115:
is used almost exclusively. Technically, nasals are already occlusives, and are often considered stops; however, some prefer to restrict the term 'stop' for consonants in which there is complete cessation of airflow, so 'prenasalized stop' and 'prestopped nasal' are not necessarily tautologies.
136:. Long vowels are often shortened before pre-occluded sounds. In transcription, pre-occluding consonants in final position are typically written with a superscripted letter in Manx and in Cornish.
363:(laterals only). Adnyamathanha, for example, has the pre-stopped nasals and the pre-stopped laterals , though these are all in allophonic variation with the simple nasals and laterals .
83:, the reasons for considering these sequences to be single consonants lies primarily in their behavior. Phonetically they are similar or equivalent to stops with a
541:
622:
510:
476:
676:
735:
699:
656:
632:
550:
520:
486:
817:
336:
803:"Mamaindé Pre-Stopped Nasals: An optimality account of vowel dominance and a proposal for the Identical Rhyme Constraint"
875:
439:
410:
88:
920:
399:
132:
on certain stressed syllables. The inserted stop is homorganic with the sonorant, which means it has the same
128:, pre-occlusion occurs in stressed monosyllabic words (i.e. words one syllable long), and is also found in
536:
444:
402:
395:
376:
282:
270:
258:
246:
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167:
158:
152:
143:
360:
348:
133:
383:, where historical word-final nasals, *m *n *ŋ, have become pre-stopped, or even full voiced stops .
822:"Phonotactics and the prestopped velar lateral of Hiw: Resolving the ambiguity of a complex segment"
406:
76:
895:
841:
308:
37:
915:
731:
723:
695:
672:
652:
628:
546:
516:
482:
227:(or /N/ depending on preferred notation). It also arises in a few cases where the combination
80:
45:
32:, is a phonological process involving the historical or allophonic insertion of a very short
887:
833:
380:
344:
296:
239:
129:
852:
614:
502:
468:
356:
352:
340:
49:
41:
65:
33:
909:
856:
618:
506:
472:
449:
434:
421:
416:
372:
125:
84:
845:
802:
391:
103:. In descriptions of the languages of Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Pacific,
689:
17:
219:
In
Cornish, pre-occlusion mostly affects the reflexes of older geminate/fortis
837:
72:
878:(1995), "Structural changes in the languages of Northern New Caledonia",
899:
99:
There are three terms for this phenomenon. The most common by far is
891:
821:
651:. Maigh Nuad: Roinn na Sean-Ghaeilge, Colásite Phádraig. §X.4.10.
405:. Its phonological behavior clearly defines it as a prestopped
425:
stops, but could possibly be described as prestopped nasals.
419:
of New
Caledonia has consonants that have been described as
667:
Williams, Nicholas. 2006. "Pre-occlusion in
Cornish", in
371:
Pre-stopped nasals are also found in several branches of
64:
consonants, although technically may be considered an
398:
language that has been reported to have a pre-stopped
335:Pre-stopped nasals and laterals are found in some
649:Stair na Gaeilge: in ómós do Pádraig Ó Fiannachta
567:The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar
773:
111:is also used. In accounts of Celtic languages,
704:. (vol. 1). (vol. 2)., (vol. 3)
647:Williams, Nicholas. 1994. "An Mhanainnis", in
223:, intrinsically geminated in Old Cornish, and
286:
274:
262:
250:
8:
863:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. p. 128.
601:"Pre-occluded" is also used in Laver (1994)
758:
756:
207:
192:
177:
162:
147:
785:
762:
694:. Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 3:28–34.
542:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
730:. London: Routledge. pp. 228–85 .
460:
307:'latter'. A similar feature occurs in
869:The emergence of distinctive features
75:as a single consonant. That is, like
52:. The resulting sounds () are called
7:
861:The Sounds of the World's Languages
624:The Sounds of the World's Languages
512:The Sounds of the World's Languages
478:The Sounds of the World's Languages
299:, pre-occlusion also occurs, as in
627:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 102.
481:. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 128.
14:
726:. In M. J. Ball; J. Fife (eds.).
231:was apparently re-interpreted as
579:Phonological Aspects of Nasality
565:Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
71:A pre-stopped consonant behaves
337:Australian Aboriginal languages
691:A Handbook of Late Spoken Manx
1:
810:SIL Electronic Working Papers
688:Broderick, George (1984–86).
671:. Cathair na Mart: Evertype.
40:, such as a short before a
440:Lateral release (phonetics)
68:without the pre-occlusion.
60:or (in Celtic linguistics)
937:
876:Ozanne-Rivierre, Françoise
722:Broderick, George (1993).
669:Writing on Revived Cornish
139:Examples in Manx include:
838:10.1017/s0952675710000205
400:velar lateral approximant
387:In Austronesian languages
545:(2 ed.). Elsevier.
113:preoccluded/preocclusion
801:Eberhard, Dave (2004).
603:Principles of Phonetics
589:Ball & Fife (2002)
411:laterally released stop
394:of Vanuatu is the only
331:In Australian languages
48:, or a short before a
445:Prenasalized consonant
377:North Aslian languages
367:In Mon–Khmer languages
303:'you call, he calls',
287:
275:
263:
251:
208:
193:
178:
163:
148:
101:prestopped/prestopping
54:pre-stopped consonants
774:Ozanne-Rivierre (1995
515:. Oxford: Blackwell.
134:place of articulation
120:In European languages
728:The Celtic Languages
591:The Celtic Languages
375:, especially in the
105:preploded/preplosion
880:Oceanic Linguistics
867:Jeff Mielke, 2008.
818:François, Alexandre
409:, rather than as a
359:(nasals only), and
107:is common, though
81:trilled affricates
677:978-1-904808-08-4
343:(Adnyamathanha),
928:
921:Nasal consonants
902:
864:
853:Ladefoged, Peter
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615:Ladefoged, Peter
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503:Ladefoged, Peter
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469:Ladefoged, Peter
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24:, also known as
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892:10.2307/3623111
874:
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763:François (2010)
761:
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750:Mielke 2008:135
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56:, or sometimes
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857:Maddieson, Ian
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832:(3): 393–434,
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786:François (2010
778:
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619:Maddieson, Ian
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539:, ed. (2005).
528:
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507:Maddieson, Ian
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473:Maddieson, Ian
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73:phonologically
66:occlusive/stop
34:stop consonant
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737:0-415-01035-7
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701:3-484-42903-8
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657:0-901519-90-1
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634:0-631-19815-6
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577:Botma (2004)
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552:0-08-044299-4
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538:
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524:
522:0-631-19815-6
518:
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488:0-631-19815-6
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474:
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455:
451:
450:Preaspiration
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
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435:Nasal release
433:
432:
428:
426:
424:
423:
422:postnasalized
418:
414:
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397:
393:
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374:
373:Austroasiatic
366:
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35:
31:
27:
26:pre-occlusion
23:
19:
886:(1): 45–72,
883:
879:
868:
860:
829:
825:
809:
795:Bibliography
781:
769:
746:
727:
717:
706:. Retrieved
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531:
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396:Austronesian
390:
370:
361:Martuthunira
349:Wangkangurru
334:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
300:
294:
238:Examples in
237:
218:
170:→ "walking"
138:
123:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
70:
62:pre-occluded
61:
57:
53:
29:
25:
22:pre-stopping
21:
15:
537:Keith Brown
315:('error');
95:Terminology
30:pre-plosion
18:linguistics
910:Categories
708:2009-03-05
456:References
339:, such as
200:→ "birds"
155:→ "heavy"
109:prestopped
77:affricates
58:pre-ploded
826:Phonology
309:Icelandic
215:→ "ship"
185:→ "head"
91:release.
36:before a
916:Plosives
859:(1996).
846:62628417
820:(2010),
621:(1996).
509:(1996).
475:(1996).
429:See also
311:, as in
255:"mother"
153:/t̪roːm/
38:sonorant
900:3623111
407:lateral
381:Shompen
345:Arabana
297:Faroese
291:"heads"
240:Cornish
183:/kʲoːn/
164:shooyll
130:Cornish
89:lateral
46:lateral
898:
844:
788::403).
734:
724:"Manx"
698:
675:
655:
631:
549:
519:
485:
357:Aranda
353:Diyari
341:Kuyani
321:seinna
305:seinna
301:kallar
288:pednow
283:/VnnV/
279:"head"
267:"this"
198:/eːnʲ/
168:/ʃuːl/
896:JSTOR
842:S2CID
806:(PDF)
776::54).
325:Spánn
313:galli
271:/nn#/
264:hebma
259:/VmV/
233:/nnʲ/
229:/n+j/
213:/luŋ/
209:lhong
179:kione
149:trome
85:nasal
50:nasal
44:or a
42:nasal
732:ISBN
696:ISBN
673:ISBN
653:ISBN
629:ISBN
547:ISBN
517:ISBN
483:ISBN
417:Nemi
403:/ɡʟ/
379:and
317:sæll
285:→ :
276:pedn
273:→ :
261:→ :
252:mabm
249:→ :
247:/m#/
225:/nn/
206:→ :
191:→ :
189:/nʲ/
176:→ :
161:→ :
146:→ :
126:Manx
79:and
888:doi
834:doi
392:Hiw
295:In
221:/m/
204:/ŋ/
194:ein
174:/n/
159:/l/
144:/m/
124:In
87:or
28:or
16:In
912::
894:,
884:34
882:,
855:;
840:,
830:27
828:,
824:,
808:.
755:^
617:;
505:;
471:;
413:.
355:,
351:,
347:,
327:.
323:;
319:,
242::
235:.
20:,
890::
871:.
836::
812:.
740:.
711:.
637:.
555:.
525:.
491:.
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