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Predicate (mathematical logic)

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A predicate is a statement or mathematical assertion that contains variables, sometimes referred to as predicate variables, and may be true or false depending on those variables’ value or values.
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only includes predicates that apply to individual objects, other logics may allow predicates that apply to collections of objects defined by other predicates.
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are sometimes regarded as zero-place predicates. In a sense, these are nullary (i.e. 0-
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is a symbol that represents a property or a relation. For instance, in the
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Problems in Set Theory, Mathematical Logic, and the Theory of Algorithms
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is a predicate that applies to the individual constants
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Symbol representing a property or relation in logic
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Similarly, in the formula 277:if the entities denoted by 2345: 1230:Schröder–Bernstein theorem 957:Monadic predicate calculus 616:Foundations of mathematics 534:Introduction to predicates 18: 2276: 2263:Philosophy of mathematics 2212:Automated theorem proving 1383: 1337:Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel 978: 499:Lavrov, Igor Andreevich; 403:from a set element to a 393:characteristic functions 1913:Self-verifying theories 1734:Tarski's axiomatization 685:Tarski's undefinability 680:incompleteness theorems 460:Predicate functor logic 337:. Since predicates are 2312:Propositional calculus 2287:Mathematics portal 1898:Proof of impossibility 1546:propositional variable 856:Propositional calculus 389:law of excluded middle 331: 311: 291: 267: 266:{\displaystyle R(a,b)} 198: 178: 158: 138: 137:{\displaystyle R(a,b)} 103: 80: 60: 2156:Kolmogorov complexity 2109:Computably enumerable 2009:Model complete theory 1801:Principia Mathematica 861:Propositional formula 690:Banach–Tarski paradox 332: 312: 292: 268: 199: 179: 159: 139: 104: 81: 61: 2104:Church–Turing thesis 2091:Computability theory 1300:continuum hypothesis 818:Square of opposition 676:Gödel's completeness 450:Multigrade predicate 409:Set-builder notation 321: 301: 281: 273:would be true on an 242: 227:"true" and "false". 188: 168: 148: 113: 93: 70: 59:{\displaystyle P(a)} 41: 2258:Mathematical object 2149:P versus NP problem 2114:Computable function 1908:Reverse mathematics 1834:Logical consequence 1711:primitive recursive 1706:elementary function 1479:Free/bound variable 1332:Tarski–Grothendieck 851:Logical connectives 781:Logical equivalence 631:Logical consequence 480:Well-formed formula 416:autoepistemic logic 397:indicator functions 359:propositional logic 339:non-logical symbols 88:individual constant 36:first-order formula 2327:Mathematical logic 2056:Transfer principle 2019:Semantics of logic 2004:Categorical theory 1980:Non-standard model 1494:Logical connective 621:Information theory 570:Mathematical logic 465:Predicate variable 327: 307: 287: 263: 232:semantics of logic 223:of objects to the 194: 174: 154: 134: 99: 76: 56: 2294: 2293: 2226:Abstract category 2029:Theories of truth 1839:Rule of inference 1829:Natural deduction 1810: 1809: 1355: 1354: 1060:Cartesian product 965: 964: 871:Many-valued logic 846:Boolean functions 729:Russell's paradox 704:diagonal argument 601:First-order logic 501:Maksimova, Larisa 440:Classifying topos 374:first-order logic 343:first-order logic 330:{\displaystyle R} 310:{\displaystyle b} 290:{\displaystyle a} 197:{\displaystyle b} 177:{\displaystyle a} 157:{\displaystyle R} 102:{\displaystyle a} 79:{\displaystyle P} 2334: 2285: 2284: 2236:History of logic 2231:Category of sets 2124:Decision problem 1903:Ordinal analysis 1844:Sequent calculus 1742:Boolean algebras 1682: 1681: 1656: 1627:logical/constant 1381: 1367: 1290:Zermelo–Fraenkel 1041:Set operations: 976: 913: 744: 724:Löwenheim–Skolem 611:Formal semantics 563: 556: 549: 540: 521: 520: 496: 455:Opaque predicate 336: 334: 333: 328: 316: 314: 313: 308: 296: 294: 293: 288: 272: 270: 269: 264: 203: 201: 200: 195: 183: 181: 180: 175: 163: 161: 160: 155: 143: 141: 140: 135: 108: 106: 105: 100: 85: 83: 82: 77: 65: 63: 62: 57: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2307:Predicate logic 2297: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2279: 2272: 2217:Category theory 2207:Algebraic logic 2190: 2161:Lambda calculus 2099:Church encoding 2085: 2061:Truth predicate 1917: 1883:Complete theory 1806: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1654: 1374: and  1370: 1365: 1351: 1327:New Foundations 1295:axiom of choice 1278: 1240:Gödel numbering 1180: and  1172: 1076: 961: 911: 892: 841:Boolean algebra 827: 791:Equiconsistency 756:Classical logic 733: 714:Halting problem 702: and  678: and  666: and  665: 660:Theorems ( 655: 572: 567: 530: 525: 524: 517: 498: 497: 493: 488: 436: 363:atomic formulas 351: 319: 318: 299: 298: 279: 278: 240: 239: 186: 185: 166: 165: 146: 145: 111: 110: 91: 90: 68: 67: 39: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2299: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2202:Abstract logic 2198: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2181:Turing machine 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2121: 2119:Computable set 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2014:Satisfiability 2011: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1931:Interpretation 1927: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1866: 1861: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1752:minimal axioms 1749: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1685: 1683: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1581: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1449: 1444: 1442:Formation rule 1439: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1378: 1361:Formal systems 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1250:Large cardinal 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1186: 1184: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1078: 1077: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1022: 1017: 1015:Extensionality 1012: 1010:Ordinal number 1007: 997: 992: 991: 990: 979: 973: 967: 966: 963: 962: 960: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 928: 927: 917: 916: 915: 902: 900: 894: 893: 891: 890: 889: 888: 883: 878: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 837: 835: 829: 828: 826: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 794: 793: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 752: 750: 741: 735: 734: 732: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 694:Cantor's  692: 687: 682: 672: 670: 657: 656: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 592: 591: 580: 578: 574: 573: 568: 566: 565: 558: 551: 543: 537: 536: 529: 528:External links 526: 523: 522: 515: 490: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 435: 432: 431: 430: 423: 412: 381: 370: 350: 347: 326: 306: 286: 275:interpretation 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 193: 173: 153: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 98: 75: 55: 52: 49: 46: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2340: 2339: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2176:Recursive set 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985:of arithmetic 1983: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892:from ZFC 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791:non-Euclidean 1789: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1668:Example  1665: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1645: 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1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:constructible 1154: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 989: 986: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 974: 972: 968: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 926: 923: 922: 921: 918: 914: 909: 908: 907: 904: 903: 901: 899: 895: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 836: 834: 833:Propositional 830: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 792: 789: 788: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:Logical truth 759: 757: 754: 753: 751: 749: 745: 742: 740: 736: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 677: 674: 673: 671: 669: 663: 658: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 590: 587: 586: 585: 582: 581: 579: 575: 571: 564: 559: 557: 552: 550: 545: 544: 541: 535: 532: 531: 527: 518: 512: 508: 507: 502: 495: 492: 485: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 428: 424: 421: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379: 375: 371: 369:) predicates. 368: 364: 360: 356: 355: 354: 348: 346: 344: 340: 324: 304: 284: 276: 257: 254: 251: 245: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:Gottlob Frege 207:According to 205: 191: 171: 151: 144:, the symbol 128: 125: 122: 116: 96: 89: 73: 66:, the symbol 50: 44: 37: 33: 29: 22: 2278: 2076:Ultraproduct 1923:Model theory 1888:Independence 1824:Formal proof 1816:Proof theory 1799: 1772: 1729:real numbers 1701:second-order 1612:Substitution 1530: 1489:Metalanguage 1430:conservative 1403:Axiom schema 1347:Constructive 1317:Morse–Kelley 1283:Set theories 1262:Aleph number 1255:inaccessible 1161:Grothendieck 1045:intersection 951: 932:Higher-order 920:Second-order 866:Truth tables 823:Venn diagram 606:Formal proof 505: 494: 419: 352: 229: 225:truth values 220: 216: 212: 206: 31: 25: 2322:Fuzzy logic 2186:Type theory 2134:undecidable 2066:Truth value 1953:equivalence 1632:non-logical 1245:Enumeration 1235:Isomorphism 1182:cardinality 1166:Von Neumann 1131:Ultrafilter 1096:Uncountable 1030:equivalence 947:Quantifiers 937:Fixed-point 906:First-order 786:Consistency 771:Proposition 748:Traditional 719:Lindström's 709:Compactness 651:Type theory 596:Cardinality 475:Truth value 470:Truthbearer 427:fuzzy logic 405:truth value 2301:Categories 1997:elementary 1690:arithmetic 1558:Quantifier 1536:functional 1408:Expression 1126:Transitive 1070:identities 1055:complement 988:hereditary 971:Set theory 516:0306477122 486:References 385:set theory 2268:Supertask 2171:Recursion 2129:decidable 1963:saturated 1941:of models 1864:deductive 1859:axiomatic 1779:Hilbert's 1766:Euclidean 1747:canonical 1670:axiomatic 1602:Signature 1531:Predicate 1420:Extension 1342:Ackermann 1267:Operation 1146:Universal 1136:Recursive 1111:Singleton 1106:Inhabited 1091:Countable 1081:Types of 1065:power set 1035:partition 952:Predicate 898:Predicate 813:Syllogism 803:Soundness 776:Inference 766:Tautology 668:paradoxes 401:functions 387:with the 236:relations 217:predicate 32:predicate 2253:Logicism 2246:timeline 2222:Concrete 2081:Validity 2051:T-schema 2044:Kripke's 2039:Tarski's 2034:semantic 2024:Strength 1973:submodel 1968:spectrum 1936:function 1784:Tarski's 1773:Elements 1760:geometry 1716:Robinson 1637:variable 1622:function 1595:spectrum 1585:Sentence 1541:variable 1484:Language 1437:Relation 1398:Automata 1388:Alphabet 1372:language 1226:-jection 1204:codomain 1190:Function 1151:Universe 1121:Infinite 1025:Relation 808:Validity 798:Argument 696:theorem, 503:(2003). 434:See also 2195:Related 1992:Diagram 1890: ( 1869:Hilbert 1854:Systems 1849:Theorem 1727:of the 1672:systems 1452:Formula 1447:Grammar 1363: ( 1307:General 1020:Forcing 1005:Element 925:Monadic 700:paradox 641:Theorem 577:General 420:unknown 399:(i.e., 395:or set 230:In the 213:meaning 1958:finite 1721:Skolem 1674:  1649:Theory 1617:Symbol 1607:String 1590:atomic 1467:ground 1462:closed 1457:atomic 1413:ground 1376:syntax 1272:binary 1199:domain 1116:Finite 881:finite 739:Logics 698:  646:Theory 513:  221:domain 211:, the 1948:Model 1696:Peano 1553:Proof 1393:Arity 1322:Naive 1209:image 1141:Fuzzy 1101:Empty 1050:union 995:Class 636:Model 626:Lemma 584:Axiom 378:terms 367:arity 215:of a 28:logic 2071:Type 1874:list 1678:list 1655:list 1644:Term 1578:rank 1472:open 1366:list 1178:Maps 1083:sets 942:Free 912:list 662:list 589:list 511:ISBN 297:and 184:and 30:, a 1758:of 1740:of 1688:of 1220:Sur 1194:Map 1001:Ur- 983:Set 425:In 414:In 407:). 383:In 372:In 357:In 204:. 26:In 2303:: 2144:NP 1768:: 1762:: 1692:: 1369:), 1224:Bi 1216:In 361:, 2224:/ 2139:P 1894:) 1680:) 1676:( 1573:∀ 1568:! 1563:∃ 1524:= 1519:↔ 1514:→ 1509:∧ 1504:√ 1499:ÂŹ 1222:/ 1218:/ 1192:/ 1003:) 999:( 886:∞ 876:3 664:) 562:e 555:t 548:v 519:. 380:. 325:R 305:b 285:a 261:) 258:b 255:, 252:a 249:( 246:R 192:b 172:a 152:R 132:) 129:b 126:, 123:a 120:( 117:R 97:a 74:P 54:) 51:a 48:( 45:P 23:.

Index

Predicate (disambiguation) § Logic
logic
first-order formula
individual constant
Gottlob Frege
truth values
semantics of logic
relations
interpretation
non-logical symbols
first-order logic
propositional logic
atomic formulas
arity
first-order logic
terms
set theory
law of excluded middle
characteristic functions
indicator functions
functions
truth value
Set-builder notation
autoepistemic logic
fuzzy logic
Classifying topos
Free variables and bound variables
Multigrade predicate
Opaque predicate
Predicate functor logic

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