706:
686:
engines, was protected by the main belt, which ran from just below the waterline to some distance above it. This "central citadel" was intended to protect the engines from even the most powerful shells. Yet the emergence of the quick-firing gun and high explosives in the 1880s meant that the 1870s to early 1880s concept of the pure central citadel was also inadequate in the 1890s and that thinner armour extensions towards the extremities would greatly aid the ship's defensive qualities. Thus, the main belt armour would normally taper to a lesser thickness along the side of the hull towards bow and stern; it might also taper up from the central citadel towards the superstructure.
33:
1366:
752:
550:", employing a number of innovations to increase the rate of fire. The propellant was provided in a brass cartridge, and both the breech mechanism and the mounting were suitable for rapid aiming and reloading. A principal role of the secondary battery was to damage the less armoured parts of an enemy battleship; while unable to penetrate the main armour belt, it might score hits on lightly armoured areas like the bridge, or start fires. Equally important, the secondary armament was to be used against smaller enemy vessels such as
497:
168:
1259:
486:
566:
1542:
1334:, by scrapping the secondary battery, was able to carry ten 12-inch (305 mm) guns rather than four. She could fire eight heavy guns broadside, as opposed to four from a pre-dreadnought; and six guns ahead, as opposed to two. The move to an "all-big-gun" design was a logical conclusion of the increasingly long engagement ranges and heavier secondary batteries of the last pre-dreadnoughts; Japan and the United States had designed ships with a similar armament before
1051:
1312:
1388:
743:. Europe adopted Krupp plate within five years, and only the United States persisted in using Harvey steel into the 20th century. The improving quality of armour plate meant that new ships could have better protection from a thinner and lighter armour belt; 12 inches (305 mm) of compound armour provided the same protection as just 7.5 inches (190 mm) of Harvey or 5.75 inches (133 mm) of Krupp.
1205:
562:. A medium-calibre gun could expect to penetrate the light armour of smaller ships, while the rate of fire of the secondary battery was important in scoring a hit against a small, manoeuvrable target. Secondary guns were mounted in a variety of ways; sometimes carried in turrets, they were just as often positioned in fixed armoured casemates in the side of the hull, or in unarmoured positions on upper decks.
833:
388:
215:
668:
928:
306:
1687:
1117:
947:
806:. France and Germany preferred the three-screw approach, which allowed the engines to be shorter and hence more easily protected; they were also more maneuverable and had better resistance to accidental damage. Triple screws were, however, generally larger and heavier than the twin-screw arrangements preferred by most other navies.
857:, and even older unarmoured cruisers, sloops and frigates whether built out of steel, iron or wood. The battleships were threatened by torpedo boats; it was during the pre-dreadnought era that the first destroyers were constructed to deal with the torpedo-boat threat, though at the same time the first effective
1406:
This was first illustrated in the skirmishes between
British and German navies around South America in 1914. While two German cruisers menaced British shipping, the Admiralty insisted that no battlecruisers could be spared from the main fleet and sent to the other side of the world to deal with them.
875:
While pre-dreadnoughts were adopted worldwide, there were no clashes between pre-dreadnought battleships until the very end of their period of dominance. The First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–95 influenced pre-dreadnought development, but this had been a clash between
Chinese battleships and a Japanese
809:
Coal was the almost exclusive fuel for the pre-dreadnought period, though navies made the first experiments with oil propulsion in the late 1890s. An extra knot or two of speed could be gained for short bursts by applying a 'forced draught' to the furnaces, where air was pumped into the furnaces, but
795:
1526:
Following the
November 1918 Armistice, the U.S. Navy converted fifteen older battleships, eight armoured cruisers and two larger protected cruisers for temporary service as transports. These ships made one to six trans-Atlantic round-trips each, bringing home a total of more than 145,000 passengers.
1232:
laid down in 1901–02. Nevertheless, it was these earlier ships that ensured
American naval dominance against the antiquated Spanish fleet—which included no pre-dreadnoughts—in the Spanish–American War, most notably at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. The final two classes of American pre-dreadnoughts
701:
The majority of battleships during this period of construction were fitted with a heavily-armoured conning tower, or CT, which was intended for the use of the command staff during battle. This was protected by a vertical, full height, ring of armour nearly equivalent in thickness to the main battery
412:
The most common calibre for this main armament was 12-inch (305 mm), although earlier ships often had larger-calibre weapons of lower muzzle velocity (guns in the 13-inch to 14-inch range) and some designs used smaller guns because they could attain higher rates of fire. All
British first-class
408:
of four heavy guns mounted in two centre-line gunhouses fore and aft (these could be either fully enclosed barbettes or true turrets but, regardless of type, were later to be universally referred to as 'turrets'). These main guns were slow-firing, and initially of limited accuracy; but they were the
603:
classes, but not in the battleships laid down between 1897 and 1901. Shortly after the USN re-adopted the intermediate battery, the
British, Italian, Russian, French, and Japanese navies laid down intermediate-battery ships. Almost all of this later generation of intermediate-battery ships finished
1515:
in 1916; German sailors called them the "five-minute ships", which was the amount of time they were expected to survive in a pitched battle. In spite of their limitations, the pre-dreadnought squadron played a useful role. As the German fleet disengaged from the battle, the pre-dreadnoughts risked
997:
classes appeared in rapid succession from 1897 to 1905. Counting two ships ordered by Chile but taken over by the
British, the Royal Navy had 50 pre-dreadnought battleships ready or being built by 1904, from the 1889 Naval Defence Act's ten units onwards. Over a dozen older battleships remained in
676:
Pre-dreadnought battleships carried a considerable weight of steel armour, providing them with effective defence against the great majority of naval guns in service during the period. 'Medium' calibre guns up to 8-9.4 inch would generally prove incapable of piercing their thickest armour, while it
648:
in 1904, the
Russian and Japanese fleets fought at ranges of 3.5 miles (5.5 km). The increase in engagement range was due in part to the longer range of torpedoes, and in part to improved gunnery and fire control. In consequence, shipbuilders tended towards heavier secondary armament, of the
632:, fired from fixed tubes located either just above or below the waterline. By the pre-dreadnought era the torpedo was typically 18-inch (457 mm) in diameter and had an effective range of several thousand metres. However, it was virtually unknown for a battleship to score a hit with a torpedo.
1356:
Nevertheless, pre-dreadnoughts continued in active service and saw significant combat use even when obsolete. Dreadnoughts and battlecruisers were believed vital for the decisive naval battles which at the time all nations expected, hence they were jealously guarded against the risk of damage by
1031:
class, laid down 1894–1896, were the first to adopt the standard four 12-inch (305 mm) gun heavy armament. The Jeune École retained a strong influence on French naval strategy, and by the end of the 19th century France had abandoned competition with
Britain in battleship numbers. The French
584:
Some of the pre-dreadnoughts carried an "intermediate" battery, typically of 8-to-10-inch (200 to 250 mm) calibre. The intermediate battery was a method of packing more heavy firepower into the same battleship, principally of use against battleships or at long ranges. The United States Navy
65:
in 1906 and their classification as "pre-dreadnought" is retrospectively applied. In their day, they were simply known as "battleships" or else more rank-specific terms such as "first-class battleship" and so forth. The pre-dreadnought battleships were the pre-eminent warships of their time and
685:
Experience with the first generations of ironclads showed that rather than giving the ship's entire length uniform armour protection, it was best to concentrate armour in greater thickness over limited but critical areas. Therefore the central section of the hull, which housed the boilers and
1296:
s these battleships formed the core of the fleet which twice engaged the numerically superior
Russian fleets at the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima. After capturing eight Russian battleships of various ages, Japan built several more classes of pre-dreadnoughts after the
1402:
During World War I, a large number of pre-dreadnoughts remained in service. The advances in machinery and armament meant that a pre-dreadnought was not necessarily the equal of even a modern armoured cruiser, and was totally outclassed by a modern dreadnought battleship or battlecruiser.
1465:
The principle that disposable pre-dreadnoughts could be used where no modern ship could be risked was affirmed by British, French and German navies in subsidiary theatres of war. The German navy used its pre-dreadnoughts frequently in the Baltic campaign. However, the largest number of
1486:
could not be risked in the minefield, and the pre-dreadnoughts would be unable to deal with the Turkish battlecruiser lurking on the other side of the straits, the operation had failed. Pre-dreadnoughts were also used to support the Gallipoli landings, with the loss of three more:
1481:
engaging the Turkish shore defences. Three of the pre-dreadnoughts were sunk by mines, and several more badly damaged. However, it was not the damage to the pre-dreadnoughts which led to the operation being called off. The two battlecruisers were also damaged; since
671:
Schematic section of a typical pre-dreadnought battleship with an armoured upper and middle deck and side belt (red), lateral protective coal bunkers (grey), and a double-bottom of watertight compartments. The machinery was arranged in the protected internal
279:, her decks were subject to being swept by water and spray, interfering with the working of her guns. Navies worldwide continued to build masted, turretless battleships which had sufficient freeboard and were seaworthy enough to fight on the high seas.
694:
The main armament and the magazines were protected by projections of thick armour from the main belt. The beginning of the pre-dreadnought era was marked by a move from mounting the main armament in open barbettes to an all-enclosed, turret mounting.
964:
In 1889, Britain formally adopted a "two-power standard" committing it to building enough battleships to exceed the two largest other navies combined; at the time, this meant France and Russia, which became formally allied in the early 1890s. The
942:
European navies remained dominant in the pre-dreadnought era. The Royal Navy remained the world's largest fleet, though both Britain's traditional naval rivals and the new European powers increasingly asserted themselves against its supremacy.
702:
gunhouses and provided with observation slits. A narrow armoured tube extended down below this to the citadel; this contained & protected the various voice-tubes used for communication from the CT to various key stations during battle.
1581:, was allowed to keep eight pre-dreadnoughts (of which only six could be in active service at any one time) which were counted as armoured coast-defence ships; two of these were still in use at the beginning of World War II. One of these,
1357:
mines or submarine attack, and kept close to home as much as possible. The obsolescence and consequent expendability of the pre-dreadnoughts meant that they could be deployed into more dangerous situations and more far-flung areas.
2694:
790:
water-tube boiler had been introduced in the French fleet as early as 1879, but it took until 1894 for the Royal Navy to adopt it for armoured cruisers and pre-dreadnoughts; other water-tube boilers followed in navies worldwide.
1338:, but were unable to complete them before the British ship. It was felt that because of the longer distances at which battles could be fought, only the largest guns were effective in battle, and by mounting more 12-inch guns
474:
mounted 10-inch (254 mm) guns. The first German pre-dreadnought class used an 11-inch (279 mm) gun but decreased to a 9.4-inch (239 mm) gun for the two following classes and returned to 11-inch guns with the
2933:
197:
engines also made her faster. The existing battleships were decisively outclassed, with no more being designed to their format thereafter; the new, larger and more powerful, battleships built from then on were known as
73:
In contrast to the multifarious development of ironclads in preceding decades, the 1890s saw navies worldwide start to build battleships to a common design as dozens of ships essentially followed the design of the
271:, a turreted ironclad which more resembled a pre-dreadnought than the previous, and its contemporary, turretless ironclads. Both ships dispensed with masts and carried four heavy guns in two turrets fore and aft.
1433:, and while the only hit was from an inert practice shell which had been left loaded from the previous night (the "live" shells of the salvo broke up on contact with water; one inert shell ricocheted into one of
423:
class, laid down in 1894. Japan, importing most of its guns from Britain, used this calibre also. The United States used both 12-inch (305 mm) and 13-inch (330 mm) guns for most of the 1890s until the
900:
on 27 May 1905. These battles upended prevailing theories of how naval battles would be fought, as the fleets began firing at one another at much greater distances than before; naval architects realized that
1620:, bought from the U.S. Navy in 1914. While neither of the ships was in active service, they were both sunk by German dive bombers after the German invasion in 1941. In the Pacific, the U.S. Navy submarine
224:
shows the low freeboard typical for early ironclad turret-ships. This ship, launched in 1875, should not be confused with her famous successor, launched in 1906, marking the end of the pre-dreadnought era.
2675:
1349:
used steam turbines for propulsion, giving her a top speed of 21 knots, against the 18 knots typical of the pre-dreadnought battleships. Able both to outgun and outmaneuver their opponents, the
849:
The pre-dreadnought battleship in its heyday was the core of a very diverse navy. Many older ironclads were still in service. Battleships served alongside cruisers of many descriptions: modern
2926:
298:
guns of between 12-inch and 16 ¼-inch (305 mm and 413 mm) calibre, the Admirals continued the trend of ironclad warships mounting gigantic weapons. The guns were mounted in open
786:, allowing higher-pressure steam to be produced with less fuel consumption. Water-tube boilers were also safer, with less risk of explosion, and more flexible than fire-tube types. The
1133:
Russia equally entered into a programme of naval expansion in the 1890s; one of Russia's main objectives was to maintain its interests against Japanese expansion in the Far East. The
2919:
698:
The deck was typically lightly armoured with 2 to 4 inches of steel. This lighter armour was to prevent high-explosive shells from wrecking the superstructure of the ship.
733:
developed in the United States. First tested in 1891, Harvey armour was commonplace in ships laid down from 1893 to 1895. However, its reign was brief; in 1895, the German
1149:, being largely constructed in the United States. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 was a disaster for the Russian pre-dreadnoughts; of the 15 battleships completed since
868:, and saw the start of the rise of the "new naval powers" of Germany, Japan and the United States. The new ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy and to a lesser extent the
510:
While the calibre of the main battery remained quite constant, the performance of the guns improved as longer barrels were introduced. The introduction of slow-burning
2596:
1023:
and the ships which followed her were individual, as opposed to the large classes of British ships; they also carried an idiosyncratic arrangement of heavy guns, with
1225:
except for an innovative intermediate battery of 8-inch guns. The US Navy continued to build ships that were relatively short-range and poor in heavy seas, until the
864:
The pre-dreadnought age saw the beginning of the end of the 19th century naval balance of power in which France and Russia vied for competition against the massive
1284:, were still being built at the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95, which saw Japanese armoured cruisers and protected cruisers defeat the Chinese
905:(explosive shells falling on their targets largely from above, instead of from a trajectory close to horizontal) was a much greater threat than had been thought.
1078:, were laid down in 1890. By 1905, a further 19 battleships were built or under construction, thanks to the sharp increase in naval expenditure justified by the
546:
of smaller guns, typically 6-inch (152 mm), though calibres from 4 to 9.4 inches (100 to 240 mm) were used. Virtually all secondary guns were "
1471:
2336:
1536:
778:
The main improvement in engine performance during the pre-dreadnought period came from the adoption of increasingly higher pressure steam from the boiler.
1218:
The United States started building its first battleships in 1891. These ships were short-range coast-defence battleships that were similar to the British
1188:. The Austro-Hungarian Empire also saw a naval renaissance during the 1890s, though of the nine pre-dreadnought battleships ordered only the three of the
2968:
3901:
3891:
1564:. Largely this meant the ships being broken up for scrap; others were destroyed in target practice or relegated to training and supply duties. One,
1292:. Following their victory, and facing Russian pressure in the region, the Japanese placed orders for four more pre-dreadnoughts; along with the two
798:
The working of a triple-expansion steam engine. High-pressure steam is used three times to produce motive power, gradually cooling as it travelled.
705:
492:, a typical pre-dreadnought in many respects, with secondary and tertiary batteries, and concentration of armour on turrets and engineering spaces
302:
to save weight. Some historians see these ships as a vital step towards pre-dreadnoughts; others view them as a confused and unsuccessful design.
1451:
which had been dispatched after Coronel. This appears to have been the only meaningful engagement of an enemy ship by a British pre-dreadnought.
124:
The similarity in appearance of battleships in the 1890s was underlined by the increasing number of ships being built. New naval powers such as
3906:
3896:
1608:
A number of the inactive or disarmed pre-dreadnoughts were nevertheless sunk in action during World War II, such as the Greek pre-dreadnoughts
729:
class, were armoured with iron and steel compound armour. This was soon replaced with more effective case-hardened steel armour made using the
359:. These ships were built and armoured entirely of steel, and their guns were now mounted in fully-enclosed rotating turrets. They also adopted
616:
The pre-dreadnought's armament was completed by a tertiary battery of light, rapid-fire guns, of any calibre from 3-inch (76 mm) down to
2958:
2704:
2684:
2632:
2613:
2497:
2475:
2437:
1091:
3529:
1426:, but only when grounded to act as a harbour-defence vessel; she fired at extreme range (13,500 yards, 12,300 m) on the German cruiser
1027:
carrying three 13.4-inch (340 mm) guns and the ships which followed carrying two 12-inch and two 10.8-inch guns in single turrets. The
876:
fleet consisting of mostly cruisers. The Spanish–American War of 1898 was also a mismatch, with the American pre-dreadnought fleet engaging
2963:
911:
was typically conducted by cruisers or smaller warships. A British squadron of three protected cruisers and two gunboats brought about the
1013:
doctrine, which favoured torpedo boats to battleships. After the Jeune École's influence faded, the first French battleship laid down was
2844:
2272:
1277:
Japan was involved in two of the three major naval wars of the pre-dreadnought era. The first Japanese pre-dreadnought battleships, the
1113:, which served in both world wars. On the whole, the German ships were less powerful than their British equivalents but equally robust.
677:
still provided some measure of defence against even the 'heavy' guns of the day which were considered capable of piercing these plates.
441:
notoriety), after which the 12-inch gun was universal. The Russians used both 12 and 10-inch (254 mm) as their main armament; the
1171:
3868:
2783:
2764:
2745:
2726:
2665:
2650:
2580:
2554:
2535:
2516:
2456:
2418:
2389:
888:
of 1904–05 did pre-dreadnoughts engage on an equal footing. This happened in three battles: the Russian tactical victory during the
992:
409:
only guns heavy enough to penetrate the thick armour which protected the engines, magazines, and main guns of enemy battleships.
338:
331:
316:
2354:
2327:
1414:. Intended to stiffen the British cruisers in the area, in fact her slow speed meant that she was left behind at the disastrous
32:
3734:
1289:
1009:
France, Britain's traditional naval rival, had paused its battleship building during the 1880s because of the influence of the
620:. Their role was to give short-range protection against torpedo boats, or to rake the deck and superstructure of a battleship.
3040:
1731:: "pre-Dreadnought" (see BergantĂn, pp. 267, 273; Beeler, p. 10), and occasionally "pre-Dreadnaught" or some other variation.
1445:
1423:
455:
442:
2111:
189:
followed the trend in battleship design to heavier, longer-ranged guns by adopting an "all-big-gun" armament scheme of ten
1178:
534:
to 45. and muzzle velocity increased from 706 metres (2,317 ft) per second to 770 metres (2,525 ft) per second.
476:
98:
1170:
Between 1893 and 1904, Italy laid down eight battleships; the later two classes of ship were remarkably fast, though the
144:, began to establish themselves with fleets of pre-dreadnoughts. Meanwhile, the battleship fleets of the United Kingdom,
3426:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1241:
1234:
1107:
1097:
1072:
1055:
650:
418:
360:
1516:
themselves by turning on the British battlefleet as dark set. Nevertheless, only one of the pre-dreadnoughts was sunk:
767:. Most were capable of top speeds between 16 and 18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h). The ironclads of the 1880s used
3709:
3555:
2900:
1154:
980:
836:
656:
449:
2804:
1145:
class. The weakness of Russian shipbuilding meant that many ships were built overseas for Russia; the best ship, the
1033:
3756:
1703:
1565:
1475:
881:
659:
as secondary armament. Ships with a uniform, heavy secondary battery are often referred to as "semi-dreadnoughts".
598:
392:
36:
3651:
3320:
3196:
3095:
3085:
1628:
1560:
After World War I, most battleships, dreadnought and pre-dreadnought alike, were disarmed under the terms of the
1226:
1120:
1014:
932:
468:
461:
353:
190:
79:
973:
classes were followed by a regular programme of construction at a much quicker pace than in previous years. The
438:
3729:
3719:
3646:
3289:
3147:
1278:
1208:
974:
893:
734:
645:
586:
575:, an example of the intermediate battery principle with its forward 13-inch and forward port 8-inch gun turrets
1595:
served for most of the war as a training ship; she was sunk while under refit in December 1944, and broken up
1263:
1641:
No pre-dreadnoughts served post–World War II as armed ships; the last serving pre-dreadnought was the former
3519:
3325:
3035:
2837:
1615:
1609:
1561:
1392:
1258:
986:
877:
818:
641:
485:
286:, ordered in 1880. These ships reflected developments in ironclad design, being protected by iron-and-steel
506:, an example of taking the intermediate battery principle to its ultimate expression with ten 9.2-inch guns
3916:
3514:
3401:
3365:
3360:
3186:
3090:
1698:
1582:
1551:
1324:
496:
425:
283:
265:
233:
218:
167:
153:
59:
379:
Pre-dreadnoughts carried guns of several different calibres, for different roles in ship-to-ship combat.
3601:
3550:
3446:
3350:
3345:
3065:
1459:
1255:
of 16 pre-dreadnought battleships circumnavigated the world from 16 December 1907, to 22 February 1909.
1127:
889:
842:
751:
649:
same calibre that the "intermediate" battery had been; the Royal Navy's last pre-dreadnought class, the
371:
s provided the model for battleship building in the Royal Navy and many other navies for years to come.
157:
145:
2911:
1470:
campaign. Twelve British and French pre-dreadnoughts formed the bulk of the force which attempted to "
1387:
794:
152:
expanded to meet these new threats. The last decisive clash of pre-dreadnought fleets was between the
3911:
3827:
3431:
3380:
3123:
3005:
1653:
1591:
peninsula, opening the German invasion of Poland and firing the first shots of the Second World War.
915:
in 1896; and while battleships participated in the combined fleet Western powers deployed during the
779:
710:
500:
345:) and faster (because of triple-expansion steam engines) than the Admirals. Just as importantly, the
342:
309:
276:
1541:
3921:
3863:
3681:
3370:
3233:
3075:
1621:
1502:
1467:
1454:
In the Black Sea five Russian pre-dreadnoughts saw brief action against the Ottoman battlecruiser
1050:
3797:
3661:
3616:
3509:
3411:
3375:
3355:
3254:
3080:
2975:
2830:
2590:
1495:
1488:
1408:
1369:
1271:
1083:
912:
897:
885:
569:
543:
404:
Very few pre-dreadnoughts deviated from what became the classic arrangement of heavy weaponry: A
282:
The distinction between coast-assault battleship and cruising battleship became blurred with the
261:
239:
161:
118:
565:
1783:
Beeler, pp. 167–168: he cites Oscar Parkes as seeing the similarities between the Admirals and
775:
was in use. Some fleets, though not the British, adopted the quadruple-expansion steam engine.
3832:
3782:
3724:
3714:
3481:
3335:
3213:
3153:
3000:
2895:
2779:
2760:
2741:
2722:
2700:
2680:
2661:
2646:
2628:
2609:
2576:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2493:
2471:
2452:
2433:
2414:
2385:
1668:
1578:
1512:
1415:
1311:
1252:
908:
854:
787:
783:
756:
349:
s had a higher freeboard, making them unequivocally capable of the high-seas battleship role.
250:
2276:
3817:
3751:
3704:
3686:
3636:
3466:
3330:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3171:
3027:
2985:
2980:
2870:
2865:
2690:
2671:
2273:"USN Ship Types – World War I Transports – Combat Warships employed as Transports"
667:
547:
432:
229:
171:
137:
67:
2774:
Sumrall, Robert F. (2001) . "The Battleship and Battlecruiser". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
1474:" in March 1915. The role of the pre-dreadnoughts was to support the brand-new dreadnought
3741:
3671:
3596:
3494:
3228:
3208:
3176:
3133:
3100:
3045:
2990:
2890:
2564:
2485:
2362:
2358:
2331:
1251:
and after the start of design work on the USN's own initial class of dreadnoughts. The US
1219:
916:
850:
803:
768:
759:
was the most efficient method of producing high-pressure steam for pre-dreadnought engines
592:
515:
287:
246:
141:
129:
86:
367:
propellant, were lighter and more powerful than the previous guns of larger calibre. The
2809:
3611:
3606:
3591:
3461:
3223:
3060:
2399:
1204:
1010:
514:
and cordite propellant allowed the employment of a longer barrel, and therefore higher
511:
295:
149:
90:
3885:
3847:
3842:
3807:
3792:
3746:
3656:
3641:
3499:
3441:
3436:
3340:
3218:
3203:
3191:
3181:
3070:
3050:
2885:
2778:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. pp. 14–35.
2350:
2324:
1600:
1545:
1427:
1285:
1185:
902:
254:
194:
133:
125:
1633:
in May 1942. A veteran of the Battle of Tsushima, she was serving as a repair ship.
628:
In addition to their gun armament, many pre-dreadnought battleships were armed with
3802:
3787:
3626:
3621:
3560:
3504:
3471:
3304:
3299:
3105:
2714:
1588:
950:
832:
772:
764:
740:
730:
559:
405:
398:
387:
291:
214:
106:
1774:
Beeler, pp. 93–95; also see p. 169 for a graphic illustration of the problem.
1648:, which was used as a target ship by the Soviet Union into the early 1960s as the
927:
305:
2740:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 112–133.
2569:
2549:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 170–178.
2451:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–169.
1570:, was given a special exemption to the Washington Treaty and was maintained as a
919:, the naval part of the action was performed by gunboats, destroyers and sloops.
3837:
3676:
3575:
3451:
3406:
3294:
3143:
3128:
2880:
2447:
Campbell, John (1992). "Naval Armaments and Armour". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
2115:
1686:
1664:
1571:
1517:
1350:
1306:
1163:
at the end of the mutiny. However, she was soon recovered and recommissioned as
617:
323:
203:
199:
1814:
Roberts, p. 117: "Many regard them as the first true pre-dreadnoughts ..."
17:
3822:
3631:
3565:
3115:
3015:
2942:
2854:
1660:
1642:
1079:
865:
110:
75:
51:
2736:
Roberts, John (1992). "The Pre-Dreadnought Age,". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
1345:
The armament of the new breed of ships was not their only crucial advantage.
1342:
was two to three times more effective in combat than an existing battleship.
3696:
3570:
3385:
3279:
3259:
2822:
1116:
869:
858:
555:
102:
2799:
2696:
Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea
1141:
s; later ships showed more French influence on their designs, such as the
1032:
suffered the most from the dreadnought revolution, with four ships of the
946:
417:
class onwards carried 12-inch weapons, as did French battleships from the
109:
of very heavy guns upon the weather deck, in large rotating mounts either
3812:
3545:
3416:
3055:
3010:
2545:
Griffiths, Denis (1992). "Warship Machinery". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
1708:
1288:, composed of a mixture of old ironclad battleships and cruisers, at the
1167:. After the war, Russia completed four more pre-dreadnoughts after 1905.
299:
114:
1153:, eleven were sunk or captured during the war. One of these, the famous
3766:
3666:
3524:
3421:
3284:
3163:
2946:
1523:
went down in the confused night action as the battlefleets disengaged.
1160:
998:
service. The last two British pre-dreadnoughts, the "semi-dreadnought"
880:
and then a Spanish squadron of armoured cruisers and destroyers at the
814:
629:
551:
531:
519:
364:
275:
was the first ocean-worthy breastwork monitor; because of her very low
960:
class was launched towards the end of the pre-dreadnought era, in 1903
3761:
3489:
3456:
2511:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books.
1184:
lightly armed. In some ways, these ships presaged the concept of the
2432:(New revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
640:
During the ironclad age, the range of engagements increased; in the
181:
These battleships were abruptly made obsolete by the arrival of HMS
1086:
and the growing sense of national rivalry with the UK. Besides the
3249:
1685:
1675:
1540:
1407:
Instead the British dispatched a pre-dreadnought of 1896 vintage,
1403:
Nevertheless, the pre-dreadnought played a major role in the war.
1386:
1364:
1310:
1257:
1203:
1115:
1049:
945:
926:
831:
793:
750:
716:, showing how the armour scheme relates to the innards of the ship
704:
666:
564:
495:
484:
386:
304:
213:
166:
55:
31:
2340:. Washington DC, Naval Historical Center. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
810:
this risked damage to the boilers if used for prolonged periods.
644:
battles were fought at around 1 mile (1.5 km), while in the
2604:
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).
1757:
1755:
363:, which, because of advances in gun construction and the use of
94:
2915:
2826:
2530:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1082:. This increase was due to the determination of the navy chief
2382:
Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881
2814:
2676:
Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War
2468:
Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904-05
1577:
Germany, which lost most of its fleet under the terms of the
352:
The pre-dreadnought design reached maturity in 1895 with the
1330:
brought about the obsolescence of all existing battleships.
896:
on 10 August 1904, and the decisive Japanese victory at the
253:
batteries, when they were commissioned in the early 1860s.
43:
was the first pre-dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy.
2351:"How The Japan Times Saved a Foundering Battleship, Twice"
1678:
at Guam until 1948, after which she was scrapped in 1956.
763:
Almost all pre-dreadnoughts were powered by reciprocating
530:, the length of the British 12-inch gun increased from 35
2158:
Sumrall, p. 15; Jentschura, Jung, Mickel p. 23.
1556:
in port around 1930. Both ships served into World War II.
1511:
A squadron of German pre-dreadnoughts was present at the
518:—giving greater range and penetrating power for the same
337:
of 1889 retained barbettes but were uniformly armed with
93:
steel armour, pre-dreadnought battleships were driven by
1090:
class, German pre-dreadnoughts include the ships of the
58:. Their designs were conceived before the appearance of
2738:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
2547:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
2528:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
2449:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
1697:
There is only one pre-dreadnought preserved today: the
2608:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
771:, and by the end of the 1880s the even-more efficient
341:; they were also significantly larger (at 14,000 tons
202:. This was the point at which the ships that had been
853:
which were essentially cut-down battleships, lighter
725:
The battleships of the late 1880s, for instance the
3856:
3775:
3695:
3584:
3538:
3480:
3394:
3313:
3242:
3162:
3114:
3026:
467:had 12-inch (305 mm) main batteries while the
2568:
1881:
1879:
1353:decisively outclassed earlier battleship designs.
585:pioneered the intermediate battery concept in the
2606:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945
1319:in 1906 rendered every other battleship obsolete
608:, and hence were obsolescent before completion.
54:built from the mid- to late- 1880s to the early
2776:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45
2509:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45
1711:, where she has been a museum ship since 1925.
1444:. The subsequent battle was decided by the two
1214:, a pre-dreadnought battleship launched in 1893
2721:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2627:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2492:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2384:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1962:
1960:
1923:
1921:
2927:
2838:
2623:Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017).
1833:
1831:
1829:
1605:, was mined and then scuttled in March 1945.
1247:) were completed after the completion of the
206:before were redesignated "pre-dreadnoughts".
8:
2595:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2366:, 18 December 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
2112:"Great White Fleet – USS Vermont BB-20"
1379:at a Turkish shore battery (1915). Photo by
872:supported those powers' colonial expansion.
264:, was launched in 1868, followed in 1871 by
117:armoured over, and supported by one or more
2337:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1663:from 1920 until its scrapping in 1955. The
1627:sank the disarmed Japanese pre-dreadnought
1537:List of battleships of the Second World War
1137:class begun in 1892 took after the British
2934:
2920:
2912:
2845:
2831:
2823:
2643:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery
1054:Cross section of a German pre-dreadnought
177:was typical of pre-dreadnought battleships
1159:, mutinied and was briefly taken over by
817:powered pre-dreadnought battleships, the
2490:British Battleships of the Victorian Era
1727:The name is also spelled with a capital
27:Battleships built from the 1880s to 1905
2658:German Warships of the Second World War
1893:
1891:
1720:
1701:'s flagship at the Battle of Tsushima,
391:The heavy guns and forward barbette of
315:was the fourth ship of the influential
228:The pre-dreadnought developed from the
2660:. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1975.
2588:
2315:Jentschura, Jung, & Mickel, p. 18.
1398:being used for troop transport in 1919
1071:Germany's first pre-dreadnoughts, the
802:The engines drove either two or three
105:. These ships distinctively carried a
892:on 8–9 February 1904, the indecisive
431:, laid down in 1899 (not the earlier
70:battleships of the 1870s and 1880s.
7:
2195:Naval Battles of the First World War
1466:pre-dreadnoughts was engaged at the
1440:s funnels), this certainly deterred
99:compound reciprocating steam engines
2800:British and German Pre-Dreadnoughts
2625:French Battleships of World War One
1043:launched, and a further six of the
878:Spanish shore batteries at San Juan
813:The French built the only class of
322:. The diagonal tubes are spars for
2275:. History.Navy.Mil. Archived from
828:Pre-dreadnought fleets and battles
25:
1915:Sondhaus, pp. 170, 171, 189.
1126:, a pre-dreadnought class of the
232:. The first ironclads—the French
121:of lighter weapons on broadside.
85:. Built from steel, protected by
782:were superseded by more compact
773:triple expansion compound engine
721:Metallurgical advances in armour
709:Cross-section view amidships of
542:Pre-dreadnoughts also carried a
3902:20th-century military equipment
3892:19th-century military equipment
2507:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
2411:: Warship Development 1860–1905
1993:Sondhaus, pp. 155–156, 182–183.
361:12-inch (305 mm) main guns
3041:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
2571:War at Sea in the Ironclad age
2565:Hill, J. Richard, Rear Admiral
2526:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1992).
1424:Battle of the Falkland Islands
1323:In 1906, the commissioning of
1:
3907:20th-century military history
3897:19th-century military history
2959:Naval ship classes in service
2430:British Battleships 1889–1904
1177:was poorly protected and the
1062:
3427:Harbour defence motor launch
2047:Sondhaus, pp. 168, 182.
1599:in January 1945. The other,
1196:herself made them obsolete.
642:Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95
339:13.5-inch (343 mm) guns
249:, with three tall masts and
3710:Ballistic missile submarine
3556:Mine countermeasures vessel
2901:Battleships in World War II
2755:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
2645:. Macmillan, London, 1983.
2413:. London: Caxton Editions.
1749:Forczyk p. 7 and back cover
1106:classes—culminating in the
48:Pre-dreadnought battleships
3938:
3757:Submarine aircraft carrier
3139:Pre-dreadnought battleship
2949:in 19th and 20th centuries
2876:Pre-dreadnought battleship
2699:. New York: Random House.
1707:, which is now located in
1674:was used as an ammunition
1534:
1304:
882:Battle of Santiago de Cuba
3652:General stores issue ship
3321:Amphibious transport dock
3096:Merchant aircraft carrier
3086:Interdiction Assault Ship
2954:
2861:
2679:. Pimlico, London, 2004.
1652:. The hull of the former
136:, and to a lesser extent
3730:Deep-submergence vehicle
3720:Cruise missile submarine
3647:Fast combat support ship
3290:Guided-missile destroyer
3148:Standard-type battleship
2805:Pre-Dreadnoughts in WWII
2757:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914
2466:Forczyk, Robert (2009).
2223:, pp. 483, 492–493.
1422:redeemed herself at the
1290:Battle of the Yalu River
1047:class begun afterwards.
913:capitulation of Zanzibar
894:Battle of the Yellow Sea
861:were being constructed.
646:Battle of the Yellow Sea
101:which turned underwater
97:-fired boilers powering
3326:Amphibious warfare ship
3036:Amphibious assault ship
1984:Griffiths, p. 177.
1975:Griffiths, pp. 176–177.
1562:Washington Naval Treaty
1351:dreadnought battleships
1200:America and the Pacific
1080:1898 and 1900 Navy Laws
933:French battleship
739:pioneered the superior
284:Admiral-class ironclads
3402:Armed boarding steamer
3366:Landing Ship Logistics
3361:Landing ship, infantry
3187:Guided missile cruiser
3091:Light aircraft carrier
2074:Sondhaus, pp. 180–181.
2011:Sondhaus, pp. 170–171.
1873:Campbell, p. 163.
1699:Imperial Japanese Navy
1694:
1557:
1399:
1384:
1320:
1315:The appearance of HMS
1274:
1215:
1130:
1068:
961:
939:
846:
799:
760:
717:
673:
576:
522:of shell. Between the
507:
493:
401:
327:
225:
178:
154:Imperial Japanese Navy
44:
3602:Auxiliary repair dock
3551:Destroyer minesweeper
3447:Ocean boarding vessel
3351:Landing Craft Support
3346:Landing craft carrier
3066:Fighter catapult ship
2759:. London: Routledge.
2380:Beeler, John (2001).
2297:Kennedy, p. 275.
2092:Roberts, pp. 120–121.
1936:Roberts, pp. 132–133.
1897:Roberts, pp. 125–126.
1846:Roberts, pp. 117–125.
1689:
1587:, shelled the Polish
1544:
1472:force the Dardanelles
1460:Battle of Cape Sarych
1449:-class battlecruisers
1390:
1368:
1314:
1261:
1207:
1192:class arrived before
1128:Austro-Hungarian Navy
1119:
1053:
949:
930:
890:Battle of Port Arthur
835:
797:
780:Scotch marine boilers
754:
708:
670:
568:
499:
488:
413:battleships from the
390:
308:
217:
170:
158:Imperial Russian Navy
35:
3828:Littoral combat ship
3381:Landing Ship Vehicle
3124:Coastal defence ship
2428:Burt, R. A. (2013).
2357:13 July 2012 at the
1837:Sumrall, p. 14.
1297:Russo-Japanese War.
1093:Kaiser Friedrich III
1039:still building when
736:Kaiser Friedrich III
681:Vertical side armour
580:Intermediate battery
439:Spanish–American War
3682:Replenishment oiler
3585:Command and support
3371:Landing Ship Medium
3234:Unprotected cruiser
3076:Flight deck cruiser
2810:US Pre-Dreadnoughts
2719:British Battleships
2575:. London: Cassell.
2330:5 June 2011 at the
2210:, pp. 466–467.
2171:, pp. 471–473.
1574:and memorial ship.
655:class, carried ten
230:ironclad battleship
119:secondary batteries
3798:Breastwork monitor
3662:Joint support ship
3617:Combat stores ship
3412:Coastal motor boat
3376:Landing Ship, Tank
3356:Landing Ship Heavy
3255:Convoy rescue ship
3081:Helicopter carrier
2470:. Oxford: Osprey.
2306:Lenton 1975, p.13.
1906:Hill, p. 155.
1695:
1593:Schleswig-Holstein
1584:Schleswig-Holstein
1558:
1553:Schleswig-Holstein
1462:in November 1914.
1400:
1385:
1321:
1275:
1272:Battle of Tsushima
1216:
1131:
1084:Alfred von Tirpitz
1069:
1002:s, appeared after
962:
940:
898:Battle of Tsushima
886:Russo-Japanese War
855:protected cruisers
847:
800:
784:water-tube boilers
761:
718:
674:
577:
508:
494:
402:
328:
262:breastwork monitor
245:—looked much like
226:
179:
162:Battle of Tsushima
89:, nickel steel or
45:
3879:
3878:
3783:Armed merchantman
3725:Cruiser submarine
3715:Coastal submarine
3482:Fast attack craft
3336:Dock landing ship
3214:Protected cruiser
3197:Pocket battleship
3154:Treaty battleship
3144:Super-dreadnought
3028:Aircraft carriers
2976:Operational zones
2909:
2908:
2896:Treaty battleship
2706:978-0-679-45671-1
2691:Massie, Robert K.
2685:978-1-84413-528-8
2672:Massie, Robert K.
2641:Kennedy, Paul M.
2634:978-1-59114-639-1
2615:978-0-87021-893-4
2499:978-1-68247-329-0
2477:978-1-84603-330-8
2439:978-1-59114-065-8
2065:Sondhaus, p. 181.
2056:Sondhaus, p. 167.
2038:Sondhaus, p. 161.
2029:Sondhaus, p. 186.
1945:Sondhaus, p. 166.
1864:Campbell, p. 169.
1823:Gardiner, p. 117.
1805:Gardiner, p. 116.
1787:s, but disagrees.
1637:Post World War II
1579:Versailles treaty
1513:Battle of Jutland
1416:Battle of Coronel
1377:12-inch main guns
1266:on the bridge of
1253:Great White Fleet
1173:Regina Margherita
1124:-class battleship
1059:-class battleship
909:Gunboat diplomacy
851:armoured cruisers
757:water-tube boiler
544:secondary battery
538:Secondary battery
193:. Her innovative
164:on 27 May 1905.
16:(Redirected from
3929:
3818:Floating battery
3752:Midget submarine
3705:Attack submarine
3687:Submarine tender
3637:Destroyer tender
3467:Submarine chaser
3331:Attack transport
3275:Escort destroyer
3270:Destroyer leader
3265:Destroyer escort
3172:Aircraft cruiser
2986:Green-water navy
2981:Brown-water navy
2936:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2871:Ironclad warship
2866:Ship of the line
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2789:
2770:
2751:
2732:
2710:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2594:
2586:
2574:
2560:
2541:
2522:
2503:
2486:Friedman, Norman
2481:
2462:
2443:
2424:
2395:
2367:
2349:Corkill, Ednan.
2347:
2341:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2279:on 17 April 2009
2269:
2263:
2260:Castles of Steel
2256:
2250:
2247:Castles of Steel
2243:
2237:
2234:Castles of Steel
2230:
2224:
2221:Castles of Steel
2217:
2211:
2208:Castles of Steel
2204:
2198:
2191:
2185:
2182:Castles of Steel
2178:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2136:Roberts, p. 123.
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2118:on 8 August 2009
2114:. Archived from
2108:
2102:
2101:Roberts, p. 126.
2099:
2093:
2090:
2084:
2083:Roberts, p. 125.
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:Roberts, p. 114.
1964:
1955:
1954:Roberts, p. 132.
1952:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1927:Roberts, p. 117.
1925:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1885:Roberts, p. 122.
1883:
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1855:Roberts, p. 113.
1853:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1740:Roberts, p. 112.
1738:
1732:
1725:
1693:as a museum ship
1439:
1270:just before the
1067:
1064:
884:. Not until the
804:screw propellers
769:compound engines
612:Tertiary battery
294:. Equipped with
247:sailing frigates
21:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:Sailing vessels
3852:
3771:
3742:Fleet submarine
3691:
3672:Net laying ship
3597:Ammunition ship
3580:
3534:
3476:
3390:
3309:
3238:
3229:Torpedo cruiser
3209:Merchant raider
3177:Armored cruiser
3158:
3134:Fast battleship
3110:
3101:Seaplane tender
3046:Balloon carrier
3022:
3006:Central battery
2991:Blue-water navy
2950:
2940:
2910:
2905:
2891:Fast battleship
2857:
2853:History of the
2851:
2796:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2735:
2729:
2713:
2707:
2689:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2603:
2587:
2583:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2538:
2525:
2519:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2478:
2465:
2459:
2446:
2440:
2427:
2421:
2400:Brown, David K.
2398:
2392:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2363:The Japan Times
2359:Wayback Machine
2348:
2344:
2332:Wayback Machine
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2188:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:Beeler, p. 168.
1795:
1791:
1785:Royal Sovereign
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1684:
1639:
1539:
1533:
1484:Queen Elizabeth
1478:Queen Elizabeth
1437:
1363:
1309:
1303:
1202:
1139:Royal Sovereign
1065:
994:King Edward VII
967:Royal Sovereign
958:King Edward VII
925:
917:Boxer Rebellion
830:
788:Belleville-type
749:
727:Royal Sovereign
723:
692:
683:
665:
638:
636:Range of combat
626:
614:
604:building after
582:
540:
516:muzzle velocity
385:
377:
347:Royal Sovereign
333:Royal Sovereign
330:The subsequent
318:Royal Sovereign
288:compound armour
212:
142:Austria-Hungary
50:were sea-going
39:Royal Sovereign
28:
23:
22:
18:Pre-Dreadnought
15:
12:
11:
5:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Auxiliary ship
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Amenities ship
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Steam gun boat
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Strike cruiser
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3061:Escort carrier
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:Gun placement
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:External links
2792:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2771:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2733:
2727:
2711:
2705:
2687:
2669:
2654:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2614:
2601:
2581:
2561:
2555:
2542:
2536:
2523:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2463:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2425:
2419:
2396:
2390:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2342:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2264:
2262:, p. 648.
2251:
2249:, p. 634.
2238:
2236:, p. 564.
2225:
2212:
2199:
2197:, p. 114.
2186:
2184:, p. 433.
2173:
2160:
2151:
2149:, p. 473.
2138:
2129:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2022:
2020:Forczyk p. 43.
2013:
2004:
2002:Forczyk p. 21.
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1776:
1767:
1765:, pp. 474–475.
1751:
1742:
1733:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1683:
1680:
1638:
1635:
1532:
1529:
1362:
1359:
1305:Main article:
1302:
1299:
1201:
1198:
924:
921:
829:
826:
748:
745:
731:Harvey process
722:
719:
691:
688:
682:
679:
664:
661:
637:
634:
625:
622:
613:
610:
581:
578:
539:
536:
512:nitrocellulose
384:
381:
376:
373:
296:breech-loading
211:
208:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3934:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Naval history
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3848:Training ship
3846:
3844:
3843:River monitor
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:Drone carrier
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Barracks ship
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:Miscellaneous
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:Human torpedo
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3667:Naval tugboat
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3657:Hospital ship
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Dispatch boat
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:Naval trawler
3440:
3438:
3437:Naval drifter
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Landing craft
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Scout cruiser
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Light cruiser
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3192:Heavy cruiser
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Battlecruiser
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Fleet carrier
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:Battlecarrier
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2886:Battlecruiser
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2785:0-7858-1414-0
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2766:0-415-21478-5
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2747:1-55750-774-0
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2728:1-55750-075-4
2724:
2720:
2716:
2715:Parkes, Oscar
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:0-356-04661-3
2663:
2659:
2656:Lenton, H.T.
2655:
2652:
2651:0-333-35094-4
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2582:0-304-35273-X
2578:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2556:1-55750-774-0
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2537:1-55750-774-0
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2518:0-7858-1414-0
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2458:1-55750-774-0
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2420:1-84067-529-2
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2391:1-55750-213-7
2387:
2383:
2378:
2377:
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2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
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2113:
2107:
2104:
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2086:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
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1569:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1554:
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1548:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1381:Ernest Brooks
1378:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:Beiyang Fleet
1283:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1211:Massachusetts
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:battlecruiser
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1151:Petropavlovsk
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Petropavlovsk
1129:
1125:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
995:
990:
989:
984:
983:
978:
977:
972:
968:
959:
955:
954:
948:
944:
937:
936:
929:
922:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
904:
903:plunging fire
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
873:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
844:
840:
839:
834:
827:
825:
823:
821:
816:
811:
807:
805:
796:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
765:steam engines
758:
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
737:
732:
728:
720:
715:
714:
707:
703:
699:
696:
689:
687:
680:
678:
669:
662:
660:
658:
657:9.2-inch guns
654:
653:
647:
643:
635:
633:
631:
623:
621:
619:
611:
609:
607:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
589:
579:
574:
573:
567:
563:
561:
560:torpedo boats
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
504:
498:
491:
487:
483:
481:
479:
473:
471:
466:
464:
459:
458:
453:
452:
447:
445:
444:Petropavlovsk
440:
436:
435:
430:
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134:United States
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91:case-hardened
88:
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69:
66:replaced the
64:
63:
57:
53:
49:
42:
40:
34:
30:
19:
3803:Capital ship
3788:Arsenal ship
3627:Crane vessel
3622:Command ship
3561:Mine planter
3539:Mine warfare
3505:Missile boat
3472:Torpedo boat
3432:Motor launch
3395:Patrol craft
3300:Radar picket
3138:
3106:Supercarrier
2875:
2816:
2775:
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2695:
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2642:
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2429:
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2406:
2403:
2381:
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2311:
2302:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:the original
2267:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2193:Bennett, G,
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2132:
2120:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2106:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1911:
1902:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1745:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1670:
1659:served as a
1655:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1589:Westerplatte
1583:
1576:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1531:World War II
1525:
1519:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1464:
1455:
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1401:
1394:
1391:Postcard of
1371:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1301:Obsolescence
1293:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1264:Admiral Togo
1248:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1193:
1189:
1180:Regina Elena
1179:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1108:
1104:Braunschweig
1103:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1073:
1070:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1020:
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952:
941:
934:
907:
874:
863:
848:
837:
819:
812:
808:
801:
777:
762:
741:Krupp armour
735:
726:
724:
712:
700:
697:
693:
690:Other armour
684:
675:
651:
639:
627:
618:machine guns
615:
605:
599:
593:
587:
583:
571:
548:quick firing
541:
527:
523:
509:
502:
489:
478:Braunschweig
477:
469:
462:
456:
450:
443:
433:
426:
419:
414:
411:
406:main battery
403:
399:main battery
393:
383:Main battery
378:
368:
354:
351:
346:
343:displacement
332:
329:
324:torpedo nets
317:
311:
292:wrought iron
290:rather than
281:
272:
267:
260:, the first
256:
241:
234:
227:
220:
200:dreadnoughts
191:12-inch guns
186:
182:
180:
173:
123:
107:main battery
80:
72:
61:
47:
46:
41: (1891)
38:
29:
3912:Battleships
3838:Mother ship
3677:Repair ship
3576:Minesweeper
3452:Patrol boat
3407:Armed yacht
3129:Dreadnought
3116:Battleships
2943:Naval ships
2881:Dreadnought
2409:Dreadnought
2169:Dreadnought
2147:Dreadnought
1763:Dreadnought
1458:during the
1395:Connecticut
1361:World War I
1347:Dreadnought
1340:Dreadnought
1336:Dreadnought
1332:Dreadnought
1327:Dreadnought
1317:Dreadnought
1307:Dreadnought
1249:Dreadnought
1243:Mississippi
1236:Connecticut
1194:Dreadnought
1165:Panteleimon
1109:Deutschland
1099:Wittelsbach
1088:Brandenburg
1074:Brandenburg
1066: 1914
1057:Wittelsbach
1041:Dreadnought
1029:Charlemagne
1019:, in 1889.
1011:Jeune École
1004:Dreadnought
1000:Lord Nelson
843:Port Arthur
652:Lord Nelson
606:Dreadnought
558:, and even
528:Dreadnought
457:Tsesarevich
420:Charlemagne
273:Devastation
268:Devastation
221:Dreadnought
187:Dreadnought
183:Dreadnought
62:Dreadnought
52:battleships
3922:Ship types
3886:Categories
3864:Ship types
3823:Guard ship
3697:Submarines
3632:Depot ship
3566:Minehunter
2855:battleship
1715:References
1667:of the ex-
1661:crane ship
1535:See also:
1447:Invincible
1375:fires her
982:Formidable
866:Royal Navy
859:submarines
747:Propulsion
663:Protection
556:destroyers
526:class and
76:Royal Navy
3571:Minelayer
3386:Troopship
3314:Transport
3280:Escorteur
3260:Destroyer
3001:Broadside
2969:auxiliary
2964:submarine
2815:Save the
2717:(1990) .
2591:cite book
2402:(2003) .
1682:Survivors
1669:USS
1656:Kearsarge
1654:USS
1643:SMS
1622:USS
1602:Schlesien
1547:Schlesien
1518:SMS
1503:HMS
1496:HMS
1489:HMS
1476:HMS
1468:Gallipoli
1442:Gneisenau
1435:Gneisenau
1430:Gneisenau
1428:SMS
1409:HMS
1393:USS
1370:HMS
1325:HMS
1220:HMS
1209:USS
1006:herself.
951:HMS
870:U.S. Navy
841:sinks in
824:of 1907.
713:Kearsarge
711:USS
630:torpedoes
624:Torpedoes
600:Kearsarge
570:USS
503:Agamemnon
501:HMS
312:Ramillies
310:HMS
300:barbettes
277:freeboard
266:HMS
251:broadside
240:HMS
219:HMS
210:Evolution
204:laid down
185:in 1906.
172:HMS
115:partially
60:HMS
37:HMS
3813:Flagship
3546:Danlayer
3417:Corvette
3295:KaibĹŤkan
3164:Cruisers
3056:CAM ship
3011:Casemate
2947:warships
2817:Cerberus
2693:(2003).
2567:(2000).
2488:(2018).
2355:Archived
2328:Archived
2325:"Oregon"
2258:Massie,
2245:Massie,
2232:Massie,
2219:Massie,
2206:Massie,
2180:Massie,
2167:Massie,
2145:Massie,
1761:Massie,
1709:Yokosuka
1505:Majestic
1262:Japan's
1228:Virginia
1190:Habsburg
1156:Potemkin
1147:Retvizan
1143:Borodino
1122:Radetzky
971:Majestic
953:Dominion
938:at speed
838:Retvizan
552:cruisers
532:calibres
524:Majestic
470:Peresvet
463:Borodino
451:Retvizan
415:Majestic
375:Armament
369:Majestic
355:Majestic
257:Cerberus
156:and the
87:compound
81:Majestic
68:ironclad
3857:Related
3833:Monitor
3767:Wet sub
3612:Collier
3530:Shin'yĹŤ
3525:PT boat
3422:Gunboat
3285:Frigate
3016:Turrets
2405:Warrior
2374:Sources
2283:6 March
2122:5 March
1597:in situ
1520:Pommern
1498:Triumph
1491:Goliath
1420:Canopus
1411:Canopus
1372:Canopus
1161:Romania
1035:Liberté
1025:Brennus
1021:Brennus
1016:Brennus
976:Canopus
956:of the
935:Justice
815:turbine
588:Indiana
572:Indiana
520:calibre
365:cordite
242:Warrior
160:at the
126:Germany
3762:U-boat
3490:E-boat
3457:Q-ship
3243:Escort
2782:
2763:
2744:
2725:
2703:
2683:
2664:
2649:
2631:
2612:
2579:
2553:
2534:
2515:
2496:
2474:
2455:
2436:
2417:
2388:
1704:Mikasa
1691:Mikasa
1671:Oregon
1645:Hessen
1624:Salmon
1617:Lemnos
1611:Kilkis
1572:museum
1567:Mikasa
1268:Mikasa
1102:, and
1045:Danton
988:Duncan
923:Europe
845:, 1904
820:Danton
597:, and
490:Mikasa
460:, and
394:Mikasa
235:Gloire
150:Russia
148:, and
146:France
132:, the
103:screws
3305:Sloop
3250:Aviso
1676:barge
1630:Asahi
1456:Yavuz
1438:'
1282:class
1233:(the
1230:class
1182:class
1175:class
1111:class
1076:class
1037:class
822:class
672:void.
480:class
472:class
465:class
446:class
434:Maine
429:class
427:Maine
357:class
335:class
320:class
255:HMVS
174:Ocean
138:Italy
130:Japan
111:fully
83:class
56:1900s
3735:DSRV
3520:MTSM
2945:and
2780:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2681:ISBN
2662:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2597:link
2577:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2386:ISBN
2285:2008
2124:2008
1665:hulk
1650:Tsel
1614:and
1550:and
1501:and
1294:Fuji
1280:Fuji
1240:and
1222:Hood
991:and
969:and
931:The
755:The
594:Iowa
238:and
140:and
95:coal
3515:MTM
3510:MTB
3500:MGB
3495:MAS
2407:to
437:of
397:'s
113:or
78:'s
3888::
2593:}}
2589:{{
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2334:.
1959:^
1920:^
1890:^
1878:^
1828:^
1754:^
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