572:
composition. This variation is due to a range of factors, including species, age, sex and season. In chickens, a limited number of studies have investigated the specific effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of preen oil in meat chickens. The preen oil of meat chickens is dominated by saturated fatty acids, which make up to 97% of the total fatty acids, with 13 different medium to long chain saturated fatty acids (C8:0 to C22:0) detected. The preen oil contained several odd-chain fatty acids, which suggests they may be derived from lipolysis by the uropygial gland and/or its microbiome. Diet and gender had small but significant effects on levels of specific saturated fatty acid in the preen oil. The fatty acid composition of the preen oil did not reflect the more diverse fatty acid compositions of the diet or whole blood. Therefore, this clearly indicate that measuring the fatty acid profile of preen oil is not a suitable alternative approach for predicting the fatty acid composition of the blood of meat chickens.
1224:
471:
42:
284:
2800:
2824:
265:
2836:
31:
2812:
563:, organic pigments which give flamingos their pink colour. During the breeding season, greater flamingos increase the frequency of their spreading uropygial secretions over their feathers and thereby enhance their colour. This cosmetic use of uropygial secretions has been described as applying "make-up".
381:
Several researchers have reported differences in the relative gland weights attributing them to factors like seasonal changes, habitat, body weight, inter-individual variations, and sex. Significant differences are found in the relative gland size between males and females in most species, however,
526:
studies which removed the preen gland from captive birds had no significant effect on louse loads over the course of four months (but did reduce plumage quality), suggesting that preen oil may not be an important defense against lice in this species. Similarly, there was no evidence to support a
92:
that deposit their oil secretion into a common collector tube ending in a variable number of pores (openings), most typically two. Each lobe has a central cavity that collects the secretion from tubules arranged radially around the cavity. The gland secretion is conveyed to the surface via ducts
571:
The biochemical composition of preen oil has been reported to significantly vary among birds in several ways: for example, the qualitative and quantitative content of the volatile compounds, chain length of diols, lipid concentration, ester saturation, type of fatty acids and their percentage
398:, when in good condition, form a barrier that helps repel water (see below). In some species, preen oil is also believed to maintain the integrity of the horny beak and the scaly skin of the legs and feet. It has also been speculated that in some species, preen oil contains a precursor of
454:. A study examining the gland's mass relative to body weight in 126 bird species showed the absence of a clear-cut correlation between the gland's mass and the degree of birds' contact with water. Anecdotal reports indicating that the waterproofing effect of the
1193:
Kanakri, K.; Muhlhausler, B.; Carragher, J.; Gibson, R.; Barekatain, R.; Dekoning, C.; Drake, K.; Hughes, R. (2016). "Relationship between the fatty acid composition of uropygial gland secretion and blood of meat chickens receiving different dietary fats".
365:, in his thirteenth-century treatise on falconry, was seemingly the first to discuss the function of the uropygial gland of birds. He believed that its product not only oiled the plumage but also provided a poison which was introduced by the claws of
349:
and head against the gland opening and then rubbing the accumulated oil on the feathers of the body and wings, and on the skin of the feet and legs. Tailward areas are usually preened utilizing the beak, although some species, such as
324:
called uropygiols and containing hydroxyfatty acids and/or alkane-diols exist in the secretions of the uropygial gland of some groups of birds. Preen gland secretion of some, but not all, birds have shown to be
811:
Law-Brown, Janette; Meyers, Paul R. (2003). "Enterococcus phoeniculicola sp. nov., a novel member of the enterococci isolated from the uropygial gland of the Red-billed
Woodhoopoe, Phoeniculus purpureus".
847:
Braun, Markus
Santhosh; Zimmermann, Stefan; Danner, Maria; Rashid, Harun-or; Wink, Michael (2016). "Corynebacterium uropygiale sp. nov., isolated from the preen gland of Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)".
160:
in adults of certain orders, families, genera and species. Some or all species in at least nine families of birds lack a uropygial gland, mostly the ones unable to fly or the ones that produce
373:
thus bringing quicker death to their prey. However, studies in 1678 on the question of the toxic nature of the uropygial gland secretion found no evidence to support
Frederick's contention.
1144:
Amat, J.A., RendĂłn, M.A., Garrido-FernĂĄndez, J., Garrido, A., RendĂłn-Martos, M. and PĂŠrez-GĂĄlvez, A. (2011). "Greater flamingos
Phoenicopterus roseus use uropygial secretions as make-up".
418:, although later research did not find support for this idea. The results of other studies suggest that the gland in females may be involved in the production and secretion of
382:
no coherent explanation has as yet been found for these results. Many ornithologists believe the function of the uropygial gland differs among various species of birds.
1712:
1179:
256:. Researchers have been unable to correlate the presence or absence of the uropygial gland with factors such as distribution, climate, ecology, or flightlessness.
1707:
1085:
481:
The taxonomic richness of avian louse burdens covaries positively with uropygial gland size (relative to body size) across avian taxa, suggesting
80:) and is greatly variable in both shape and size. In some species, the opening of the gland has a small tuft of feathers to provide a
1251:
394:. In waterbirds, preen oil maintains the flexibility of feathers and keeps feather barbules from breaking. The interlocking
329:. Some birds harbor bacteria in their preen gland, which to date, have (exclusively) been isolated from preen glands (e.g.
785:
275:): The bird on the right is uncovering its uropygial gland to distribute the gland's oil through the plumage by means of
470:
2840:
1697:
1479:
338:
1084:
MartĂnez-De La Puente, JosuĂŠ; Rivero-De
Aguilar, Juan; Cerro, Sara; ArgĂźello, Anastasio; Merino, Santiago (2011).
1394:
1384:
763:
1720:
1702:
462:
charge to the oiled feather through the mechanical action of preening are not supported by scientific studies.
41:
1725:
1692:
1504:
1454:
883:
504:
whose excretions reduce the activity of feather-degrading bacteria and thus help to preserve the plumage.
477:
host symbiotic bacteria in their uropygial glands whose secretions act against feather-degrading bacteria.
287:
402:; this precursor is converted to vitamin D by the action of sunlight and then absorbed through the skin.
2862:
1529:
1173:
268:
153:
306:-like nub or papilla. The oil contains a complex and variable mixture of substances formed greatly of
68:
possessed by the majority of birds used to distribute the gland's oil through the plumage by means of
2157:
993:
362:
283:
1687:
1579:
1519:
1464:
1244:
2823:
2470:
1534:
1494:
1459:
1161:
1126:
1017:
767:
307:
2816:
930:
2596:
2543:
2493:
1636:
1626:
1569:
1369:
1364:
1118:
1066:
1009:
865:
829:
631:
528:
221:
687:
2462:
1604:
1276:
1203:
1153:
1108:
1100:
1056:
1048:
1001:
857:
821:
759:
667:
621:
552:
740:
2694:
2522:
1992:
1514:
1499:
1437:
1264:
978:
581:
276:
205:
73:
69:
65:
1086:"Do secretions from the uropygial gland of birds attract biting midges and black flies?"
997:
2804:
2734:
2686:
2620:
2559:
2514:
2501:
2375:
2338:
2189:
1963:
1800:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1524:
1509:
1404:
1399:
1379:
1374:
1356:
1304:
1237:
1061:
1037:"Antimicrobial chemicals in hoopoe preen secretions are produced by symbiotic bacteria"
1036:
108:
952:
2856:
2742:
2726:
2649:
2641:
2475:
2273:
2123:
2010:
1968:
1768:
1760:
1682:
1646:
1564:
1488:
459:
326:
303:
229:
112:
1165:
1130:
1021:
771:
626:
609:
345:
A bird will typically transfer preen oil to its body during preening by rubbing its
2828:
2572:
2417:
2233:
2071:
2019:
1891:
1852:
1621:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1286:
536:
486:
331:
252:). These birds typically find other means to stay clean and dry, such as taking a
264:
2633:
2480:
2286:
2265:
2254:
2219:
2086:
2076:
2034:
1925:
1792:
1594:
1419:
1414:
1346:
1331:
1299:
861:
482:
455:
351:
245:
197:
165:
161:
2750:
2612:
2551:
2530:
2362:
2346:
2281:
2226:
2198:
2130:
2095:
1973:
1821:
1656:
1631:
1389:
1157:
1104:
1005:
789:
560:
314:
237:
35:
93:
that, in most species, open at the top of a papilla (nipple-like structure).
2710:
2665:
2454:
2247:
2164:
2148:
2137:
2047:
1983:
1942:
1641:
1442:
1429:
1409:
1309:
511:
498:
423:
415:
411:
399:
342:). Some of those bacteria add to the antimicrobial properties of preen wax.
310:
253:
181:
157:
85:
77:
1122:
1070:
1052:
1013:
869:
833:
635:
527:
role of the gland secretion in attracting biting midges and black flies in
414:
may be related to the formation of the more brilliant plumage required for
30:
17:
825:
2678:
2408:
2383:
2329:
2240:
2212:
2102:
2066:
2058:
2040:
1935:
1920:
1904:
1651:
1614:
1447:
501:
391:
213:
46:
2588:
2441:
2320:
2205:
2171:
2109:
1930:
1784:
1776:
1469:
1341:
1326:
1316:
1113:
451:
443:
395:
279:. The bird on the left is pushing its head towards its uropygial gland.
1229:
672:
655:
434:
The uropygial gland is strongly developed in many waterbirds, such as
72:. It is located dorsally at the base of the tail (between the fourth
2718:
2657:
2433:
2425:
2354:
2294:
2178:
2116:
1999:
1666:
1661:
1539:
490:
474:
447:
439:
419:
1207:
610:"Physiological and biochemical aspects of the avian uropygial gland"
81:
88:
gland enclosed in a connective tissue capsule made up of glandular
2604:
2391:
1954:
908:
714:
469:
435:
366:
318:
282:
263:
189:
89:
40:
29:
814:
International
Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
741:"Experimental test of the importance of preen oil in Rock doves (
708:
706:
704:
2580:
1947:
1910:
1880:
1294:
1260:
656:"Sources of variation in uropygial gland size in European birds"
519:
370:
346:
1744:
1233:
979:"Ectoparasites, uropygial glands and hatching success in birds"
603:
601:
599:
597:
2702:
1559:
1321:
410:
Some researchers have postulated that the change in preen oil
321:
173:
354:, use the feet to apply the oil to feathers around the vent.
135:
125:
115:
764:
10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0490:ETOTIO]2.0.CO;2
390:
Preen oil is believed to help maintain the integrity of
734:
732:
317:
and monohydroxy wax-alcohols. However, some types of
102:
2677:
2632:
2571:
2542:
2513:
2492:
2453:
2416:
2407:
2374:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2264:
2188:
2147:
2085:
2057:
2033:
2009:
1982:
1903:
1890:
1851:
1820:
1759:
1675:
1578:
1478:
1428:
1355:
1285:
960:Mittheilungen des Ornithologischen Vereins in Wien
713:Montalti, Diego & Salibian, Alfredo (2000).
294:) extracting preen oil from its uropygial gland.
34:Position of the uropygial gland, indicated on a
302:) through the dorsal surface of the skin via a
1245:
8:
1178:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
649:
647:
645:
931:"EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica â Uropygial gland"
2413:
2334:
2325:
2316:
2054:
1900:
1887:
1848:
1844:
1817:
1756:
1752:
1741:
1737:
1252:
1238:
1230:
1112:
1060:
953:"Elektrische Eigenschaft der BĂźrzeldrĂźse"
902:
900:
671:
660:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
625:
715:"Uropygial gland size and avian habitat"
608:Salibian, A. & Montalti, D. (2009).
164:for feather maintenance. These include
84:for the preen oil (see below). It is a
1035:Martin-Vivaldi, M; et al. (2009).
593:
510:studies suggest that the preen oils of
152:The gland is invariably present during
1171:
551:Secretions of the uropygial gland of
298:The uropygial gland secretes an oil (
7:
2811:
1225:Diagram of uropygial gland structure
2835:
1146:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
850:Systematic and Applied Microbiology
406:Courtship and pheromone production
25:
1713:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
458:uropygiols might be increased by
2834:
2822:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2689:(New World vultures and condors)
977:Møller, AP; et al. (2010).
485:between gland size and parasite
739:Moyer, BR; et al. (2003).
627:10.1590/S1519-69842009000200029
1:
654:Vincze; et al. (2013).
614:Brazilian Journal of Biology
148:Distribution amongst species
2753:(woodpeckers and relatives)
862:10.1016/j.syapm.2015.12.001
497:) uropygial gland harbours
2879:
2615:(cormorants and relatives)
1708:Extinct species since 1500
907:Elder, William H. (1954).
884:"Everything About Budgies"
386:Feather and body integrity
339:Corynebacterium uropygiale
136:
126:
116:
56:, informally known as the
2794:
2745:(kingfishers and rollers)
2599:(albatrosses and petrels)
2483:(swifts and hummingbirds)
2465:(nightjars and relatives)
2315:
2289:(pheasants and relatives)
1847:
1816:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1736:
1272:
1196:Animal Production Science
1158:10.1007/s00265-010-1068-z
1105:10.1007/s00436-011-2436-y
1006:10.1007/s00442-009-1548-x
2644:(seriemas and relatives)
2623:(pelicans and relatives)
909:"The oil gland of birds"
518:) are effective against
2737:(hornbills and hoopoes)
2652:(falcons and relatives)
719:Ornitologia Neotropical
2721:(trogons and quetzals)
2533:(cranes and relatives)
1803:(emus and cassowaries)
1693:Glossary of bird terms
1505:Confuciusornithiformes
1053:10.1098/rspb.2009.1377
478:
295:
288:White-winged crossbill
280:
103:
49:
38:
2562:(kagu and sunbittern)
2525:(gulls and relatives)
1530:Songlingornithiformes
1495:Omnivoropterygiformes
1093:Parasitology Research
826:10.1099/ijs.0.02334-0
557:Phoenicopterus roseus
473:
286:
269:European herring gull
267:
154:embryonic development
45:Uropygial gland of a
44:
33:
2384:Phoenicopteriformes
567:Chemical composition
466:Antiparasitic effect
430:Waterproofing effect
363:Emperor Frederick II
156:, whereas it can be
2355:Mesitornithiformes
2349:(doves and pigeons)
1683:Families and orders
1545:Ichthyornithiformes
1520:Patagopterygiformes
998:2010Oecol.163..303M
951:Schauer, E (1877).
533:Cyanistes caeruleus
2697:(eagles and hawks)
2597:Procellariiformes
2502:Opisthocomiformes
2471:Steatornithiformes
1698:List by population
1535:Hongshanornithidae
1460:Evolution of birds
479:
296:
281:
50:
39:
2850:
2849:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2583:(loons or divers)
2552:Phaethontiformes
2544:Phaethontimorphae
2494:Opisthocomiformes
2463:Caprimulgiformes
2403:
2402:
2392:Podicipediformes
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2029:
2028:
1812:
1811:
1769:Struthioniformes
1637:Waterfowl hunting
1570:Gastornithiformes
1565:Aepyornithiformes
1555:Lithornithiformes
792:on March 24, 2015
688:"BirdChannel.com"
673:10.1111/bij.12139
553:greater flamingos
313:waxes, formed of
222:pigeons and doves
16:(Redirected from
2870:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2801:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2727:Leptosomiformes
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2695:Accipitriformes
2690:
2669:
2668:(perching birds)
2661:
2653:
2645:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2589:Sphenisciformes
2584:
2563:
2555:
2534:
2526:
2523:Charadriiformes
2505:
2484:
2466:
2445:
2437:
2434:Musophagiformes
2429:
2414:
2395:
2387:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2290:
2277:
2055:
2051:
2044:
1957:
1950:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1884:
1849:
1845:
1818:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1757:
1753:
1742:
1738:
1605:Bird collections
1560:Dinornithiformes
1465:Darwin's finches
1455:Origin of flight
1395:Seabird breeding
1385:Sexual selection
1254:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1090:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1047:(1678): 123â30.
1032:
1026:
1025:
983:
974:
968:
967:
957:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
927:
921:
920:
904:
895:
894:
892:
890:
880:
874:
873:
844:
838:
837:
808:
802:
801:
799:
797:
788:. Archived from
786:"The Grey Roost"
782:
776:
775:
749:
736:
727:
726:
710:
699:
698:
696:
694:
684:
678:
677:
675:
651:
640:
639:
629:
605:
292:Loxia leucoptera
273:Larus argentatus
139:
138:
129:
128:
119:
118:
106:
21:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2735:Bucerotiformes
2729:(cuckoo-roller)
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2687:Cathartiformes
2673:
2667:
2659:
2658:Psittaciformes
2651:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2621:Pelecaniformes
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:Eurypygiformes
2553:
2538:
2532:
2524:
2509:
2503:
2488:
2482:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2399:
2393:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:Pterocliformes
2356:
2348:
2299:
2288:
2275:
2260:
2184:
2143:
2081:
2046:
2045:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2005:
1978:
1955:
1948:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1801:Casuariiformes
1794:
1793:Apterygiformes
1786:
1778:
1770:
1747:
1732:
1703:Lists by region
1671:
1581:
1574:
1515:Chaoyangiformes
1500:Jeholornithidae
1474:
1438:Origin of birds
1424:
1405:Brood parasites
1351:
1281:
1268:
1258:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1208:10.1071/AN16268
1192:
1191:
1187:
1170:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1041:Proc. R. Soc. B
1034:
1033:
1029:
981:
976:
975:
971:
955:
950:
949:
945:
935:
933:
929:
928:
924:
913:Wilson Bulletin
906:
905:
898:
888:
886:
882:
881:
877:
846:
845:
841:
810:
809:
805:
795:
793:
784:
783:
779:
747:
738:
737:
730:
712:
711:
702:
692:
690:
686:
685:
681:
653:
652:
643:
607:
606:
595:
590:
582:Sebaceous gland
578:
569:
549:
547:Cosmetic effect
468:
432:
408:
388:
379:
360:
262:
260:Gland secretion
210:Mesitornithidae
150:
99:
74:caudal vertebra
66:sebaceous gland
64:, is a bilobed
54:uropygial gland
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2743:Coraciiformes
2740:
2732:
2724:
2719:Trogoniformes
2716:
2708:
2700:
2692:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:Passeriformes
2663:
2655:
2650:Falconiformes
2647:
2642:Cariamiformes
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2605:Ciconiiformes
2602:
2594:
2586:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2517:
2515:Cursorimorphae
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2376:Mirandornithes
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2347:Columbiformes
2343:
2341:
2339:Columbimorphae
2332:
2323:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2274:Meleagridinae
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2190:Odontophoridae
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:Stictonettinae
1966:
1964:Dendrocygninae
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1898:
1885:
1842:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1717:Notable birds
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1667:Egg collecting
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1550:Hesperornithes
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1525:Ambiortiformes
1522:
1517:
1512:
1510:Enantiornithes
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:External links
1217:
1214:
1213:
1185:
1152:(4): 665â673.
1136:
1076:
1027:
992:(2): 303â311.
969:
943:
922:
896:
875:
839:
820:(3): 683â685.
803:
777:
758:(2): 490â496.
728:
700:
679:
666:(3): 543â563.
641:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
577:
574:
568:
565:
548:
545:
467:
464:
431:
428:
407:
404:
387:
384:
378:
375:
359:
356:
334:phoeniculicola
261:
258:
230:amazon parrots
149:
146:
109:Medieval Latin
98:
95:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2875:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2842:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:Strigiformes
2701:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2554:(tropicbirds)
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2476:Podargiformes
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:Cuculiformes
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2124:Macrocephalon
2121:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2011:Anseranatidae
2008:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1785:Tinamiformes
1783:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1761:Palaeognathae
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Pigeon racing
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:Archaeopteryx
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:(6): 1715â8.
1098:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
973:
970:
965:
961:
954:
947:
944:
932:
926:
923:
918:
914:
910:
903:
901:
897:
885:
879:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
804:
791:
787:
781:
778:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
744:
743:Columba livia
735:
733:
729:
725:(4): 297â306.
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
689:
683:
680:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
646:
642:
637:
633:
628:
623:
620:(2): 437â46.
619:
615:
611:
604:
602:
600:
598:
594:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
573:
566:
564:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
541:Columba livia
538:
537:feral pigeons
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
516:Columba livia
513:
509:
505:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
465:
463:
461:
460:electrostatic
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
385:
383:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
357:
355:
353:
348:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:
328:
327:antimicrobial
323:
320:
316:
312:
309:
305:
304:grease nipple
301:
293:
289:
285:
278:
274:
270:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Struthionidae
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
145:
143:
134:) 'tail' and
133:
123:
114:
113:Ancient Greek
110:
105:
96:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
43:
37:
32:
19:
2863:Bird anatomy
2839:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2713:(mousebirds)
2711:Coliiformes
2581:Gaviiformes
2573:Aequornithes
2481:Apodiformes
2442:Otidiformes
2418:Otidimorphae
2365:(sandgrouse)
2287:Phasianinae
2253:
2246:
2239:
2234:Odontophorus
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2072:Oreophasinae
2018:
1998:
1991:
1896:(waterfowls)
1892:Anseriformes
1642:Cockfighting
1627:Conservation
1622:Bird feeding
1610:Birdwatching
1600:Ornithomancy
1540:Gansuiformes
1487:
1480:Fossil birds
1370:Intelligence
1336:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1174:cite journal
1149:
1145:
1139:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1044:
1040:
1030:
989:
985:
972:
963:
959:
946:
934:. Retrieved
925:
916:
912:
887:. Retrieved
878:
856:(2): 88â92.
853:
849:
842:
817:
813:
806:
794:. Retrieved
790:the original
780:
755:
751:
742:
722:
718:
691:. Retrieved
682:
663:
659:
617:
613:
570:
556:
550:
540:
532:
523:
515:
507:
506:
494:
487:biodiversity
480:
433:
422:with female
409:
389:
380:
361:
344:
337:
332:Enterococcus
330:
299:
297:
291:
272:
249:
241:
233:
225:
217:
209:
201:
193:
185:
177:
169:
151:
141:
131:
121:
100:
61:
57:
53:
51:
2841:WikiProject
2751:Piciformes
2634:Australaves
2613:Suliformes
2531:Gruiformes
2386:(flamingos)
2295:Tetraoninae
2266:Phasianidae
2255:Rhynchortyx
2220:Dactylortyx
2087:Megapodidae
2077:Penelopinae
2035:Galliformes
1777:Rheiformes
1771:(ostriches)
1721:individuals
1595:Ornithology
1582:interaction
1337:Preen gland
1114:10261/60953
561:carotenoids
495:Upupa epops
483:coevolution
456:hydrophobic
446:and in the
352:budgerigars
315:fatty acids
246:woodpeckers
234:Psittacidae
202:Casuariidae
198:cassowaries
170:Apterygidae
162:powder down
58:preen gland
18:Preen gland
2591:(penguins)
2444:(bustards)
2282:Perdicinae
2227:Dendrortyx
2199:Callipepla
2131:Megapodius
2096:Aepypodius
1974:Tadorninae
1956:true geese
1787:(tinamous)
1746:Neornithes
1657:Pheasantry
1632:Aviculture
1400:Incubation
1390:Lek mating
1202:(5): 828.
936:August 10,
919:(1): 6â31.
889:August 10,
796:August 10,
693:August 10,
588:References
559:) contain
522:, however
512:rock doves
426:activity.
242:Podargidae
238:frogmouths
226:Columbidae
178:Dromaiidae
144:) 'rump'.
122:ouropugion
117:Îżá˝ĎÎżĎĎγΚον
36:budgerigar
2660:(parrots)
2504:(hoatzin)
2455:Strisores
2436:(turacos)
2428:(cuckoos)
2357:(mesites)
2276:(turkeys)
2248:Philortyx
2165:Agelastes
2158:Acryllium
2149:Numididae
2138:Talegalla
2048:gamebirds
2041:landfowls
2020:Anseranas
1984:Anhimidae
1943:Anserinae
1726:fictional
1448:dinosaurs
1443:Theropoda
1430:Evolution
1375:Migration
1357:Behaviour
986:Oecologia
529:blue tits
499:symbiotic
424:pheromone
416:courtship
412:viscosity
400:vitamin D
311:monoester
308:aliphatic
300:preen oil
254:dust bath
182:ostriches
158:vestigial
104:uropygium
97:Etymology
86:holocrine
78:pygostyle
62:oil gland
2857:Category
2805:Category
2679:Afroaves
2607:(storks)
2409:Passerea
2394:(grebes)
2330:Columbea
2241:Oreortyx
2213:Cyrtonyx
2103:Alectura
2067:Cracinae
2059:Cracidae
1936:Oxyurini
1926:Aythyini
1921:Anatinae
1905:Anatidae
1652:Falconry
1615:big year
1470:Seabirds
1380:Foraging
1327:Feathers
1166:30299643
1131:12856821
1123:21614548
1071:19812087
1022:11433594
1014:20043177
966:: 55â56.
870:26776107
834:12807187
772:38680397
636:19675950
576:See also
508:In vitro
502:bacteria
450:and the
444:pelicans
396:barbules
392:feathers
377:Function
277:preening
218:Otididae
214:bustards
124:), from
76:and the
70:preening
47:blue jay
2817:Commons
2321:Neoaves
2206:Colinus
2172:Guttera
2110:Eulipoa
1931:Mergini
1795:(kiwis)
1779:(rheas)
1590:Ringing
1415:Hybrids
1410:Nesting
1365:Singing
1342:Plumage
1317:Dactyly
1287:Anatomy
1277:Outline
1267:: Aves)
1062:2842625
994:Bibcode
524:in vivo
489:. The
475:Hoopoes
452:oilbird
440:petrels
358:History
319:diester
250:Picidae
244:), and
206:mesites
194:Rheidae
111:, from
60:or the
2829:Portal
2705:(owls)
2179:Numida
2117:Leipoa
2000:Chauna
1993:Anhima
1688:Genera
1662:Imping
1580:Human
1420:Colony
1347:Vision
1332:Flight
1164:
1129:
1121:
1069:
1059:
1020:
1012:
868:
832:
770:
634:
535:) and
491:hoopoe
448:osprey
420:lipids
1949:swans
1911:ducks
1881:fowls
1676:Lists
1300:Brain
1265:class
1261:Birds
1162:S2CID
1127:S2CID
1089:(PDF)
1018:S2CID
982:(PDF)
956:(PDF)
768:S2CID
748:(PDF)
436:ducks
367:hawks
322:waxes
190:rheas
166:kiwis
101:From
90:acini
27:Gland
1322:Eggs
1310:milk
1305:Crop
1295:Beak
1180:link
1119:PMID
1067:PMID
1010:PMID
938:2012
891:2012
866:PMID
830:PMID
798:2012
695:2012
632:PMID
520:lice
371:owls
369:and
347:beak
336:and
142:puge
137:ĎĎ
γΎ
132:oura
127:Îżá˝ĎÎŹ
82:wick
52:The
1204:doi
1154:doi
1109:hdl
1101:doi
1097:109
1057:PMC
1049:doi
1045:277
1002:doi
990:163
858:doi
822:doi
760:doi
756:120
752:Auk
668:doi
664:110
622:doi
543:).
236:),
228:),
220:),
212:),
204:),
196:),
188:),
180:),
174:emu
172:),
2859::
1200:58
1198:.
1176:}}
1172:{{
1160:.
1150:65
1148:.
1125:.
1117:.
1107:.
1095:.
1091:.
1065:.
1055:.
1043:.
1039:.
1016:.
1008:.
1000:.
988:.
984:.
962:.
958:.
917:66
915:.
911:.
899:^
864:.
854:39
852:.
828:.
818:53
816:.
766:.
754:.
750:.
745:)"
731:^
723:11
721:.
717:.
703:^
662:.
658:.
644:^
630:.
618:69
616:.
612:.
596:^
442:,
438:,
107::
2050:)
2043:-
2039:(
1913:)
1909:(
1883:)
1879:(
1875:e
1873:a
1871:r
1869:e
1867:s
1865:n
1863:a
1861:o
1859:l
1857:l
1855:a
1853:G
1840:e
1838:a
1836:h
1834:t
1832:a
1830:n
1828:g
1826:o
1824:e
1822:N
1263:(
1253:e
1246:t
1239:v
1210:.
1206::
1182:)
1168:.
1156::
1133:.
1111::
1103::
1073:.
1051::
1024:.
1004::
996::
964:1
940:.
893:.
872:.
860::
836:.
824::
800:.
774:.
762::
697:.
676:.
670::
638:.
624::
555:(
539:(
531:(
514:(
493:(
290:(
271:(
248:(
240:(
232:(
224:(
216:(
208:(
200:(
192:(
184:(
176:(
168:(
140:(
130:(
120:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
