593:, who are granted full prescriptive authority, and can elect to specialize in psychiatry, unlike the majority of psychologists. However, proponents have rebutted this assertion by describing their sequence of training (e.g., 4-year undergraduate degree, 5-year doctoral degree, 1-year internship, 1-year residency/fellowship, 2-year master's degree in psychopharmacology, national psychopharmacology exam, supervised clinical experience). In addition, survey research comparing prescribing psychologists' training against that of nurse practitioners and physician assistants has demonstrated that when presented with un-labeled training programs side-by-side, prescribing psychologists' training is perceived to be more rigorous overall than that of psychiatric nurse practitioners or physicians assistants in their ability to prescribe psychiatric medication. This perception was found to be true of physicians, mid-level providers, psychologists, non-prescribing therapists, and general members of the public.
321:. Additional MSCP programs are in development. In some jurisdictions, completion of the training programs from the Department of Defense or the Prescribing Psychologists' Register Diplomate Certification also satisfies the licensing law requirements. The supervised clinical experience required after completing the MSCP and passing the PEP varies by jurisdiction, but typically requires a specific number of hours of supervised experience and/or a specific number of patients. Some jurisdictions then grant conditional prescribing psychology licenses or certifications, while others grant full prescribing authority after the supervised clinical experience has been successfully completed. The medications the psychologist may then prescribe are limited to those indicated for psychiatric problems; still, the specific medications that are able to be prescribed by prescribing or medical psychologists varies by jurisdiction.
329:
Indian Health
Service, the U.S. military, and the U.S. territory of Guam. When psychologists act only as collaborators, they lack the authority to make the final decision to prescribe; however, they may assist in the process by recommending clinically desirable treatment effects, certain classes of medications, specific medications, dosages, or other aspects of the treatment regimen. Psychologists also provide information that may be relevant to the prescribing professional. Psychologists may express concerns about treatment, refer patients for medication consultations, direct patients to referral or information sources, or discuss with patients how to address their concerns about medication with the prescriber.
362:
Colorado became the sixth state to pass prescriptive authority for psychologists legislation, followed by Utah in 2024. Many other states have introduced but have yet to approve RxP bills. As of 2024 there are approximately 250-300 active, prescribing psychologists across the United States, with over 240 graduate students and psychologists enrolled in an RxP training program. Nearly 1,500 individuals have completed a master's degree in clinical psychopharmacology and over 500 have passed the PEP.
429:(APA) published a list of practice guidelines that apply to all prescribing activities, with some also applicable to collaborating and information providing activities. The list is categorized according to the area of psychologists' involvement in pharmacological issues (general, education, assessment, intervention and consultation). The following list summarizes the guidelines by section. These practice guidelines are in process of being revised and updated as of 2023.
287:, who possess a medical degree and thus the authority to prescribe medication, but more frequently (60-80%) by primary care providers who can prescribe psychotropics, but lack extensive training in psychotropic drugs and in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders. According to the APA, the movement is a reaction to the growing public need for mental health services, particularly in under-resourced areas where patients have little or no access to psychiatrists.
554:, significant support exists regarding the APA's prescriptive authority initiative. Proponents of the prescriptive authority initiative believe that it would improve the economic stability of the profession, provide better opportunities to underserved populations, and enhance psychologists' clinical skills through a better understanding of biopsychosocial interactions. Support for the prescriptive authority initiative also appears higher amongst those with
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563:, medical school hospital, or independent practice tend to demonstrate higher levels of support for the initiative. In terms of training, an overwhelming majority of those surveyed believe training should begin at the graduate level, but prior to completion of a doctorate. Accordingly, in February 2019, the APA Council of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to approve changes to
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prescribing medications in light of how it may affect communication with patients; and expect that psychologists involved in medication prescription or collaboration be wary of developmental, age, educational, sex, gender, language, health status, and cultural factors involved in populations a psychologist may serve, with regards to pharmacotherapy.
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was also transferred to the
Louisiana Board of Medical Examiners, effectively making Louisiana the only state in the U.S. where, for some psychologists, a medical board has authority over their entire practice. Because of this, several national organizations, including the American Psychological Association and the
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and early career psychologists (within 10 years of receiving doctorate) than those with PhDs and mid- and late-career psychologists. Demographically, females and
Caucasians expressed more willingness to seek prescription privileges. Also, those who attended a clinical or counseling graduate program,
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Guidelines 10 through 15 require that psychologists employ a biopsychosocial approach when prescribing medications and that they also use informed consent procedures, act in the best interest of the patient, and consider current research; emphasize that psychologists be wary of commercial influences
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have expressed concern over the practice of psychology being regulated by another profession (i.e., medicine). The
Louisiana Psychological Association has strongly echoed such concerns. However, the Louisiana Academy of Medical Psychologists (LAMP), a Political Action Committee representing medical
328:
exists on a continuum, with psychologists serving as prescribers, collaborators, and information-providers in the medical decision-making process. Psychologists may prescribe in seven states: New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, Idaho, Colorado, and Utah, as well as the Public Health
Service, the
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Prescriptive authority for psychologists has been controversial, even within the healthcare community, which has created entire organizations dedicated to objecting to prescriptive authority for clinical psychologists. Specifically, critics within the medical profession have expressed concern that
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Today, evidence exists to indicate a continual and growing level of support for the
American Psychological Association's prescriptive authority initiative. Such support reflects psychologists' willingness to open their minds to learning about psychotropic medications, incorporating pharmacological
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that allows psychopharmacology training to begin at the graduate level; previously, APA policy only allowed for this training to occur at the postdoctoral level. In
Illinois, one of the jurisdictions where RxP is law, there are already psychopharmacology programs in place that offer this education
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Guidelines 7 through 9 require that psychologists familiarize themselves with procedures for monitoring the physiological and psychological effects of medications; expect that psychologists who prescribe medications consider other physiological disorders or underlying diseases that the patient may
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went on to establish medical psychology as a separate and distinct healthcare profession and transferred the regulation of its practice to the
Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners. The entire practice of psychology for medical psychologists, including psychotherapy and psychological testing,
528:
The prescriptive authority would be enhanced by the psychologist's doctoral training in the science of psychology, assessment, and psychotherapy. This training is more extensive than that received by the average physician. In addition, the training program for psychologists would provide twice as
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Guidelines 4 through 6 require that psychologists attain a level of education specific to pharmacotherapy in order to serve their clients; expect that psychologists be wary of potential adverse side effects of psychotropic medications; and ask that psychologists that prescribe or collaborate with
337:
The first bill seeking to authorize prescription privileges to psychologists was introduced in Hawai'i in 1985 under Hawaii State
Resolution 159. The bill would have allowed licensed psychologists there to administer and prescribe psychotropic medication for the treatment of "nervous, mental, and
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Guidelines 1 through 3 encourage psychologists to act within the scope of their practice with regards to prescribing psychotropic medications, which includes seeking consultation before recommending certain medications; emphasize that psychologists' evaluate their own views and opinions towards
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followed in 2004. In 2014, Illinois became the third state to approve RxP legislation. In 2016, Iowa became the fourth state to grant prescriptive authority, which was followed by Idaho in 2017. The rules and regulations for
Illinois' RxP law were approved in 2018 and in 2019 in Iowa. In 2023,
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In circumstances in which the psychologist decided not to collaborate with medical colleagues, it could allow the psychologist control of the entire treatment process. In some cases, this might reduce or eliminate complications arising from interprofessional collaboration and potentially save
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Psychologists with prescriptive authority would add competence to the overall mental health system by adding a resource for general practitioners who need professional consultation regarding psychological disorders and psychotropic medications when a psychiatrist is
912:
Muse, M., & McGrath, R. (2010). Training comparison among three professions prescribing psychoactive medications: psychiatric nurse practitioners, physicians, and pharmacologically trained psychologists. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 96-103.
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and supervised clinical experience. Legislation pertaining to prescriptive authority for psychologists has been introduced over 180 times in over half of the United States. It has passed in seven states, due largely to substantial lobbying efforts by the
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The statistics point to multiple content areas in which other professions, such as psychiatric nurse practitioners or physician assistants, are relatively deficient in comparison to pharmacologically-trained psychologists’
283:(APA), the largest professional organization of psychologists in the world with over 157,000 members. Prior to RxP legislation and in American states where it has not been passed, this role has been played by
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262:; successful passage of a standardized, national examination (Psychopharmacology Examination for Psychologists - Second Edition; PEP-2); supervised clinical experience; or a certificate from the
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and training at the predoctoral level. Additionally, respondents preferred that training occur on a part-time basis, be completed within two to two-and-a-half years and cost $ 12,000-$ 18,000.
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Fox, R.E., DeLeon, P.H., Newman, R., Sammons, M.T., Dunivin, D.L., Backer, D.C.. (2009). Prescriptive authority and psychology: A status report. American Psychologist, 64(4), 257-268.
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Fagan, T.J., Ax, R.K, Liss, M., Resnick, R.J., Moody, S.. (2007). Prescriptive authority and preferences for training. Professional psychology: Research and practice, 38(1), 104-111.
511:. Some advocates have asserted that the latter three professions receive less training in clinical pharmacology, therapeutics, and psychopharmacology than many clinical psychologists.
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as a specialty in psychology. At its meeting in August 2020, the APA Council of Representatives gave final approval to this petition, adding clinical psychopharmacology to 17 other
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298:), a license to practice independently, and completion of a Master of Science in clinical psychopharmacology (MSCP) degree or equivalent. Programs that offer the MSCP degree are:
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they have no medical training. The current RxP model explicitly states that this movement includes no medical training, but this can be accomplished with a master's degree in
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Psychopharmacology Demonstration Project; or a diploma from the Prescribing Psychologists Register (FICPP or FICPPM) to enable them, according to state law, to prescribe
585:, typically from a postdoctoral education program at a professional school. Some opponents claim this would culminate in substantially fewer years and hours compared to
274:. This approach is non-traditional medical training focused on the specialized training to prescribe for mental health disorders by a psychologist. It includes rigorous
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American Psychological Association (2011). Practice guidelines regarding psychologists' involvement in pharmacological issues. American psychologist, 66(9), 838-839.
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It would create a clearer distinction in psychology between doctoral and master-level practitioners, and between doctoral and post-doctoral level practitioners.
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The training model is supported by a complete lack of legal complaint after eight years regarding the practice of the initial ten psychologists trained by the
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have that could affect the effectiveness of medications; and encourage psychologists to consider issues about patient adherence and concerns about medications.
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Guidelines 16 and 17 expect that psychologists maintain appropriate relationships with other providers of psychological services and biological interventions.
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369:(the Society for Prescribing Psychology), has promoted prescriptive authority for psychologists across the country. Division 55 petitioned APA through its
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Access to medication would be improved in jurisdictions with long waiting times to see a psychiatrist or other qualified physician.
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American Psychological Association (2011). Practice guidelines regarding psychologists' involvement in pharmacological issues.
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In states where RxP legislation has been passed, psychologists who seek prescriptive authority must possess a doctoral degree (
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organic brain disorders." Since then, a total of 88 prescriptive authority bills have been introduced in 21 jurisdictions.
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According to a survey assessing the views of psychology interns, residents, and psychologists published in the journal
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Prescribing rights for psychologists are being negotiated in South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia.
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approved a pilot project to train psychologists in issuing psychotropic medications "under certain circumstances."
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King, Craig. (2006). Prescriptive Authority for Psychologists Working in the Public Sector: Is it Needed?
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Heiby, E., DeLeon, P., and Anderson, T. (2004). A Debate on Prescription Privileges for Psychologists.
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Pulling Back the Political Curtain: Surveying Opinions and Biases on Prescribing Psychology's Training
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regarding medications; and encourage psychologists to consider the patient's interpersonal behaviors.
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Commission for the Recognition of Specialties and Subspecialties in Professional Psychology (CRSSPP)
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regards to medication prescription be aware of helpful technological resources that are available.
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Psychopharmacological training allows psychologists to provide better advocacy for their clients.
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treatment with therapy, and adapting to the demands of a rapidly changing health care world.
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It would address the fact that many lack access to psychiatrists (especially in rural areas).
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1093:(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of the Cumberlands, Williamsburg, Kentucky.
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522:. Legal complaints differ from legal suits, as military personnel cannot sue for redress.
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There are several core arguments put forth by RxP advocates, including the following:
389:(CCTC), and creating a board certification in clinical psychopharmacology through the
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to psychologists with predoctoral or postdoctoral graduate-level training in clinical
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much pharmacology training than nurse practitioners and physician assistants receive.
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The California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University
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Psychologists who have extensively researched the effects of psychopharmacology
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psychologists in the state, strongly endorsed the change of regulation.
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became the first state to approve RxP legislation in 2002, and
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381:. Division 55 is in the process of becoming a member of the
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is a movement in the United States of America among certain
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Other non-physicians have prescription privileges, such as
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prescriptive authority for psychologists (RxP) movement
1059:"Psychiatrists Proactive in Scope-of-Practice Battles"
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Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(4),
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Canadian Psychological Association (11 October 2011).
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Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards
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Division 55 of the American Psychological Association
165:"Prescriptive authority for psychologists movement"
156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
772:"RxP legislation made historic progress in Hawaii"
965:NAPPP Sponsors Prescriptive Authority Legislation
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559:received a PhD degree, and those employed in a
16:This article is about RxP. For other uses, see
552:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
304:The Chicago School of Professional Psychology
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897:Prescription Privilege Based on Proven Model
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792:Personal Communication, Beth Rom-Rymer, PhD
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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391:American Board of Professional Psychology
234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
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848:"APS recommendations for health reforms"
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1123:Mental health law in the United States
826:"Prescribing Rights for Psychologists"
387:Council of Chairs of Training Councils
895:Ericson, Robert. (2 September 2002).
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353:to approve RxP legislation in 1999.
154:adding citations to reliable sources
824:The British Psychological Society.
804:"Prescriptive Authority Task Force"
846:Australian Psychological Society.
427:American Psychological Association
385:(CoS) in Professional Psychology,
281:American Psychological Association
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980:Public Service Psychology, 31(1),
770:Munsey, Christopher (June 2006).
38:This article has multiple issues.
713:Murray, Bridget (October 2003).
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94:has been specified. Please help
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141:needs additional citations for
46:or discuss these issues on the
1007:Gaining prescriptive knowledge
466:*Intervention and Consultation
324:Psychologists' involvement in
311:Fairleigh Dickinson University
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676:Sidney Durward Shirley Spragg
402:Psychologists prescribing law
1005:Holloway, Jennifer. (2004).
561:university counseling center
373:for official recognition of
1099:10.13140/RG.2.2.26055.24480
375:clinical psychopharmacology
319:New Mexico State University
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903:. Retrieved July 28, 2007.
520:U.S. Department of Defense
343:U.S. Department of Defense
84:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
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1057:Daly, Rich (2006-03-03).
400:was the first to enact a
969:Retrieved July 28, 2007.
715:"A Brief History of RxP"
406:Louisiana's legislature
1087:Cooper, R. R. (2019).
931:Feres v. United States
425:In December 2011, the
383:Council of Specialties
315:Idaho State University
256:prescriptive authority
1128:Prescription of drugs
1011:Monitor on Psychology
738:American Psychologist
270:medications to treat
264:Department of Defense
1075:10.1176/pn.41.5.0017
587:physician assistants
509:physician assistants
487:Supporting arguments
150:improve this article
96:improve this article
18:RXP (disambiguation)
1118:Clinical psychology
901:Albuquerque Journal
632:Corneliu E. Giurgea
626:Charles R. Schuster
591:nurse practitioners
505:nurse practitioners
398:State of New Mexico
992:Medical psychology
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614:Bruce K. Alexander
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160:
148:Please help
143:verification
140:
110:
101:
78:
54:
47:
41:
40:Please help
37:
1013:, 35(6), 22
684:(1920-1996)
678:(1909-1995)
672:(1936-2019)
664:Rick Doblin
640:(1920-2007)
634:(1923–1995)
622:(1915–2004)
497:pharmacists
455:*Assessment
98:if you can.
1133:Psychiatry
1112:Categories
1043:2018-05-21
778:4 November
721:4 November
697:References
576:Opposition
565:APA policy
444:*Education
355:New Mexico
206:March 2011
176:newspapers
104:March 2012
43:improve it
359:Louisiana
276:didactics
49:talk page
853:27 March
831:27 March
809:27 March
433:*General
393:(ABPP).
254:to give
79:require
333:History
190:scholar
81:cleanup
1037:The DO
688:
666:(1953)
650:(1939)
616:(1939)
610:(1940)
507:, and
317:, and
192:
185:
178:
171:
163:
556:PsyDs
197:JSTOR
183:books
948:336.
855:2020
833:2020
811:2020
780:2007
723:2007
589:and
396:The
347:Guam
296:PsyD
246:The
169:news
1095:doi
1071:doi
915:doi
878:doi
743:doi
292:PhD
152:by
90:No
1114::
1067:41
1065:.
1061:.
1035:.
1009:.
998:^
982:2.
953:^
937:^
899:.
888:^
863:^
753:^
705:^
503:,
499:,
404:.
313:,
306:,
302:,
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1101:.
1097::
1077:.
1073::
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967:.
921:.
917::
880::
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813:.
782:.
745::
725:.
294:/
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231:(
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213:(
208:)
204:(
194:·
187:·
180:·
173:·
146:.
117:)
111:(
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59:)
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