Law enforcement 5284: 5270:Water resources 5250:Protected areas 5163: 5100: 5091: 5049:Colonial Brazil 5030: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4969: 4960: 4943: 4931: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4653: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4569: 4568: 4551: 4536: 4521: 4520: 4509: 4496: 4495: 4488: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4311: 4310: 4303: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4090: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3990: 3988: 3980:Biello, David. 3979: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3862: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3790: 3789: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3678: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3565: 3564: 3560: 3548: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3521: 3520: 3516: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3339: 3338: 3329: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3226: 3225: 3208: 3201: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3092:on 13 June 2010 3084: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2879: 2878: 2869: 2862: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2798: 2783: 2782: 2751: 2744: 2729: 2728: 2669: 2665: 2640: 2604: 2584: 2463: 2457: 2424: 2323: 2275: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2235:Catimbau Valley 2232: 2223: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2199: 2196: 2134: 2128: 2081: 2075: 2066: 2050: 2045: 2032: 2015: 1995: 1989: 1971: 1965: 1876: 1842: 1833:hunter-gatherer 1819:lithic industry 1810: 1781: 1765: 1661: 1648: 1635: 1595: 1589: 1513: 1508: 1500:lithic industry 1403:Ipiranga Museum 1391: 1385: 1357: 1340: 1265: 1229: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1216:Years in Brazil 1200: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1116:Catholic Church 1096:Afro-Brazilians 1090: 1082: 1081: 1080: 940: 930: 929: 861: 851: 850: 806: 796: 795: 771: 761: 760: 723: 692: 682: 681: 657:Naval arms race 588: 571: 561: 560: 531:Religious Issue 516:Christie Affair 496:Praieira revolt 480: 435: 394: 384: 383: 359: 349: 348: 324: 314: 313: 297: 233:Dutch invasions 218:Jesuit missions 201:State of Brazil 197: 171: 158: 130: 128:Colonial Brazil 120: 119: 95: 85: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7140: 7138: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7114: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7041:Santa Catarina 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7017: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6995:Espírito Santo 6987: 6986: 6976: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6930:Guarani-Kaiowá 6927: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6857:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá) 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6634:Gavião-Pykobjê 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6575: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6547: 6546: 6540: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6423:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5957: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5764: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5500:Rail transport 5496: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5346:Women's rights 5343: 5338: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Largest cities 5232: 5227: 5222: 5220:Extreme points 5217: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5196:Climate change 5188: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5075: 5067: 5059: 5058: 5046: 5042:Pre-Cabraline 5039: 5038: 5029: 5028: 5013: 4988: 4958: 4929: 4909: 4894: 4887: 4867: 4842: 4817: 4806:on 23 May 2011 4785: 4768: 4740: 4725: 4707: 4666: 4651: 4631: 4602: 4587: 4549: 4534: 4507: 4486: 4465:(4): 461–469. 4445: 4428: 4411: 4394: 4365: 4351: 4330:10.1086/203795 4324:(5): 641–642. 4301: 4260: 4231:(2): 327–342. 4208: 4182: 4166: 4141: 4109: 4088: 4063:Geoarchaeology 4046: 4039: 4019: 3998: 3972: 3947: 3922: 3897: 3890: 3867: 3860: 3840: 3823:Discovery News 3810: 3803: 3778: 3752: 3745: 3725: 3707: 3676: 3656: 3649: 3629: 3622: 3602: 3585: 3578: 3558: 3541: 3534: 3514: 3497: 3456: 3409: 3391: 3380:on 23 May 2011 3365: 3348: 3327: 3309: 3302: 3282: 3264: 3246: 3239: 3206: 3199: 3179: 3172: 3152: 3133: 3103: 3077: 3070: 3050: 3032: 3025: 3005: 2987: 2961: 2954: 2935: 2917: 2891: 2867: 2860: 2840: 2803: 2796: 2749: 2742: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2583: 2580: 2456: 2453: 2423: 2420: 2375:, Cajabi, and 2322: 2319: 2274: 2271: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2130:Main article: 2127: 2124: 2077:Main article: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2031: 2028: 2014: 2011: 1991:Main article: 1988: 1985: 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1875: 1868: 1841: 1838: 1809: 1806: 1780: 1777: 1764: 1761: 1730:Santa Catarina 1660: 1657: 1647: 1644: 1634: 1631: 1591:Main article: 1588: 1585: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1465:Belo Horizonte 1453:Santa Catarina 1395:Ladislau Netto 1387:Main article: 1384: 1381: 1339: 1336: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1249: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1176:Rail transport 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1061:Santa Catarina 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1036:Rio de Janeiro 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 981:Espírito Santo 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 942: 941: 936: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 881: 880: 874: 873: 868: 862: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 807: 802: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 772: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 753: 748: 743: 742: 741: 730: 729: 722: 721: 716: 711: 706: 700: 699: 693: 688: 687: 684: 683: 680: 679: 674: 669: 667:Contestado War 664: 659: 654: 649: 647:Vaccine Revolt 644: 639: 637:War of Canudos 634: 629: 624: 619: 613: 612: 607: 602: 596: 595: 583: 578: 572: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 526:Paraguayan War 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 486: 479: 478: 473: 468: 466:Ragamuffin War 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 441: 439:Regency Period 434: 433: 428: 426:Cisplatine War 423: 418: 413: 411:Night of Agony 408: 402: 401: 395: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 306: 305: 304: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 241: 240: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 204: 203: 196: 195: 194: 193: 183: 178: 165: 164: 157: 156: 155: 154: 143: 142: 137: 131: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 91: 90: 87: 86: 78:Terra Brasilis 76: 68: 67: 61: 60: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7139: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7119: 7117: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6685: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6534: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:White Indians 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5922: 5917: 5915: 5910: 5908: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5807:Protestantism 5805: 5803: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751:Christianity 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:States by HDI 5589: 5587: 5586:Social issues 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5024: 5017: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4989: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4930:0-300-05181-6 4926: 4923:. New Haven. 4922: 4921: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4868: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4818: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4726: 4718: 4711: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4652:85-7110-920-6 4648: 4644: 4643: 4635: 4632: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4591: 4588: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4535:85-254-1258-9 4531: 4527: 4526: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4395: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4126: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4023: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3961: 3960:plaza.ufl.edu 3957: 3951: 3948: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3844: 3841: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3767: 3763: 3760:Roach, John. 3756: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3729: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3641: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3542: 3537: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3073: 3071:9780940228504 3067: 3063: 3062: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2743:9788571642607 2739: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2546:Guanabara Bay 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2527:Paraíba River 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:São Francisco 2421: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2299:South America 2295: 2293: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2236: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2154:Clovis Theory 2151: 2147: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2116:Bering Strait 2112: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2073:Pedra Pintada 2072: 2070: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2047: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1864:Marajó Island 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726:Uruguay Basin 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639:Paleo-Indians 1632: 1630: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1599: 1594: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1525: 1524:Florianópolis 1521: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496:rock painting 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1226: 1225: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1145:Football Team 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 934: 933: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 879: 876: 875: 872: 869: 867: 864: 863: 860: 855: 854: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 805: 800: 799: 792: 791:Plano Trienal 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 770: 765: 764: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 725: 724: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 698: 695: 694: 691: 686: 685: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 592: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 570: 565: 564: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 521:Uruguayan War 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 481: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 437: 436: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 400: 397: 396: 393: 388: 387: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 358: 353: 352: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 323: 318: 317: 310: 307: 301: 296: 293: 292: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 205: 202: 199: 198: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 182: 179: 175: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 159: 153: 150: 149: 148: 145: 144: 141: 138: 136: 133: 132: 129: 124: 123: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93:Pre-Cabraline 89: 88: 83: 79: 74: 70: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53: 47: 43: 39: 34: 27: 19: 7013:Minas Gerais 6772:Enawene Nawe 6714:Avá-Canoeiro 6323:Suruí (Pará) 5953:North Region 5596:Unemployment 5546:Demographics 5424:Central Bank 5331:Human rights 5311:Constitution 5181:Amazon basin 5051: 5043: 5022: 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 5000: 4991: 4979:. Retrieved 4975: 4919: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4877: 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4854: 4845: 4833:. Retrieved 4829: 4820: 4808:. Retrieved 4801:the original 4788: 4771: 4759:. Retrieved 4755: 4734: 4728: 4710: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4641: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4617: 4596: 4590: 4578:. Retrieved 4574: 4524: 4501: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4438: 4431: 4421: 4414: 4404: 4397: 4385:. Retrieved 4381: 4368: 4354: 4321: 4317: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4228: 4224: 4199:. Retrieved 4194: 4185: 4175: 4169: 4157:. Retrieved 4153: 4144: 4132:. Retrieved 4125:the original 4112: 4103: 4069:(1): 22–41. 4066: 4062: 4029: 4022: 4013: 3989:. Retrieved 3985: 3975: 3963:. Retrieved 3959: 3950: 3938:. Retrieved 3934: 3925: 3913:. Retrieved 3909: 3900: 3880: 3850: 3843: 3831:. Retrieved 3827:the original 3822: 3813: 3793: 3769:. Retrieved 3765: 3755: 3735: 3728: 3710: 3698:. Retrieved 3693: 3669: 3639: 3632: 3612: 3605: 3595: 3588: 3568: 3561: 3552:Os Sambaquis 3551: 3544: 3524: 3517: 3507: 3500: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3429:(1): 52–67. 3426: 3423:PaleoAmerica 3422: 3412: 3403: 3394: 3382:. Retrieved 3378:the original 3368: 3358: 3351: 3341: 3321: 3312: 3292: 3285: 3276: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3229: 3189: 3182: 3162: 3155: 3146: 3136: 3124:. Retrieved 3120:the original 3115: 3106: 3094:. Retrieved 3090:the original 3080: 3060: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2978:. Retrieved 2974:the original 2964: 2944: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2908:. Retrieved 2903: 2894: 2885: 2850: 2843: 2816: 2806: 2786: 2732: 2616: 2605: 2585: 2575: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2543: 2479: 2476: 2464: 2425: 2413: 2409: 2381: 2340: 2307:Tupi-Guaraní 2296: 2288: 2260: 2249: 2237:, Pernambuco 2165: 2158: 2143: 2126:Pedra Furada 2113: 2109: 2105: 2093:Monte Alegre 2082: 2067: 2051: 2035: 2033: 2023: 2020:Amazon River 2016: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1972: 1955: 1953: 1933: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1871: 1856: 1843: 1830: 1822: 1811: 1802: 1769:Minas Gerais 1766: 1742: 1723: 1715:lithic tools 1704: 1693: 1689: 1673: 1653: 1649: 1636: 1623: 1615:Walter Neves 1604: 1560: 1540: 1529: 1492:Amazon Basin 1485: 1438: 1411: 1392: 1373:Minas Gerais 1362: 1341: 1324: 1293: 1272: 1270: 1121:Constitution 1006:Minas Gerais 885:Plano Collor 859:New Republic 751:World War II 617:Belle Époque 605:Navy Revolts 600:Encilhamento 569:Old Republic 501:Coffee cycle 446:April Revolt 357:Independence 238:Dutch Brazil 213:Bandeirantes 92: 82:Miller Atlas 77: 26: 6767:Cinta Larga 6729:Mato Grosso 6392:Cinta Larga 6164:Pira-tapuya 6154:Parintintín 5755:Catholicism 5669:Malandragem 5634:Archaeology 5561:Immigration 5467:Stock index 5409:Agriculture 5208:Environment 4686:(2): 7–53. 4618:Só História 2910:24 December 2653:Mesoamerica 2281:Picture by 2246:Lagoa Santa 2183:) in 1994. 1941:Itacoatiara 1824:terra preta 1757:Scandinavia 1749:Pleistocene 1611:Lagoa Santa 1593:Luzia Woman 1587:Luzia Woman 1520:Paleolithic 1422:World War I 1418:Émil Goeldi 1377:Creationism 1369:Lagoa Santa 1358: 1840 1344:archaeology 1331:Eurocentric 1316:Pleistocene 1296:Paleolithic 1279:before the 1186:Transgender 1166:Nationality 996:Mato Grosso 866:Lost Decade 727:Estado Novo 672:World War I 589: [ 541:Grande Seca 511:Platine War 456:Malê Revolt 364:Dia do Fico 298: [ 275:Guaraní War 255:Mascate War 191:Slave trade 181:Sugar cycle 172: [ 162:Captaincies 7116:Categories 7086:Widespread 7003:Tupiniquim 6897:Yawalapiti 6832:Nambikwara 6762:Chiquitano 6662:Pernambuco 6399:(Rondônia) 6388:(Rondônia) 5794:Antiochian 5719:Television 5689:Newspapers 5664:Literature 5536:Corruption 5531:Censorship 5456:(currency) 5326:Government 3476:(2): 985. 3096:21 October 2930:mae.usp.br 2663:References 2568:morubixaba 2539:Pernambuco 2512:, Tamoio, 2498:Tupiniquim 2459:See also: 2405:Tupiniquin 2313:, and the 2048:Alice Boer 1711:Pernambuco 1679:, several 1568:Polynesian 1327:prehistory 1312:Quaternary 1300:Mesolithic 1026:Pernambuco 905:Plano Real 846:Diretas Já 690:Vargas Era 627:Coronelism 245:Gold cycle 7059:São Paulo 6925:Chamacoco 6852:Rikbaktsa 6822:Munduruku 6652:Potiguara 6619:Guajajara 6609:Awá-Guajá 6486:Tocantins 6466:Wapishana 6408:Karitiana 6313:Parkatêjê 6308:Munduruku 6303:Kỳikatêjê 6144:Munduruku 5993:Machinere 5978:Asháninka 5839:Quimbanda 5834:Candomblé 5704:Sculpture 5679:Mythology 5629:Animation 5571:Languages 5551:Education 5492:Transport 5353:Judiciary 5316:Elections 5265:Time Zone 5240:Mountains 5203:Coastline 5169:Geography 5052:(1500 to 4947:cite book 4702:142157171 4481:1415-4757 4346:143602429 4338:0011-3204 4296:2176-0675 4255:202015595 4247:1981-8122 3694:MidiaNews 3492:1983-7798 3451:140659852 3443:2055-5563 2835:1626-0252 2502:Tupinambá 2482:Potiguara 2401:Tupinambá 2397:Potiguara 2335:Carbon-14 2267:Mongoloid 2258:Indians. 2177:Mirandela 2122:hunters. 2058:Rio Claro 2004:Marajoara 1937:Marajoara 1917:cacicados 1897:cacicados 1872:cacicados 1797:geoglyphs 1677:northeast 1619:aborigins 1547:Old World 1481:Carbon-14 1477:São Paulo 1449:Joinville 1414:Marajoara 1304:Neolithic 1211:Conflicts 1181:Socialism 1136:Etymology 1106:Animation 1101:Anarchism 1076:Tocantins 1066:São Paulo 461:Cabanagem 38:megaliths 7093:Kaingang 7072:Kaingang 7031:Xakriabá 6867:Tapirapé 6862:Tapayúna 6797:Kamayurá 6792:Kalapalo 6601:Maranhão 6586:Tabajara 6509:Tapirapé 6476:Ye'kuana 6471:Yanomami 6456:Patamona 6368:Rondônia 6338:Turiwára 6318:Parakanã 6234:Yanomami 6204:Turiwára 6184:Tenharim 6104:Jamamadi 6074:Barasana 6054:Amahuaca 6046:Amazonas 6026:Karipuna 5998:Yaminawá 5983:Kaxinawá 5881:Category 5819:Hinduism 5768:Maronite 5747:Buddhism 5729:Religion 5694:Painting 5644:Carnaval 5526:Abortion 5472:Taxation 5444:Industry 5368:Military 5294:Politics 5275:Wildlife 5245:Pantanal 5114:Timeline 5098:articles 4939:24469325 4661:80946412 4544:73509776 4083:55092997 3041:"Sabnet" 2638:See also 2608:Portugal 2563:caciques 2490:Tabajara 2486:Tremembé 2432:Kaingang 2422:Macro-Jê 2377:Kamayurá 2373:Pauserna 2369:Tapirapé 2361:Paraguay 2315:Kalinago 2256:Botocudo 2252:Macro Jê 2101:Santarém 1969:Kuhikugu 1956:cacicado 1886:, Pará. 1884:Santarém 1814:Rondônia 1753:Holocene 1685:Rock art 1564:Americas 1445:Curitiba 1371:region ( 1320:Holocene 1314:period: 1206:Timeline 1199:Research 1161:Military 1141:Football 1051:Rondônia 991:Maranhão 961:Amazonas 910:Mensalão 895:Mercosul 471:Balaiada 110:Kuhikugu 57:a series 55:Part of 46:Calçoene 7049:Xokleng 6940:Kadiweu 6892:Xavante 6882:Umutina 6827:Nahukuá 6812:Kuikuro 6752:Bakairi 6644:Paraíba 6629:Krĩkatí 6624:Ka'apor 6519:Xerente 6514:Xambioá 6494:Apinajé 6451:Macushi 6446:Akawaio 6438:Roraima 6381:Akuntsu 6348:Wayampi 6343:Wai-wai 6283:Araweté 6257:Amanayé 6239:Zuruahã 6214:Wayampi 6209:Wai-wai 6174:Tariana 6169:Siriano 6084:Cambeba 6059:Apurinã 6036:Wayampi 6031:Palikur 5973:Apurinã 5865:Outline 5844:Umbanda 5824:Judaism 5775:Melkite 5659:Cuisine 5621:Culture 5606:Welfare 5514:Society 5482:Tourism 5439:Exports 5397:Economy 5255:Regions 5230:Islands 5225:Geology 5191:Climate 5106:History 3470:Habitus 3116:FUNDHAM 2535:Alagoas 2522:Paraíba 2510:Goitacá 2449:Timbira 2445:Xerente 2436:Xokleng 2393:Guaraní 2388:Guianas 2384:Wayampi 2365:Bolivia 2348:Tapajós 2344:Madeira 2292:Jesuits 2120:mammoth 1980:Kuikuro 1945:Cariban 1903:cacique 1860:cassava 1847:Orinoco 1745:middens 1576:Oceania 1281:arrival 1131:Ethanol 1126:Economy 1071:Sergipe 1056:Roraima 1016:Paraíba 951:Alagoas 186:Slavery 40:in the 7077:Terena 7067:Aimoré 7026:Kaxixó 7021:Aimoré 6955:Terena 6877:Trumai 6872:Terena 6847:Paresi 6842:Panará 6837:Paiter 6817:Matipu 6807:Kayapo 6802:Karajá 6787:Kaiabi 6782:Ikpeng 6757:Bororo 6742:Apiacá 6737:Aimoré 6719:Karajá 6670:Xukuru 6614:Canela 6591:Tapeba 6581:Kiriri 6563:Pataxó 6499:Karajá 6418:Paiter 6397:Gavião 6376:Aikanã 6353:Wayana 6333:Tiriyó 6298:Kayapo 6293:Karajá 6288:Atikum 6279:(Pará) 6272:Apiacá 6267:Aparai 6262:Anambé 6229:Witoto 6219:Wayana 6199:Tucano 6194:Tiriyó 6189:Ticuna 6159:Pirahã 6139:Matsés 6124:Macuna 6119:Kulina 6114:Korubo 6069:Baniwa 6064:Banawá 6021:Kalina 6016:Aparai 5988:Kulina 5939:Brazil 5886:Portal 5742:Baháʼí 5714:Sports 5654:Comics 5649:Cinema 5581:People 5556:Health 5449:Mining 5434:Energy 5260:Rivers 5096: 5094:Brazil 4937: 4927: 4885: 4700: 4659: 4649: 4542: 4532: 4479: 4344: 4336: 4294: 4253: 4245: 4154:Scribd 4081: 4037: 3888: 3858: 3801: 3743: 3647: 3620: 3576: 3532: 3490: 3449: 3441: 3300: 3237: 3197: 3170: 3068: 3045:Sabnet 3023: 2952: 2858: 2833: 2794: 2740: 2632:Laguna 2597:Arawak 2576:maraca 2531:Olinda 2518:Acaraú 2514:Carijó 2506:Aimoré 2500:, the 2441:Kayapo 2367:. The 2357:Cocama 2309:, the 2305:, the 2303:Arawak 2169:Kiriri 2054:Ipeúna 1928:Marajó 1851:Andean 1572:Africa 1533:Bering 1498:, and 1457:Paraná 1389:Midden 1383:Midden 1308:Brazil 1302:, and 1171:Postal 1089:Topics 1021:Paraná 84:, 1519 59:on the 6979:South 6950:Ofayé 6945:Mbayá 6935:Guató 6902:Yudjá 6887:Wauja 6777:Guató 6747:Aweti 6706:Goiás 6573:Ceará 6555:Bahia 6504:Krahô 6461:Pemon 6428:Wari’ 6413:Kwaza 6403:Kanoê 6386:Arara 6328:Tembé 6277:Arara 6179:Tembé 6134:Matis 6099:Hupda 6089:Cubeo 6008:Amapá 5872:Index 5814:Islam 5674:Music 5611:Youth 5541:Crime 5454:Real 5006:5 May 4981:5 May 4860:4 May 4835:4 May 4810:5 May 4804:(PDF) 4797:(PDF) 4780:(PDF) 4761:5 May 4720:(PDF) 4698:S2CID 4624:4 May 4580:4 May 4387:3 May 4378:(PDF) 4342:S2CID 4280:(2). 4251:S2CID 4201:3 May 4159:3 May 4134:3 May 4128:(PDF) 4121:(PDF) 4079:S2CID 3991:3 May 3965:3 May 3940:3 May 3915:3 May 3833:5 May 3771:3 May 3720:(PDF) 3700:3 May 3447:S2CID 3384:2 May 3126:5 May 2980:5 May 2628:Belém 2612:Spain 2592:Carib 2558:payes 2554:Pajés 2494:Caeté 2352:Xingu 2263:Luzia 2181:Bahia 2146:Piauí 2036:tesos 2007:tesos 2000:tesos 1707:Goiás 1552:Bahia 1537:Piauí 1488:IPHAN 1031:Piauí 986:Goiás 971:Ceará 966:Bahia 956:Amapá 593:] 302:] 176:] 105:Luzia 44:, in 6981:and 6907:Zoró 6358:Zo'é 6249:Pará 6149:Mura 6129:Mawé 6109:Juma 6079:Bora 5965:Acre 5639:Arts 5341:LGBT 5054:1822 5008:2023 4983:2023 4953:link 4935:OCLC 4925:ISBN 4883:ISBN 4862:2023 4837:2023 4812:2023 4763:2023 4657:OCLC 4647:ISBN 4626:2023 4582:2023 4540:OCLC 4530:ISBN 4477:ISSN 4389:2023 4382:UFBA 4334:ISSN 4292:ISSN 4243:ISSN 4203:2023 4161:2023 4136:2023 4035:ISBN 3993:2023 3967:2023 3942:2023 3917:2023 3886:ISBN 3856:ISBN 3835:2023 3799:ISBN 3773:2023 3741:ISBN 3702:2023 3645:ISBN 3618:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3530:ISBN 3488:ISSN 3439:ISSN 3386:2023 3298:ISBN 3235:ISBN 3195:ISBN 3168:ISBN 3128:2023 3098:2009 3066:ISBN 3021:ISBN 2982:2023 2950:ISBN 2912:2020 2856:ISBN 2831:ISSN 2792:ISBN 2738:ISBN 2610:and 2572:Tupã 2520:and 2434:and 2382:The 2350:and 2321:Tupi 2150:Asia 2097:Pará 2024:aluá 1949:Tupi 1751:and 1738:Umbu 1732:and 1434:Pará 1318:and 1271:The 1151:LGBT 1111:Book 1011:Pará 946:Acre 36:The 6094:Dâw 5937:of 5802:LDS 5358:Law 4688:doi 4467:doi 4326:doi 4282:doi 4233:doi 4071:doi 3478:doi 3431:doi 2821:doi 2630:to 2026:). 1473:MAE 1469:USP 1443:in 7118:: 5056:) 4999:. 4974:. 4961:^ 4949:}} 4945:{{ 4933:. 4853:. 4828:. 4754:. 4743:^ 4696:. 4684:39 4682:. 4678:. 4655:. 4616:. 4605:^ 4573:. 4552:^ 4538:. 4510:^ 4500:. 4489:^ 4475:. 4463:22 4461:. 4457:. 4380:. 4340:. 4332:. 4322:30 4320:. 4316:. 4304:^ 4290:. 4272:. 4249:. 4241:. 4229:14 4223:. 4211:^ 4193:. 4152:. 4102:. 4091:^ 4077:. 4067:24 4065:. 4061:. 4049:^ 4012:. 4001:^ 3984:. 3958:. 3933:. 3908:. 3870:^ 3821:. 3781:^ 3764:. 3692:. 3679:^ 3659:^ 3486:. 3472:. 3468:. 3445:. 3437:. 3425:. 3421:. 3402:. 3330:^ 3320:. 3275:. 3257:, 3209:^ 3145:. 3114:. 3043:. 2998:. 2928:. 2902:. 2884:. 2870:^ 2829:. 2819:. 2815:. 2752:^ 2670:^ 2634:. 2541:. 2508:, 2504:, 2496:, 2492:, 2488:, 2484:, 2447:, 2443:, 2403:, 2399:, 2346:, 2317:. 2311:Jê 2156:. 2103:. 2095:, 1355:c. 1298:, 1291:. 591:pt 300:pt 174:pt 80:, 5920:e 5913:t 5906:v 5086:e 5079:t 5072:v 5010:. 4985:. 4955:) 4941:. 4891:. 4864:. 4839:. 4814:. 4765:. 4704:. 4690:: 4663:. 4628:. 4584:. 4546:. 4483:. 4469:: 4391:. 4348:. 4328:: 4298:. 4284:: 4278:1 4257:. 4235:: 4205:. 4163:. 4138:. 4106:. 4085:. 4073:: 4043:. 4016:. 3995:. 3969:. 3944:. 3919:. 3894:. 3864:. 3837:. 3807:. 3775:. 3749:. 3704:. 3653:. 3626:. 3582:. 3538:. 3494:. 3480:: 3474:4 3453:. 3433:: 3427:1 3406:. 3388:. 3324:. 3306:. 3279:. 3243:. 3203:. 3176:. 3130:. 3100:. 3074:. 3029:. 2984:. 2958:. 2932:. 2914:. 2864:. 2837:. 2823:: 2800:. 2746:. 2594:) 2566:( 2556:( 2391:( 2179:( 1998:" 1260:e 1253:t 1246:v 1147:) 1143:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.