209:(REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase. Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP, therefore, plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane.
33:
229:. The product of HMG CoA reductase is mevalonate. By combining precursors with 5 carbons, the pathway subsequently produces geranyl pyrophosphate (10 carbons), farnesyl pyrophosphate (15 carbons) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (20 carbons). Two farnesyl pyrophosphate groups can also be combined to form squalene, the precursor for
205:. The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase can recognize. The Rab proteins usually terminate in a CC or CXC motif. Instead, Rab proteins are bound by the
383:
by decreasing specific protein prenylation. The study concluded, "These data are the most direct evidence to date that decreased protein prenylation can increase cardiac health and lifespan in any metazoan species, and may explain the pleiotropic (non-cholesterol related) health effects of statins."
240:
Note that, in the HMG-CoA reductase/mevalonate pathway, the precursors already contain a pyrophosphate group, and isoprenoids are produced with a pyrophosphate group. There is no known enzyme activity that can carry out the prenylation reaction with the isoprenoid alcohol. However, enzymatic activity
320:. Parasites seem to be more vulnerable to inhibition of farnesyltransferase than humans are. In some cases, this may be because they lack geranylgeranyltransferase I. Thus, it may be possible for the development of antiparasitic drugs to 'piggyback' on the development of FTIs for cancer research.
291:(RK) has been shown to undergo farnesylation and carboxyl methylation directed by the carboxyl terminal CVLS CaaX box sequence of the protein. The functional consequence of these post-translational modifications have been shown to play a role in regulating the light-dependent phosphorylation of
109:
is a type of prenylation, a post-translational modification of proteins by which an isoprenyl group is added to a cysteine residue. It is an important process to mediate protein–protein interactions and protein–membrane interactions.
626:
Bentinger, M.; GrĂĽnler, J.; Peterson, E.; Swiezewska, E.; Dallner, G. (1998). "Phosphorylation of farnesol in rat liver microsomes: properties of farnesol kinase and farnesyl phosphate kinase".
173:
are very similar proteins. They consist of two subunits, the α-subunit, which is common to both enzymes, and the β-subunit, whose sequence identity is just 25%. These enzymes recognise the
280:
prenylation as on Ras prenylation. Inhibitors of prenyltransferase enzymes display different specificity for the prenyltransferases, dependent upon the specific compound being utilized.
1264:
158:, is also found in Rab proteins, where it appears to direct only geranylgeranylation but not carboxyl methylation. Carboxyl methylation only occurs on prenylated proteins.
103:(s) of the target protein. There are three enzymes that carry out prenylation in the cell, farnesyl transferase, Caax protease and geranylgeranyl transferase I.
743:
Inglese, J.; Koch, W.J.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J. (1992). "Isoprenylation in the
Regulation of Signal Transduction by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases".
201:
Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, or geranylgeranyltransferase II, transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cysteine(s) at the C-terminus of
388:
2100:
1257:
276:(FTIs) also inhibit Rab geranylgeranyltransferase and that the success of such inhibitors in clinical trials may be as much due to effects on
154:, which, in the Ras-related protein Rab3A, leads to geranylgeranylation on both cysteine residues and methyl esterification. The third motif,
2090:
342:
is involved in tethering the G protein to the inner surface of the plasma membrane so that the G protein can interact with its receptor.
79:, though direct evidence of this has not been observed. Prenyl groups (also called isoprenyl groups, having one hydrogen atom more than
1250:
704:"Isoprenylation of a Protein Kinase: Farnesylation / α-Carboxyl Methylation Required for Full Enzymatic Activity of Rhodopsin Kinase"
241:
for isoprenoid kinases capable converting isoprenoid alcohols to isoprenoid pyrophosphates have been shown. In accordance with this,
170:
387:
A 2012 clinical trial explored the approach of inhibiting protein prenylation with some degree of success in the treatment of
1277:
922:"Statin treatment increases lifespan and improves cardiac health in Drosophila by decreasing specific protein prenylation"
303:
273:
269:
1927:
218:
264:, which plays a central role in the development of cancer. This suggests that inhibitors of prenylation enzymes (e.g.,
413:, a genetic disease caused by the loss of REP1, REP2 almost compensates, but cannot rescue the slow onset of blindness
272:, these forms of Ras can undergo alternate prenylation in the form of geranylgeranylation. Recent work has shown that
2095:
1967:
1378:
1273:
661:
Whyte, D.; Kirschmeier, P.; Hockenberry, T.; Nunez-Oliva, I.; James, L.; Catino, J.; Bishop, W.; Pai, J. (1997).
226:
1242:
391:, a multisystem disorder which causes failure to thrive and accelerated atherosclerosis leading to early death.
1236:
979:
Gordon LB, Kleinman ME, Miller DT, Neuberg DS, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gerhard-Herman M, et al. (October 2012).
193:
boxes where X = M, S, Q, A, or C, whereas geranylgeranyltransferase I recognizes CaaX boxes with X = L or E.
2021:
1905:
920:
Spindler SR, Li R, Dhahbi JM, Yamakawa A, Mote P, Bodmer R, Ocorr K, Williams RT, Wang Y, Ablao KP (2012).
795:
222:
83:) have been shown to be important for protein–protein binding through specialized prenyl-binding domains.
72:
981:"Clinical trial of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome"
830:
Wall, MA; Coleman, DE; Lee, E; Iñiguez-Lluhi, JA; Posner, BA; Gilman, AG; Sprang, SR (15 December 1995).
803:
268:) may influence tumor growth. In the case of the K- and N-Ras forms of Ras, when cells are treated with
257:
be involved in prenylation, likely via phosphorylation to the corresponding isoprenoid pyrophosphate.
1296:
992:
933:
884:
752:
584:
130:(C), two aliphatic amino acids ("aa") and some other terminal amino acid ("X"). If the X position is
1311:
1383:
663:"K- and N-Ras are geranylgeranylated in cells treated with farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors"
265:
166:
96:
1732:
1722:
1626:
1476:
776:
546:
503:
312:
206:
237:, which inhibit HMG CoA reductase, inhibit the production of both cholesterol and isoprenoids.
1580:
1466:
1425:
1213:
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1127:
1069:
1020:
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951:
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843:
760:
715:
674:
635:
592:
530:
485:
444:
288:
143:
379:
A 2012 study found that statin treatment increases lifespan and improves cardiac health in
1994:
1694:
1585:
1461:
1420:
816:
360:
277:
250:
246:
202:
996:
937:
888:
756:
588:
1856:
1750:
1727:
1669:
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1501:
1388:
1354:
1232:
1165:
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1098:
1064:
1039:
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956:
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364:
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1208:
1183:
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1778:
1717:
1712:
1664:
1659:
1608:
1565:
1486:
1430:
1334:
848:
831:
410:
351:
261:
68:
550:
507:
118:
There are at least 3 types of sites that are recognized by prenylation enzymes. The
1674:
1491:
1306:
1291:
780:
1055:
946:
1796:
1755:
1684:
1649:
1644:
1603:
1575:
1542:
1496:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1301:
490:
473:
230:
60:
52:
2036:
1942:
1919:
1915:
1871:
1835:
1812:
1595:
1399:
1365:
1321:
702:
Inglese, J.; Glickman, J.F.; Lorenz, W.; Caron, M.G.; Lefkowitz, R.J. (1992).
534:
474:"Posttranslational modification of proteins by isoprenoids in mammalian cells"
328:
307:
249:
have been shown to be able to rescue effects caused by statins or nitrogenous
139:
76:
796:"Phase II trial of Lonafarnib (a farnesyltransferase inhibitor) for progeria"
679:
662:
604:
2065:
1978:
1788:
1707:
1654:
1618:
1557:
1534:
1481:
1412:
1344:
1112:
1005:
596:
521:
G. Novelli & M. R. D'Apice (2012). "Protein farnesylation and disease".
449:
432:
292:
189:
determines which enzyme acts on the protein. Farnesyltransferase recognizes
1217:
1199:
1174:
1131:
1073:
1024:
965:
906:
639:
542:
857:
772:
729:
688:
647:
612:
572:
499:
458:
2053:
2049:
2045:
1982:
1955:
1897:
1848:
1844:
1742:
1689:
1511:
1453:
1435:
324:
242:
150:, the protein is geranylgeranylated. The second motif for prenylation is
127:
100:
92:
80:
1093:
897:
872:
2013:
2005:
1986:
1959:
1770:
1156:
832:"The structure of the G protein heterotrimer Gi alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2"
323:
In addition, FTIs have shown some promise in treating a mouse model of
317:
234:
147:
135:
56:
17:
2057:
2009:
1951:
1893:
1636:
1408:
764:
131:
1702:
1373:
123:
32:
31:
27:
Addition of hydrophobic moieties to proteins or other biomolecules
1184:"Structure of mammalian protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I"
1141:"Are prenyl groups on proteins sticky fingers or greasy handles?"
573:"Protein prenylation: a mediator of protein-protein interactions"
1038:
Young SG, Yang SH, Davies BS, Jung HJ, Fong LG (February 2013).
284:
1246:
371:
derivative (flavin mononucleotide) was recently described.
327:, and in May 2007 a phase II clinical trial using the FTI
1094:"Refinement and prediction of protein prenylation motifs"
1995:
4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
91:
Protein prenylation involves the transfer of either a
359:
can also undergo prenylation, such as in the case of
1182:
Taylor J, Reid T, Terry K, Casey P, Beese L (2003).
338:
of the α subunit, prenylation of the γ subunit, and
2044:
2034:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1940:
1914:
1892:
1870:
1843:
1833:
1811:
1787:
1769:
1741:
1635:
1617:
1594:
1556:
1533:
1510:
1452:
1407:
1397:
1364:
1320:
1284:
1092:Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian; Eisenhaber, Frank (2005).
162:
Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I
122:is found at the COOH-terminus of proteins, such as
1968:p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
185:is any aliphatic amino acid, and the identity of
67:(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to
142:, the protein is farnesylated. For instance, in
873:"Biochemistry: Unexpected role for vitamin B2"
1258:
306:can also be used to inhibit farnesylation in
177:box at the C-terminus of the target protein.
8:
1928:Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation
295:, a mechanism involved in light adaptation.
1040:"Targeting protein prenylation in progeria"
283:In addition to GTPases, the protein kinase
2041:
1947:
1840:
1404:
1265:
1251:
1243:
260:Proteins that undergo prenylation include
1235:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1207:
1164:
1121:
1111:
1063:
1014:
1004:
955:
945:
896:
847:
719:
678:
489:
448:
331:was started for children with progeria.
2022:Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation
628:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
431:P. J. Casey & M. C. Seabra (1996).
423:
812:
801:
523:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
334:In signal transduction via G protein,
1906:Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation
36:Skeletal formula of the prenyl group.
7:
794:Kleinman, Monica E. (11 June 2019).
566:
564:
562:
560:
389:Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
181:is the cysteine that is prenylated,
1379:Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)
667:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
253:, further supporting that alcohols
25:
1690:Oxidative deamination to aldehyde
571:Marshall, C. J. (26 March 1993).
126:or Ras. The motif consists of a
2101:Post-translational modification
1278:posttranslational modifications
437:Journal of Biological Chemistry
871:Clarke, CF; Allan, CM (2015).
346:Prenylation of small molecules
274:farnesyltransferase inhibitors
197:Rab geranylgeranyl transferase
146:the sequence is CVLS. If X is
1:
721:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45960-1
375:Longevity and cardiac effects
63:. It is usually assumed that
2091:Peripheral membrane proteins
1056:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005229
985:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
947:10.1371/journal.pone.0039581
849:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90220-1
472:Maltese WA (December 1990).
433:"Protein Prenyltransferases"
367:. Prenylation of a vitamin B
219:geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
1497:Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
491:10.1096/fasebj.4.15.2123808
171:geranylgeranyltransferase I
2117:
1139:Magee A, Seabra M (2003).
349:
1941:Crosslinks between three
1274:Protein primary structure
535:10.1007/s10545-011-9445-y
227:HMG-CoA reductase pathway
2035:Crosslinks between four
1237:Medical Subject Headings
680:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14459
217:Both isoprenoid chains,
1834:Crosslinks between two
1113:10.1186/gb-2005-6-6-r55
1006:10.1073/pnas.1202529109
597:10.1126/science.8456312
450:10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289
1482:Porphyrin ring linkage
811:Cite journal requires
640:10.1006/abbi.1998.0611
223:farnesyl pyrophosphate
37:
1543:Succinimide formation
99:moiety to C-terminal
51:) is the addition of
35:
1297:Protein biosynthesis
1200:10.1093/emboj/cdg571
225:are products of the
997:2012PNAS..10916666G
938:2012PLoSO...739581S
898:10.1038/nature14536
889:2015Natur.522..427C
757:1992Natur.359..147I
673:(22): 14459–14464.
589:1993Sci...259.1865M
583:(5103): 1865–1866.
266:farnesyltransferase
167:Farnesyltransferase
87:Protein prenylation
1627:Transglutamination
1157:10.1042/BJ20031531
313:Trypanosoma brucei
233:. This means that
207:Rab escort protein
38:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2030:
2029:
1936:
1935:
1829:
1828:
1581:Polyglutamylation
1467:Dephosphorylation
1426:Dephosphorylation
883:(7557): 427–428.
751:(6391): 147–150.
443:(10): 5289–5292.
114:Prenylation sites
16:(Redirected from
2108:
2096:Membrane biology
2042:
1948:
1884:Sulfilimine bond
1862:ADP-ribosylation
1841:
1761:ADP-ribosylation
1680:ADP-ribosylation
1571:ADP-ribosylation
1548:ADP-ribosylation
1472:ADP-ribosylation
1444:ADP-ribosylation
1405:
1398:Single specific
1267:
1260:
1253:
1244:
1221:
1211:
1178:
1168:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1008:
991:(41): 16666–71.
976:
970:
969:
959:
949:
917:
911:
910:
900:
868:
862:
861:
851:
827:
821:
820:
814:
809:
807:
799:
791:
785:
784:
765:10.1038/359147a0
740:
734:
733:
723:
714:(3): 1422–1425.
699:
693:
692:
682:
658:
652:
651:
623:
617:
616:
568:
555:
554:
518:
512:
511:
493:
469:
463:
462:
452:
428:
361:prenylflavonoids
289:rhodopsin kinase
144:rhodopsin kinase
21:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2026:
2000:
1973:
1932:
1910:
1888:
1866:
1825:
1821:C-mannosylation
1807:
1783:
1765:
1737:
1703:Imine formation
1631:
1613:
1590:
1586:Polyglycylation
1552:
1529:
1506:
1462:Phosphorylation
1448:
1421:Phosphorylation
1393:
1360:
1316:
1280:
1271:
1229:
1224:
1194:(22): 5963–74.
1181:
1138:
1091:
1087:
1085:Further reading
1082:
1081:
1050:(171): 171ps3.
1037:
1036:
1032:
978:
977:
973:
919:
918:
914:
870:
869:
865:
829:
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824:
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800:
793:
792:
788:
742:
741:
737:
701:
700:
696:
660:
659:
655:
625:
624:
620:
570:
569:
558:
520:
519:
515:
484:(15): 3319–28.
471:
470:
466:
430:
429:
425:
420:
397:
377:
370:
357:Small molecules
354:
348:
301:
251:bisphosphonates
247:geranylgeraniol
215:
199:
164:
116:
89:
55:molecules to a
43:(also known as
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1975:
1974:
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1971:
1964:
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1945:
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1933:
1931:
1930:
1924:
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1912:
1911:
1909:
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1900:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1857:Disulfide bond
1853:
1851:
1838:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Citrullination
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1728:Propionylation
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:-glycosylation
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1670:Ubiquitination
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1615:
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1612:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
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1589:
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1568:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1520:Palmitoylation
1516:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1502:Detyrosination
1499:
1494:
1492:Flavin linkage
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1389:Detyrosination
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1355:Myristoylation
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1312:N–O acyl shift
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1227:External links
1225:
1223:
1222:
1179:
1151:(Pt 2): e3–4.
1136:
1099:Genome Biology
1088:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1044:Sci Transl Med
1030:
971:
912:
863:
842:(6): 1047–58.
822:
813:|journal=
786:
735:
694:
653:
634:(2): 191–198.
618:
556:
529:(5): 917–926.
513:
464:
422:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
408:
406:Palmitoylation
403:
401:Myristoylation
396:
393:
376:
373:
368:
365:meroterpenoids
350:Main article:
347:
344:
340:myristoylation
336:palmitoylation
300:
297:
287:also known as
214:
211:
198:
195:
163:
160:
115:
112:
97:geranylgeranyl
88:
85:
69:cell membranes
45:isoprenylation
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2113:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
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2047:
2043:
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2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:(chromophore)
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
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1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:(chromophore)
1969:
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1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1876:Hydroxylysine
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1803:Adenylylation
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1779:Hydroxylation
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Succinylation
1716:
1714:
1713:Carbamylation
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:Hydroxylation
1663:
1661:
1660:Adenylylation
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1609:Glycosylation
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Carboxylation
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Adenylylation
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:Glycosylation
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1384:O-methylation
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:Carbamylation
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
972:
967:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
932:(6): e39581.
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
867:
864:
859:
855:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
826:
823:
818:
805:
797:
790:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
736:
731:
727:
722:
717:
713:
709:
708:J. Biol. Chem
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
681:
676:
672:
668:
664:
657:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
619:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
567:
565:
563:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
514:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
468:
465:
460:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
424:
417:
412:
411:Choroideremia
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
392:
390:
385:
382:
374:
372:
366:
362:
358:
353:
352:Meroterpenoid
345:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
321:
319:
315:
314:
309:
305:
298:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
212:
210:
208:
204:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
111:
108:
107:Farnesylation
104:
102:
98:
94:
86:
84:
82:
78:
74:
73:lipid anchors
71:, similar to
70:
66:
65:prenyl groups
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
1733:Butyrylation
1695:
1524:
1436:
1307:Racemization
1292:Peptide bond
1191:
1187:
1148:
1144:
1103:
1097:
1047:
1043:
1033:
988:
984:
974:
929:
925:
915:
880:
876:
866:
839:
835:
825:
804:cite journal
789:
748:
744:
738:
711:
707:
697:
670:
666:
656:
631:
627:
621:
580:
576:
526:
522:
516:
481:
477:
467:
440:
436:
426:
386:
380:
378:
355:
333:
322:
311:
302:
282:
259:
254:
239:
216:
203:Rab proteins
200:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
165:
155:
151:
119:
117:
106:
105:
90:
64:
48:
44:
40:
39:
29:
1797:Diphthamide
1756:Methylation
1723:Lactylation
1685:Deamination
1675:Sumoylation
1650:Acetylation
1645:Methylation
1604:Deamidation
1576:Methylation
1525:Prenylation
1350:Methylation
1340:Formylation
1330:Acetylation
1302:Proteolysis
1233:Prenylation
231:cholesterol
221:(GGpp) and
61:biomolecule
53:hydrophobic
41:Prenylation
2085:Categories
1920:Tryptophan
1916:Tryptophan
1872:Methionine
1813:Tryptophan
1596:Asparagine
1366:C terminus
1322:N terminus
1106:(6): R55.
418:References
381:Drosophila
363:and other
329:lonafarnib
299:Inhibitors
213:Substrates
140:methionine
120:CaaX motif
77:GPI anchor
49:lipidation
2066:Desmosine
1979:Histidine
1799:formation
1789:Histidine
1708:Glycation
1655:Acylation
1619:Glutamine
1558:Glutamate
1535:Aspartate
1477:Sulfation
1413:Threonine
1374:Amidation
1345:Glycation
1145:Biochem J
605:0036-8075
308:parasites
293:rhodopsin
75:like the
2054:Allysine
2050:Allysine
2046:Allysine
1983:Tyrosine
1956:Tyrosine
1898:Tyrosine
1849:Cysteine
1845:Cysteine
1743:Arginine
1512:Cysteine
1454:Tyrosine
1218:14609943
1175:14627432
1132:15960807
1074:23390246
1025:23012407
966:22737247
926:PLOS ONE
907:26083748
551:11555502
543:22307208
508:17511637
395:See also
325:progeria
310:such as
243:farnesol
128:cysteine
101:cysteine
93:farnesyl
81:isoprene
2014:Glycine
2006:Alanine
1987:Glycine
1960:Glycine
1771:Proline
1439:-GlcNAc
1285:General
1166:1223795
1123:1175975
1065:3725554
1016:3478615
993:Bibcode
957:3380867
934:Bibcode
885:Bibcode
858:8521505
781:4314755
773:1522899
753:Bibcode
730:1730692
689:9162087
648:9606952
613:8456312
585:Bibcode
577:Science
500:2123808
478:FASEB J
459:8621375
318:malaria
235:statins
148:leucine
136:alanine
57:protein
2058:Lysine
2010:Serine
1952:Serine
1894:Lysine
1637:Lysine
1409:Serine
1239:(MeSH)
1216:
1209:275430
1206:
1188:EMBO J
1173:
1163:
1130:
1120:
1072:
1062:
1023:
1013:
964:
954:
905:
877:Nature
856:
779:
771:
745:Nature
728:
687:
646:
611:
603:
549:
541:
506:
498:
457:
132:serine
124:lamins
18:Prenyl
1357:(Gly)
777:S2CID
547:S2CID
504:S2CID
138:, or
95:or a
59:or a
1276:and
1214:PMID
1171:PMID
1128:PMID
1070:PMID
1021:PMID
962:PMID
903:PMID
854:PMID
836:Cell
817:help
769:PMID
726:PMID
685:PMID
644:PMID
609:PMID
601:ISSN
539:PMID
496:PMID
455:PMID
316:and
304:FTIs
285:GRK1
270:FTIs
245:and
191:CaaX
175:CaaX
169:and
2037:AAs
1943:AAs
1836:AAs
1400:AAs
1204:PMC
1196:doi
1161:PMC
1153:doi
1149:376
1118:PMC
1108:doi
1060:PMC
1052:doi
1011:PMC
1001:doi
989:109
952:PMC
942:doi
893:doi
881:522
844:doi
761:doi
749:359
716:doi
712:267
675:doi
671:272
636:doi
632:353
593:doi
581:259
531:doi
486:doi
445:doi
441:271
278:Rab
262:Ras
255:can
152:CXC
47:or
2087::
1212:.
1202:.
1192:22
1190:.
1186:.
1169:.
1159:.
1147:.
1143:.
1126:.
1116:.
1102:.
1096:.
1068:.
1058:.
1046:.
1042:.
1019:.
1009:.
999:.
987:.
983:.
960:.
950:.
940:.
928:.
924:.
901:.
891:.
879:.
875:.
852:.
840:83
838:.
834:.
808::
806:}}
802:{{
775:.
767:.
759:.
747:.
724:.
710:.
706:.
683:.
669:.
665:.
642:.
630:.
607:.
599:.
591:.
579:.
575:.
559:^
545:.
537:.
527:35
525:.
502:.
494:.
480:.
476:.
453:.
439:.
435:.
156:CC
134:,
2056:–
2052:–
2048:–
2012:–
2008:–
1985:–
1981:–
1958:–
1954:–
1918:–
1896:–
1874:–
1847:–
1696:O
1437:O
1411:/
1266:e
1259:t
1252:v
1220:.
1198::
1177:.
1155::
1134:.
1110::
1104:6
1076:.
1054::
1048:5
1027:.
1003::
995::
968:.
944::
936::
930:7
909:.
895::
887::
860:.
846::
819:)
815:(
798:.
783:.
763::
755::
732:.
718::
691:.
677::
650:.
638::
615:.
595::
587::
553:.
533::
510:.
488::
482:4
461:.
447::
369:2
187:X
183:a
179:C
20:)
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