Complications of pregnancy - Knowledge (XXG)

230:. It is estimated to affect 0.3–3.6% of pregnant women and is the greatest contributor to hospitalizations under 20 weeks of gestation. Most often, nausea and vomiting symptoms during pregnancy resolve in the first trimester, however, some continue to experience symptoms. Hyperemesis gravidarum is diagnosed by the following criteria: greater than 3 vomiting episodes per day, ketonuria, and weight loss of more than 3 kg or 5% of body weight. There are several non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that predispose women to development of this condition such as female fetus, psychiatric illness history, high or low BMI pre-pregnancy, young age, African American or Asian ethnicity, type I diabetes, multiple pregnancies, and history of pregnancy affected by hyperemesis gravidarum. There are currently no known mechanisms for the cause of this condition. This complication can cause nutritional deficiency, low pregnancy weight gain, dehydration, and vitamin, electrolyte, and acid-based disturbances in the mother. It has been shown to cause low birth weight, small gestational age, preterm birth, and poor APGAR scores in the infant. Treatments for this condition focus on preventing harm to the fetus while improving symptoms and commonly include fluid replacement and consumption of small, frequent, bland meals. First-line treatments include ginger and acupuncture. Second-line treatments include vitamin B 577:) is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid by causing low thyroid hormone levels. Symptoms of hypothyroidism can include low energy, cold intolerance, muscle cramps, constipation, and memory and concentration problems. It is diagnosed by the presence of elevated levels of thyroid stimulation hormone or TSH. Patients with elevated TSH and decreased levels of free thyroxine or T4 are considered to have overt hypothyroidism. While those with elevated TSH and normal levels of free T4 are considered to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Risk factors for developing hypothyroidism during pregnancy include iodine deficiency, history of thyroid disease, visible goiter, hypothyroidism symptoms, family history of thyroid disease, history of type 1 diabetes or autoimmune conditions, and history of infertility or fetal loss. Various hormones during pregnancy affect the thyroid and increase thyroid hormone demand. For example, during pregnancy, there is increased urinary iodine excretion as well as increased thyroxine binding globulin and thyroid hormone degradation which all increase thyroid hormone demands. This condition can have a profound effect during pregnancy on the mother and fetus. The infant may be seriously affected and have a variety of birth defects. Complications in the mother and fetus can include pre-eclampsia, anemia, miscarriage, low birth weight, still birth, 40: 211:. The elevated demand is a result of increased maternal calorie intake and weight gain, and increased production of prolactin and growth hormone. Gestational diabetes increases risk for further maternal and fetal complications such as development of pre-eclampsia, need for cesarean delivery, preterm delivery, polyhydramnios, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, fetal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and admission into the neonatal intensive care unit. The increased risk is correlated with the how well the gestational diabetes is controlled during pregnancy with poor control associated with worsened outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is used to treat gestational diabetes and involves monitoring of blood-glucose levels, nutritional and dietary modifications, lifestyle changes such as increasing physical activity, maternal 258:

pregnancy: 25% report serious pain and 8% are severely disabled. Risk factors for complication development include multiparity, increased BMI, physically strenuous work, smoking, distress, history of back and pelvic trauma, and previous history of pelvic and lower back pain. This syndrome results from a growing uterus during pregnancy that causes increased stress on the lumbar and pelvic regions of the mother, thereby, resulting in postural changes and reduced lumbopelvic muscle strength leading to pelvic instability and pain. It is unclear whether specific hormones in pregnancy are associated with complication development. PGP can result in poor quality of life, predisposition to chronic pain syndrome, extended leave from work, and

366:, is a major risk factor for postpartum morbidity and mortality, especially in highly developed countries. A combination of pregnancy-exacerbated hypercoagulability and additional risk factors such as obesity and thrombophilias makes pregnant women vulnerable to thrombotic events T.he prophylactic measures that include the usage of low molecular weight heparin, in fact, can significantly reduce risks associated with surgery, particularly in high-risk patients. Awareness among healthcare givers and prompt response in early identification and management of venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period are both crucial for prompt response 768:. Identifying risk factors beforehand in order to take steps and make quick reactions to minimize the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes for the mother or the fetus is essential. The therapy techniques of placental rupture are based on the fetal gestation age and the status of both the mother and the baby. Instant delivery should be medically warranted for full-term babies (36 weeks or more) and in case of distress. Milder cases with immature embryos being monitored closely, any necessary intervention is done in time after careful observation. 262:. Many treatment options are available based on symptom severity. Non-invasive treatment options include activity modification, pelvic support garments, analgesia with or without short periods of bed rest, and physiotherapy to increase strength of gluteal and adductor muscles reducing stress on the lumbar spine. Invasive surgical management is considered a last-line treatment if all other treatment modalities have failed and symptoms are severe. 415:

rehoming, like sickle cell anemia. Prevention of anemia during pregnancy is complicated, and is often treated by a team effort of dietary supplementation, iron therapy, and continuous assessment of mother and fetal indices in a multidisciplinary approach. As an additional measure, emphasis is placed on the astute determination of the respective triggering points, and the application of optimal prenatal care to better maternal and fetal outcome.

6392: 8289: 7535: 880:, possibly impairing function of internal organs. Control of multiple pregnancies, such as special prenatal care and birth plans, can help in the control of placenta accreta. Moreover, early detection and response to the health problems arising from multiple pregnancies can help both the expectant parents and medical care providers deal with this particular aspect of reproductive health consciously. 548:, and African ancestry. The pathogenesis of peripartum cardiomyopathy is not yet known, however, it is suggested that multifactorial potential causes could include autoimmune processes, viral myocarditis, nutritional deficiencies, and maximal cardiovascular changes during which increase cardiac preload. Peripartum cardiomyopathy can lead to many complications such as cardiopulmonary arrest, 456:, and cytomegalovirus transmission. Avoidance actions like vaccines and strict infectious control protocols can be given priority in the policies aimed at limiting the risk of transmission among high-risk populations. In addition, it is early diagnosis and management of maternal infections are among the main methods to flatline vertical transmission and fetal aberrations. 7559: 556:, brain injury, and death. Treatment of this condition is very similar to treatment of non-gravid heart failure patients, however, safety of the fetus must be prioritized. For example, for anticoagulation due to increased risk for thromboembolism, low molecular weight heparin which is safe for use during pregnancy is used instead of warfarin which crosses the placenta. 7547: 6054:"Practice parameter update: management issues for women with epilepsy--focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): obstetrical complications and change in seizure frequency: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and American Epilepsy Society" 1254:. Other investigations have revealed short-term neonatal outcomes to include small deficits in infant neurobehavioral function and growth restriction when compared to control infants. Also, prenatal methamphetamine use is believed to have long-term effects in terms of brain development, which may last for many years. 714:

is defined as fetal loss or death after 20 weeks gestation. Early stillbirth is between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, while late stillbirth is between 28 and 36 weeks gestation. A term stillbirth is when the fetus dies 37 weeks and above. This phenomenon can go beyond grief and can lead to worries about

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as well as the provision of the medical or surgical operations required. The psychological relevance of family members, relatives, and friends to the bereaved ones is also a necessity. The most effective tools that can be used to minimize the psychological implications of the mourners include autopsy

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is a heart failure caused by a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to <45% which occurs towards the end of pregnancy or a few months postpartum. Symptoms include shortness of breath in various positions and/or with exertion, fatigue, pedal edema, and chest tightness. Risk factors

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defined as the separation of the placenta from the uterus prior to delivery, is a major cause of third trimester vaginal bleeding and complicates about 1% of pregnancies. Symptomatic presentations are variable: Some women can entirely ignore the symptoms, while others have mild bleeding or abdominal

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Taher, Ali T.; Iolascon, Achille; Matar, Charbel F.; Bou-Fakhredin, Rayan; de Franceschi, Lucia; Cappellini, Maria Domenica; Barcellini, Wilma; Russo, Roberta; Andolfo, Immacolata; Tyan, Paul; Gulbis, Beatrice; Aydinok, Yesim; Anagnou, Nicholas P.; Bencaiova, Gabriela Amstad; Tamary, Hannah (August

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Obstetric complications are those complications that develop during pregnancy. A woman may develop an infection, syndrome or complication that is not unique to pregnancy and that may have existed before pregnancy. Pregnancy often is complicated by preexisting and concurrent conditions. Though these

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Swedish data A = Using any code for VTE regardless of confirmation. Swedish data B = Using only algorithm-confirmed VTE. Early postpartum = First 6 weeks after delivery. Late postpartum = More than 6 weeks after delivery. * = Adjusted for age and calendar year. † = Unadjusted ratio calculated based

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Cultural norms, convictions, and traditions connected to pregnancy and childbirth lead people to establish perceptions, habits, and treatment-seeking. Cultural determinants affect the assessment of prenatal care utilization, childbirth practice, dietary habits and reproductive health beliefs, which

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is a condition that occurs when the placenta fully or partially covers the cervix. Placenta previa can be further categorized into complete previa, partial previa, marginal previa, and low-lying placenta, depending on the degree to which the placenta covers the internal cervical os. Placenta previa

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to deal with the modifiable risk factors, can significantly contribute to the reduction of incidents of placental abruption. Knowing the long-term impacts on the mother and the baby after giving birth is essential. Continuous research and evidence-based approaches help in providing management that

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Anemia is a globally recognized complication of pregnancy worldwide and is a condition with a low hemoglobin amount in one of the trimesters. Such physiological modifications are more pronounced among individuals who suffer from undernutrition as well as chronic diseases associated with hemoglobin

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Placenta accreta risk factors include placenta previa, abnormally elevated second-trimester AFP and free β-hCG levels, and advanced gestational parent age, specifically over the age of 35. Furthermore, prior cesarean delivery is one of the most common risk factors for placenta accreta, due to the

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of the embryo outside the uterus. This form of complicated pregnancy, which is a non-implication of a normally fertilized egg at any spot other than the uterus, involves operation failure, which can cause life-threatening conditions. However, the underlying reasons for this are not exactly known.

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Factors increasing the risk (to either the pregnant individual, the fetus/es, or both) of pregnancy complications beyond the normal level of risk may be present in the pregnant individual's medical profile either before they become pregnant or during the pregnancy. These pre-existing factors may

200:. There are many non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors that lead to the devopment of this complication. Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of diabetes, advanced maternal age, and ethnicity. Modifiable risk factors include maternal obesity. There is an elevated demand for 447:

Pregnancy is a critical period for the expectant mom to experience additional dangers associated with infections. Moreover, a mother and baby's health is exposed to danger when she is in this condition. The prenatal physiology complexity and immunity modulation inherently increase the risk of

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pain and sometimes radiation of pain down the hips and thighs. For most pregnant individuals, PGP resolves within three months following delivery, but for some it can last for years, resulting in a reduced tolerance for weight bearing activities. PGP affects around 45% of individuals during

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Lozano, Rafael; Naghavi, Mohsen; Foreman, Kyle; Lim, Stephen; Shibuya, Kenji; Aboyans, Victor; Abraham, Jerry; Adair, Timothy; Aggarwal, Rakesh; Ahn, Stephanie Y; AlMazroa, Mohammad A; Alvarado, Miriam; Anderson, H Ross; Anderson, Laurie M; Andrews, Kathryn G (2012-12-15).

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Common complications of pregnancy include anemia, gestational diabetes, infections, gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Presence of these types of complications can have implications on monitoring lab work, imaging, and medical management during pregnancy.

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strange maternal feelings or postpartum treatment regarding complications of childbirth. Such parents would require more than empathy; generally, adequate medical programs should be considered for parents having such unbearable grief. Along with psychiatric help,

1365: 1005:) are among those commonly seen in infection of newborns. Furthermore, vaccination, commitment to safe birth practices, and prenatal screening and treatment of infections are also strategic measures that can help reduce the risk of newborn infections. 1358: 234:+/- doxylamine, antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, and serotonin antagonists. Third-line treatments include corticosteroids, transdermal clonidine, and gabapentin. Treatments chosen are dependent on severity of symptoms and response to therapies. 1279:: Unintended pregnancies preclude preconception care and delays prenatal care. They preclude other preventive care, may disrupt life plans and on average have worse health and psychological outcomes for the mother and, if birth occurs, the child. 426:(UN) estimates, approximately half of pregnant individuals develop anemia worldwide. Anemia prevalences during pregnancy differed from 18% in developed countries to 75% in South Asia; culminating to a global rate of 38% of pregnancies worldwide. 805:

is primarily diagnosed by ultrasound, either during a routine examination or following an episode of abnormal vaginal bleeding, often in the second trimester of pregnancy. Most diagnosis of placenta previa occurs during the second-trimester.

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Risk factors: Prior abruption, smoking, trauma, cocaine use, multifetal gestation, hypertension, preeclampsia, thrombophilias, advanced maternal age, preterm premature rupture of membranes, intrauterine infections, and

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Villar J, Say L, Gulmezoglu AM, Meraldi M, Lindheimer MD, Betran AP, Piaggio G (2003). "Eclampsia and pre-eclampsia: a health problem for 2000 years.". In Critchly H, MacLean A, Poston L, Walker J (eds.).

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if the fetus is mature (36 weeks or older), or if a younger fetus or the mother is in distress. In less severe cases with immature fetuses, the situation may be monitored in hospital, with treatment if

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Missed: Vaginal bleeding occurs and some products of conception may have passed through the cervix; the cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows a nonviable fetus and remaining products of conception.

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compared to women with normal blood pressure who had no complications in pregnancy. Monitoring pregnant women's blood pressure can help prevent both complications and future cardiovascular diseases.

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factors: Generally speaking, unmarried individuals and those in lower socioeconomic groups experience an increased level of risk in pregnancy, due at least in part to lack of access to appropriate

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Stevens, Gretchen A; Finucane, Mariel M; De-Regil, Luz Maria; Paciorek, Christopher J; Flaxman, Seth R; Branca, Francesco; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Ezzati, Majid (2013-07-01).

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Liu, Li; Johnson, Hope L; Cousens, Simon; Perin, Jamie; Scott, Susana; Lawn, Joy E; Rudan, Igor; Campbell, Harry; Cibulskis, Richard; Li, Mengying; Mathers, Colin; Black, Robert E (2012-06-09).

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discomfort and pain. Hence, though symptom severity variance and precipitous placental separation are not relevant, they can still cause the diagnosis and clinical management to be complicated.

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Prolonged effects of chronic stressors such as discrimination, intimate partner violence, housing issues, and poverty lead to widespread maternal health issues and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

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associated with the development of this complication include maternal age over 30 years, multi gestational pregnancy, family history of cardiomyopathy, previous diagnosis of cardiomyopathy,

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is an abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall. Specifically, placenta accreta involves abnormal adherence of the placental trophoblast to the uterine myometrium.

104:. While some complications improve or are fully resolved after pregnancy, some may lead to lasting effects, morbidity, or in the most severe cases, maternal or fetal mortality. 7848: 2183: 669:

is the loss of a pregnancy prior to 20 weeks. In the UK, miscarriage is defined as the loss of a pregnancy during the first 23 weeks. Comprehensive support, consists of the

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Thompson JF, Roberts CL, Currie M, Ellwood DA (June 2002). "Prevalence and persistence of health problems after childbirth: associations with parity and method of birth".

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Approximately 80% of pregnancy loss occurs in the first trimester, with a decrease in risk after 12 weeks gestation. Some variables, such as the mother's being older or

761: 119:(puerperium), 87% to 94% of women report at least one health problem. Long-term health problems (persisting after six months postpartum) are reported by 31% of women. 3601:

Sarkar, Monika; Brady, Carla W.; Fleckenstein, Jaquelyn; Forde, Kimberly A.; Khungar, Vandana; Molleston, Jean P.; Afshar, Yalda; Terrault, Norah A. (January 2021).

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Clinical presentation: Fetal behavioral changes like decreased movements or a loss in fetal sensation may indicate stillbirth, but the presentation can vary greatly.

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are at an increased risk for complications in the fetus and during pregnancy and childbirth. Complications for those 45 or older include increased risk of primary

4136: 585:. This complication is treated by iodine supplementation, levothyroxine which is a form of thyroid hormone replacement, and close monitoring of thyroid function. 2848:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 736:

Treatment: If fetal passing occurs before labor, treatment options include induced labor or cesarean section. Otherwise, stillbirths can pass with natural birth.

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Multiple pregnancies: Individuals who have had greater than five previous pregnancies face increased risks of rapid labor and excessive bleeding after delivery.

928:. For many infections, the baby is more at risk at particular stages of pregnancy. Problems related to perinatal infection are not always directly noticeable. 5228:"Barriers and facilitators of maternal healthcare utilisation in the perinatal period among women with social disadvantage: A theory-guided systematic review" 2456:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 6022: 5312: 649:

must be carried out to remove the fetus, along with the fallopian tube. If the pregnancy is very early, it may resolve on its own, or it can be treated with

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Glazener CM, Abdalla M, Stroud P, Naji S, Templeton A, Russell IT (April 1995). "Postnatal maternal morbidity: extent, causes, prevention and treatment".

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Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T (1 March 2014). "Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location".

2574:. Charles R. B. Beckmann, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. 8328: 7516: 4432:

Odendaal, Hein; Wright, Colleen; Schubert, Pawel; Boyd, Theonia K.; Roberts, Drucilla J.; Brink, Lucy; Nel, Daan; Groenewald, Coen (October 2020).

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Venös tromboembolism (VTE) – Guidelines for treatment in C counties. Bengt Wahlström, Emergency department, Uppsala Academic Hospital. January 2008

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Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, Chou D, Say L (September 2013). "Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review".

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Risk Factors: prior cesarean delivery, pregnancy termination, intrauterine surgery, smoking, multifetal gestation, increasing parity, maternal age.

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Deep vein thrombosis, a form of venous thromboembolism, has an incidence of 0.5 to 7 per 1,000 pregnancies, and is the second most common cause of

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Some disorders and conditions can mean that pregnancy is considered high-risk (about 6-8% of pregnancies in the USA) and in extreme cases may be

3562:"Association Between Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of 12 Cardiovascular Diseases Among Parous Women: The Role of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes" 7477: 4825:

Koniak-Griffin D, Turner-Pluta C (September 2001). "Health risks and psychosocial outcomes of early childbearing: a review of the literature".

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Treatment varies due to the severity of the anaemia, and can be used by increasing iron containing foods, oral iron tablets or by the use of

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is the presence of severe and persistent vomiting, causing dehydration and weight loss. It is similar although more severe than the common

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810 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. 94% occur in low and lower middle-income countries.

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Due to abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall, cesarean delivery is often indicated, as well as cesarean hysterectomy.

7843: 7521: 6263: 2243: 3996: 8246: 8101: 8028: 7723: 7416: 6564: 2238: 2233: 2103: 1178: 1126: 857: 271: 135: 4905:"Recurrence of pre-eclampsia and the risk of future hypertension and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 5384:"Defining venous thromboembolism and measuring its incidence using Swedish health registries: a nationwide pregnancy cohort study" 3479:"Impact of Chronic Hypertension and Antihypertensive Treatment on Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 8273: 6749: 5179:"Patterns of methamphetamine use during pregnancy: results from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) Study" 2158: 1014:

related to the individual's genetics, physical or mental health, their environment and social issues, or a combination of those.

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Treatments are adapted according to their severity and the mother's state of health, from strict monitoring to cesarean section.

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Inevitable: Vaginal bleeding occurs; the cervical os is closed indicating that conception products will pass in the near future.

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du Fossé, Nadia A; van der Hoorn, Marie-Louise P; van Lith, Jan M M; le Cessie, Saskia; Lashley, Eileen E L O (2020-05-02).

3923: 2669: 2325: 2300: 7977: 7499: 7467: 7365: 5720:"Uterine Rupture in Pregnancy: Overview, Rupture of the Unscarred Uterus, Previous Uterine Myomectomy and Uterine Rupture" 2143: 1207: 470: 327:

is sometimes included in the pre-eclamptic spectrum. It occurs in approximately one in 7,000 to one in 15,000 pregnancies.

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Risks arising from previous pregnancies: Complications experienced during a previous pregnancy are more likely to recur.

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pre-existing and concurrent conditions may have great impact on pregnancy, they are not included in the following list.

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resulted globally in 230,600 deaths, down from 377,000 deaths in 1990. The most common causes of maternal mortality are

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Bayrampour H, Heaman M (September 2010). "Advanced maternal age and the risk of cesarean birth: a systematic review".

3603:"Reproductive Health and Liver Disease: Practice Guidance by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases" 2208: 614: 343:. Women who have high blood pressure and had complications in their pregnancy have three times the risk of developing 1343:. Serious pre-existing disorders which can reduce a woman's physical ability to survive pregnancy include a range of 303:

can develop after 20 weeks but has no other symptoms, and later rights itself, but it can develop into pre-eclampsia.

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Low weight: Individuals whose pre-pregnancy weight is less than 45.5 kilograms (100 pounds) are more likely to have

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Complete: Vaginal bleeding occurs followed by the complete passing of conception products through the cervix.

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Brouwers L, van der Meiden-van Roest AJ, Savelkoul C, Vogelvang TE, Lely AT, Franx A, van Rijn BB (December 2018).

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or reproductive organs, some of which are listed above) and diseases acquired at any time during the woman's life.

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The following problems originate in the mother, however, they may have serious consequences for the fetus as well.

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works. Collaboration between healthcare providers and patients is the core of the outcomes of placenta abruption.

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Epidemiology: There are over 2 million stillbirths a year and there are about 6 stillbirths per 1000 births (0.6%)

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Borders N (2006). "After the afterbirth: a critical review of postpartum health relative to method of delivery".

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Abdul Sultan A, West J, Stephansson O, Grainge MJ, Tata LJ, Fleming KM, Humes D, Ludvigsson JF (November 2015).

689:. Spontaneous abortions can be further categorized into complete, inevitable, missed, and threatened abortions: 8572: 8495: 7731: 7509: 7033: 6849: 6816: 6708: 6342: 5308: 2358: 2315: 2077: 1905: 1251: 1062:: Pregnancy in individuals whose height is less than 1.5 meters (5 feet) correlates with a higher incidence of 565: 300: 1987: 3845: 8314: 8130: 8052: 7810: 7462: 7316: 7108: 6801: 2363: 2057: 2027: 1340: 942:

O - other infections (i.e. Parvovirus B19, Coxsackievirus, Chickenpox, Chlamydia, HIV, HTLV, syphilis, Zika)

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Several contributors may result in placental abruption. This includes: pre-existing maternal factors (e.g.,

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Absolute and relative incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy and the postpartum period

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Risk factors: Maternal weight, age, and smoking, as well as pre-existing maternal diabetes or hypertension

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Women who have chronic hypertension before their pregnancy are at increased risk of complications such as

291:. Severe pre-eclampsia involves a BP over 160/110 (with additional signs). It affects 5–8% of pregnancies. 223: 162: 7575: 4595:

Hung TH, Shau WY, Hsieh CC, Chiu TH, Hsu JJ, Hsieh TT (April 1999). "Risk factors for placenta accreta".

3527:"Pregnancy complications increase the risk of heart attacks and stroke in women with high blood pressure" 8436: 8215: 8210: 7662: 7355: 7157: 6961: 6636: 2709: 2320: 2273: 2228: 1982: 1257: 1043: 1039: 988: 984: 686: 629: 259: 166: 131: 5115: 6280: 5227: 4672: 4433: 4104: 2032: 8577: 8523: 8220: 8089: 7984: 7805: 7780: 7370: 7321: 6641: 6631: 6559: 6554: 6529: 6514: 6509: 4769: 2622:"The Experience of Anaemia and Ingesting Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study" 2258: 2133: 2108: 2042: 1977: 1276: 1102: 996: 921: 646: 359: 185: 1129:, or an acquired disease: A disease and condition not necessarily directly caused by the pregnancy. 8605: 8546: 8477: 8410: 8256: 8200: 8094: 8023: 8008: 7989: 7838: 7652: 6874: 6831: 6796: 6703: 6683: 6327: 5147: 4190: 3149:"Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP), I: Terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence" 2330: 2198: 2163: 2007: 1915: 1385:

Absolute incidence of first VTE per 10,000 person–years during pregnancy and the postpartum period

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Threatened: Vaginal bleeding occurs; the cervical os is closed and ultrasound shows a viable fetus.

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Al Khalaf SY, O'Reilly ÉJ, Barrett PM, B Leite DF, Pawley LC, McCarthy FP, Khashan AS (May 2021).

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Mjahed K, Charra B, Hamoudi D, Noun M, Barrou L (October 2006). "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy".

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Risk factors include untreated pelvic inflammatory disease, likely due to fallopian tube scarring.

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is a fairly common mild symptom of pregnancy that generally resolves in the second trimester, but

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Wang S, An L, Cochran SD (2002). "Women". In Detels R, McEwen J, Beaglehole R, Tanaka H (eds.).

1158:(having more than one fetus in a single pregnancy): These individuals have an increased risk of 935:

refers to a set of several different infections that may be caused by transplacental infection:

8464: 8382: 8351: 8135: 8107: 8067: 8062: 7997: 7871: 7672: 7647: 7615: 7292: 7211: 7135: 7113: 6626: 6544: 6395: 6259: 6083: 5881: 5677: 5497: 5413: 5364: 5282: 5255: 5247: 5208: 5069: 5012: 4985: 4934: 4885: 4842: 4751: 4733: 4692: 4612: 4569: 4531: 4488: 4453: 4406: 4363: 4306: 4246: 4166: 4078: 4019: 3964: 3894: 3827: 3782: 3734: 3702: 3684: 3630: 3622: 3583: 3508: 3459: 3402: 3360: 3281: 3222: 3178: 3121: 3086: 3051: 3016: 2928: 2877: 2828: 2793: 2750: 2651: 2643: 2585: 2575: 2548: 2540: 2501: 2483: 2435: 2417: 2278: 2223: 1961: 1950: 1910: 1344: 1302:

An elevated level of stress during pregnancy leads to notorious pregnancy outcomes, including

1075: 1051: 1029: 968: 780:

Clinical Presentation: Varies widely from asymptomatic to vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain.

605: 212: 189: 127: 123: 116: 112: 52: 3325: 485:

due to an enlarging uterus. Pregnant individuals are more severely affected by, for example,

115:

are present in 1.6% of mothers in the US, and in 1.5% of mothers in Canada. In the immediate

8508: 8018: 7957: 7689: 6854: 6621: 6616: 6073: 6065: 5871: 5667: 5657: 5649: 5489: 5403: 5395: 5354: 5346: 5239: 5198: 5190: 5177:

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intervening and to the maternal genital tract. Because of this, blood-borne microorganisms (

821: 801: 723:, which should be useful in the process of assisting parents who have lost their children. 716: 318: 310: 227: 205: 158: 139: 5003:

Williams PM, Fletcher S (September 2010). "Health effects of prenatal radiation exposure".

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or pose any significant threat to the health of the birthing person or fetus. For example,

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Risk Factors, Pattern and Outcome of Third Trimester Bleeding in a Tertiary Care Hospital

4434:"Associations of maternal smoking and drinking with fetal growth and placental abruption" 165:

is a severe form of this symptom that sometimes requires medical intervention to prevent

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Naghavi, Mohsen; et al. (GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators) (September 2017).

2496: 920:

in the mother are very dangerous for the developing embryo or fetus. This can result in

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Harden CL, Hopp J, Ting TY, Pennell PB, French JA, Hauser WA, et al. (July 2009).

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Complications of pregnancy can sometimes arise from abnormally severe presentations of

6391: 4608: 3578: 3561: 3533:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2023-11-21. 2913: 2896: 2863: 2536: 2471: 2413: 1347:(that is, conditions with which the woman herself was born, for example, those of the 8625: 8610: 8150: 8120: 7853: 7736: 7431: 7345: 7306: 7282: 7191: 7075: 7008: 6879: 6783: 6744: 6601: 6436: 5277:

The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families

5226:

Grand-Guillaume-Perrenoud, Jean Anthony; Origlia, Paola; Cignacco, Eva (2022-02-01).

4881: 4838: 4090: 3976: 3906: 3813: 3546: 2789: 2168: 2047: 1695:

Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of first VTE during pregnancy and the postpartum period

1303: 1270: 1266: 1229: 1063: 932: 913: 849: 654: 618: 578: 541: 332: 280: 193: 6336: 6332: 5024: 4854: 4581: 4500: 4031: 3414: 3234: 3133: 3047: 2895:

Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, Tunçalp Ö, Moller AB, Daniels J, et al. (June 2014).

2762: 8592: 8587: 8559: 8387: 8364: 8145: 8079: 7260: 7255: 6996: 6896: 6841: 6569: 6448: 6443: 5653: 4375: 4318: 4275:"Maternal smoking and the risk of still birth: systematic review and meta-analysis" 1997: 1992: 1971: 1348: 1233: 1110: 1081: 1071: 1059: 865: 861: 757: 720: 650: 545: 314: 246: 4688: 4514:

Wortman AC, Alexander JM (March 2013). "Placenta accreta, increta, and percreta".

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may be indicated when there are additional risk factors for deep vein thrombosis.

8446: 8441: 8084: 7833: 7785: 7718: 7699: 7684: 7250: 7186: 7023: 6966: 6906: 6901: 6739: 6688: 6549: 6359: 5399: 3430:"Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a clinical study of 12 episodes in 11 patients" 2520: 2455: 2397: 2037: 1920: 972: 873: 828:

presence of a uterine scar leading to abnormal decidualization of the placenta.

666: 490: 453: 284: 74: 5243: 4158: 3889: 3872: 3538: 2824: 17: 7704: 7611: 7402:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

6648: 6588: 6519: 5350: 5194: 4728: 4527: 4291: 4015: 3398: 3164: 3082: 2213: 2082: 2022: 1935: 1098: 964: 956: 711: 553: 419: 386: 340: 250: 93: 57: 5251: 4737: 4232: 3688: 3626: 3602: 3217: 3200: 2647: 2589: 2544: 2487: 2421: 385:

as a physiological response in preparation for the potential bleeding during

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Al Khalaf S, Chappell LC, Khashan AS, McCarthy FP, O'Reilly ÉJ (July 2023).

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Summers A (July 2012). "Emergency management of hyperemesis gravidarum".

2148: 2098: 1118: 909: 905: 594: 521:, or inflammation of the breast, occurs in 20% of lactating individuals. 518: 510: 473:

to prevent an immune reaction against the fetus, as well as secondary to

297:– seizures in a pre-eclamptic patient, affect around 1.4% of pregnancies. 249:

in the area between the posterior iliac crest and gluteal fold beginning

143: 6296: 5885: 4438:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

2626:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

1222:. Also, it increases the odds of the baby being born prematurely by 30%. 253:

caused by instability and limitation of mobility. It is associated with

8306: 7947: 7340: 7311: 7287: 7269: 7065: 7045: 5636:

Cluver C, Gyte GM, Sinclair M, Dowswell T, Hofmeyr GJ (February 2015).

2479: 1314: 917: 853: 753: 506: 498: 201: 4970: 4953: 3618: 3117: 1260:: Possibly associated with adverse effects on the child later in life. 8369: 7951: 7178: 7060: 6884: 6806: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6308: 4980: 3871:

Davis MB, Arany Z, McNamara DM, Goland S, Elkayam U (January 2020).

3266:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

2985:"Gestational Diabetes: Overview with Emphasis on Medical Management" 5443: 4954:"Risk of recurrent stillbirth: systematic review and meta-analysis" 4677:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

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Austin K, Wilson K, Saha S (April 2019). "Hyperemesis Gravidarum".

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O'Toole, F.E; Hokey, E.; McAuliffe, F.M; Walsh, J.M (2024-06-01).

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during pregnancy which leads to increased insulin production from

2989:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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Some common environmental risk factors during pregnancy include:

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Silver RM, Branch DW (April 2018). "Placenta Accreta Spectrum".

3928:

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2706:

The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC)

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Potential severe hypertensive states of pregnancy are mainly:

5148:"New Mother Fact Sheet: Methamphetamine Use During Pregnancy" 4346:

Page JM, Silver RM (April 2018). "Evaluation of stillbirth".

7849:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy (PUPPP)

5860:"Rh isoimmunization during pregnancy: antenatal prophylaxis" 4389:

Oyelese Y, Ananth CV (October 2006). "Placental abruption".

2897:"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis" 632:, advanced maternal age, and prior surgery or trauma to the 4710:

Kumar, Manoj; Saadaoui, Marwa; Al Khodor, Souhaila (2022).

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https://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(22)00184-4.pdf

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Lamont K, Scott NW, Jones GT, Bhattacharya S (June 2015).

1070:. Also, these individuals are more likely to have a small 6195: 6193: 4636:(masters thesis). Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore. 3873:"Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review" 3665:"Recommendations for Pregnancy in Rare Inherited Anemias" 771:

The implementation of preventive measures, which include

581:, impaired neurointellectual development, and if severe, 122:

In 2016, complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the

88:

are health problems that are related to, or arise during

7407:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

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Marufu TC, Ahankari A, Coleman T, Lewis S (March 2015).

3947:

Sullivan SA (June 2019). "Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy".

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are direct outcomes of pregnancy and health situations.

1093:

High weight: Obese individuals are more likely to have

955:

Babies can also become infected by their mother during

321:. Incidence is reported as 0.5–0.9% of all pregnancies. 111:

Severe complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the

5858:

Bowman JM, Chown B, Lewis M, Pollock JM (March 1978).

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Susceptibility and severity of infections in pregnancy

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Jauniaux, E.; Kingdom, J. C.; Silver, R. M. (2021).

2184:

Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy

422:

are lower in the third trimesters. According to the

153:, which usually do not significantly interfere with 8239: 8159: 8043: 7907: 7880: 7862: 7804: 7766: 7757: 7713: 7631: 7622: 7486: 7430: 7392: 7383: 7332: 7177: 7166: 7097: 7088: 6940: 6931: 6840: 6782: 6728: 6587: 6500: 6489: 6415: 6402: 6290: 5038:Denny CH, Acero CS, Naimi TS, Kim SY (April 2019). 3324:Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U (February 2009). 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 1101:. Obesity also increases the chances of developing 73: 69:

Numerous biological and environmental complications

63: 51: 32: 5274: 4516:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 3746: 3744: 3742: 3071:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2978: 2976: 2974: 528:, meaning that they can affect the child as well. 8191:Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder 188:is when a woman, without a previous diagnosis of 5448:National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 4716:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 4333:"Stillbirth - Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics" 2670:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States" 2615: 2613: 469:. This increased risk is caused by an increased 465:A pregnant woman is more susceptible to certain 79:Numerous biological and environmental conditions 5333:Gavin AR, Holzman C, Siefert K, Tian Y (2009). 4827:The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing 4165:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 959:. During birth, babies are exposed to maternal 4348:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 3751:Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ (June 2014). 1339:are the main focus of doctors specialising in 8322: 7591: 6375: 4105:"Ectopic pregnancy – Treatment – NHS Choices" 3877:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2735:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1366: 1022:Some common biological risk factors include: 900:Since the embryo and fetus have little or no 593:The following problems occur in the fetus or 8: 5281:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 3199:Walters C, West S, A Nippita T (July 2018). 92:. Complications that occur primarily during 5642:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5044:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1210:During pregnancy, causes twice the risk of 8329: 8315: 8307: 7763: 7628: 7598: 7584: 7576: 7458:International Center for Research on Women 7389: 7174: 7094: 6937: 6497: 6412: 6382: 6368: 6360: 6287: 6256:Williams manual of pregnancy complications 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 5120:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5095:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3648: 3646: 3644: 1373: 1359: 1353: 860:. Monochorionic multiples may even become 38: 29: 6077: 6017: 6015: 5875: 5671: 5661: 5407: 5358: 5202: 5063: 4979: 4969: 4928: 4745: 4727: 4300: 4290: 4240: 4072: 4062: 3924:"Thyroid Disease & Pregnancy | NIDDK" 3888: 3821: 3776: 3696: 3577: 3502: 3483:Journal of the American Heart Association 3453: 3354: 3344: 3216: 3172: 3010: 3000: 2983:Lende M, Rijhsinghani A (December 2020). 2922: 2912: 2871: 2813:Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2637: 2495: 2429: 1097:, potentially increasing difficulties in 685:, possess a higher likelihood of causing 3995:Taylor PN, Lazarus JH (September 2019). 1196:Alcohol: Use during pregnancy can cause 613:This phenomenon is often accompanied by 5540:"Pregnancy Loss: Condition Information" 5309:"Family Planning - Healthy People 2020" 5142: 5140: 4804:"Risk factors present before pregnancy" 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 3846:"What infections can affect pregnancy?" 3253:. London: RCOG Press. pp. 189–207. 2385: 1879: 912:and cause (perinatal) infection. Often 374:in developed countries after bleeding. 6199: 6184: 6172: 6160: 6148: 6136: 6124: 6112: 6100: 6006: 5994: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5845: 5833: 5806: 5794: 5782: 5767: 5755: 5743: 5706: 5694: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5526: 5514: 5467: 5430: 3918: 3916: 3205:Australian Journal of General Practice 2595: 2391: 2389: 2374:Reproductive Health Supplies Coalition 1354: 7829:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 7796:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 5444:"Chromosome Abnormalities Fact Sheet" 4547: 4545: 4268: 4266: 4006:. Pregnancy and Endocrine Disorders. 3990: 3988: 3986: 3387:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 3194: 3192: 2699:"Severe Maternal Morbidity in Canada" 2564: 2562: 2326:Pregnancy-related peripheral neuritis 2301:Abnormality of maternal pelvic organs 2189:Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy 583:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome 151:symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy 7: 7895:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 7546: 7440:Office of Research on Women's Health 5864:Canadian Medical Association Journal 2139:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 628:: Unknown, but risk factors include 395:: Prophylactic treatment, e.g. with 383:Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability 7558: 7478:Society for Women's Health Research 7412:International Day of the Girl Child 4776:. US National Library of Medicine. 4554:The New England Journal of Medicine 3757:The New England Journal of Medicine 1052:Caesarean delivery (i.e. C-section) 876:. In very rare cases, there may be 501:. The evidence is more limited for 7844:Pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy 7522:Birth control in the United States 4485:10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 4403:10.1097/01.aog.0000239439.04364.9a 3949:Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 3300:"High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy" 2747:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1995.tb09132.x 2244:Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 215:, and medication such as insulin. 136:hypertensive diseases of pregnancy 25: 8102:Pain management during childbirth 8029:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 7417:Commission on the Status of Women 6427:External female genitalia (vulva) 6258:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 5183:Maternal and Child Health Journal 5152:North Dakota Department of Health 4808:Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 3579:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20628 3201:"Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy" 2239:Gestational trophoblastic disease 2234:Twin to Twin transfusion syndrome 2104:Gestational trophoblastic disease 1244:Prenatal methamphetamine exposure 1127:Pre-existing disease in pregnancy 858:twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome 617:(pelvic inflammatory disease) or 272:Hypertensive disease of pregnancy 8288: 8287: 8274:Sexual activity during pregnancy 7557: 7545: 7534: 7533: 6750:Assisted reproductive technology 6390: 5116:"Substance Use During Pregnancy" 4882:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00409.x 4839:10.1097/00005237-200109000-00002 4814:from the original on 2013-06-01. 4780:from the original on 2013-08-13. 3722:Oxford Textbook of Public Health 3374:from the original on 2011-11-12. 2790:10.1046/j.1523-536X.2002.00167.x 2159:Vertically transmitted infection 1895:List of complications (complete) 890:Vertically transmitted infection 6716:Breastfeeding and mental health 5315:from the original on 2010-12-28 5126:from the original on 2013-10-29 4201:from the original on 2017-02-15 4139:from the original on 2016-11-14 3048:10.7748/en2012.07.20.4.24.c9206 2680:from the original on 2015-06-29 2174:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 1202:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 7776:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 5654:10.1002/14651858.CD000184.pub4 5273:Eisenberg L, Brown SH (1995). 4770:"Health problems in pregnancy" 3106:Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2306:Postpartum acute renal failure 2254:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 2129:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 2063:Premature rupture of membranes 1212:premature rupture of membranes 1133:Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy 475:maternal physiological changes 325:Acute fatty liver of pregnancy 1: 7978:Prelabor rupture of membranes 7366:Social determinants of health 4689:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.06.007 4609:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00460-8 3997:"Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy" 3802:Social Science & Medicine 2914:10.1016/s2214-109x(14)70227-x 2864:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 2537:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60560-1 2472:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61728-0 2414:10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70001-9 2144:Immune tolerance in pregnancy 1847: Early postpartum 1637: Early postpartum 979:), organisms associated with 471:immune tolerance in pregnancy 98:obstetric labor complications 8542:Obstetric labor complication 8257:Systemic lupus erythematosus 7908:Maternal care related to the 7890:Gestational thrombocytopenia 7361:Gender disparities in health 6699:Mother-to-child transmission 6283:, World Health Organization. 6070:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181a6b2f8 6023:"Public Education Pamphlets" 4450:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.018 4360:10.1097/GCO.0000000000000441 3961:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000432 3814:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90024-7 3681:10.1097/HS9.0000000000000446 3333:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 3278:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.05.005 2639:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.03.005 2369:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 2295:Pruritic urticarial papaules 2179:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 1864: Late postpartum 1666: Late postpartum 1143:Thyroid disease in pregnancy 981:sexually transmitted disease 884:Mother-to-child transmission 671:consultation of the genomics 589:Fetal and placental problems 397:low molecular weight heparin 283:– gestational hypertension, 8058:Cephalopelvic disproportion 6974:Pelvic inflammatory disease 6917:Hormone replacement therapy 6481:Reproductive system disease 5400:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008864 4810:. Merck Sharp & Dohme. 4648:"Placenta Accreta Spectrum" 2209:Cephalopelvic disproportion 1941:Abnormal labor and delivery 8653: 8632:Health issues in pregnancy 8537:Complications of pregnancy 8169:Breastfeeding difficulties 7968:Constriction ring syndrome 7942:Braxton Hicks contractions 7468:Black Women's Health Study 6535:Complications of pregnancy 5244:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103237 4157:Dugas C, Slane VH (2022). 3890:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.014 3539:10.3310/nihrevidence_60660 2825:10.1016/j.jmwh.2005.10.014 2018:Fetal-to-mother hemorrhage 1238:attention deficit disorder 893: 887: 870:umbilical cord compression 838: 563: 458: 440: 407: 269: 155:activities of daily living 86:Complications of pregnancy 33:Complications of pregnancy 8601: 8583:Connective tissue disease 8568: 8555: 8532: 8504: 8486: 8473: 8455: 8432: 8419: 8406: 8378: 8360: 8342: 8282: 8206:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 8196:Pubic symphysis diastasis 7529: 7445:Women's Health Initiative 7298:Major depressive disorder 7126:Intimate partner violence 6987:Female genital mutilation 6982: 6674: 5482:Human Reproduction Update 5351:10.1016/j.whi.2009.05.004 5195:10.1007/s10995-009-0491-0 5005:American Family Physician 4729:10.3389/fcimb.2022.873253 4630:Anuselvi, M. (May 2022). 4597:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4528:10.1016/j.ogc.2012.12.002 4473:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4391:Obstetrics and Gynecology 4292:10.1186/s12889-015-1552-5 4225:Human Reproduction Update 4129:"Pregnancy complications" 4051:Canadian Family Physician 4047:"[Not Available]" 4045:Lemire F (October 2021). 4016:10.1016/j.ecl.2019.05.010 3753:"Pregnancy and infection" 3399:10.1007/s00404-006-0203-6 3165:10.1007/s00586-003-0615-y 3083:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.04.002 2954:"Pregnancy complications" 2901:The Lancet. Global Health 2571:Obstetrics and gynecology 2316:Haemorrhoids in pregnancy 2154:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 1880: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1735: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1600: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1384: 1226:Prenatal cocaine exposure 856:, with resultant risk of 773:pre-conception counseling 683:chromosomal abnormalities 537:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 532:Peripartum cardiomyopathy 46: 37: 8573:Musculoskeletal disorder 8496:Gastrointestinal disease 7732:Gestational hypertension 7034:Gynaecological disorders 6850:Culture and menstruation 6817:Contraceptive prevalence 6709:Compulsory sterilization 3218:10.31128/AJGP-01-18-4467 2402:The Lancet Global Health 2359:List of obstetric topics 2078:Fetal growth restriction 1988:Septic pelvic thrombosis 1906:Chromosome abnormalities 1794: Trimester 3 1777: Trimester 2 1760: Trimester 1 1551: Trimester 3 1522: Trimester 2 1493: Trimester 1 1252:congenital abnormalities 1034:low infant birth weight. 579:congestive heart failure 566:Thyroid disease in women 526:vertically transmissible 477:including a decrease in 301:Gestational hypertension 8131:Umbilical cord prolapse 8053:Amniotic fluid embolism 7811:dermatoses of pregnancy 7317:Urinary tract infection 7109:Abuse during childbirth 4921:10.1111/1471-0528.15394 3495:10.1161/JAHA.120.018494 2364:Dermatoses of pregnancy 2058:Low birth-weight infant 2028:Amniotic fluid embolism 1341:maternal-fetal medicine 926:developmental disorders 868:, resulting in risk of 287:(>300 mg), and 8514:Female genital disease 8491:Maxillofacial disorder 8460:Cardiovascular disease 8247:Concomitant conditions 8226:Postpartum thyroiditis 8004:Circumvallate placenta 7824:Impetigo herpetiformis 7819:Gestational pemphigoid 7791:Hyperemesis gravidarum 7724:hypertensive disorders 7234:Cardiovascular disease 6822:Contraceptive security 6755:In vitro fertilization 6666:Postpartum confinement 6540:Hyperemesis gravidarum 5724:reference.medscape.com 5097:. 2007. Archived from 5056:10.15585/mmwr.mm6816a1 4233:10.1093/humupd/dmaa010 3153:European Spine Journal 3002:10.3390/ijerph17249573 2602:: CS1 maint: others ( 2269:Postpartum thyroiditis 2249:Hyperemesis gravidarum 2194:Gestational pemphigoid 2114:Hyperemesis gravidarum 1885:on the data provided. 1737:Reference (i.e., 1.00) 1290:may increase risks of 1198:fetal alcohol syndrome 676:bereavement counseling 356:Venous thromboembolism 351:Venous thromboembolism 345:cardiovascular disease 224:Hyperemesis gravidarum 219:Hyperemesis gravidarum 169:from severe vomiting. 167:electrolyte imbalances 163:hyperemesis gravidarum 8437:Neurological disorder 8216:Postpartum infections 8211:Postpartum depression 7356:Healthcare inequality 7158:Gender discrimination 6962:Human papilloma virus 6637:Vesicovaginal fistula 6228:"ICD-10 Version:2016" 5494:10.1093/humupd/dmt047 5339:Women's Health Issues 4566:10.1056/NEJMcp1709324 3769:10.1056/NEJMra1213566 3346:10.1186/1471-2393-9-8 2274:Postpartum depression 2229:Uterine incarceration 1983:Postpartum depression 1926:Nonmedelian disorders 1337:High-risk pregnancies 1026:Age of either parent 894:Further information: 888:Further information: 787:Treatment: Immediate 687:multiple miscarriages 459:Further information: 260:psychosocial distress 132:postpartum infections 8578:Soft tissue disorder 8524:Male genital disease 8337:Major Disease groups 8221:Postpartum psychosis 8090:Obstetrical bleeding 7985:Obstetrical bleeding 7806:Integumentary system 7781:Gestational diabetes 7760:related to pregnancy 7758:Other, predominantly 7463:Nurses' Health Study 7371:Reproductive justice 7322:Urinary incontinence 6942:Sexually transmitted 6797:Intrauterine devices 6642:Rectovaginal fistula 6632:Obstetrical fistulae 6560:Gestational diabetes 6555:Obstetrical bleeding 6530:Adolescent pregnancy 6515:Gravidity and parity 6510:Unintended pregnancy 4227:. pp. 650–669. 4133:www.womenshealth.gov 4064:10.46747/cfp.6710791 3446:10.1136/gut.35.1.101 2858:(10100): 1151–1210. 2311:Postpartum nephritis 2290:Herpes gestationitis 2259:Gestational diabetes 2134:Deep vein thrombosis 2109:Gestational diabetes 1978:Postpartum infection 1921:Spontaneous abortion 1856:14.61 (12.10–17.67) 1853:15.62 (14.00–17.45) 1850:19.27 (16.53–20.21) 1817:27.97 (22.24–35.17) 1598:142.8 (102.0–199.8) 1586:154.6 (128.8–185.6) 1284:pharmaceutical drugs 1277:Unintended pregnancy 1179:environmental toxins 1103:gestational diabetes 1009:General risk factors 997:genito-urinary tract 922:spontaneous abortion 835:Multiple pregnancies 762:multiple pregnancies 573:(commonly caused by 524:Some infections are 360:deep vein thrombosis 186:Gestational diabetes 181:Gestational diabetes 8606:Congenital disorder 8547:Postpartum disorder 8478:Respiratory disease 8411:Hematologic disease 8201:Postpartum bleeding 8024:Placental abruption 8009:Monochorionic twins 7839:Prurigo gestationis 7376:Women's empowerment 7244:Alzheimer's disease 6875:Cloth menstrual pad 6832:Fertility awareness 6802:Oral contraceptives 6684:Perinatal mortality 3077:(3): 401–17, viii. 2531:(9832): 2151–2161. 2466:(9859): 2095–2128. 2331:Obstetrical tetanus 2199:Prurigo gestationis 2164:Postpartum bleeding 2008:Placental abruption 1916:Mendelian disorders 1833:10.21 (9.27–11.25) 1820:44.5 (31.68–62.54) 1592:106.1 (85.1–132.3) 1381: 1327:High-risk pregnancy 1216:placental abruption 1160:mislocated placenta 1107:high blood pressure 948:C - Cytomegalovirus 916:that produce minor 864:, sharing the same 852:, sharing the same 766:in-utero infections 764:or the presence of 746:Placental abruption 741:Placental abruption 575:Hashimoto's disease 479:respiratory volumes 410:Anemia in pregnancy 266:High blood pressure 102:puerperal disorders 8393:Metabolic disorder 8231:Puerperal mastitis 8186:Breast engorgement 7973:Monoamniotic twins 7963:Chorionic hematoma 7473:Cartwright Inquiry 7384:Politics, research 7202:Endometrial cancer 7056:Sexual intercourse 6827:Planned parenthood 6812:Male contraceptive 6281:Maternal mortality 5997:, p. 260-273. 2336:Unicornuate uterus 2321:Obstetric embolism 2264:Hemoglobinopathies 2119:Pelvic girdle pain 2068:Incompetent cervix 2053:Neonatal infection 1839:8.54 (7.16–10.19) 1814:37.5 (30.9–44.45) 1733:Outside pregnancy 1435:Outside pregnancy 1345:congenital defects 1228:: Associated with 1192:recreational drugs 1184:Ionizing radiation 1156:Multiple gestation 1138:Lupus in pregnancy 1115:postterm pregnancy 1088:underweight babies 1068:underweight babies 1030:Adolescent parents 896:Neonatal infection 503:coccidioidomycosis 461:Neonatal infection 364:pulmonary embolism 319:low platelet count 251:peri or postpartum 245:(PGP) disorder is 243:Pelvic girdle pain 238:Pelvic girdle pain 134:including sepsis, 8619: 8618: 8465:Lymphatic disease 8383:Endocrine disease 8352:Parasitic disease 8304: 8303: 8262:Thyroid disorders 8252:Diabetes mellitus 8136:Uterine inversion 8068:Shoulder dystocia 8063:Obstructed labour 8039: 8038: 7903: 7902: 7872:Chorea gravidarum 7648:Ectopic pregnancy 7573: 7572: 7453: 7452: 7278: 7277: 7229: 7228: 7212:Papanicolaou test 7168:Non-communicable 7136:Sexual harassment 7114:Domestic violence 7084: 7083: 6927: 6926: 6724: 6723: 6627:Retained placenta 6545:Ectopic pregnancy 6357: 6356: 6254:Leveno K (2013). 5544:www.nichd.nih.gov 5288:978-0-309-05230-6 4971:10.1136/bmj.h3080 4915:(13): 1642–1654. 4560:(16): 1529–1536. 4279:BMC Public Health 3763:(23): 2211–2218. 3619:10.1002/hep.31559 3118:10.1002/ncp.10205 2581:978-0-7817-8807-6 2279:Hyperpigmentation 2224:Obstetric fistula 1962:Cesarean delivery 1951:Shoulder dystocia 1911:Ectopic pregnancy 1892: 1891: 1876:0.89 (0.53–1.39) 1873:2.29 (1.44–3.65) 1870:1.69 (1.26–2.25) 1867:2.06 (1.60–2.64) 1859:8.44 (7.27–9.75) 1842:4.85 (4.21–5.57) 1836:8.72 (7.83–9.70) 1806:5.48 (4.89–6.12) 1803:5.69 (4.66–6.95) 1800:5.12 (4.53–5.80) 1797:7.14 (6.43–7.94) 1789:1.58 (1.24–1.99) 1786:1.82 (1.27–2.62) 1783:3.01 (2.56–3.53) 1780:4.31 (3.78–4.93) 1772:1.12 (0.86–1.45) 1769:1.46 (0.96–2.20) 1766:3.04 (2.58–3.56) 1763:3.42 (2.95–3.98) 1755:2.95 (2.68–3.25) 1752:3.10 (2.63–3.66) 1749:3.80 (3.44–4.19) 1746:5.08 (4.66–5.54) 1661:30.4 (26.4–35.0) 1655:46.8 (39.1–56.1) 1649:59.3 (54.1–65.0) 1643:75.4 (69.6–81.8) 1632:17.5 (15.3–20.0) 1626:27.4 (23.1–32.4) 1620:33.1 (30.4–36.1) 1614:42.3 (39.2–45.7) 1575:19.7 (17.7–21.9) 1569:18.2 (15.0–22.1) 1563:19.4 (17.4–21.6) 1557:29.2 (26.8–31.9) 1528:17.4 (15.4–19.6) 1499:13.6 (11.8–15.5) 1476:14.2 (13.2–15.3) 1470:20.5 (19.2–21.8) 1095:very large babies 1076:shoulder dystocia 969:placental barrier 939:T - Toxoplasmosis 606:Ectopic pregnancy 601:Ectopic pregnancy 213:weight management 173:Maternal problems 128:maternal bleeding 117:postpartum period 83: 82: 27:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8644: 8509:Urologic disease 8331: 8324: 8317: 8308: 8291: 8290: 8126:Postmature birth 8114:Placenta accreta 8019:Placenta praevia 8014:Placenta accreta 7958:Chorioamnionitis 7768:Digestive system 7764: 7690:Fetal resorption 7678:Rudimentary horn 7635:abortive outcome 7629: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7577: 7561: 7560: 7549: 7548: 7537: 7536: 7390: 7175: 7095: 7089:Non-reproductive 6938: 6855:Feminine hygiene 6622:Cesarian section 6617:Obstructed labor 6498: 6413: 6394: 6384: 6377: 6370: 6361: 6288: 6269: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6224: 6203: 6197: 6188: 6182: 6176: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6146: 6140: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6081: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6029:. Archived from 6019: 6010: 6004: 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5879: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5771: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5665: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5280: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5206: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5154:. Archived from 5144: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5067: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4973: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4799: 4782: 4781: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4731: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4397:(4): 1005–1016. 4386: 4380: 4379: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4304: 4294: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4244: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4076: 4066: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4001: 3992: 3981: 3980: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3892: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3825: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3780: 3748: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3700: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3639: 3638: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3572:(7): 1427–1438. 3557: 3551: 3550: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3348: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3220: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3014: 3004: 2980: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2958:womenshealth.gov 2950: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2916: 2907:(6): e323–e333. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2875: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2773: 2767: 2766: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2708:. Archived from 2703: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2685: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2641: 2617: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2593: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2393: 2033:Delayed delivery 1946:Chorioamnionitis 1811:Around delivery 1580:Around delivery 1534:11.2 (9.7–13.0) 1505:11.3 (9.7–13.1) 1488:10.7 (9.7–11.6) 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1292:preterm delivery 1288:anti-depressants 1117:and requiring a 822:Placenta accreta 817:Placenta accreta 554:thromboembolisms 358:, consisting of 311:Hemolytic anemia 228:morning sickness 194:high blood sugar 159:morning sickness 140:obstructed labor 42: 30: 21: 8652: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8597: 8564: 8551: 8528: 8500: 8482: 8469: 8451: 8428: 8424:Mental disorder 8415: 8402: 8398:Immune disorder 8374: 8356: 8338: 8335: 8305: 8300: 8278: 8235: 8179:Cracked nipples 8174:Low milk supply 8155: 8141:Uterine rupture 8035: 7930:Oligohydramnios 7915:amniotic cavity 7909: 7899: 7876: 7858: 7809: 7800: 7759: 7753: 7722: 7709: 7695:Molar pregnancy 7634: 7618: 7604: 7574: 7569: 7525: 7510:Family planning 7488: 7482: 7449: 7426: 7385: 7379: 7351:Gender equality 7334: 7328: 7274: 7225: 7207:Cervical cancer 7169: 7162: 7100: 7090: 7080: 7071:Sex differences 7029:Forced marriage 6978: 6943: 6933: 6923: 6865:Menstrual cycle 6836: 6789:Family planning 6787: 6778: 6731: 6720: 6679:Maternal deaths 6670: 6661:Postpartum care 6607:Multiple births 6583: 6492: 6485: 6418: 6409: 6406: 6398: 6388: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6299: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6253: 6249: 6247:Further reading 6244: 6243: 6233: 6231: 6226: 6225: 6206: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5832: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5789: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5648:(2): CD000184. 5635: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5394:(11): e008864. 5381: 5380: 5376: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5129: 5127: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5101: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5050:(16): 365–368. 5037: 5036: 5032: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4801: 4800: 4785: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4656: 4654: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4551: 4550: 4543: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4272: 4271: 4264: 4255: 4253: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4142: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4044: 4043: 4039: 3999: 3994: 3993: 3984: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3922: 3921: 3914: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3852:. 27 April 2021 3844: 3843: 3839: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3750: 3749: 3740: 3733: 3729: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3642: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3476: 3475: 3471: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3328: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3304:medlineplus.gov 3298: 3297: 3293: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3036:Emergency Nurse 3033: 3032: 3028: 2982: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2940: 2924:1854/LU-5796925 2894: 2893: 2889: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2594: 2582: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2382: 2355: 2350: 2219:Molar pregnancy 2013:Placenta previa 1967:Uterine rupture 1956:Breech delivery 1931:Oligohydramnios 1897: 1825: 1738: 1705:Swedish data B 1702:Swedish data A 1684:7.3 (4.6–11.6) 1672:8.5 (7.0–10.9) 1603: 1482:9.9 (8.5–11.6) 1395:Swedish data B 1392:Swedish data A 1379: 1333:contraindicated 1329: 1248:premature birth 1230:premature birth 1220:placenta previa 1171: 1113:, experiencing 1038:Older parents: 1020: 1011: 902:immune function 898: 892: 886: 878:conjoined twins 846:Multiple births 843: 837: 819: 802:Placenta previa 799: 797:Placenta previa 743: 709: 664: 647:keyhole surgery 645:In most cases, 634:fallopian tubes 603: 591: 568: 562: 550:pulmonary edema 534: 463: 445: 439: 431:parenteral iron 412: 406: 353: 337:low birthweight 333:premature birth 274: 268: 255:pubic symphysis 240: 233: 221: 183: 175: 28: 23: 22: 18:Pregnancy risks 15: 12: 11: 5: 8650: 8648: 8640: 8639: 8637:Women's health 8634: 8624: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8519:Breast disease 8516: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8456: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8433: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8426: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8269:Maternal death 8266: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8176: 8165: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8075:Fetal distress 8072: 8071: 8070: 8060: 8055: 8049: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7982: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7944: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7935:Polyhydramnios 7932: 7924:amniotic fluid 7919: 7917: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7868: 7866: 7864:Nervous system 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7751: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7742:HELLP syndrome 7734: 7728: 7726: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7639: 7637: 7633:Pregnancy with 7626: 7620: 7619: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7555: 7543: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7512: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7490: 7487:Women's health 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7398: 7396: 7394:United Nations 7387: 7386:& advocacy 7381: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7333:Sociocultural 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7223: 7221:Ovarian cancer 7218: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7204: 7197:Uterine cancer 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7172: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7149: 7148: 7141:Sexual assault 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7111: 7105: 7103: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7019:Child marriage 7016: 7014:Breast ironing 7011: 7006: 7004:Breast binding 7001: 7000: 6999: 6994: 6992:Clitoridectomy 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6935: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6870:Menstrual aids 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6736: 6734: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6654:Husband stitch 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6593: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6525:Antenatal care 6522: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6495: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6471:Fallopian tube 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6423: 6421: 6417:Reproductive 6410: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6396:Women's health 6389: 6387: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6339: 6320: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291:Classification 6285: 6284: 6276: 6275:External links 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265:978-0071765626 6264: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6204: 6202:, p. 439. 6189: 6187:, p. 435. 6177: 6175:, p. 425. 6165: 6163:, p. 410. 6153: 6151:, p. 382. 6141: 6139:, p. 363. 6129: 6127:, p. 349. 6117: 6115:, p. 335. 6105: 6103:, p. 278. 6093: 6064:(2): 126–132. 6044: 6033:on 6 July 2018 6011: 6009:, p. 274. 5999: 5987: 5985:, p. 252. 5975: 5973:, p. 250. 5963: 5961:, p. 247. 5951: 5949:, p. 241. 5939: 5937:, p. 236. 5927: 5925:, p. 232. 5915: 5913:, p. 225. 5903: 5901:, p. 223. 5891: 5870:(6): 623–627. 5850: 5848:, p. 218. 5838: 5811: 5809:, p. 188. 5799: 5797:, p. 180. 5787: 5785:, p. 171. 5772: 5770:, p. 169. 5760: 5758:, p. 161. 5748: 5746:, p. 154. 5736: 5711: 5709:, p. 152. 5699: 5697:, p. 147. 5687: 5663:10019.1/104301 5628: 5626:, p. 131. 5616: 5614:, p. 130. 5604: 5602:, p. 114. 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5488:(2): 250–261. 5472: 5460: 5435: 5423: 5374: 5345:(5): 325–334. 5325: 5300: 5287: 5265: 5218: 5189:(4): 519–527. 5169: 5136: 5107: 5104:on 2011-09-11. 5079: 5030: 5011:(5): 488–493. 4995: 4944: 4895: 4876:(3): 219–226. 4860: 4817: 4783: 4761: 4702: 4663: 4639: 4622: 4603:(4): 545–550. 4587: 4541: 4522:(1): 137–154. 4506: 4479:(4): 927–941. 4463: 4424: 4381: 4354:(2): 130–135. 4338: 4324: 4262: 4211: 4182: 4149: 4120: 4096: 4037: 4010:(3): 547–556. 3982: 3955:(2): 308–319. 3939: 3912: 3883:(2): 207–221. 3863: 3837: 3808:(6): 701–705. 3792: 3738: 3727: 3712: 3654: 3640: 3613:(1): 318–365. 3593: 3552: 3518: 3489:(9): e018494. 3469: 3440:(1): 101–106. 3420: 3393:(6): 349–353. 3377: 3316: 3291: 3256: 3240: 3211:(7): 439–443. 3188: 3159:(7): 575–589. 3139: 3112:(2): 226–241. 3096: 3061: 3026: 2970: 2938: 2887: 2838: 2819:(4): 242–248. 2803: 2768: 2741:(4): 282–287. 2725: 2690: 2661: 2609: 2580: 2558: 2511: 2445: 2408:(1): e16–e25. 2384: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2346:Arcuate uterus 2343: 2341:Maternal death 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2292: 2287: 2286:growth changes 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2124:HELLP syndrome 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2090: 2088:Twin pregnancy 2085: 2080: 2075: 2073:Posterm infant 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1974:after delivery 1969: 1964: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1728:IRR (95% CI)† 1726: 1725:IRR (95% CI)† 1723: 1722:IRR* (95% CI) 1720: 1719:IRR* (95% CI) 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1690:3.2 (1.9–5.0) 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678:6.4 (4.9–8.5) 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1546:5.7 (4.6–7.2) 1544: 1541: 1540:5.8 (4.1–8.3) 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1517:4.1 (3.2–5.2) 1515: 1512: 1511:4.6 (3.1–7.0) 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1459:3.6 (3.4–3.7) 1457: 1454: 1453:3.2 (3.0–3.3) 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441:4.2 (4.0–4.4) 1439: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1430:Rate (95% CI) 1428: 1425: 1424:Rate (95% CI) 1422: 1419: 1418:Rate (95% CI) 1416: 1413: 1412:Rate (95% CI) 1410: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1363: 1355: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1295: 1280: 1274: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1241: 1223: 1205: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1091: 1079: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1036: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007: 991:), and normal 953: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 914:microorganisms 908:can cross the 885: 882: 841:Multiple birth 839:Main article: 836: 833: 818: 815: 814: 813: 798: 795: 794: 793: 785: 781: 742: 739: 738: 737: 734: 731: 728: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 697: 694: 663: 660: 659: 658: 640: 637: 602: 599: 590: 587: 571:Hypothyroidism 564:Main article: 561: 560:Hypothyroidism 558: 533: 530: 495:herpes simplex 483:urinary stasis 441:Main article: 438: 435: 424:United Nations 408:Main article: 405: 402: 401: 400: 390: 372:maternal death 352: 349: 329: 328: 322: 307:HELLP syndrome 304: 298: 292: 270:Main article: 267: 264: 239: 236: 231: 220: 217: 196:levels during 182: 179: 174: 171: 81: 80: 77: 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8649: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8612: 8611:Fetal disease 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8332: 8327: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8158: 8152: 8151:Uterine atony 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8121:Preterm birth 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7906: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7854:Stretch marks 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7737:Pre-eclampsia 7735: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7606:Pathology of 7601: 7596: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7566: 7565: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7541: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7511: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7432:United States 7429: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7382: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7346:Disadvantaged 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7331: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7307:Urinary tract 7305: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7283:Mental health 7281: 7280: 7271: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7222: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7192:Breast cancer 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7101:against women 7096: 7093: 7087: 7077: 7076:Sex education 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7009:Breast health 7007: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6939: 6936: 6930: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6880:Menstrual cup 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6785: 6784:Contraception 6781: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6745:Childlessness 6743: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6733: 6730:Reproductive 6727: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6704:Sterilization 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6602:Preterm birth 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6586: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6437:Clitoral hood 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6408: 6405:Reproductive 6401: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6373: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6362: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6169: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6094: 6089: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6045: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5737: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5688: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5596: 5593: 5590:, p. 91. 5589: 5584: 5581: 5578:, p. 88. 5577: 5572: 5569: 5566:, p. 50. 5565: 5560: 5557: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5520: 5517:, p. 47. 5516: 5511: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5473: 5470:, p. 13. 5469: 5464: 5461: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5433:, p. 38. 5432: 5427: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5290: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5170: 5158:on 2011-09-10 5157: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5083: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4664: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4191:"Miscarriage" 4186: 4183: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159:"Miscarriage" 4153: 4150: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4110: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3823:2027.42/29639 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3716: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3531:NIHR Evidence 3528: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3251:Pre-eclampsia 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2715:on 2016-03-09 2711: 2707: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2169:Perineal tear 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2048:Preterm birth 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1883: 1863: 1862: 1846: 1845: 1829: 1828: 1810: 1809: 1793: 1792: 1776: 1775: 1759: 1758: 1742: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1715: 1714: 1708:English data 1699: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1398:English data 1389: 1388: 1383: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1326: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1304:preterm birth 1301: 1300: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271:prenatal care 1268: 1267:socioeconomic 1264: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234:birth defects 1231: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169:Environmental 1168: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1064:preterm birth 1061: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 937: 936: 934: 933:TORCH complex 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 897: 891: 883: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:monochorionic 847: 842: 834: 832: 829: 825: 823: 816: 811: 810: 809: 806: 803: 796: 790: 786: 782: 779: 778: 777: 774: 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 750: 747: 740: 735: 732: 729: 726: 725: 724: 722: 718: 713: 706: 701: 698: 695: 692: 691: 690: 688: 684: 679: 677: 672: 668: 661: 656: 655:abortifacient 652: 648: 644: 641: 638: 635: 631: 627: 624: 623: 622: 620: 619:salpingectomy 616: 611: 607: 600: 598: 596: 588: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 567: 559: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:pre-eclampsia 538: 531: 529: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 462: 457: 455: 451: 444: 436: 434: 432: 427: 425: 421: 416: 411: 403: 398: 394: 391: 388: 384: 380: 377: 376: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 350: 348: 346: 342: 338: 334: 326: 323: 320: 316: 315:liver enzymes 312: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 286: 282: 281:Pre-eclampsia 279: 278: 277: 273: 265: 263: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 237: 235: 229: 225: 218: 216: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 180: 178: 172: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 142:, and unsafe 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 118: 114: 109: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 78: 76: 72: 68: 66: 65:Complications 62: 59: 56: 54: 50: 45: 41: 36: 31: 19: 8593:Chondropathy 8588:Bone disease 8560:Skin disease 8536: 8388:Malnutrition 8365:Benign tumor 8293: 8286: 8146:Vasa praevia 8106: 8080:Locked twins 7996: 7946: 7922: 7668:Interstitial 7623: 7562: 7550: 7538: 7261:Hip fracture 7256:Osteoporosis 6997:Infibulation 6897:Dysmenorrhea 6890:Sanitary pad 6842:Menstruation 6570:Preeclampsia 6565:Hypertension 6534: 6449:Labia majora 6444:Labia minora 6341: 6322: 6303: 6255: 6232:. Retrieved 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096: 6061: 6057: 6047: 6035:. Retrieved 6031:the original 6026: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5867: 5863: 5853: 5841: 5802: 5790: 5763: 5751: 5739: 5727:. Retrieved 5723: 5714: 5702: 5690: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5547:. Retrieved 5543: 5534: 5529:, p. 2. 5522: 5510: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5463: 5451:. Retrieved 5447: 5438: 5426: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5317:. Retrieved 5303: 5292:. Retrieved 5276: 5268: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5160:. Retrieved 5156:the original 5151: 5128:. Retrieved 5119: 5110: 5099:the original 5094: 5082: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4807: 4774:Medline Plus 4773: 4764: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4680: 4676: 4666: 4655:. Retrieved 4652:www.acog.org 4651: 4642: 4632: 4625: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4557: 4553: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4476: 4472: 4466: 4441: 4437: 4427: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4327: 4282: 4278: 4254:. Retrieved 4224: 4214: 4203:. Retrieved 4194: 4185: 4174:. Retrieved 4162: 4152: 4141:. Retrieved 4132: 4123: 4112:. Retrieved 4108: 4099: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4007: 4003: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3931:. Retrieved 3927: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3854:. Retrieved 3849: 3840: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3760: 3756: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3672: 3668: 3657: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3569: 3566:Hypertension 3565: 3555: 3530: 3521: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3336: 3332: 3319: 3309:28 September 3307:. Retrieved 3303: 3294: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3250: 3243: 3208: 3204: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3042:(4): 24–28. 3039: 3035: 3029: 2995:(24): 9573. 2992: 2988: 2962:. 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Retrieved 2673: 2664: 2629: 2625: 2570: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2463: 2459: 2448: 2405: 2401: 2297:of pregnancy 2043:Incontinence 1998:Preeclampsia 1993:Hypertension 1972:Hysterectomy 1898: 1886: 1881: 1716:Time period 1711:Danish data 1406:Time period 1401:Danish data 1330: 1282:Exposure to 1246:: Can cause 1208:Tobacco use: 1190:Exposure to 1177:Exposure to 1172: 1111:preeclampsia 1021: 1012: 1001: 967:without the 954: 930: 899: 874:entanglement 866:amniotic sac 862:monoamniotic 844: 830: 826: 820: 807: 800: 770: 758:hypertension 751: 744: 721:peer support 710: 680: 665: 651:methotrexate 642: 625: 621:(surgery). 610:implantation 604: 592: 569: 546:hypertension 535: 523: 464: 446: 428: 417: 413: 392: 378: 367: 354: 330: 275: 241: 222: 184: 176: 148: 121: 110: 106: 85: 84: 75:Risk factors 8447:Ear disease 8442:Eye disease 8085:Nuchal cord 7834:Linea nigra 7786:Hepatitis E 7719:proteinuria 7700:Miscarriage 7685:Embryo loss 7663:Heterotopic 7564:WikiProject 7251:Bone health 7187:Lung cancer 7024:Dyspareunia 6967:HPV vaccine 6907:Amenorrhoea 6902:Menorrhagia 6740:Infertility 6689:Stillbirths 6550:Miscarriage 6200:Leveno 2013 6185:Leveno 2013 6173:Leveno 2013 6161:Leveno 2013 6149:Leveno 2013 6137:Leveno 2013 6125:Leveno 2013 6113:Leveno 2013 6101:Leveno 2013 6007:Leveno 2013 5995:Leveno 2013 5983:Leveno 2013 5971:Leveno 2013 5959:Leveno 2013 5947:Leveno 2013 5935:Leveno 2013 5923:Leveno 2013 5911:Leveno 2013 5899:Leveno 2013 5846:Leveno 2013 5834:Leveno 2013 5807:Leveno 2013 5795:Leveno 2013 5783:Leveno 2013 5768:Leveno 2013 5756:Leveno 2013 5744:Leveno 2013 5707:Leveno 2013 5695:Leveno 2013 5624:Leveno 2013 5612:Leveno 2013 5600:Leveno 2013 5588:Leveno 2013 5576:Leveno 2013 5564:Leveno 2013 5527:Leveno 2013 5515:Leveno 2013 5468:Leveno 2013 5431:Leveno 2013 4833:(2): 1–17. 4683:: 102–116. 4057:(10): 791. 3675:(4): e446. 2632:: 111–119. 2480:10292/13775 2038:Fetal death 1830:Postpartum 1743:Antepartum 1608:Postpartum 1464:Antepartum 1265:Social and 1040:As they age 973:hepatitis B 965:body fluids 945:R - 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