257:) were among the treatments for diseases in prehistoric cultures. Since plant materials quickly rot under most conditions, historians are unlikely to fully understand which species were used in prehistoric medicine. A speculative view can be obtained by researching the climate of the respective society and then checking which species continue to grow in similar conditions today and through anthropological studies of existing indigenous peoples. Unlike the ancient civilisations which could source plant materials internationally, prehistoric societies would have been restricted to localised areas, though
1880:
122:
376:
2546:
2190:
25:
238:
504:
religious purpose, there have been some, such as a man with antlers (thought to be a medicine man), which have revealed some part of prehistoric medicine. Many cave paintings of human hands have shown missing fingers (none have been shown without thumbs), which suggests that these were cut off for sacrificial or practical purposes, as is the case among the
416:
society, as would likely have been the case in many others, the medicine men initiate a ceremony over the patient, which is attended by family and friends. It consists of magic formulas, prayers, and drumming. The medicine man then, from patients' recalling of their past and possible offenses against
515:
The writings of certain cultures (such as the Romans) can be used as evidence in discovering how their contemporary prehistoric cultures practiced medicine. People who live a similar nomadic existence today have been used as a source of evidence too, but obviously, there are distinct differences in
503:
Not technically classed as 'written evidence', prehistoric people left many kinds of paintings, using paints made of minerals such as lime, clay and charcoal, and brushes made from feathers, animal fur, or twigs on the walls caves. Although many of these paintings are thought to have a spiritual or
293:
by observing animal behaviour. Such clay is used both internally and externally, such as for treating wounds, and after surgery (see below). Geophagy, and the external use of clay are both still quite widespread among aboriginal peoples around the world, as well as among pre-industrial populations.
264:
The effects of different plant materials could have been found through trial and error. Gathering and dispensing of plant materials was in most cultures handled by women, who cared for the health of their family. Plant materials were an important cure for diseases throughout history. This fund of
420:
They were believed by the tribe to be able to contact spirits or gods and use their supernatural powers to cure the patient, and, in the process, remove evil spirits. If neither this method nor trepanning worked, the spirit was considered too powerful to be driven out of the person. Medicine men
217:
The life expectancy in prehistoric times was low, 25–40 years, with men living longer than women; archaeological evidence of women and babies found together suggests that many women would have died in childbirth, perhaps accounting for the lower life expectancy in women than men. Another
1270:
In
Peruvian practice there is considerable evidence that many of the operations were performed for the naturalistic purpose of removing a bone fragment ... and trephination undertaken as a supernatural curative procedure by shamans (sancoyoc) with little technical ability as
272:
fungus, commonly found in alpine environments, may have been used as a laxative by prehistoric people living in
Northern Europe, since it is known to bring on short bouts of diarrhoea when ingested, and was found among the possessions of a mummified man.
202:. Things such as cuts, bruises, and breakages of bone, without antiseptics, proper facilities, or knowledge of germs, would become very serious if infected, as they did not have sufficient ways to treat infection. There is also evidence of
289:, which is extremely widespread among animals in the wild as well as among domesticated animals. In particular, geophagy is widespread among contemporary non-human primates. Also, early humans could have learned about the use of various
218:
possible explanation for the shorter life spans of prehistoric humans may be malnutrition; also, men as hunters may have sometimes received better food than the woman, who would consequently have been less resistant to disease.
198:, a practice started during the neolithic era, which involved hyper extension and torque of the lower back while dragging the stones, may have contributed to the development of micro fractures in the spine and subsequent
367:, the pincers of certain ant species were used to close up wounds from infection; the ant was held above the wound until it bit, where its head would be removed allowing the pincers to remain and hold closed the wound.
499:
did. These bodies can provide scientists with subjects' (at the time of death): weight, illnesses, height, diet, age, and bone conditions, which grant vital indications of how developed prehistoric medicine was.
421:
would likely have been central figures in the tribal system, because of their medical knowledge and because they could seemingly contact the gods. Their religious and medical training were, necessarily,
433:
The earliest example of a drilled and filled in tooth dates back to 13,000 years ago in Italy where a tooth was filled with a mix of bitumen, hair and plant fiber. Archaeologists in
315:
in which a hole was drilled or scraped into the skull. It was carried out in prehistoric societies across the world, although evidence shows a concentration of the practice in
487:
Human remains from this period are rare and many have undoubtedly been destroyed by burial rituals or made useless by damage. The most informative archaeological evidence are
1051:... women prepared food and healing potions--women generally practiced herbalism on a day to day basis, taking care of the ills of other members of the family or tribal unit
404:(also witch-doctors, shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures, providing medical advice, and
472:, made the discovery when he was cleaning the teeth from one of the men. Later research in the same area found evidence of teeth having been drilled dating to 7,000 BCE.
327:. There is evidence discovered of bone tissue surrounding the surgical hole partially grown back, so therefore survival of the procedure did occur at least on occasion.
2582:
363:
bones using clay materials. An injured area was covered in clay, which then set hard so that the bone could heal properly without interference. Also, primarily in the
4340:
4081:
3677:
1806:
844:
1178:
480:
There is no written evidence that can be used for investigation into the prehistoric period of history by definition. Historians must use other sources such as
819:
4296:
3805:
1034:
4128:
3579:
182:
who live in a traditional way have been the subject of anthropological studies in order to gain insight into both contemporary and ancient practices.
1537:
1170:
194:, probably caused by the lifting of heavy objects which would have been a daily and necessary task in their societies. For example, the transport of
2529:
2286:
484:
and anthropological studies of societies living under similar conditions. A variety of problems arise when the aforementioned sources are used.
2115:
1864:
1582:
1497:
1452:
1390:
941:
774:
611:
42:
4442:
2575:
1672:
1628:
912:
1572:'..three or four of his right ribs had been squashed when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body.'
1207:
Piek J, Lidke G, Terberger T, von Smekal U, Gaab MR (July 1999). "Stone age skull surgery in
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: a systematic study".
1245:
2068:
794:
2226:
2140:
1934:
1799:
790:
760:
722:
627:
3706:
2612:
1253:
1182:
108:
1008:
89:
3800:
2504:
61:
190:
Some diseases and ailments were more common in prehistory than they are today; there is evidence that many people suffered from
4325:
3716:
2754:
2568:
2524:
2147:
2032:
2002:
2022:
1899:
1444:
1312:
The
Evolution of Modern Medicine: A Series of Lectures Delivered at Yale University on the Silliman Foundation in April, 1913
978:
46:
68:
1122:
Krishnamani, R.; Mahaney, William C. (2000). "Geophagy among primates: Adaptive significance and ecological consequences".
4437:
3938:
3468:
2728:
2194:
1792:
872:"The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview"
3933:
3473:
2946:
2027:
2012:
1970:
1904:
1854:
1382:
319:. Several theories question the reasoning behind trepanning; it could have been used to cure certain conditions such as
1438:
1406:
597:
2899:
2499:
2017:
553:
75:
1094:
2796:
656:
4201:
4002:
1859:
1124:
951:
35:
3913:
3822:
2007:
1829:
1694:
1468:
631:
446:
57:
4196:
3288:
2833:
2494:
2335:
2063:
1975:
664:
4313:
4223:
3395:
3162:
2981:
2914:
2646:
2476:
1068:
359:
Many prehistoric peoples, where applicable (geographically and technologically), were able to set broken or
261:
tribes may have had a greater variety of plant materials at their disposal than more stationary societies.
4401:
4275:
3881:
3772:
3760:
3456:
3197:
3036:
2673:
2607:
2591:
2219:
2053:
1960:
1545:
1209:
1186:
469:
438:
163:
3343:
4140:
4076:
3950:
3643:
3569:
3338:
3276:
3152:
3100:
3093:
2639:
2451:
2436:
1316:
603:
465:
1869:
1771:
738:
4352:
4335:
4330:
4308:
4098:
3812:
3665:
3557:
3461:
3254:
2939:
2909:
2738:
2681:
2519:
2456:
2350:
2105:
1815:
1310:
495:; no evidence exists to suggest that prehistoric people mummified the dead for religious reasons, as
269:
4447:
4396:
4007:
3866:
3699:
3232:
3105:
2986:
2961:
2466:
2398:
2381:
2360:
2281:
2254:
766:
573:
232:
175:
148:
1332:
1035:"Herbal Medicine: An Outline of The History of Herbalism An Overview and Literature Resource List"
82:
4347:
4250:
4152:
3965:
3360:
3147:
2877:
2843:
2461:
2424:
2393:
2058:
1620:
1374:
1149:
1099:
405:
312:
179:
1569:
871:
684:
155:
and region, the term "prehistoric medicine" encompasses a wide range of time periods and dates.
4389:
4379:
4369:
4318:
3975:
3187:
3172:
3157:
3137:
3028:
3007:
2818:
2661:
2549:
2514:
2441:
2419:
2355:
2271:
2212:
1879:
1834:
1721:
1668:
1624:
1448:
1386:
1257:
1226:
1141:
937:
908:
770:
718:
607:
1485:
Trained from an early age by their elders and initiated into the deepest of tribal secrets...
285:
may have provided prehistoric peoples with some of their first medicines. This is related to
4384:
4291:
4034:
3876:
3817:
3537:
3493:
3293:
3115:
2966:
2926:
2622:
2509:
2484:
2446:
2323:
2311:
2307:
1919:
1711:
1703:
1657:
1218:
1133:
883:
714:
563:
558:
379:
121:
798:
4406:
4265:
4235:
3997:
3925:
3903:
3861:
3756:
3726:
3591:
3586:
3237:
3120:
2691:
2429:
2403:
2316:
2135:
1997:
1929:
1740:
1659:
World
History Encyclopedia: A Complete and Comprehensive Guide to the History of the World
964:
635:
685:"Babylon to Birmingham, A short journey through medicine to the end of the 18th Century"
4374:
4301:
4123:
4088:
4019:
3908:
3780:
3488:
3073:
3063:
2865:
2489:
2388:
2037:
1894:
1716:
1689:
1613:
1356:
1250:
UIC Oral
Sciences OSCI 590: Hominid Evolution, Dental Anthropology, and Human Variation
422:
417:
their religion or tribal rules, reveals the nature of the disease and how to treat it.
254:
191:
375:
4431:
4260:
4245:
4191:
4066:
4054:
3970:
3893:
3721:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3370:
3281:
3210:
2951:
2894:
2872:
2781:
2713:
2708:
2686:
2345:
2340:
2125:
2084:
1924:
1778:
1643:
1222:
548:
538:
517:
516:
the environments in which nomadic people lived; prehistoric people who once lived in
496:
199:
1153:
4179:
4135:
4116:
4071:
3943:
3871:
3795:
3617:
3552:
3547:
3503:
3130:
3012:
2976:
2956:
2808:
2786:
2698:
2302:
2157:
1955:
933:
533:
400:
390:
290:
207:
171:
4228:
1511:
986:
1354:
Gudger, E. W. (1925). "Stitching Wounds With the
Mandibles of Ants and Beetles".
4218:
4208:
4164:
4159:
4111:
4049:
3985:
3886:
3731:
3653:
3574:
3562:
3355:
3323:
3308:
3298:
3269:
3227:
3142:
3110:
3058:
2991:
2828:
2703:
2249:
2162:
2130:
568:
195:
24:
1021:
They have done this through a process of trial and error and natural selection.
4362:
4255:
4213:
4029:
3992:
3955:
3438:
3350:
3215:
3177:
3078:
3051:
2971:
2884:
2801:
2769:
2723:
2634:
2602:
2376:
2328:
2266:
2110:
1707:
346:
331:
303:
237:
159:
126:
1590:
4270:
4169:
4061:
4039:
4024:
3839:
3622:
3607:
3532:
3515:
3433:
3318:
3249:
3244:
3167:
3046:
2934:
2860:
2627:
2617:
2172:
2120:
1914:
1909:
1414:
1284:
543:
521:
461:
394:
342:
211:
140:
1725:
1230:
1145:
1137:
888:
4044:
3980:
3785:
3525:
3520:
3428:
3303:
3125:
3088:
3068:
2560:
2276:
2235:
2152:
1950:
1849:
1664:
509:
492:
442:
434:
364:
360:
324:
320:
286:
242:
136:
1379:
Boundaries and
Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition
4106:
4012:
3898:
3856:
3832:
3612:
3418:
3328:
3182:
3083:
3041:
2904:
2823:
2776:
2764:
2177:
2100:
1784:
505:
488:
481:
450:
258:
203:
167:
152:
144:
1472:
265:
knowledge would have been passed down orally through the generations.
4174:
3851:
3711:
3689:
3542:
3478:
3423:
2813:
2791:
2759:
2733:
1992:
1844:
520:
for example, cannot be effectively compared to aboriginal peoples in
413:
409:
382:
468:
who carried out the examinations, Professor Andrea Cucina from the
4240:
3960:
3844:
3694:
3648:
3510:
3365:
3313:
3259:
2889:
2855:
1987:
1965:
374:
282:
250:
236:
120:
4186:
4147:
3827:
3627:
3483:
3413:
3333:
3205:
2718:
1982:
1839:
848:
823:
316:
245:
may have been used for medical purposes by prehistoric people.
3754:
3393:
2659:
2564:
2208:
1788:
3790:
3498:
3264:
3222:
1498:"Oldest tooth filling was made by an Ice Age dentist in Italy"
1016:
930:
Native
American Medicinal Plants: an ethnobotanical dictionary
18:
1690:"Medical Views on Prehistoric Representations of Human Hands"
491:, remains which have been preserved by either freezing or in
1655:
Ganeri, Anita; Martell, Hazel Mary; Williams, Brian (2007).
985:. Cherokee Cultural Society of Houston. 1996. Archived from
711:
Medicine & Health
Through Time: an SHP Development Study
2204:
1558:
It is a matter of luck because only some skeletons survive
1615:
Secret Worlds: Mummies, and the Secrets of Ancient Egypt
1730:
Pages 318–21 are of particular interest in this subject
860:
Mentions spices being used by some prehistoric cultures
151:. Because the timing of the invention of writing per
16:
Medicine in the time before the invention of writing
4284:
4097:
3924:
3771:
3636:
3600:
3449:
3406:
3196:
3027:
3000:
2925:
2842:
2747:
2672:
2475:
2412:
2369:
2295:
2242:
2093:
2077:
2046:
1943:
1887:
1822:
1175:
NEUROSURGERY://ON-CALL/Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1656:
1612:
1443:(Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed.). Baltimore:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1009:"BBC - GCSE Bitesize, Prehistoric Civilisation"
1644:Knowledge (XXG)'s Article on the Mummy Juanita
1095:"Lessons in Iceman's Prehistoric Medicine Kit"
596:Kelly, Nigel; Rees, Bob; Shuter, Paul (2003).
2576:
2220:
1800:
1469:"Healing Secrets of Aboriginal Bush Medicine"
1179:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
709:Schools History Project (26 September 1996).
8:
524:, because of the geographical differences.
3768:
3751:
3403:
3390:
2848:
2669:
2656:
2583:
2569:
2561:
2227:
2213:
2205:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1745:History GCSE / History of Medicine Lessons
1542:The History of Health and Medicine in Kent
1715:
1570:Knowledge (XXG)'s Ă–tzi the Iceman Article
1315:. Silliman memorial lectures. New Haven:
887:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2287:Separation of prescribing and dispensing
1165:
1163:
1093:Wilford, John Noble (December 8, 1998).
851:Library, History and Special collections
826:Library, History and Special collections
661:Student reference and support materials
585:
385:exorcising evil spirits from a sick boy
2116:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
1865:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
1033:Hobbs, Christopher (6 December 2000).
960:
949:
791:"Aboriginal Plant Use in SE Australia"
657:"The History of Medicine, Pre-history"
1544:. Kent County Council. Archived from
591:
589:
7:
1471:. Big River Internet. Archived from
1413:. Encounter Magazine. Archived from
1331:Walker AA (September–October 1997).
1321:See the section "Origin Of Medicine"
691:. History West Midlands. 18 May 2015
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2069:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
1583:"myDigiGuide: The Best UK TV Guide"
907:. Eden Project books. p. 128.
795:Australian National Botanic Gardens
206:, bone deformity and bone wastage (
1935:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
1512:"Stone age man used dentist drill"
1437:Ackerknecht, Erwin Heinz (1982) .
1246:"Trephination, An Ancient Surgery"
14:
3707:Megalithic architectural elements
1427:Stories of Medicine Men in Africa
1254:University of Illinois at Chicago
1183:Congress of Neurological Surgeons
979:"Native American Herbal Remedies"
905:Plants of the Humid Tropics Biome
2545:
2544:
2505:List of pharmaceutical companies
2189:
2188:
1878:
1774:. Russian Museum of Ethnography.
1223:10.1097/00006123-199907000-00033
870:Samorini, Giorgio (2019-06-01).
460:) had knowledge of medicine and
356:in Buthiers-Bulancourt, France.
210:), which is caused by a lack of
23:
4326:Evolutionary origin of religion
2525:Pharmacies in the United States
2148:History of alternative medicine
2033:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
2003:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
34:needs additional citations for
2023:Traditional Mongolian medicine
1900:Brazilian traditional medicine
1538:"Prehistoric Medicine In Kent"
1445:Johns Hopkins University Press
876:Journal of Psychedelic Studies
445:discovered that the people of
1:
3939:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3469:British megalith architecture
2195:Category:Traditional medicine
1217:(1): 147–51, discussion 151.
454:
412:to ward off evil spirits. In
350:
335:
3934:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3474:Nordic megalith architecture
2028:Traditional Tibetan medicine
2013:Traditional Chinese medicine
1971:Iranian traditional medicine
1905:Chumash traditional medicine
1855:Traditional African medicine
1688:Janssens PA (October 1957).
1383:University of Oklahoma Press
1337:Archaeology Magazine Archive
1235:A small but informative text
1171:"Pre-Columbian Trephination"
845:"Use Of Spices As Medicines"
441:province in the present day
408:such as charms, spells, and
253:and substances derived from
125:A skull showing evidence of
4443:History of ancient medicine
2500:Pharmacy benefit management
2018:Traditional Korean medicine
1440:A Short History of Medicine
1309:Osler, Sir William (1922).
928:Moerman, Daniel E. (2009).
554:Native American ethnobotany
162:medicine relies heavily on
4464:
4082:British Isles and Brittany
4003:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1860:Traditional Hausa medicine
1772:"Shamanic Healing Rituals"
1285:"History of Brain Surgery"
388:
334:operation was carried out
277:The use of earth and clays
230:
3767:
3750:
3402:
3389:
2851:
2668:
2655:
2598:
2540:
2186:
2008:Traditional Thai medicine
1876:
1830:Ancient Egyptian medicine
1708:10.1017/s0025727300021499
1007:Schools History Project.
932:. Portland, OR / London:
793:. Australian Government,
632:World Health Organization
447:Indus Valley civilization
2495:Investigational New Drug
2336:Pharmaceutical chemistry
2282:Pharmacological activity
2064:Medicine in ancient Rome
759:Browning, Marie (1999).
4314:Evolutionary musicology
3717:Oldest extant buildings
3644:Archaeological features
3163:Prepared-core technique
2477:Pharmaceutical industry
2296:Pharmaceutical sciences
820:"Medical use of Spices"
476:The problem of evidence
466:physical anthropologist
406:supernatural treatments
222:Treatments for diseases
4276:Unchambered long cairn
4124:Mound Builders culture
3457:Neolithic architecture
2592:Prehistoric technology
2054:Ancient Greek medicine
1961:Georgian folk medicine
1741:"Prehistoric Medicine"
1411:Encounter South Africa
1138:10.1006/anbe.1999.1376
739:"Prehistoric Medicine"
628:"Traditional Medicine"
470:University of Missouri
386:
371:Magic and medicine men
246:
129:
58:"Prehistoric medicine"
3951:List of Stone Age art
3153:Microblade technology
3101:Langdale axe industry
2699:Ard / plough
2452:Pharmacist prescriber
2437:Consultant pharmacist
1407:"Mysteries of Africa"
1317:Yale University Press
1283:Siegfried, Juliette.
889:10.1556/2054.2019.008
689:Revolutionary Players
665:St Boniface's College
599:Medicine Through Time
378:
345:, France. A possible
240:
186:Disease and mortality
124:
4438:Traditional medicine
4358:Prehistoric medicine
4353:Prehistoric counting
4336:Prehistoric religion
4331:Paleolithic religion
4309:Behavioral modernity
3666:Causewayed enclosure
3558:Abri de la Madeleine
2682:Neolithic Revolution
2520:Pharmacies of Norway
2457:Pharmacy informatics
2351:Pharmacoepidemiology
2260:Prehistoric medicine
2168:Prehistoric medicine
2106:Alternative medicine
1816:Traditional medicine
1779:Psychedelic Timeline
1611:Malam, John (2001).
1069:"Primitive Medicine"
1041:. HealthWorld Online
903:Lock, Robin (2002).
741:. HealthGuidance.Org
133:Prehistoric medicine
43:improve this article
4397:Prehistoric warfare
3143:Magdalenian culture
3106:Levallois technique
3037:Earliest toolmaking
2467:Veterinary pharmacy
2399:Pharmacy technician
2361:Pharmacocybernetics
2255:History of pharmacy
1587:www.mydigiguide.com
1548:on December 2, 2008
1375:Fienup-Riordan, Ann
1333:"Neolithic Surgery"
767:Sterling Publishing
574:Venus of Willendorf
233:History of pharmacy
176:uncontacted peoples
149:history of medicine
147:and the documented
4348:Origin of language
4341:Spiritual drug use
4251:Rectangular dolmen
4153:Dartmoor kistvaens
3966:Carved stone balls
3678:Circular enclosure
3637:Other architecture
3580:Alp pile dwellings
3168:Solutrean industry
3079:Gravettian culture
2729:Secondary products
2462:Specialty pharmacy
2425:Community pharmacy
2394:Pharmacy residency
2059:Byzantine medicine
1357:J. Am. Med. Assoc.
1100:The New York Times
983:Cherokee Messenger
762:Natural Soapmaking
423:passed down orally
387:
313:surgical operation
247:
180:indigenous peoples
130:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4370:Prehistoric music
4319:music archaeology
3976:Cup and ring mark
3801:Clothing/textiles
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3188:Yubetsu technique
3173:Striking platform
3138:Lithic technology
3023:
3022:
3008:Game drive system
2927:Projectile points
2819:Mortar and pestle
2558:
2557:
2515:Pharmacy in China
2442:Hospital pharmacy
2420:Clinical pharmacy
2356:Pharmacovigilance
2272:Prescription drug
2202:
2201:
1835:Tabernanthe iboga
1747:. Education Forum
1454:978-0-8018-2726-6
1392:978-0-585-12190-1
1289:Brain-Surgery.com
959:Missing or empty
952:cite encyclopedia
943:978-0-88192-987-4
776:978-0-8069-6289-4
613:978-0-435-30841-4
497:Ancient Egyptians
249:Plant materials (
119:
118:
111:
93:
4455:
4385:Divje Babe flute
4292:Archaeoastronomy
4035:Petrosomatoglyph
3769:
3752:
3601:Water management
3404:
3391:
3294:Denticulate tool
3116:Lithic reduction
2849:
2670:
2657:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2510:Medication costs
2485:Drug development
2447:Nuclear pharmacy
2324:Pharmacogenomics
2312:Pharmacodynamics
2308:Pharmacokinetics
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2192:
2191:
1920:Mapuche medicine
1882:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1786:
1775:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1674:978-1-40549120-4
1662:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1630:978-0-78947976-1
1618:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1589:. Archived from
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1475:on March 6, 2019
1465:
1459:
1458:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1417:on March 4, 2016
1403:
1397:
1396:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1260:on March 3, 2016
1256:. Archived from
1242:
1236:
1234:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1185:. Archived from
1167:
1158:
1157:
1125:Animal Behaviour
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
994:
975:
969:
968:
962:
957:
955:
947:
925:
919:
918:
914:978-1-90391913-2
900:
894:
893:
891:
867:
861:
859:
857:
856:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
816:
810:
809:
807:
806:
797:. Archived from
787:
781:
780:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
735:
729:
728:
715:Hodder Education
706:
700:
699:
697:
696:
681:
675:
674:
672:
671:
653:
647:
646:
644:
643:
638:on June 25, 2012
634:. Archived from
624:
618:
617:
593:
564:Primitive skills
559:Paleolithic diet
459:
456:
355:
354: 4,900 BCE
352:
349:was carried out
340:
337:
330:The first known
139:from before the
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4413:
4280:
4266:Stone box grave
4236:Megalithic tomb
4141:Cotswold-Severn
4093:
3998:Guardian stones
3926:Prehistoric art
3920:
3763:
3738:
3727:Timber trackway
3632:
3596:
3592:Wattle and daub
3445:
3424:Standing stones
3398:
3377:
3192:
3019:
2996:
2921:
2838:
2748:Food processing
2743:
2692:New World crops
2664:
2651:
2594:
2589:
2559:
2554:
2536:
2471:
2408:
2404:Pharmacy school
2365:
2317:Pharmacometrics
2291:
2238:
2233:
2203:
2198:
2182:
2141:herbs and fungi
2136:Herbal medicine
2089:
2073:
2042:
1998:Siddha medicine
1939:
1930:Navajo medicine
1883:
1874:
1870:Yorùbá medicine
1818:
1813:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1418:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1319:. pp. 6–9.
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1261:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1044:
1042:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1006:
1005:
1001:
992:
990:
977:
976:
972:
958:
948:
944:
927:
926:
922:
915:
902:
901:
897:
869:
868:
864:
854:
852:
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
818:
817:
813:
804:
802:
789:
788:
784:
777:
769:. p. 128.
758:
757:
753:
744:
742:
737:
736:
732:
725:
708:
707:
703:
694:
692:
683:
682:
678:
669:
667:
655:
654:
650:
641:
639:
626:
625:
621:
614:
595:
594:
587:
582:
530:
478:
457:
449:from the early
431:
397:
389:Main articles:
373:
353:
339: 5000 BCE
338:
300:
279:
255:natural sources
235:
229:
227:Plant materials
224:
188:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4375:Alligator drum
4367:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4302:lunar calendar
4299:
4288:
4286:
4285:Other cultural
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4089:Venus figurine
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4020:Megalithic art
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3978:
3973:
3971:Cave paintings
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3773:Material goods
3765:
3764:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3489:Cliff dwelling
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:Fire hardening
3071:
3066:
3064:Clovis culture
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2987:Manis Mastodon
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:throwing stick
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2678:
2676:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Drug discovery
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2413:Practice areas
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Pharmaconomist
2386:
2385:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2038:Unani medicine
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Aztec medicine
1891:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1770:Sem, Tatyana.
1765:
1764:External links
1762:
1759:
1758:
1732:
1680:
1673:
1647:
1636:
1629:
1603:
1574:
1562:
1536:Coulson, Ian.
1528:
1503:
1489:
1460:
1453:
1429:
1398:
1391:
1381:. Norman, OK:
1366:
1346:
1323:
1301:
1275:
1237:
1199:
1159:
1132:(5): 899–915.
1114:
1085:
1055:
1025:
999:
970:
942:
920:
913:
895:
862:
836:
811:
782:
775:
751:
730:
724:978-0719552656
723:
701:
676:
648:
619:
612:
584:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
529:
526:
477:
474:
458: 3300 BC
430:
427:
372:
369:
311:) was a basic
299:
296:
278:
275:
270:birch polypore
241:Herbs such as
228:
225:
223:
220:
192:osteoarthritis
187:
184:
135:is any use of
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:Simple dolmen
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4246:Passage grave
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:Gallery grave
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:Burial mounds
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Statue menhir
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:Stone carving
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Sewing needle
3892:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Timber circle
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3671:Tor enclosure
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:fulacht fiadh
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:spear-thrower
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:Bow and arrow
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Grinding slab
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Domestication
2712:
2710:
2709:Digging stick
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Founder crops
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2628:New Stone Age
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2346:Pharmacognosy
2344:
2342:
2341:Pharmaceutics
2339:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:Ethnomedicine
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2085:Bush medicine
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1925:Maya medicine
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:(4): 318–22.
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1619:. Megabites.
1617:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1593:on 2012-09-13
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1430:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1189:on 2018-10-20
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:GCSE Bitesize
1010:
1003:
1000:
989:on 2011-07-23
988:
984:
980:
974:
971:
966:
953:
945:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
916:
910:
906:
899:
896:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
863:
850:
846:
840:
837:
825:
821:
815:
812:
801:on 2015-05-13
800:
796:
792:
786:
783:
778:
772:
768:
764:
763:
755:
752:
740:
734:
731:
726:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
690:
686:
680:
677:
666:
662:
658:
652:
649:
637:
633:
629:
623:
620:
615:
609:
605:
601:
600:
592:
590:
586:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Mellified Man
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Bush medicine
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
525:
523:
519:
513:
511:
507:
501:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
482:human remains
475:
473:
471:
467:
463:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
396:
392:
384:
381:
377:
370:
368:
366:
362:
357:
348:
344:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:
297:
295:
292:
291:healing clays
288:
284:
276:
274:
271:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
244:
239:
234:
226:
221:
219:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:spondylolysis
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
174:. Previously
173:
169:
168:human remains
165:
161:
158:The study of
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4357:
4202:wedge-shaped
4187:Funeral pyre
4180:Great dolmen
4136:Chamber tomb
4117:Round barrow
4072:Stone circle
3944:Blombos Cave
3872:Grooved ware
3796:Chalcolithic
3700:Thornborough
3618:Flush toilet
3553:Blombos Cave
3548:Rock shelter
3504:Quiggly hole
3396:Architecture
3371:illustration
3013:Buffalo jump
2834:Storage pits
2797:Aşıklı Höyük
2787:Ground stone
2623:Subdivisions
2303:Pharmacology
2259:
2193:
2167:
2158:Mithridatism
1956:Dhivehi beys
1781:by Tom Frame
1749:. Retrieved
1744:
1735:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1658:
1650:
1639:
1614:
1606:
1595:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1586:
1577:
1565:
1557:
1552:December 30,
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1541:
1531:
1520:. Retrieved
1518:. 2006-04-06
1515:
1506:
1492:
1484:
1479:December 30,
1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1463:
1439:
1432:
1421:December 30,
1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1410:
1401:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1311:
1304:
1294:December 30,
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1278:
1269:
1264:December 30,
1262:. Retrieved
1258:the original
1249:
1240:
1214:
1210:Neurosurgery
1208:
1202:
1191:. Retrieved
1187:the original
1174:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1107:December 30,
1105:. Retrieved
1098:
1088:
1078:December 30,
1076:. Retrieved
1073:HistoryWorld
1072:
1050:
1045:December 30,
1043:. Retrieved
1038:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1002:
991:. Retrieved
987:the original
982:
973:
961:|title=
934:Timber Press
929:
923:
904:
898:
882:(2): 63–80.
879:
875:
865:
853:. Retrieved
839:
828:. Retrieved
814:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
785:
761:
754:
743:. Retrieved
733:
710:
704:
693:. Retrieved
688:
679:
668:. Retrieved
660:
651:
640:. Retrieved
636:the original
622:
598:
534:Anthropology
514:
502:
486:
479:
432:
419:
401:Medicine men
399:
398:
391:Medicine man
358:
329:
308:
302:
301:
280:
267:
263:
248:
216:
208:osteomalacia
196:latte stones
189:
178:and certain
172:anthropology
157:
132:
131:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4224:unchambered
4219:Long barrow
4209:Grave goods
4165:Court cairn
4160:Clava cairn
4112:Bowl barrow
4050:Rock cupule
3993:Golden hats
3986:Hill figure
3887:Unstan ware
3867:Cord-marked
3732:Sweet Track
3654:Burnt mound
3575:Stilt house
3563:Sibudu Cave
3356:Tally stick
3324:Quern-stone
3309:Hammerstone
3299:Fire plough
3270:Pesse canoe
3228:Bannerstone
3198:Other tools
3111:Lithic core
3059:Aurignacian
2947:Bare Island
2829:Quern-stone
2370:Professions
2250:Compounding
2163:Naturopathy
2131:Health care
1621:DK Children
1039:healthy.net
569:Sweat lodge
439:Balochistan
307:(sometimes
281:Earths and
160:prehistoric
4448:Prehistory
4432:Categories
4363:trepanning
4256:Ring cairn
4214:Jar burial
4197:transepted
4129:U.S. sites
4030:Petroglyph
3956:Bird stone
3914:wine press
3587:Stone roof
3570:Roundhouse
3462:long house
3439:Stonehenge
3407:Ceremonial
3351:Stone tool
3178:Tool stone
3148:Metallurgy
3052:Mousterian
3029:Toolmaking
2967:Cumberland
2940:Transverse
2910:Schöningen
2802:Qesem cave
2770:Earth oven
2724:Irrigation
2635:Technology
2603:Prehistory
2377:Pharmacist
2329:Toxicology
2267:Medication
2111:Apothecary
1597:2019-07-21
1522:2010-05-22
1193:2009-02-19
1103:. New York
993:2009-02-19
855:2009-02-19
830:2009-02-19
805:2015-12-30
745:2009-02-19
695:2015-12-30
670:2009-02-19
642:2015-12-30
580:References
347:amputation
332:trepanning
309:Trephining
304:Trepanning
231:See also:
127:trepanning
99:April 2016
69:newspapers
4407:symbolism
4271:Tor cairn
4229:Grønsalen
4170:Cremation
4062:Sculpture
4040:Pictogram
4025:Petroform
3845:amber use
3813:Cosmetics
3623:Reservoir
3608:Check dam
3538:Pueblitos
3533:Pit-house
3516:Longhouse
3450:Dwellings
3319:Microlith
3250:Bow drill
3245:Bone tool
3238:prismatic
3047:Acheulean
2962:Cresswell
2935:Arrowhead
2861:Boomerang
2777:Granaries
2739:Terracing
2618:Stone Age
2173:Shamanism
2121:Electuary
1915:Kallawaya
1910:Curandero
1363:: 1861–4.
1271:surgeons.
604:Heinemann
544:Human fat
522:Australia
493:peat bogs
462:dentistry
453:periods (
429:Dentistry
395:Shamanism
361:fractured
343:Ensisheim
321:headaches
212:vitamin D
170:, and on
164:artifacts
141:invention
4045:Rock art
4008:painting
3981:Geoglyph
3806:timeline
3786:Beadwork
3526:Mehrgarh
3521:Mudbrick
3429:megalith
3304:Fire-saw
3126:debitage
3121:analysis
3089:Hand axe
3069:Cupstone
2647:Glossary
2608:Timeline
2550:Category
2277:Pharmacy
2236:Pharmacy
2153:Humorism
1951:Ayurveda
1888:Americas
1850:Saltigue
1726:13476920
1695:Med Hist
1665:Parragon
1516:BBC News
1377:(1994).
1231:10414577
1154:43702331
1146:10860518
528:See also
510:Khoikhoi
451:Harappan
443:Pakistan
435:Mehrgarh
365:Americas
325:epilepsy
287:geophagy
243:rosemary
137:medicine
4402:Symbols
4013:pigment
3899:Weaving
3862:Cardium
3857:Pottery
3852:Mirrors
3840:Jewelry
3781:Baskets
3761:culture
3613:Cistern
3419:Pyramid
3361:Weapons
3339:Scraper
3329:Racloir
3289:Cleaver
3277:Chopper
3183:Uniface
3094:Grooves
3084:Hafting
3042:Oldowan
3001:Systems
2952:Cascade
2915:woomera
2905:harpoon
2878:history
2844:Hunting
2824:Pottery
2765:Cooking
2674:Farming
2640:history
2613:Outline
2530:History
2243:General
2178:Theriac
2101:Alchemy
2078:Oceania
1976:Ancient
1751:5 April
1717:1034309
518:Britain
506:Pygmies
489:mummies
410:amulets
298:Surgery
259:nomadic
204:rickets
153:culture
145:writing
83:scholar
4380:flutes
4175:Dolmen
4099:Burial
3909:winery
3882:Linear
3712:Midden
3690:Cursus
3683:Goseck
3543:Pueblo
3494:Dugout
3479:Burdei
3158:Mining
2982:Lamoka
2977:Folsom
2957:Clovis
2814:Metate
2792:Hearth
2760:Basket
2734:Sickle
2310:&
2047:Europe
1993:Ramuan
1845:Nganga
1823:Africa
1724:
1714:
1671:
1627:
1451:
1389:
1229:
1152:
1144:
940:
911:
773:
721:
610:
464:. The
414:Apache
383:shaman
380:Yup'ik
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4297:sites
4241:Mummy
3961:Cairn
3877:JĹŤmon
3828:shoes
3823:Hides
3695:Henge
3649:Broch
3511:Jacal
3366:Wheel
3314:Knife
3260:Canoe
3255:Burin
3233:Blade
3131:flake
2992:Plano
2900:baton
2890:Spear
2856:Arrow
2809:Manos
2662:Tools
2094:Other
1988:Kampo
1966:Hilot
1150:S2CID
283:clays
251:herbs
90:JSTOR
76:books
4390:gudi
4148:Cist
4077:list
3904:Wine
3833:Ă–tzi
3818:Glue
3791:Beds
3759:and
3757:Arts
3628:Well
3484:Cave
3414:Kiva
3344:side
3334:Rope
3282:tool
3216:bone
3206:Adze
2972:Eden
2885:Nets
2755:Fire
2719:Goad
2704:Celt
2430:shop
2382:List
1983:Jamu
1944:Asia
1840:Muti
1753:2021
1722:PMID
1669:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1554:2015
1481:2015
1449:ISBN
1423:2015
1387:ISBN
1343:(5).
1296:2015
1266:2015
1227:PMID
1181:and
1142:PMID
1109:2015
1080:2015
1047:2015
965:help
938:ISBN
909:ISBN
849:UCLA
824:UCLA
771:ISBN
719:ISBN
608:ISBN
508:and
393:and
323:and
317:Peru
268:The
166:and
62:news
3499:Hut
3434:row
3265:Oar
3223:Axe
3211:Awl
1712:PMC
1704:doi
1219:doi
1134:doi
1017:BBC
884:doi
437:in
341:in
143:of
45:by
4434::
1743:.
1720:.
1710:.
1698:.
1692:.
1667:.
1663:.
1623:.
1585:.
1556:.
1540:.
1514:.
1483:.
1447:.
1409:.
1385:.
1361:84
1341:50
1339:.
1335:.
1287:.
1268:.
1252:.
1248:.
1225:.
1215:45
1213:.
1177:.
1173:.
1162:^
1148:.
1140:.
1130:59
1128:.
1097:.
1071:.
1058:^
1049:.
1037:.
1019:.
1015:.
1011:.
981:.
956::
954:}}
950:{{
936:.
878:.
874:.
847:.
822:.
765:.
717:.
713:.
687:.
663:.
659:.
630:.
606:.
602:.
588:^
512:.
455:c.
425:.
351:c.
336:c.
214:.
2584:e
2577:t
2570:v
2228:e
2221:t
2214:v
1808:e
1801:t
1794:v
1755:.
1728:.
1706::
1700:1
1677:.
1633:.
1600:.
1525:.
1500:.
1457:.
1425:.
1395:.
1298:.
1233:.
1221::
1196:.
1156:.
1136::
1111:.
1082:.
996:.
967:)
963:(
946:.
917:.
892:.
886::
880:3
858:.
833:.
808:.
779:.
748:.
727:.
698:.
673:.
645:.
616:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
