983:
770:
598:
737:
353:
975:
44:
1116:
420:
326:”, is an ancient cultural level of human development characterized by the use of unpolished chipped stone tools. The transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic is directly related to the development of behavioural modernity by hominids around 40,000 years BP. To denote the great significance and degree of change, this dramatic shift from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic is sometimes called the
1135:
755:
283:
1410:
139:, which is a syllabic script that was used for writing in Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of the Greek language. The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries. The oldest Mycenaean writing dates to about 1400 BC. It is descended from the older Linear A, an undeciphered earlier script used for writing the
337:, various components of the transition–material culture and environmental features (climate, flora, and fauna) indicate continual change, differing from contemporary points in other parts of Europe. The aforementioned aspects leave some doubt that the term Upper Palaeolithic Revolution is appropriate to the
706:
seashores (It is evident that the current sea level is 100 m higher, and a number of sites were covered by water.) means that the
Mesolithic Southeastern Europe could be referred to as the Epipalaeolithic Southeastern Europe, which might describe better its gradual changes and poorly defined development.
470:
morphological features, indicating considerable
Neanderthal/modern human admixture, which in turn suggests that, upon their arrival in Europe, modern humans met and interbred with Neanderthals. Recent reanalysis of some of these fossils has challenged the view that these remains represent evidence of
620:
It is equally important to recognize that the Balkan upper
Palaeolithic was a long period containing little significant internal change. The Mesolithic may not have existed in the Balkans for the same reasons that cave art and mobiliary art never appeared: the changes in climate and flora and fauna
348:
in the region. The notion of the Upper
Palaeolithic Revolution that has been developed for core European regions is not applicable to the region. What is the reason? This particularly significant moment and its origins are defined and enlightened by other characteristics of the transition to upper
305:
it is important to recognize that the
Southeastern Europe Upper Palaeolithic was a long period containing little significant internal change. Thus, regional transition was not as dramatic as in other European regions. Crucial changes that define the earliest emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens are
637:
In regions with limited glacial impact (e.g. Southeastern Europe), the term
Epipalaeolithic is preferable. Regions that experienced less environmental impact during the last ice age have a much less apparent and straightforward change, and occasionally are marked by an absence of sites from the
669:
The single site with materials related to the
Mesolithic era in Bulgaria is Pobíti Kámǎni. There has been no other lithic evidence of this period found in Bulgaria. There is a 4,000-year gap between the latest Upper Palaeolithic material (13,600 BP at Témnata Dupka) and the earliest Neolithic
705:
The aforementioned allows us to speculate whether or not there was a period which could be described as
Mesolithic in Southeastern Europe, rather than an extended Upper Palaeolithic. On the other hand, lack of research in a number of regions, and the fact that many of the sites were close to
709:
The relative climatic stability in
Southeastern Europe, compared to northern and western Europe, enabled continuous settlement in Southeastern Europe. Southeastern Europe therefore may have effectively functioned as an ice-age refuge from which much of Europe, especially eastern Europe, was
629:
The
Mesolithic is the transitional period between the Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gathering existence and the development of farming and pottery production during the Postglacial Neolithic. The duration of the classical Palaeolithic, which lasted until about 10,000 years ago, is applicable to
376:
to the extent that they did in the northern and central regions. The evidence of forest and steppe indicate the influence was not so drastic; some species of flora and fauna survived only in this part of Europe. The region today still abounds in species endemic only to this part of Europe.
1411:"Sirakov et al. (2010).- an ancient continuous human presence in the Balkans and the beginnings of human settlement in western Eurasia: A Lower Pleistocene example of the Lower Palaeolithic levels in Kozarnika cave (North-western Bulgaria) | Philippe Fernandez - Academia.edu"
396:) should not be considered correct in all cases. In this regard, the absence of Upper Palaeolithic cave art in the region does not seem to be surprising. Civilisations develop new and distinctive characteristics as they respond to new challenges in their environment.
1597:
Olariu A., Stenström K. and Hellborg R. (Eds), 2005, Proceedings of International conference on Applications of High Precision Atomic & Nuclear Methods, 2–6 September 2002, Neptun, Romania, Publishing House of Romanian Academy, Bucharest,
466:, so they are likely to represent the first such people to have entered the continent. According to some researchers, the particular interest of the discovery resides in the fact that it presents a mixture of archaic, early modern human and
701:
writes, “Flint-cutting tools as well as time and effort needed to produce such tools testify to the expressions of identity and more flexible combinations of materials, which began to be used in the late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic.”
696:
Activities began to be concentrated around individual sites where people displayed personal and group identities using various decorations: wearing ornaments and painting their bodies with ochre and hematite. As regards personal identity
1498:
Trinkaus, E., Moldovan, O., Milota, Ş., Bîlgăr, A., Sarcina, L., Athreya, S., Bailey, S.E., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Hilgham, T., Bronk Ramsey, C., & Van Der Plicht, J. ( 2003), An early modern human from Peştera cu Oase, Romania.
1647:
494:
1568:
Olariu A., Alexandrescu E., Skog G., Hellborg R., Stenström K., Faarinen M. and Persson P, Dating of two Palaeolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry, NIPNE Scientific Reports 2001-202, pag.
380:
The notion of gradual transition (or evolution) best defines southeastern Europe from about 50,000 BP. In this sense, the material culture and natural environment of the region of the late Pleistocene and the early
1439:
1379:
Wren, Linnea Holmer; Wren, David J.; Carter, Janine M. (1987). Perspectives on Western Art: Source Documents and Readings from the Ancient Near East Through the Middle Ages. Harper & Row. p. 55. ISBN
665:
rock shelter in the Danube gorges and in the nearby caves of Climente, there are finds that people of that time made relatively advanced bone and lithic tools (i.e. end-scrapers, blade lets, and flakes).
1622:
673:
At Odmut in Montenegro there is evidence of human activity in the Mesolithic period. The research on the period has been supplemented with Greek Mesolithic finds, well represented by sites such as
1578:
Olariu A., Skog G., Hellborg R., Stenström K., Faarinen M. and Persson P. and Alexandrescu E., 2003, Dating of two Palaeolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry,
1193:
in the east of Southeastern Europe in the 5th century BC. By the 6th century BC the first written sources dealing with the territory north of the Danube appear in Greek sources. By this time the
1677:
1175:
were the first to establish a system of trade routes in Southeastern Europe and, in order to facilitate trade with the natives between 700 BC and 300 BC, they founded several colonies on the
1664:
1257:
from the later 4th century BC. By the end of the 4th century BC Greek language and culture were dominant not only in Southeastern Europe but also around the whole Eastern Mediterranean.
574:
The human fossil remains from Muierii Cave, Baia de Fier, have been dated to 30,150 ± 800 years BP, and the skull from the Cioclovina Cave has been dated to 29,000 ± 700 years BP.
881:
Neolithic settlements are also spotted in modern day Greece, trading routes that are based in the late Mesolithic period exist all over the Aegean sea. Some major settlements of
1081:. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states. It was followed by the Greek Dark Ages and the introduction of iron.
571:, AMS group, by Göran Skog, Kristina Stenström and Ragnar Hellborg. The samples of bones were dated by radiocarbon method applied at the AMS system of the Lund University.
1871:
392:
Thus, in speaking about southeastern Europe, many classic conceptions and systematizations of human development during the Palaeolithic (and then by implication the
563:, Bucharest, where samples were taken. One sample of bone was taken from the skull from Cioclovina; samples were also taken from the scapula and tibia remains from
1678:
http://archaeologyinbulgaria.com/2015/10/15/bulgaria-showcases-worlds-oldest-gold-varna-chalcolithic-necropolis-treasure-in-european-parliament-in-brussels/
982:
1908:
1665:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/varna-bulgaria-gold-graves-social-hierarchy-prehistoric-archaelogy-smithsonian-journeys-travel-quarterly-180958733/
1855:
1471:
548:
1337:
1163:
began to develop in Southeastern Europe, the Aegean islands and the western Asia Minor Greek colonies starting around the 9–8th century (the
630:
Southeastern Europe. It ended with the Mesolithic (duration is two to four millennia) or, where an early Neolithisation was peculiar to, with the
1462:
Trinkaus, E., Milota, Ş., Rodrigo, R., Gherase, M., Moldovan, O. (2003), Early Modern Human Cranial remains from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania in
560:
1282:
851:(approximately 4 km from the city centre), internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites in world prehistory. The oldest
20:
855:
treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the site. The gold piece dating from 4,500 BC, recently founded in
1224:
was subsequently used by the Greeks and Romans as a generic name to refer to different peoples within a well defined but much greater area.
492:
caves in Romania have been radiocarbon dated using the technique of the accelerator mass spectrometry to the age of ~ 30,000 years BP (see
1846:
389:: “Less dramatic changes to climate, flora and fauna resulted in less dramatic adaptive, or reactive, developments in material culture.”
372:
of the Pleistocene (from 131,000 till 12,000 BP), Europe was very different from the regional glaciation. The glaciations did not affect
1128:
769:
1706:
1039:(modern Bulgaria). The Bronze Age cultures of the central and western Southeastern Europe are less clearly delineated and stretch to
1826:
1802:
1787:
1739:
1634:
1603:
1451:
1217:
1868:
621:
were gradual and not drastic. (…) Furthermore, one of the reasons that we do not distinguish separate industries in the Balkans as
1216:
was originally used to refer to a people occupying an area centered on Lake Skadar, situated between Albania and Montenegro (see
514:
1533:
Harvati K, Gunz P, Grigorescu D. Cioclovina (Romania): affinities of an early modern European. J Hum Evol. 2007 Dec;53(6):732-46
597:
1923:
1543:
1814:
1690:
1645:
625:
is because the lithic industries of the early Holocene were very firmly of a gradually developing late Palaeolithic tradition
1745:
1516:
Andrei Soficaru, Adrian Dobo and Erik Trinkaus (2006), Early modern humans from the Peştera Muierii, Baia de Fier, Romania,
201:. The changes between these are gradual. For example, depending on interpretation, protohistory might or might not include
1918:
327:
1436:
1389:
736:
1619:
1186:
Other notable groups of peoples and tribes of Southeast Europe organised themselves in large tribal unions such as the
1913:
1370:
E. Hallager, M. Vlasakis, and B. P. Hallager, "The First Linear B Tablet(s) from Khania", Kadmos, 29 (1990). pp. 24–34
920:
867:
829:
1120:
1073:. Several Mycenaean attributes and achievements were borrowed or held in high regard in later periods. while their
352:
217:
cultures. By one interpretation of the historiography criterion, Southeastern Europe enters protohistory only with
1582:
143:, as is the later Cypriot syllabary, which also recorded Greek. Linear B, found mainly in the palace archives at
727:
228:
224:
206:
974:
1332:
1292:
821:
731:
544:
64:
940:
344:
In general, continual evolutionary changes are the first crucial characteristic of the transition to the
1302:
1024:
The Bronze Age in the central and eastern part of Southeastern Europe begins late, around 1800 BCE. The
642:
357:
298:
164:
1606:, Dating of two Palaeolithic human fossil bones from Romania by accelerator mass spectrometry, 235-239
658:
1327:
1287:
875:
613:
484:
476:
432:
414:
194:
190:
1307:
1267:
1254:
1055:
1025:
994:
910:
723:
373:
361:
311:
254:
168:
124:
556:
178:
in Southeastern Europe is conventionally divided into smaller periods, such as Upper Paleolithic,
1317:
1312:
1297:
1272:
1074:
986:
965:
609:
568:
537:
345:
915:
437:
410:
1843:
1822:
1798:
1783:
1735:
1630:
1599:
1447:
1277:
1250:
957:
945:
898:
809:
592:
294:
210:
202:
116:
43:
31:
1190:
1164:
1139:
1110:
1094:
1078:
1066:
990:
930:
925:
882:
844:
805:
798:
794:
786:
774:
759:
747:
719:
529:
214:
56:
1875:
1850:
1710:
1703:
1691:
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/oldest-gold-object-unearthed-bulgaria-180960093/
1651:
1626:
1586:
1443:
1209:
1156:
1090:
961:
848:
631:
533:
521:
307:
140:
96:
35:
616:, the date of which varied in each geographical region. According to Douglass W. Bailey:
479:, discovered further fragments (for example, a skull dated ~36,000, nicknamed "Vasile").
1884:
123:
in the area some 44,000 years ago, until the appearance of the first written records in
1782:, Part I: The Prehistory of the Balkans to 1000 BC, Cambridge University Press (1923),
1168:
1160:
1070:
905:
894:
833:
782:
662:
584:
349:
Old Stone Age. The environment, climate, flora and fauna corroborate the implications.
276:
246:
186:
156:
128:
1838:
1809:
Evoluţia istorică pe teritoriul României din paleolitic până la inceputul Neoliticului
419:
1902:
1390:
https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=Protohistoric+Greece+bronze+Age
1032:
969:
935:
863:
790:
472:
450:
323:
1547:
1010:
The Bronze Age in Southeastern Europe is divided as follows (Boardman p. 166):
1208:
in the west of Southeastern Europe from the early 4th century was organised by the
1115:
742:
646:
602:
564:
543:
The physical analysis of these fossils was begun in the summer of the year 2000 by
502:
462:
319:
287:
198:
832:, although traces of it can be found all around the Southeastern Europe, parts of
685:
in Thessaly that represent the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic as well as the early
1893:
1729:
1654:
Gems and Gemstones: Timeless Natural Beauty of the Mineral World, By Lance Grande
314:
with early Upper Palaeolithic material correlate that the transition was gradual.
306:
presented at Bacho Kiro at 44,000 BC. The Bulgarian key Palaeolithic caves named
1246:
1044:
506:
467:
334:
112:
1212:
situated in the area corresponding to today's Montenegro and Albania. The name
1134:
1856:
Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity by Douglass W. Bailey
1322:
871:
856:
837:
754:
654:
622:
489:
424:
393:
369:
182:
175:
120:
92:
1236:
1176:
1106:
1098:
698:
686:
678:
552:
270:
233:
1239:'s rule, Dacia expanded its territory from Central Europe to the Southern
1127:
helmet dating from the first half of the 4th century BC, currently at the
282:
1187:
1180:
1040:
825:
763:
674:
670:
evidence presented at Gǎlǎbnik (the beginning of the 7th millennium BC).
495:
Human fossil bones from the Muierii Cave and the Cioclovina Cave, Romania
382:
179:
136:
132:
108:
68:
27:
1860:
781:
Southeastern Europe was the site of major Neolithic cultures, including
293:
There is evidence of human presence in the Southeastern Europe from the
1579:
1481:
João Zilhão, (2006), Neanderthals and Moderns Mixed and It Matters, in
1361:
Professor Shelmerdine's Exciting Mycenaean Find, UT Austin 2 June 2011.
1205:
1198:
1152:
1124:
1102:
1048:
998:
890:
817:
525:
510:
446:
385:
were distinct from other parts of Europe. Douglass W. Bailey writes in
338:
275:
The earliest evidence of human occupation discovered in the region, in
160:
148:
144:
100:
88:
72:
60:
1240:
1232:
1172:
1036:
886:
813:
690:
682:
650:
104:
84:
80:
76:
1231:
at least as early as the beginning of the 2nd century BC under King
457:), the remains (the lower jaw) are approximately 37,800 years old.
1414:
1228:
1194:
1133:
1059:
973:
768:
753:
735:
596:
442:
418:
351:
281:
218:
152:
42:
693:, which contained materials from the Mesolithic, are less known.
608:
The Mesolithic period began at the end of the Pleistocene epoch (
501:
The first skull, scapula and tibia remains were found in 1952 in
852:
812:
and the 3rd millennium BC), stretching around the course of the
1077:
already included several deities that can also be found in the
847:, Bulgaria, is a burial site in the western industrial zone of
435:) remains in Europe were discovered in the "Cave With Bones" (
1201:) had branched out from the Thracian-speaking populations.
1819:, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1974
561:
Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering-Horia Hulubei
297:
onwards, but the number of sites is limited. According to
808:
was an early culture of Southeastern Europe (between the
645:
culture, which is notable for its early urbanization, at
1069:(1600-1100 BC) offers the first written evidence of the
387:
Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity
368:
During the last interglacial period and the most recent
1704:
https://europost.eu/en/a/view/world-s-oldest-gold-24581
1518:
Proceedings of the National Acadademy of Science U.S.A.
1501:
Proceedings of the National Acadademy of Science U.S.A.
286:
Fundamental elements for the technic description of a
279:(Bulgaria), date from at least 1.5 million years ago.
59:(including the territories of the modern countries of
1839:
Periodization of Balkan Prehistory ~ 6200 - 1100 BC
1151:After the period that followed the arrival of the
649:. Iron Gates mesolithic sites are found in modern
55:, defined roughly as the territory of the wider
1734:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 228.
618:
482:Two human fossil remains found in the Muierii (
303:
1844:South East Europe pre-history summary to 700BC
866:" of the eastern Southeastern Europe (and the
601:Sculpture found at the archaeological site of
1028:gradually sets in over the 13th century BCE.
1017:Middle Bronze Age: 16th to 14th centuries BCE
460:These are some of Europe's oldest remains of
8:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1062:becomes Europe's first actual civilization.
1014:Early Bronze Age: 20th to 16th centuries BCE
859:, near Varna is another important example.
260:Regional Transition to the Upper Paleolithic
1235:. In the beginning of 1st century BC under
1020:Late Bronze Age: 14th to 13th centuries BCE
16:Prehistorical period of Southeastern Europe
689:period. Yet southern and coastal sites in
431:In 2002, some of the oldest modern human (
1031:The "East Balkan Complex" (Karanovo VII,
874:is associated with an early expansion of
1338:Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe
1114:
981:
1354:
532:, in Transylvania. The anthropologist,
520:In 1941 another skull was found at the
232:). At any rate, the period ends before
163:, but disappeared with the fall of the
1811:, SCIVA, 31, 1980, 4, p. 519-545.
1283:Lists of ancient tribes in the Balkans
1167:) and peaking with the 5th century BC
549:Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology
471:interbreeding. A second expedition by
1614:
1612:
7:
1748:from the original on 15 January 2023
1580:http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/0309110
1179:(Pontus Euxinus) coast, Asia Minor,
19:For the history of Earth before the
1869:Ion din Anina, primul om din Europa
1861:The Aegeo-Balkan Prehistory Project
1129:National Museum of Romanian History
540:, published a study of this skull.
47:Physical map of Southeastern Europe
978:Bronze Age gold bracelet, Romania.
870:adjacent to the north) during the
14:
1909:Prehistory of Southeastern Europe
1885:Human fossils set European record
1218:List of ancient tribes in Illyria
614:Neolithic introduction of farming
119:, beginning with the presence of
53:prehistory of Southeastern Europe
641:There is lithic evidence of the
26:, including the period of early
1546:. 11 April 2008. Archived from
1227:Other tribal unions existed in
1249:culture spread throughout the
777:, original find photo (detail)
1:
1780:The Cambridge Ancient History
1058:based on the Greek island of
515:Constantin Nicolaescu-Plopşor
364:- 3 views of the same object.
328:Upper Palaeolithic Revolution
115:) covers the period from the
1159:or Submycenaean Period, the
567:. The work continued at the
921:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
868:Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
830:Republic of North Macedonia
1940:
1815:Paul Lachlan MacKendrick,
1766:The Illyrians. John Wilkes
1728:Castleden, Rodney (2005).
1464:Journal of Human Evolution
1088:
1026:transition to the Iron Age
955:
717:
590:
408:
268:
252:
131:. First Greek language is
18:
1709:28 September 2019 at the
1483:Evolutionary Anthropology
824:and Montenegro, Romania,
653:, south-west Romania and
356:Aurignacian double edged
728:Old Europe (archaeology)
229:Geography of the Odyssey
225:Historicity of the Iliad
205:(3000–1200 BC), Minoan,
21:occupation by the genus
1817:The Dacian Stones Speak
1650:15 January 2023 at the
1625:15 January 2023 at the
1442:15 January 2023 at the
1161:classical Greek culture
547:, archaeologist at the
505:, in the Muierii Cave,
322:period, literally the “
265:(2,600,000 – 50,000 BP)
236:in the 5th century BC.
1924:History of the Balkans
1629:By Douglass W. Bailey
1446:By Douglass W. Bailey
1400:e.g. Thrace in book V.
1333:Timeline of glaciation
1293:Paleo-Balkan languages
1143:
1131:
1002:
979:
822:Bosnia and Herzegovina
778:
766:
751:
732:Neolithic Transylvania
677:Cave. Other sites are
627:
605:
428:
365:
316:
290:
65:Bosnia and Herzegovina
48:
1894:Enciclopedia României
1849:4 August 2010 at the
1524:(46), pp. 17196-17201
1507:(20), pp. 11231–11236
1303:Bronze Age in Romania
1137:
1121:Helmet of Coţofeneşti
1118:
985:
977:
911:Starčevo-Criş culture
772:
757:
739:
643:Iron Gates mesolithic
612:) and ended with the
600:
536:, and the geologist,
422:
355:
285:
165:Mycenean civilisation
46:
1919:Prehistory of Europe
1874:20 July 2014 at the
1807:Alexandru Păunescu,
1793:Douglass W. Bailey,
1328:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1288:Old European culture
1147:(1,100 BCE – 150 CE)
820:, northern parts of
773:Elite burial at the
545:Emilian Alexandrescu
433:Homo sapiens sapiens
405:(50,000 – 20,000 BP)
245:(2,600,000 – 13,000
195:Proto-Indo-Europeans
191:Neolithic Revolution
1585:8 June 2022 at the
1417:on 25 December 2014
1308:Prehistoric Croatia
1268:Aegean civilization
1255:Alexander the Great
1056:Minoan civilization
1006:(3,500 – 1,100 BCE)
758:Artefacts from the
724:Chalcolithic Europe
559:, physicist at the
374:southeastern Europe
255:Palaeolithic Europe
169:Bronze Age collapse
125:Classical Antiquity
1914:Prehistoric Europe
1618:Balkan prehistory
1435:Balkan prehistory
1380:978-0-06-438942-6.
1318:History of Albania
1313:Prehistoric Europe
1298:Paleolithic Europe
1273:History of Eurasia
1144:
1132:
1003:
987:Wietenberg culture
980:
966:Bronze Age Romania
779:
767:
752:
610:10th millennium BC
606:
569:University of Lund
538:Ion Th. Simionescu
429:
400:Upper Palaeolithic
366:
346:Upper Palaeolithic
299:Douglass W. Bailey
291:
49:
1795:Balkan prehistory
1544:"Dating Bulletin"
1278:History of Europe
1251:Macedonian Empire
1138:Distribution of "
958:Bronze Age Europe
946:Kurgan hypothesis
750:(c. 5250-4550 BC)
593:Mesolithic Europe
485:Peştera Muierilor
415:Peștera Muierilor
295:Lower Paleolithic
203:Bronze Age Greece
117:Upper Paleolithic
32:Geology of Europe
1931:
1892:
1883:
1867:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1725:
1714:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1616:
1607:
1595:
1589:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1550:on 11 April 2008
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1479:
1473:
1470:, pp. 245 –253,
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1206:Illyrian kingdom
1191:Odrysian kingdom
1165:Geometric Period
1140:Thraco-Cimmerian
1111:Thraco-Cimmerian
1095:Iron Age Romania
1079:Olympic Pantheon
1067:Mycenaean Greece
1035:) covers all of
995:Maramureș County
991:Valea Chioarului
941:Tărtăria tablets
926:Hamangia culture
883:Neolithic Greece
845:Varna Necropolis
775:Varna necropolis
760:Varna necropolis
748:Hamangia culture
720:Neolithic Europe
659:Ostrovul Banului
638:Mesolithic era.
583:(13,000 – 5,000
530:Hunedoara County
167:during the Late
57:Southeast Europe
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1197:(and later the
1171:democracy. The
1157:Greek Dark Ages
1155:, known as the
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1091:Iron Age Europe
1087:
1065:The culture of
972:
962:Helladic period
954:
916:Dudeşti culture
741:The Thinker of
734:
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632:Epipalaeolithic
595:
580:
534:Francisc Rainer
522:Cioclovina Cave
477:Ricardo Rodrigo
438:Peștera cu Oase
417:
411:Peștera cu Oase
409:Main articles:
402:
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193:, expansion of
141:Minoan language
113:European Turkey
97:North Macedonia
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451:John of Anina
449:. Nicknamed "
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1887:on BBC.co.uk
1882:(in English)
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1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1730:
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1672:
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1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:the original
1538:
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1512:
1504:
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1494:
1486:
1482:
1477:
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1419:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1405:
1396:
1385:
1375:
1366:
1357:
1245:
1226:
1221:
1220:). The term
1213:
1203:
1185:
1150:
1064:
1053:
1030:
1023:
1009:
885:are Sesklo,
880:
861:
842:
803:
801:and Sesklo.
780:
746:, Neolithic
740:
708:
704:
695:
672:
668:
647:Lepenski Vir
640:
636:
628:
619:
607:
603:Lepenski Vir
573:
565:Muierii Cave
557:Agata Olariu
542:
519:
503:Baia de Fier
500:
493:
483:
481:
463:Homo sapiens
461:
459:
454:
436:
430:
391:
386:
379:
367:
343:
333:In the late
332:
320:Palaeolithic
317:
304:
292:
288:lithic flake
274:
240:Palaeolithic
222:
199:Protohistory
173:
135:and follows
121:Homo sapiens
52:
50:
40:
22:
1752:23 February
1253:created by
1247:Hellenistic
1125:Geto-Dacian
1045:Carpathians
816:in Serbia,
507:Gorj County
468:Neanderthal
335:Pleistocene
1903:Categories
1421:4 December
1345:References
1323:Prehistory
1089:See also:
956:See also:
952:Bronze Age
899:Krya Vrysi
872:Eneolithic
857:Durankulak
838:Asia Minor
828:, and the
718:See also:
655:Montenegro
623:Mesolithic
591:See also:
578:Mesolithic
490:Cioclovina
488:) and the
425:Cro-Magnon
394:Mesolithic
370:glaciation
308:Bacho Kiro
253:See also:
183:Mesolithic
176:prehistory
93:Montenegro
1237:Burebista
1177:Black Sea
1107:Illyrians
1099:Thracians
1047:and into
897:close to
714:Neolithic
699:D. Bailey
687:Neolithic
681:Cave and
679:Theopetra
553:Bucharest
271:Kozarnika
234:Herodotus
223:See also
207:Mycenaean
1872:Archived
1847:Archived
1746:Archived
1707:Archived
1648:Archived
1623:Archived
1583:Archived
1554:18 March
1440:Archived
1261:See also
1188:Thracian
1181:Dalmatia
1085:Iron Age
1075:religion
1041:Pannonia
889:, Early
826:Bulgaria
799:Hamangia
795:Karanovo
764:Bulgaria
743:Hamangia
675:Frachthi
441:), near
383:Holocene
211:Thracian
180:Holocene
137:Linear B
133:Linear A
109:Slovenia
69:Bulgaria
28:hominins
1773:General
1620:Page 36
1437:Page 15
1222:Illyria
1214:Illyrii
1153:Dorians
1142:" finds
1103:Dacians
1049:Hungary
999:Romania
891:Knossos
836:and in
818:Croatia
526:Bosorod
511:Oltenia
509:in the
447:Romania
358:scraper
339:Balkans
215:Venetic
161:Mycenae
149:Kydonia
145:Knossos
101:Romania
89:Moldova
73:Croatia
61:Albania
1825:
1801:
1786:
1738:
1633:
1602:
1450:
1350:Inline
1241:Europe
1233:Oroles
1173:Greeks
1169:Athens
1109:, and
1043:, the
1037:Thrace
968:, and
887:Dimini
814:Danube
783:Butmir
730:, and
691:Greece
683:Sesklo
661:, the
651:Serbia
555:, and
227:, and
197:, and
174:Human
157:Thebes
129:Greece
111:, and
105:Serbia
85:Kosovo
81:Greece
77:Cyprus
30:, see
1229:Dacia
1195:Getae
1183:etc.
1060:Crete
849:Varna
791:Varna
787:Vinča
657:. At
443:Anina
427:skull
423:Male
362:blade
219:Homer
153:Pylos
127:, in
1823:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1754:2018
1736:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1556:2022
1448:ISBN
1423:2017
1204:The
1199:Daci
1119:The
1054:The
893:and
853:gold
843:The
804:The
475:and
413:and
318:The
310:and
213:and
159:and
51:The
34:and
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1505:100
901:.
810:6th
551:in
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360:on
171:.
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1718:^
1611:^
1569:82
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840:.
797:,
793:,
789:,
785:,
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726:,
722:,
634:.
585:BP
528:,
517:.
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330:.
301::
247:BP
209:,
189:,
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1680:)
1676:(
1667:)
1663:(
1558:.
1425:.
1001:.
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587:)
249:)
221:(
185:/
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
