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The term pre-Indo-European is not universally accepted, as some linguists maintain the idea of the relatively late arrival of the speakers of the unclassified languages to Europe, possibly even after the Indo-European languages, and so prefer to speak about non-Indo-European languages. The newer term
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Also, however, languages replaced or engulfed by Indo-European in ancient times must be distinguished from languages replaced or engulfed by Indo-European languages in more recent times. In particular, the vast majority of the major languages spread by
475:
identified at least five pre-Indo-European language families in
Western Europe: Eurafrican, which covered North Africa, Italy, Spain and France; Hispano-Caucasian, which replaced Eurafrican and stretched from Northern Spain to the
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have been Indo-European (the major exceptions being Arabic, Turkish and
Mandarin Chinese), which has in the last few centuries led to superficially similar linguistic islands being formed by, for example,
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820:
371:
are still intact, with the first having the least language security of the three pre-Indo-European
Caucasian language groups. Some pre-Indo-European languages are attested only as linguistic
1265:
Gimbutas, Marija (1973). Old Europe c. 7000–3500 B.C.: the earliest
European cultures before the infiltration of the Indo-European peoples. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 1/1-2. 1-20.
316:). Thus, the pre-Indo-European languages must have developed earlier than or, in some cases, alongside the Indo-European languages that ultimately displaced almost all of them.
1416:(2008). Linguistic reconstruction in the context of European prehistory. Transactions of the Philological Society. Volume 92, Issue 2, pages 215–284, November 1994
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1262:
Bogucki, Peter I. and Pam J. Crabtree (eds. 2004). Ancient Europe 8000 BC—1000 AD: An
Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
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312:), and while estimates vary widely, the spoken Indo-European languages are believed to have developed at the latest by the 3rd millennium BC (see
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is proposed as a preferable description, but is not applicable to the languages that predated or coexisted with Indo-European outside Europe.
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Tilley, Christopher (1996). An
Ethnography of the Neolithic. Early Prehistoric Societies in Southern Scandinavia. Cambridge University Press.
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Reconstructed migration of language families and archaeological cultures in Europe during the
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Roger Blench, Matthew
Spriggs (eds.) Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts, Languages and Texts, (2012, Routledge)
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Anthony, David with
Jennifer Y. Chi (eds., 2009). The Lost World of Old Europe: The Danube Valley, 5000–3500 BC.
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Peter R. Kitson, "Reconstruction, typology and the original home of the Indo-Europeans", in (ed.) Jacek Fisiak,
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Examples of suggested or known substrate influences on specific Indo-European languages include the following:
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Further, there have been replacements of Indo-European languages by others, most prominently of most of the
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Substrates to early undifferentiated or partly-differentiated Indo-European in
Western Europe:
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1362:. Edited by Robert Mailhammer & Theo Vennemann. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2016.
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https://web.archive.org/web/20110721072713/http://shinku.nichibun.ac.jp/jpub/pdf/jr/IJ1507.pdf
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are any of several ancient languages, not necessarily related to one another, that existed in
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which together include Georgian, Abkhazian, Circassian, Chechen, Ingushetian, Dagestani etc.
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The unstressed suffixes in the western Mediterranean with special regard to Hispano-Romance
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Woodard, Roger D. (ed., 2008) Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press.
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A diagram showing pre-Indo-European languages. Red dots indicate populations before the
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Pre-Indo-European Writing in Old Europe as a Challenge to the Indo-European Intruders
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The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization
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Dolukhanov, Pavel M. “Archaeology and Languages in Prehistoric Northern Eurasia”,
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Woodard, Roger D. (2008) Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge University Press.
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https://www.scribd.com/doc/8670/Languages-in-prehistoric-Europe-north-of-the-Alps
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The Linguistic Roots of Europe: Origin and Development of European Languages
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467:) which were classified as distinct pre-Indo-European language families or
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A handful of the pre-Indo-European languages are still extant: in Europe,
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varieties because of Roman rule and the invasions of Germanic tribes.
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These languages are hypothesised to be related to pre-Indo-European:
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When Worlds Collide: The Indo-Europeans and the Pre-Indo-Europeans
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27:
Languages of Eurasia before the arrival of Indo-European languages
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Indogermanische Forschungen; Strassburg Vol. 96, (Jan 1, 1991): 1
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These pre-Indo-European languages have survived to modern times:
1334:. Edited by J. McInerney. Wiley Blackwell, 2014, pp. 17–33.
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Languages that contributed substrates to Indo-European languages
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Other propositions are generally rejected by modern linguists:
682:(possible source of Sanskrit vocabulary, language not attested)
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have also arisen based upon Indo-European colonial languages.
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81:
40:
1330:“Ethnicity and language in the ancient Mediterranean”, in
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Languages attested in inscriptions include the following:
1227:(Thesis). University of California, Berkeley. p. 40.
1343:. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man. 2002.
739:(possibly Indo-European, as originally thought by Krahe)
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retains a localised strength, with fewer than a million
1369:. Edited by Glanville Price. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
1407:. Languages in Prehistoric Europe north of the Alps.
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A companion to ethnicity in the ancient Mediterranean
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848:(often thought to be the direct ancestor of Basque)
174:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
484:, which was spoken by most of Spain prior to the
1386:"The Linguistic Diversity of Aboriginal Europe"
1115:(such as Mordvin, Udmurt, Mari, Komi etc) and
821:Celtic settlement of Great Britain and Ireland
300:. The oldest Indo-European language texts are
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8:
2300:Families with more than 30 languages are in
861:(classification as Celtic has been proposed)
1295:Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
1289:Blench, Roger, & Matthew Spriggs, eds.
411:have survived to the present day, although
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2005:
1913:
1463:
1449:
1441:
1241:, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1997, p. 191.
915:(also called Paleosardinian, Protosardic,
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
132:Learn how and when to remove this message
1317:. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989.
95:This article includes a list of general
1367:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
1181:
680:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
504:, which was spoken in Northern Italy.
486:Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula
314:Proto-Indo-European Urheimat hypotheses
1239:Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology
777:(may have been a descendant of Minoan)
688:(not attested in readable script; see
676:, proposed sources for which include:
1042:Unattested but hypothesised languages
304:and date from the 19th century BC in
7:
1089:indigenous languages of the Americas
757:languages, which may have included:
427:, all the unclassified languages of
172:adding citations to reliable sources
1320:Greppin, John and T.L.Markey, eds.
1156:Pre-Indo-European (disambiguation)
296:before the arrival of speakers of
101:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1123:languages etc) now surrounded by
375:in Indo-European languages or in
56:This article has multiple issues.
1286:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 2003.
1223:Craddock, Jerry Russell (1967).
148:
86:
45:
1284:Languages in Prehistoric Europe
159:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
1297:. London/NY: Routeledge, 1997.
890:(probably related to Etruscan)
415:has been entirely supplanted.
331:remain very widespread in the
1:
1151:Languages of Neolithic Europe
1119:(such as Circassian, Abkhaz,
1062:Later Indo-European expansion
815:Goidelic substrate hypothesis
799:Germanic substrate hypothesis
743:Vasconic substrate hypothesis
492:, which was spoken mostly in
435:were commonly referred to as
365:Northeast Caucasian languages
183:"Pre-Indo-European languages"
941:Atlantic (Semitic) languages
32:Proto-Indo-European language
2325:Pre-Indo-European languages
1278:Bammesberger, Alfred &
819:For the British Isles, see
674:Substrate in Vedic Sanskrit
355:that stretches into modern
278:pre-Indo-European languages
18:Pre–Indo-European languages
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2120:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1273:Linguistic reconstructions
391:), the pre-Indo-European,
272:migrated from the steppes.
29:
2288:
2008:
1170:Proto-Euphratean language
1161:Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate
1111:), as well as of several
1365:“Pre-Indo-European”, in
1291:Archaeology and Language
1141:Paleo-European languages
913:Paleo-Sardinian language
653:Hurro-Urartian languages
511:Paleo-European languages
471:. In 1953, the linguist
36:Paleo-European languages
30:Not to be confused with
2297:have no living members.
2180:East and Southeast Asia
1254:Archaeology and culture
930:(perhaps Indo-European)
904:(perhaps Indo-European)
831:Paleohispanic languages
727:Tibeto-Burman languages
605:Paleosiberian languages
544:Tibeto-Burman languages
540:Austroasiatic languages
443:), and others (such as
298:Indo-European languages
116:more precise citations.
2345:Historical linguistics
1146:Paleo-Balkan languages
737:Old European hydronymy
273:
908:North Picene language
270:Indo-European peoples
267:
1354:Mailhammer, Robert.
1304:15 (2003): 175–186.
827:Continental Celtic:
781:Eteocypriot language
662:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
496:but encroached into
369:Kartvelian languages
168:improve this article
1938:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1722:Northwest Caucasian
1717:Northeast Caucasian
1384:(January 6, 2009).
1338:Lehmann, Winfred P.
1117:Caucasian languages
1091:(now surrounded by
878:Tyrsenian languages
859:Tartessian language
846:Aquitanian language
785:Cypro-Minoan script
775:Eteocretan language
755:Pre-Greek substrate
748:Tyrsenian languages
712:Dravidian languages
707:Burushaski language
579:Northwest Caucasian
575:Northeast Caucasian
532:Dravidian languages
528:Indian subcontinent
518:Surviving languages
359:. In the Caucasus,
333:Indian subcontinent
329:Dravidian languages
2335:Prehistoric Europe
2330:Language histories
2203:Austronesian–Ongan
2002:Proposed groupings
1324:. Ann Arbor: 1990.
1200:Haarmann, Harald.
947:Attested languages
836:Vasconic languages
769:Cretan hieroglyphs
478:Caucasus Mountains
473:Johannes Hubschmid
282:Prehistoric Europe
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2350:Extinct languages
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2221:
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2213:Sino-Austronesian
1997:
1996:
1472:Language families
1375:978-0-631-22039-8
1341:Pre-Indo-European
928:Ligurian language
923:Sicanian language
898:(probably Raetic)
883:Etruscan language
686:Harappan language
586:Iberian Peninsula
538:(a branch of the
469:language isolates
437:Asianic languages
409:language isolates
401:Semitic languages
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1121:Nakh-Dagestanian
1113:Uralic languages
1068:Celtic languages
902:Elymian language
896:Camunic language
872:Italic languages
854:Iberian language
811:Insular Celtic:
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379:. In much of
378:
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294:Southern Asia
291:
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185: –
184:
180:
179:Find sources:
173:
169:
163:
162:
157:This article
155:
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68:
63:
62:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2301:
2294:
2293:Families in
2250:Pre-Goidelic
2245:Pre-Germanic
2075:Indo-Semitic
2070:Indo-Pacific
2065:Indo-Hittite
1980:
1973:
1966:
1896:
1873:Indian Ocean
1840:
1835:Austronesian
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1807:Sino-Tibetan
1805:
1784:
1762:
1757:Sino-Tibetan
1755:
1748:
1741:
1709:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1561:North Picene
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1396:22 September
1394:. Retrieved
1390:Language Log
1389:
1366:
1359:
1340:
1331:
1328:Haarmann, H.
1321:
1314:
1302:Japan Review
1301:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1249:Bibliography
1238:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1209:
1196:
1184:
1080:
1065:
1045:
991:North Picene
950:
935:
841:Proto-Basque
793:Pre-Germanic
690:Indus script
615:
521:
509:
506:
494:North Africa
436:
425:World War II
422:
381:Western Asia
318:
290:Ancient Iran
277:
275:
248:
230:
221:
211:
204:
197:
190:
178:
166:Please help
161:verification
158:
128:
119:
100:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
2100:Ural-Altaic
2080:Indo-Uralic
1892:Sentinelese
1623:Afroasiatic
1589:Eteocypriot
1433:(in French)
1084:colonialism
1011:Eteocypriot
808:languages:
419:Terminology
383:(including
122:August 2013
114:introducing
2319:Categories
2240:Pre-Celtic
2208:East Asian
2198:Austro-Tai
2188:Andamanese
2038:Eurasiatic
1959:North Asia
1909:North Asia
1821:Hmong–Mien
1775:Burushaski
1734:South Asia
1705:Kartvelian
1672:Philistine
1582:Eteocretan
1526:Tartessian
1382:Ringe, Don
1293:. Vol. 1,
1176:References
1101:Portuguese
1006:Eteocretan
966:Aquitanian
956:Tartessian
806:Pre-Celtic
783:(see also
763:(see also
642:Babylonian
571:Kartvelian
560:Burushaski
373:substrates
351:) and the
327:, but the
286:Asia Minor
224:March 2017
194:newspapers
97:references
61:improve it
2265:Pre-Vedic
2255:Pre-Greek
2227:Substrata
2130:Arunachal
2028:Nostratic
2013:Alarodian
1948:Yeniseian
1798:East Asia
1750:Dravidian
1607:West Asia
1575:Tyrsenian
919:language)
433:Near East
405:Dravidian
397:Caucasian
361:Northwest
349:Malayalam
67:talk page
2260:Vasconic
2235:Atlantic
1989:Eskaleut
1943:Yukaghir
1858:Koreanic
1853:Tungusic
1848:Mongolic
1786:Harappan
1697:Caucasus
1679:Sumerian
1554:Ligurian
1135:See also
1072:Germanic
1021:Urartian
996:Sicanian
976:Rhaetian
971:Etruscan
917:Nuraghic
765:Linear A
698:language
638:Assyrian
634:Akkadian
629:Colchian
567:Caucasus
502:Etruscan
498:Sardinia
465:Sumerian
461:Colchian
431:and the
389:Anatolia
377:toponyms
2295:italics
2193:Austric
2170:Kho-Bwa
2165:Hrusish
2143:Siangic
2085:Karasuk
1985: ?
1898:Kenaboi
1863:Japonic
1828:Kra–Dai
1789: ?
1780:Kusunda
1686:Elamite
1658:Kassite
1644:Kaskian
1547:Camunic
1519:Iberian
1476:Eurasia
1282:, eds.
1127:. Many
1125:Russian
1097:Spanish
1093:English
1076:Romance
1031:Kaskian
1026:Elamite
986:Lemnian
981:Camunic
961:Iberian
696:Lullubi
658:Aramaic
584:in the
565:in the
552:Kusunda
526:in the
482:Iberian
457:Kassite
453:Elamite
423:Before
413:Elamite
393:Hurrian
345:Kannada
306:KĂĽltepe
302:Hittite
208:scholar
110:improve
2155:Mijiic
2148:Digaro
2095:Pontic
2023:Borean
2018:Altaic
1982:Rouran
1975:Turkic
1968:Uralic
1957:Other
1842:Turkic
1770:Nihali
1665:Gutian
1637:Hattic
1630:Turkic
1596:Minoan
1568:Sicani
1513:Basque
1507:Turkic
1500:Uralic
1484:Europe
1373:
1347:
1109:French
1107:, and
1036:Gutian
1016:Hattic
1001:Minoan
666:Syriac
603:, the
594:Basque
590:France
569:, the
548:Nihali
530:, the
500:; and
490:Libyan
449:Hattic
441:Lydian
429:Europe
353:Brahui
337:Telugu
321:Basque
310:Turkey
210:
203:
196:
189:
181:
99:, but
1933:Nivkh
1887:Ongan
1358:, in
1105:Dutch
636:(aka
556:Vedda
363:and
341:Tamil
215:JSTOR
201:books
2302:bold
2160:Miju
1928:Ainu
1398:2011
1371:ISBN
1345:ISBN
870:Pre-
664:and
640:and
588:and
558:and
463:and
407:and
387:and
385:Iran
367:and
357:Iran
347:and
292:and
276:The
187:news
1875:rim
1474:of
1163:in
1074:or
1070:by
599:in
542:),
170:by
34:or
2321::
1388:.
1313:.
1103:,
1099:,
1095:,
874::
795::
767:,
592:,
577:,
573:,
554:,
550:,
546:,
534:,
488:;
480:;
459:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
403:,
399:,
343:,
339:,
288:,
284:,
70:.
2304:.
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1917:"
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1400:.
1377:.
1351:.
787:)
771:)
692:)
668:)
660:(
644:)
607:.
596:.
562:.
395:/
255:)
249:(
237:)
231:(
226:)
222:(
212:·
205:·
198:·
191:·
164:.
135:)
129:(
124:)
120:(
106:.
77:)
73:(
38:.
20:)
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