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deep and the widest is around 18 m (60 ft,) in diameter at the surface. It has been calculated that more than 2,000 tonnes of chalk had to be removed from the larger shafts, taking 20 people around five or six months, before stone of sufficient quality was reached. An upper, (topstone,) and middle (wallstone,) seam of flint was dug through on the way to the deeper third seam (floorstone,) which most interested the miners. The mines were sunk at a rate of one every one or two years. Although recent research has suggested that small groups of mines may have been dug simultaneously. Mining was however neither intensive, nor on an 'industrial' scale, as we understand the term today. The geology at Grimes Graves comprises a number of flint layers lying below sands and clays and interspersed between chalk. It was the upper three seams of flint which were exploited, and the lowest of the three, known as 'floorstone', was generally targeted because it was in larger tabular nodules, it was easily flaked, less flawed than flint from the other layers, and had a lustrous deep black colour. To get to the flint the
Neolithic miners dug shafts up to 12 m deep with radiating galleries at their base, as well as shallower pits from 3 m to 8 m deep. Some mines are grouped together with two or three in a single quarry, implying that some were dug in sequence.
1006:. This parish on the River Yare has revealed through excavation and fieldwalking a number of Mesolithic sites, including one of the most important Mesolithic sites in Norfolk. A site near Pockthorpe has produced over 32000 mesolithic flint artefacts, including over 18000 flakes, over 12000 blades and over 280 mircoliths. The site was probably an open camp and flint working site. In the north of the parish close to the River Yare, a large number of Mesolithic and neolithic flint artefacts have been found which may suggest the flint was mined and flints worked on the site during the two periods. (Wymer, J.J. & Robins, P.A.. 1995.)
1301:
904:
Arctic environment to one of pine, birch and alder forest; this less open landscape was less conducive to the large herds of reindeer and horse that had previously sustained humans. Those animals were replaced in people's diets by less social animals such as elk, red deer and aurochs which would have required different hunting techniques in order to be effectively exploited. Tools changed to incorporate barbs which could snag the flesh of a hunted animal, making it harder for it to escape alive. Tiny
725:) were also recovered from the organic sediments. No articulated skeletons were found. The bone varied in condition with some bones extensively weathered and others exhibiting traces of gnawing by predator-scavengers. Bone fractures characteristic of marrow extraction by hominids have been identified on some of the reindeer and horse bones recovered from the deposit. The faunal remains recovered from the palaeochannel are typical of the Pin Hole Mammal Assemblage Zone of the Middle Devensian.
83:
783:, while by the end of this period it had become more or less the island that we now know. At the end of the Devensian the sea-level was about 30 m below present with most of the land becoming forested with the ameliorating climate. In the mid-9th millennium BP, with the breaching of the land bridge, East Anglia became cut off from the rest of north-west Europe. Sea levels rose rapidly and peat formation commenced in low-lying areas.
1361:
1219:
with hengiform monuments of the later
Neolithic and early Bronze Age than with 'normal' causewayed enclosures of the fourth millennium BC. Alternatively, they might represent a regional tradition distinct to this part of the country. In addition, the geographical distribution of the sites is confined to north-east Norfolk. While some allowance can be made for the usual factors associated with the distribution of
920:) and the wetland environments created by the warmer weather would have been a rich source of fish and game. It is likely that these environmental changes were accompanied by social changes with the groups that inhabited Britain at this time. Evidence from other parts of Britain suggests that during this period the people were becoming more settled rather than solely nomadic see
160:
174:
146:
132:
118:
104:
90:
22:
1250:
A small henge at
Arminghall in Norfolk which also enclosed a ring of posts has a diameter of only 30 metres. It lies near the junction of the rivers Yare and Tas, less than 4 km south of the centre of Norwich. Two circular ring ditches, the outer one 1.5 m deep and the inner one 2.3 m deep, with
903:
age in most of Europe around 10,000 years ago. Temperatures rose, probably to levels similar to those today, and forests expanded further. By 8,500 years ago, the rising sea levels caused by the melting glaciers cut
Britain off from continental Europe for the last time. The warmer climate changed the
1223:
sites (soils, geology, etc.), at present it seems that the clustering of the three sites in the north-east of the county may be of archaeological significance. The smaller dimensions of the
Norfolk sites may be a reflection of the size and dispersal of the communities creating, maintaining and using
1218:
All three enclosures, the only sites of this type known from the county, are notable for their small size and circular shape. In national terms their morphology is rather anomalous, a characteristic which can be interpreted in a number of ways. It has been suggested that they may have more in common
1112:
period, 4000-2500BC, has produced a larger archaeological record than the previous prehistoric periods due to their impact and changing their surroundings that the
Neolithic peoples had on the landscape, from industrial to maybe religious needs. By the time of the Neolithic Norfolk, like the rest of
668:
recovered from the 0.50 m2 spit units. A number of the handaxes and flakes were found in direct association with bones and/or tusks. The artefacts are generally fresh and relatively sharp with minimal abrasion or post-depositional edge damage. Typologically the assemblage falls within the
Mousterian
1395:
dates suggest that mining may have taken place over a period of between 500 and 1,000 years. It extends over an area of around 37 ha (0.37 km / 96 acres) and consists of at least 433 shafts dug into the natural chalk to reach seams of flint. The deepest shafts are more than 12 m (40 feet)
1123:
Neolithic communities seem to have preferred
Norfolk's light soils and well-drained river valley tracts, rather than the heavily wooded central claylands, although these were probably occupied to some extent and also exploited for hunting and foraging. Excavation results indicate that the woodland
1209:
in north-east
Norfolk. The monument is approximately circular, with a diameter of 60 metres. The circuit appears to be divided into at least seven separate lengths of ditch, although there is a larger gap to the north where a further two stretches of ditch may be obscured. The enclosure lies at a
1190:
sites appear to be approximately circular, defined by relatively narrow ditches and pit sections, interspersed with narrow causeways. These enclosures are generally defined by single ditches, however the recently published plot of
Roughton (Oswald et al., 2001: fig. 6.7), has identified a second,
1267:
An undated circular enclosure is located in pasture, close to the confluence of the Rivers Tud and Wensum. It comprises a circular bank, with an internal diameter of about 30 m, and a circular ditch outside it. It has been suggested that it may be comparable to the Neolithic henge at Arminghall.
1321:
This Neolithic long barrow is visible as an oval mound 1.2m high and 31m long by 23m wide. This is part of a larger mound that has been destroyed by ploughing and the construction of the Harpley to Weasenham St Peter road. The mound is surrounded by a ditch about 4.5m wide. The ditch is now
1402:
Evidence has been found in the area of a Neolithic flint axe factory, including unfinished axes and waste flakes. In the 18th century a human skeleton, together with the picks made from deer's antlers, were found in one of the chalk tunnels – possibly the body of one of the Neolithic flint
1309:
Broome Heath, Ditchingham A Neolithic burial mound or long barrow, about 50m long and 25m wide. Human remains were found in the 19th century, but these were probably a later insertion. Neolithic flints and pottery fragments have been found over the years, often being excavated by
999:
nothing but the flintwork has survived. Such a high (high for Norfolk) vantage point would have allowed the Mesolithic hunters magnificent views of the wide plains that are now the North Sea, which may have been the reason for the visits, probably seasonal from generation to
1214:
The way in which they were used is not fully understood, but they may have been a meeting point for small, dispersed groups of people living in the surrounding area, a place where the exchange of goods, ritual feasting and other ceremonial activities might have taken place.
786:
Although material has been recovered from across the region dating to this period, there have been very few large scale excavations, particularly in recent years. The majority of material identified from East Anglia consists of stray artefacts with only a few known
1278:
Beex, W., Peterson, J 2004. 'The Arminghall henge in space and time: how virtual reality contributes to research on its orientation'. In The E-way into the four dimensions of Cultural Heritage, CAA2003, BAR International Series 1227, pp. 490–493,
740:
add to the picture of giant rotting mammals being scavenged by hyenas and Neanderthals. The presence of sub-Arctic plants, insects and snails at this site indicates that the Neanderthals of this time lived in a climate like that of modern Scandinavia.
1036:. The lighter soils of Breckland, lighter than on the claylands to the north, would have resulted in the wildwoods being less dense thus enabling easier hunting of deer and other species. Two recent excavations in different parts of Thetford are:
663:
Some 590 worked flint artefacts consisting of number of handaxes (pointed, subcordiform, cordiform, ovate and bout coupé forms), three cores and a number of retouched, utilised and waste flakes were individually recorded with over 1,000 pieces of
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them and it may not be necessary to assume that they occurred later than elsewhere in Britain. Although at present no excavation has taken place on any of the Norfolk 'causewayed' enclosures so these questions have yet to be answered.
747:
The mammoths appear to have been butchered but it is unclear whether these beasts were hunted, or their meat simply scavenged from corpses. The site is internationally important due to the rarity of such sites being preserved.
857:, near Brancaster, is a beach site exposed only at very low tides which has yielded a large collection of Late Up Palaeo flints and is clearly a near-intact land surface, suffering slow erosion. (J J Wymer and P A Robins 1994)
285:
systems. Large quantities of artefacts were identified from gravel quarries during the 19th and early 20th century due to the increased demand for gravel in the construction industry and the hand sorting of this gravel.
1210:
height of 50 metres OD on a south facing slope. The location overlooks the areas to the East, South and West but is topographically situated slightly downslope from the higher ground to the immediate north.
276:
The majority of the evidence for Lower and Middle Palaeolithic occupation in East Anglia survives as redeposited flakes and tools recovered from river gravel deposits. These river gravels were laid by the
265:, and the general landscape of Norfolk. The Anglian glaciation was the 3rd from last glacial stage and occurred between 400,000 and 500,000 years ago. This stage was the last time the ice sheets reached
1462:
Healy, F. (1984) 'Farming and field monuments: the Neolithic in Norfolk', in Barringer, C. (ed.) Aspects of East Anglian Prehistory (Twenty Years after Rainbird Clarke). Norwich: Geo Books: 77–140.
387:
The importance of the flint assemblage of Happisburgh is not just to the understanding the prehistory of Norfolk, but to the understanding of prehistoric Europe. This is due to the first mentioned
940:
has a rich site of the Late Glacial and Early Mesolithic period. The site lay beside a small stream but the then coastline was still far distant – the sea level 60 metres below its present level.
1191:
more ephemeral, inner ditch or feature. The three possible Norfolk examples are relatively small and have a marked circularity in comparison to many other causewayed enclosure sites in England
1519:
1474:
Healy, F. M., (1988) The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham, Part VI: Occupation during the Seventh to Second Millennia BC, East Anglian Archaeology 39, Norfolk Museums Service
1833:
1468:
Clarke, J. G. D. & Fell, C. I., (1953) 'The Early Iron Age Site at Micklemoor Hill West Harling, Norfolk, and its Pottery' Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 19 part 1 pp 1–40
1383:
known in England, of which only six survive as earthworks. Dating from roughly 3000–2000 BC, mining began at the site during the later Neolithic and continued for a while into the
1261:
Another possible example, which has never seen excavation, has been recorded on the opposite side of the River Tas by aerial photography at Markshall (Wade-Martin 1999, plate 22).
1425:
Excavations at Grimes Graves Norfolk 1972–1976 Fascicule 1: Neolithic Antler Picks From Grimes Graves, Norfolk, And Durrington Walls, Wiltshire: A Biometrical Analysis
1956:
403:, and is in near perfect condition. This handaxe is believed to be the earliest tool yet found in Europe; it was probably used as a knife for cutting up carcasses.
1251:
indications of a bank that once stood between them. In the centre stood eight massive posts, almost 1 m in diameter. The site dates to the Neolithic, with a
823:. The Earlier Upper Palaeolithic is very poorly represented across the whole region although there is somewhat more known from the Later Upper Palaeolithic.
916:, although some flint blade types remained similar to their Palaeolithic predecessors. The dog was domesticated because of its benefits during hunting (see
1808:
1782:
779:. At the beginning of this period Britain was a part of the European landmass and settlement in Norfolk was just an extension of the settlement of the
1527:
1933:
1618:
1662:
1640:
1596:
1574:
1552:
2060:
1684:
1100:
Wymer, J.J. & Robins, P.A.. 1995. A Mesolithic Site at Great Melton IN Norfolk Archaeology. Vol. XLII, pp 125–147. Vol. XLII, p. 125ff.
1020:
district seems to have been attractive to hunter-gatherers during the Late Mesolithic (c. 6000–4000 BC). This may be due to its proximity to the
975:. In terms of scattered flintwork over a large area, Kelling Heath is one of the richest sites of this time in Norfolk. With artefacts including
1465:
Wymer, J.J. & Robins, P.A.. 1995. A Mesolithic Site at Great Melton IN Norfolk Archaeology. Vol. XLII, pp 125–147. Vol. XLII, p. 125ff.
218:
2000 years ago. Indeed, Norfolk has the earliest evidence of human occupation of what is now Britain, and some of the country's best-preserved
2065:
2070:
1831:
46:
1391:
believed the site was the work of the god Grim – (possibly a euphemism for Woden,) -the place-name means 'Grim's quarries'. The available
82:
1471:
Clarke, J. D. G., (1936) 'The Timber Monument at Arminghall, and its Affinities' Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 2 part 1 pp 1–51
758:
Little Cressingham see; Lawson, 1978: 'A Hand Axe from Little Cressingham', AJ Lawson (E Anglian Archaeology Report #8, 1978; p. 1)
1297:
In Norfolk there is only rare evidence of the remains of Long Borrows, most of the remains having been ploughed flat over the years.
1871:
1446:
1432:
64:
1495:
Wainwright, G. J., (1973) 'The Excavation of Prehistoric and Romano-British Settlements at Eaton Heath, Norwich' Arch J 130 pp 1–43
1160:
constructed north-east of the northern terminal of the C-sharped enclosure, and a round barrow south-east of the southern terminal.
732:
analysis, 150 species of insect have been identified. These indicate the presence of standing water, marsh, bare sand and grass.
187:
791:
sites. Norfolk also lacks the cave sites which have proved to be so important for the preservation of sites in other areas e.g.
1300:
875:
The Fenland Project No. 11: The Wissey Embayment: evidence for pre-Iron Age occupation accumulated prior to the Fenland Project
851:
football ground. Experts believe the tools could be from the Upper Palaeolithic era, could be 12,000 years old, from 10,000 BC.
1364:
View of a seam of Flint in the Grimes Graves excavation. The pit props are modern supports added when the site was excavated
1282:
Clark, J.D.G., 1936 'The Timber Monument at Arminghall and its Affinities', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 2, 1–51
1954:
1492:
Wainwright, G. J., (1972) 'The Excavation of a Neolithic Settlement on Broome Heath, Ditchingham, Norfolk' PPS 38 pp 1–97
2090:
1994:
37:
2085:
788:
995:, 1 core, 15 blades and bladelets, 29 flakes and flake fragments. Due to the intensely acid soil of this part of the
1255:
date of 3650–2650 Cal BC (4440±150) from charcoal from a post-pit. The henge is orientated on the mid-winter sunset.
651:
palaeochannel with a dark organic fill. Forty-four pristine Mousterian flint handaxes, the remains of at least nine
1152:
The Broome Heath earthwork formed part of a monument complex which seems to have developed over some time, with a
1897:
1439:
Excavations at Grimes Graves Norfolk 1972–1976 Fascicule 3: Shaft X: Bronze Age Flint, Chalk and Metalworking
323:
992:
988:
961:
Due to the coast being much further out than the present coast line and the barbed antler point found in the
237:
periods the coast of Norfolk would have been 60–70 km further to the north than today, with much of the
686:
1380:
1176:
Pit Clusters and the Temporality of Occupation: an Earlier Neolithic Site at Kilverstone, Thetford, Norfolk
512:
344:
951:
507:
collection of Lower Palaeolithic flint implements, including three flint cleavers and five flint handaxes
1140:-rich soils, may have been especially congenial, and the number of possible monuments here is striking.
913:
729:
717:(brown bear) were individually recorded and a further 25,000 bone, tooth, and tusk fragments recovered.
682:
652:
580:
358:
1728:
W. A. Boismier; Schreve, White; Robertson, Stuart; Etienne, Andrews; Coope, Field; et al. (2003).
1489:
Wade-Martins, P., Ed., (1993) An Historical Atlas of Norfolk, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service
1477:
Lawson, A. J., (1983) The Archaeology of Witton, East Anglian Archaeology 18, Norfolk Museums Service
1187:
1050:
1040:
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400:
219:
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32:
2019:
1413:
Ashwin, T. 1996. Neolithic and Bronze Age Norfolk. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 62, 41–62
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suggests there are many more Early Mesolithic sites under the North Sea off the Norfolk coast.
1802:
1442:
1428:
1331:
1200:
1109:
1021:
371:
316:
647:. The artefactual, faunal, and environmental evidence were sealed, in-situ, within a Middle
2055:
1972:
1744:
1376:
1368:
1247:
1170:, 226 earlier Neolithic pits interprecated as temporary occupation site (Garrow et-al 2005).
921:
792:
535:
278:
270:
230:
The period from almost three-quarters of a million years ago until around 10,000 years ago.
241:
a wide, open plain. The size of the habitable land would have varied through the different
207:
is broken into specific time periods, these being Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic .
1960:
1849:
1837:
1114:
1094:
722:
407:
296:
1875:
812:
623:
open-air sites are exceedingly rare in Europe and very unusual within a British context.
1486:
Sainty, J. E., (1947) 'Mesolithic sites in Norfolk' in Norfolk Archaeology 28 pp 234–237
804:
737:
710:
1706:
1120:
Norfolk has revealed important information concerning this period in British history.
754:
There is little evidence from this period. Other sites within modern Norfolk include:
2079:
1756:
1356:
1084:
972:
816:
706:
698:
419:
399:
with pale grey coarse-grained inclusions, one face carries two small areas of pebble
392:
378:
250:
1388:
1157:
1149:
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1025:
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996:
984:
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632:
605:
471:
351:
340:
282:
246:
211:
1480:
Sainty, J. E., (1924) 'A flaking site on Kelling Heath, Norfolk' PSEA 4 pp 165–176
319:
series. Experts previously thought the earliest humans arrived 700,000 years ago.
1314:
The barrow, as well as being used for burial, may also have had ceremonial uses.
1454:
1399:
1392:
1360:
1337:
1252:
1163:
1153:
1088:
1069:
1065:
976:
954:
848:
733:
702:
694:
588:
569:
489:
467:
365:
308:
266:
1328:
This is a possible Neolithic long barrow, which survives as an earthwork mound.
1235:
The Creation of Monuments: Neolithic Causewayed Enclosures in the British Isles
908:
were developed for hafting onto harpoons and spears. Woodworking tools such as
1821:
1748:
1384:
1343:
1061:
1009:
905:
900:
808:
640:
573:
543:
415:
304:
234:
1998:
1850:"UK | England | Norfolk | Ancient tools found at Carrow Road"
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937:
917:
854:
838:
776:
772:
670:
648:
524:
463:
451:
411:
238:
538:, side scraper found with flint at the gravel pit near Keswick Mill in 1957
1498:
Williamson, T., (1993) The Origins of Norfolk, Manchester University Press
1922:
1220:
1167:
1054:
1044:
1029:
928:
in East Lothian, although there is no evidence found in Norfolk to date.
896:
866:
834:
820:
690:
665:
644:
628:
560:
528:
443:
426:
environment of tidal sediments. With evidence showing a preponderance of
388:
215:
1372:
830:
563:, missing its tip, found with a Neolithic flint industry at South Acre,
447:
333:
254:
242:
203:
199:
882:
A long blade flint industry beneath boreal peat at Titchwell, Norfolk
1129:
925:
796:
455:
1901:
1113:
Britain, was cut off from mainland Europe by the North Sea and the
604:
There is little evidence of human occupation during the subsequent
1483:
Sainty, J. E., (1925) 'The Kelling flaking site' PSEA 5 pp 283–287
1359:
1299:
1137:
909:
800:
718:
431:
396:
262:
258:
42:
Overall layout needs attention; too many, confusing, sub-headings.
1707:"Stone Pages Archaeo News: 700,000-year-old axe found in Britain"
1012:. There are signs of forest clearance by burning from this site.
1133:
427:
1437:
Longworth, I., Herne, A., Varndell, G. and Needham, S., (1991)
837:
but it is not certain that they are not products of the later,
1064:
have frequently been found in the Brecks, including along the
1033:
887:
In general this period is still poorly understood in Norfolk.
459:
439:
435:
423:
15:
1743:(Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69 ed.): 320.
406:
The environmental conditions of Happisburgh, shown through
1453:
The excavation of a Neolithic settlement on Broome Heath,
583:
made on a flake, found at South Acre between 1935 and 1939
681:
In total, some 2,079 bones, tusks, antlers, and teeth of
1174:
Duncan Garrow, Emma Beadsmoore & Mark Knight. 2005.
1730:"A middle-palaeolothic site at Lynford quarry, Mumford"
1501:
Wymer, J., (1991) Mesolithic Britain, Shire Archaeology
1178:. In VOLUME 71, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
957:
dated to about 9800BC, dredged off the sea bed in 1931.
191:
Location map of important pre-historic finds in Norfolk
1520:"Norfolk earliest known settlement in northern-Europe"
1777:
1775:
1773:
673:Tradition (MTA) facies of the Middle Palaeolithic.
608:between around 180,000 and 70,000 years ago, lead.
210:Norfolk has a very rich prehistoric past, from the
1459:. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 38, 1–97.
1288:Wade-Martin, P. (ed), 1999 Norfolk from the Air II
869:evidence of long blade industries (Healy 1996, 53)
863:evidence of long blade industries (Healy 1996, 53)
1665:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk. 22 January 2002
1599:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk. 22 January 2002
1367:is a large Neolithic flint mining complex near
1416:Piggott, S., (1986) 'Early British craftsmen'
1083:plain has a site that has produced more flint
616:Roughly 60,000 years age to 30,000 years ago.
1379:found that Grimes Graves was one of only ten
771:period covers the end of the last glaciation
269:and it resulted in the deposits known as the
8:
2032:"Record Details – Norfolk Heritage Explorer"
841:industries which also included leaf points.
775:Stage and the immediate post-glacial period
677:The Fauna, flora and environmental evidence.
1136:region of north and east Norfolk, with its
1737:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society for
1547:
1545:
1233:Oswald, A., Dyer, C, and Barber, M. 2001.
721:of scavengers (possibly the spotted hyena
631:: 60,000 years ago Homo neanderthalensis (
159:
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1371:close to the border between Norfolk and
987:, in all 51 Mesolithic flint objects; 3
1510:
639:In-situ mammoth remains and associated
1807:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1800:
899:corresponds with the beginning of the
884:Norfolk Archaeology, Vol XLII, part 1
478:are among the aquatic plants present.
391:in the assemblage. The hand axe is an
1997:. Norwichrivers.co.uk. Archived from
214:era 950,000 years ago, to end of the
173:
7:
1068:Valley, and around the edges of the
1973:"Prehistoric Society – Past No. 40"
1124:was dominated by oak and pine, see
145:
131:
14:
249:periods up until the end of the
172:
158:
144:
130:
117:
116:
102:
88:
81:
20:
1995:"Norwich Rivers Heritage Group"
1304:The Long Barrow at Broome Heath
307:found in coastal deposits near
103:
1936:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk
1898:"Howick Project: Introduction"
1687:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk
1643:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk
1621:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk
1577:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk
1555:. Culturalmodes.norfolk.gov.uk
1518:Moore, Matthew (7 July 2010).
1057:, Mesolithic flintworking site
1047:, Mesolithic flintworking site
877:, E. Anglian Archaeol. 78, 53
829:Flint leaf points reported at
89:
1:
880:J J Wymer and P A Robins 1994
594:broken tip of a thin pointed
446:also present; members of the
1420:LX No 230, pp. 189–192.
950:, 40 km off Norfolk. A
315:in riverine deposits of the
233:During the Palaeolithic and
198:prehistory of the County of
2030:Norfolk Heritage Explorer.
1900:. Ncl.ac.uk. Archived from
1237:. Swindon: English Heritage
924:on the Northumbrian coast,
40:. The specific problem is:
2107:
1423:Clutton-Brock, J., (1984)
1285:Robertson, D. (NLA), 2005.
485:sites in Norfolk include:
410:, suggests a picture of a
377:and Lower(?) Palaeolithic
36:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
2034:. Heritage.norfolk.gov.uk
1959:25 September 2006 at the
1749:10.1017/S0079497X00001377
713:(red or Arctic fox), and
1852:. BBC News. 16 June 2003
1441:, British Museum Press,
1427:, British Museum Press,
993:one-platform blade cores
989:two-platform blade cores
827:Early Upper Palaeolithic
1451:Wainwright, G.J. 1972.
687:Coelodonta antiquitatis
619:Well-preserved in-situ
414:woodland with areas of
2071:Eaareports.demon.co.uk
2066:Eaareports.demon.co.uk
2061:Eaareports.demon.co.uk
1365:
1305:
345:handaxe thinning flake
1381:Neolithic flint mines
1363:
1303:
1268:(Robertson, D. 2005.)
1182:Causewayed enclosures
1144:Neolithic settlements
1028:, which were rich in
914:archaeological record
895:The beginning of the
730:archaeo-environmental
689:(woolly rhinoceros),
683:Mammuthus primigenius
653:Mammuthus primigenius
311:. The artefacts were
1878:on 28 September 2007
1836:11 July 2004 at the
1375:.A recent survey by
1188:Causewayed enclosure
781:North European Plain
466:environments, while
379:ovate flint hand axe
368:(?) & fragments,
299:evidence in Norfolk.
253:, as would have the
220:archaeological sites
188:class=notpageimage|
47:improve this article
2091:Prehistoric Britain
1789:on 14 February 2006
1346:Seen as a crop mark
1340:Seen as a crop mark
1334:Seen as a crop mark
1186:All of the Norfolk
1132:. The fertile Rich
968:Other inland sites
952:barbed antler point
861:Hockwold cum Wilton
655:(woolly mammoths).
621:Middle Palaeolithic
612:Middle Palaeolithic
2086:History of Norfolk
2001:on 8 February 2012
1457:, Norfolk, England
1366:
1351:Neolithic Industry
1306:
1196:Buxton with Lammas
1087:than any other in
769:Upper Palaeolithic
763:Upper Palaeolithic
596:Lower Palaeolithic
567:Lower Palaeolithic
483:Lower Palaeolithic
458:families point to
290:Lower Palaeolithic
166:Holme-next-the-Sea
691:Rangifer tarandus
317:Cromer Forest Bed
75:
74:
67:
38:quality standards
29:This article may
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1904:on 3 August 2009
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1874:. Archived from
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1785:. Archived from
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1714:
1709:. Stonepages.com
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1535:
1526:. Archived from
1515:
1377:English Heritage
1248:Arminghall Henge
643:stone tools and
627:Lynford Quarry,
606:Ipswichian Stage
536:Wolstonian Stage
364:29 flakes &
279:ancestral Thames
271:Corton Formation
176:
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1783:"Archived copy"
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1517:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1410:
1275:
1230:
1115:English Channel
1106:
1072:(small lakes).
1051:Two Mile Bottom
1041:Redcastle Furze
893:
873:Healy F., 1996
765:
738:carcass beetles
723:Crocuta crocuta
659:The assemblage.
614:
408:pollen analysis
297:Homo antecessor
295:c. 950,000 BC.
292:
228:
194:
193:
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2051:
2050:External links
2048:
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2045:
2022:
2012:
1986:
1964:
1947:
1934:"Item details"
1925:
1915:
1889:
1863:
1841:
1824:
1814:
1769:
1720:
1698:
1685:"Item details"
1676:
1663:"Item details"
1654:
1641:"Item details"
1632:
1619:"Item details"
1610:
1597:"Item details"
1588:
1575:"Item details"
1566:
1553:"Item details"
1541:
1530:on 9 July 2010
1509:
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1348:
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1335:
1329:
1323:
1319:Harpley Common
1312:
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941:
912:appear in the
892:
889:
871:
870:
864:
858:
852:
844:List of sites
805:Creswell Crags
764:
761:
760:
759:
745:Interpretation
711:Alopex lagopus
697:(wild horse),
637:
636:
613:
610:
602:
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541:
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468:water-starwort
420:aquatic plants
385:
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348:
341:thinning flake
337:
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1430:
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1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1357:Grimes Graves
1355:
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974:
973:Kelling Heath
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840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
817:Cheddar Gorge
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Kent's Cavern
790:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
757:
756:
755:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:Vulpes vulpes
704:
700:
699:Bison priscus
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
678:
674:
672:
667:
666:microdebitage
661:
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582:
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568:
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552:worked flint,
551:
548:
547:
545:
542:
537:
533:
530:
526:
523:
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517:
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495:worked flint,
494:
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469:
465:
461:
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429:
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421:
417:
413:
409:
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398:
394:
393:ovate handaxe
390:
380:
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363:
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342:
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326:consists of;
325:
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310:
306:
298:
294:
293:
289:
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280:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Anglian Stage
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
205:
201:
189:
180:Grimes Graves
84:
77:
69:
66:
58:
48:
43:
39:
35:
34:
27:
18:
17:
2036:. Retrieved
2025:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1967:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1928:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1892:
1882:15 September
1880:. Retrieved
1876:the original
1866:
1854:. Retrieved
1844:
1827:
1817:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1760:. Retrieved
1740:
1736:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1523:
1513:
1452:
1438:
1424:
1417:
1408:Bibliography
1389:Anglo-Saxons
1350:
1349:
1313:
1296:
1293:Long Barrows
1292:
1291:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1217:
1213:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1158:round barrow
1150:Broome Heath
1143:
1142:
1126:Broome Heath
1122:
1119:
1107:
1099:
1081:Norfolk till
1077:boulder clay
1075:The heavier
1074:
1060:
1026:salt marshes
1015:
1004:Great Melton
997:Cromer Ridge
967:
960:
931:
930:
894:
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
843:
826:
825:
813:Gough's Cave
785:
766:
751:
750:
744:
743:
727:
715:Ursus arctos
693:(reindeer),
680:
676:
675:
662:
658:
657:
638:
633:Neanderthals
618:
615:
603:
480:
472:water lilies
405:
386:
374:flint flake,
321:
312:
302:
283:Bytham River
275:
247:interglacial
232:
229:
226:Palaeolithic
212:Palaeolithic
209:
197:
195:
76:
61:
52:
45:Please help
41:
30:
1975:. Ucl.ac.uk
1762:10 February
1455:Ditchingham
1400:Whitlingham
1393:radiocarbon
1338:Marlingford
1253:radiocarbon
1242:Henge sites
1164:Kilverstone
1154:long barrow
1089:East Anglia
1066:Little Ouse
1000:generation.
955:radiocarbon
849:Carrow Road
752:Other sites
703:Canis lupus
695:Equus ferus
685:(mammoth),
570:lithic core
527:type flint
490:Whitlingham
397:black flint
366:hammerstone
309:Happisburgh
305:flint tools
267:East Anglia
152:Happisburgh
49:if you can.
2080:Categories
1506:References
1385:Bronze Age
1344:Tuttington
1273:References
1228:References
1062:Microliths
1010:Spong Hill
948:Ower Banks
906:microliths
901:Mesolithic
891:Mesolithic
809:Derbyshire
789:stratified
641:Mousterian
576:type and a
574:Clactonian
544:South Acre
395:made from
324:assemblage
322:The flint
303:Bones and
235:Mesolithic
138:Snettisham
2056:Ucl.ac.uk
1872:"Library"
1793:17 August
1757:130428562
1418:Antiquity
1326:Felthorpe
1322:infilled.
1265:Costessey
1259:Markshall
1207:Salthouse
1110:Neolithic
1104:Neolithic
1018:Breckland
963:North Sea
938:Titchwell
918:Star Carr
855:Titchwell
839:Neolithic
777:Flandrian
773:Devensian
701:(bison),
671:Acheulean
649:Devensian
557:Levallois
525:Acheulian
476:bulrushes
464:reedswamp
452:buttercup
448:galingale
412:temperate
372:retouched
332:an ovate
239:North Sea
1957:Archived
1834:Archived
1803:cite web
1332:Roughton
1310:rabbits.
1221:cropmark
1201:Roughton
1168:Thetford
1055:Thetford
1045:Thetford
1030:wildfowl
1022:fen-edge
897:Holocene
867:Methwold
835:Feltwell
821:Somerset
728:Through
705:(wolf),
645:debitage
629:Mundford
561:hand-axe
529:hand-axe
501:cleaver,
444:hornbeam
424:maritime
416:fen carr
389:hand axe
216:Iron Age
124:Foulsham
55:May 2015
31:require
1979:30 July
1940:30 July
1908:30 July
1856:30 July
1713:30 July
1691:30 July
1669:30 July
1647:30 July
1625:30 July
1603:30 July
1581:30 July
1559:30 July
1534:30 July
1403:miners.
1373:Suffolk
1369:Brandon
1279:Oxford.
1079:of the
831:Heacham
598:handaxe
581:scraper
513:Keswick
434:, with
359:scraper
334:handaxe
313:in situ
255:climate
243:glacial
204:England
200:Norfolk
110:Lynford
33:cleanup
2038:16 May
2005:16 May
1755:
1445:
1431:
1387:. The
1130:Colney
1095:Banham
1032:, and
985:flakes
981:blades
926:Dunbar
922:Howich
797:Torbay
589:Runton
555:flint
534:Early
521:flint,
481:Other
456:nettle
401:cortex
96:Sutton
1753:S2CID
1733:(PDF)
1138:loess
1070:meres
1053:near
1043:near
977:cores
944:Leman
932:Sites
910:adzes
801:Devon
719:Feces
579:side
559:type
498:tool,
432:alder
352:flake
263:fauna
259:flora
2040:2015
2007:2015
1981:2014
1942:2014
1910:2014
1884:2006
1858:2014
1809:link
1795:2014
1764:2011
1715:2014
1693:2014
1671:2014
1649:2014
1627:2014
1605:2014
1583:2014
1561:2014
1536:2014
1443:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1156:and
1134:Loam
1128:and
1108:The
1034:eels
1024:and
1016:The
991:, 3
946:and
833:and
767:The
736:and
734:Dung
549:axe,
518:axe,
504:axe,
474:and
454:and
442:and
430:and
428:pine
418:and
281:and
261:and
245:and
196:The
1745:doi
1203:see
709:or
669:of
572:of
462:or
460:fen
440:elm
436:oak
2082::
1805:}}
1801:{{
1772:^
1751:.
1741:69
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