2087:
37:
251:
1846:(BOT) schemes to spur development, where, with limited government financial capability to do such, private investors are invited to build certain government projects (i.e. tollways, power plants, railways, etc.), operate them for a set period of time, and then transfer ownership to the government. There was little literature or previous experience with such schemes at the time; with the later unfavorable changes in the exchange rates and the business environment, some charge that these contracts put a large and undue amount of risk on the government and consumers.
2052:
1506:
148:
262:
3461:
2300:
2390:
3471:
1509:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1514:
1511:
2341:(GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their
1986:(DAR) during the last thirty years. But by the end of 1996, the DAR had distributed only 58.25% of the total area it was supposed to cover. From January to December 1997, the DAR distributed 206,612 hectares. That year, since 1987, the DAR had distributed a total of 2.66 million hectares which benefited almost 1.8 million
1842:, during the term of President Aquino; the almost daily brownouts lasting 4–12 hours also developed then. The perceived political instability and the reduced power supply severely limited investments and modernization in the country. During Ramos' term, the Philippines became a pioneer in the use of
1744:
of 1997. Its fiscal deficit in 1998 reached P49.981 billion from a surplus of P1.564 billion in 1997. The peso depreciated (fell in value) to P40.89 per U.S. dollar from its previous rate of P29.47 to a dollar. The annual growth rate of the GNP fell to 0.1 percent in 1998 from 5.3 percent in 1997.
2063:
from June 1992 to June 1998 defined the four core priorities of
Philippine foreign policy namely: the enhancement of national security, promotion of economic diplomacy, protection of overseas Filipino workers and Filipino nationals abroad, and the projection of a good image of the country abroad.
2027:
system. Some politically active religious groups, opposition politicians, business tycoons and left wing organizations opposed the
Charter change process that was supposed to lead to a national referendum. Critics argued that the proposed constitutional changes for one would benefit the incumbent
2582:
is specifically criticized as resulting to the loss of the government's effective leverage on domestic oil prices. Along with the deregulation of the entire oil industry, Petron's privatization is blamed for the continuing surge in oil prices that has particularly proved to be deleterious to the
2001:
50 million, allotted by R.A. No. 6657 to finance the CARP from 1988 to 1998, was no longer sufficient to support the program. To address this problem, Ramos signed R.A. No. 8532 to amend the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) which further strengthened the CARP by extending the program to
1759:
During his administration, Ramos began implementing economic reforms intended to open up the once-closed national economy, encourage private enterprise, invite more foreign and domestic investment, and reduce widespread corruption. Ramos was also known as the most-traveled
Philippine president
2043:". The Supreme Court dismissed the petition on the grounds that the People's Initiative mode does not have enough enabling law for the proposed revisions or amendments in the 1987 constitution. Had the petition been successful, a national plebiscite would have been held for proposed changes.
2510:
The PEA-Amari deal–in addition to other projects in Manila Bay—displaced over 3,000 fishing and coastal families in Manila Bay to give way to what fisherfolk activists from
Pambansang Lakas ng Kilusang Mamamalakaya ng Pilipinas (Pamalakaya) described as "an immoral, illegal and grossly
1860:
While campaigning for the presidency, Ramos declared his support for reinstating the death penalty. Capital punishment was abolished for all crimes in 1987, making the
Philippines the first Asian country to do so. In 1996, Ramos signed a bill that returned capital punishment with the
1958:
in order to meet the ten-year time frame. However, there were constraints such as the need to firm up the database and geographic focus, generate funding support, strengthen inter-agency cooperation, and mobilize implementation partners, like the non-government organizations,
2375:
in July 1998 from ₱26.37 in June 1997. Growth fell to about -0.5% in 1998 from 5.2% in 1997, but recovered to 3.1% by 1999. It also resulted to the shutdown of some businesses, a decline in importation, a rise in unemployment rate and an unstable financial sector.
2120:
1510:
2586:
In 1998, Ramos hesitantly admitted that, contrary to what his government earlier claimed, the economic fundamentals of the country may actually be unsound. His admission came following the discovery of a secret memorandum issued by the
1807:. It had been caused by the age and condition of the existing power plants, as well as the long-term lack of continuing investment in the energy sector. During his State of the Nation address on July 27, 1992, he requested that the
3655:
3507:
1760:
compared to his predecessors with numerous foreign trips abroad, generating about US$ 20 billion worth of foreign investments to the
Philippines. To ensure a positive financial outlook on the Philippines, Ramos led the
3563:
3558:
2637:. The celebrations were held simultaneously nationwide by Ramos and Filipino communities worldwide. A commission was established for the said event; the National Centennial Commission, headed by former Vice President
2463:(PCIJ) showed how the projects relating to the Expo site not only revealed the extravagance and inefficiency of the Ramos administration, but also served as convenient vehicle to effect election fund-raising for the
2203:
One of the downturns of Ramos' administration was his experience in handling migrant workers protection. On the eve of his 67th birthday on March 17, 1995, Ramos was on a foreign trip when overseas
Filipino worker
2086:
2106:
Act of 1995 (R.A. 8042) provided a framework for stronger protection of
Filipino workers abroad, with the creation of the Legal Assistance Fund and the Assistance-to-Nationals Fund, and the designation in the
2118:
in 1992, upon
Philippine initiative, of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea aimed at confidence-building and avoidance of conflict among claimant states; the establishment of the
2903:
2511:
unconstitutional state venture". Ramos denied accusations that the PEA-Amari deal was clinched to benefit members of the ruling Lakas-NUCD as alleged by opposition groups. However, ex-solicitor general
1835:
lost half of its value, and the local price for the contracted electricity essentially doubled. This resulted in the Philippine price of electricity becoming the second-highest in Asia, after Japan.
2542:
granted Estrada executive clemency after having been found guilty of plunder by the special Sandiganbayan court in September 2007, Ramos heavily criticized Arroyo's decision. Estrada's son, Senator
3500:
3660:
3625:
2020:
and the lifting of term limits of public officials. Ramos argued that the changes will bring more accountability, continuity and responsibility to the "gridlock" prone Philippine version of
1803:, known as "brownouts", for nearly a year; this happened suddenly when growing customer demand exceeded the reliable supply of electricity, which was mostly provided by the government-owned
2261:
for Overseas Workers or the Migrant Workers Act, which was signed into law on June 7, 1995. Learning from the lessons of the Contemplación case, Ramos immediately ordered Ambassador to the
3493:
2471:
project, intended to be the centerpiece for the celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spain, also earned extensive criticisms for being an expensive
2179:. A week later, following confirmation from surveillance pictures that the structures were of military design, Ramos had the military forces in the region strengthened. He ordered the
3568:
3178:
1345:
1745:
Despite these setbacks, the Philippine economy fared better than that of some of its Asian neighbors, and other nations praised the Ramos administration for its "good housekeeping."
2039:, narrowly dismissed a petition filed by the People's Initiative for Reform, Modernization and Action (PIRMA) that sought to amend the Constitution through a signature campaign or "
3029:
242:(MNLF). In 1993, he ended a power crisis that crippled Filipino homes and industries for two years. He implemented a comprehensive Social Reform Agenda (SRA) to address poverty.
2455:. The commemorative projects, particularly those undertaken at the former Clark Air Base, were hounded by illegal electioneering and corruption controversies even years after
1617:
3727:
3584:
1217:
931:
2546:, retaliated by asking Ramos to first "come clean" on the alleged multi-billion-peso anomalies involved in the PEA-AMARI, IPP and other deals negotiated during his term.
3610:
3594:
3589:
3635:
3553:
816:
2507:
that was to be converted into "Freedom Islands". The deal was forged in April 1995 as part of the Ramos administration's Manila Bay Master Development Plan (MBMDP).
3717:
1110:
557:
2591:
director-general during the president to tell the Filipinos the truth about the state of the economy and that they ought to prepare for worse. According to former
3346:
3323:
3308:
2460:
1713:
rate had dropped to 5.9 percent from its high of 9.1 percent in 1995. By the late 1990s, the Philippines' economic growth gained favorable comparisons with other
1036:
716:
3372:
3620:
2907:
2407:
1610:
1551:
1539:
1192:
956:
865:
3171:
2108:
1563:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1175:
1145:
642:
3342:
3319:
3265:
2272:
in September 1995; Balabagan's sentence was lowered and she was released August 1996. After tensions cooled off, Ramos restored diplomatic relations with
3681:
3630:
3530:
2570:, claiming that the economic growth posted during his presidency was "artificial." They blamed him for the slowdown of the Philippine economy during the
1063:
3615:
1623:
Republic Act No. 8532 – (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years
1519:
1313:
1286:
188:(Christian-Muslim Democrats Party). He was included as one of the most influential leaders and the unofficial spokesman of liberal democracy in Asia.
3707:
2011:
154:
2447:
Charges of alleged massive corruption or misuse of funds blemished Ramos' supposed pet project, the Centennial Expo and Amphitheater at the former
2127:(ARF) in 1994 as the only multilateral security dialogue in the Asia-Pacific region conducted at the government level; and the signing between the
2738:
2588:
2247:
1910:
1328:
894:
429:
3119:
2595:
president Francisco Nemenzo, Ramos "has done nothing to reverse or slow down the implementation" of the harmful IMF-imposed structural reforms.
3464:
3164:
2634:
2515:
filed a petition to nullify the PEA-Amari deal because the government stood to lose billions of pesos in the sale of reclaimed lands to Amari.
2338:
2242:. He created a special commission to look into the case and to try to rescue his sagging popularity. The commission was led by retired justice
1606:
Republic Act No. 8179 - An act further liberalizing foreign investments, amending for the purpose Republic Act No. 7042, and for other purposes
3702:
3525:
3474:
3415:
1951:
1855:
1598:
485:
294:
290:
255:
100:
3676:
2604:
3040:
3151:
1823:
that guaranteed the government would buy whatever power the IPPs produced under the contract; the contracted prices were denominated in
981:
767:
595:
458:
2491:(People's Court). Ramos appeared before a Congressional Committee in October 1998 to help exonerate said officials of any wrongdoing.
2308:
1933:
1906:
1812:
1586:
669:
522:
393:
250:
2238:
from the cabinet. Ramos immediately recalled Philippine ambassador to Singapore Alicia Ramos and suspended diplomatic relations with
3722:
2776:
2429:
1873:. However, because the previously-used chair was destroyed earlier, no one was electrocuted nor gassed. The Philippines adopted the
1811:
enact a law that would create an Energy Department to plan and manage the Philippines' energy sector. Congress not only created the
353:
336:
2615:
allegedly contributed about US$ 200,000 to the presidential campaign of Ramos in 1992. The report said it was former House Speaker
2028:
which during that time was Ramos. On September 21, 1997, a church organized rally brought in an estimated half a million people to
2479:
9 billion, or 1.7 percent of the country's 1998 national budget. Six ranking Ramos cabinet members and officials, headed by Chair
3425:
2681:
2571:
2367:, which started in Thailand, was a major blow to the Ramos administration. The economy was hit by currency devaluation, with the
1425:
1384:
2522:
to develop Freedom Islands and on June 8 of the same year, Ramos approved the deal. On November 29, 1996, then-Senate President
1928:
rebels as a young lieutenant in the 1950s, Ramos made a bold move when he signed into law Republic Act 7636, which repealed the
3214:
3092:
2608:
2076:
1577:
1160:
2669:, was still eligible to run for president since she took office under the 1973 Constitution. As his term was winding down, he
2697:
2411:
2132:
1945:
1890:
1401:
239:
2035:
Furthermore, on September 23, 1997, charter change advocates suffered a setback when the Supreme Court, under Chief Justice
1815:, but gave the president special emergency powers to resolve the power crisis. Using those powers, Ramos issued licenses to
1527:
3445:
3435:
2592:
2188:
1983:
1898:
1877:; after his presidency, some people were put to death by this means, until the death penalty was abolished again in 2006.
1654:
Ramos embarked on an ambitious development plan dubbed "Philippines 2000". Under the plan, several industries critical to
414:
3405:
3385:
3187:
2503:
in the PEA-Amari deal. The controversial deal involved the acquisition of 158 hectares (390 acres) of reclaimed land on
2484:
2191:
had claimed that the structures were shelters for fishermen but these small incidents could have triggered a war in the
1784:
319:
266:
132:
127:
62:
2646:
2364:
2277:
2220:
2060:
1997:
One major problem that the Ramos administration faced was the lack of funds to support and implement the program. The
1929:
1828:
1808:
1773:
1764:
in the Philippines in November 1996. He also instituted reforms in the tax system which includes a forced increase on
1597:
Republic Act No. 7881 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of
1390:
3485:
2538:
was motivated by his fear of being prosecuted in connection with the Centennial Expo and other scams. When President
2148:
3066:
1838:
The country was already considered risky by investors due to previous coup attempts by military adventurists led by
3246:
2136:
1886:
1816:
1804:
1465:
235:
2400:
2079:
to the Philippines through his state visits and summit meetings. In 1996, the Philippines successfully hosted the
2051:
3195:
2665:
Ramos was the first president under the 1987 constitution to be barred of seeking another term. His predecessor,
185:
2881:
2519:
2467:
political party of Ramos at the expense of the tax-paying Filipinos and in violation of the Election Code. The
2323:
1820:
282:
147:
286:
3712:
3411:
2854:
2539:
2095:
196:
2979:
1885:
Ramos, a military general himself, made peace with the rebel panels. He was instrumental in the signing of
1779:
Under Ramos' administration, the Philippines experienced economic growth and stability. Ramos' visions of "
2452:
2358:
2345:. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the
2213:
2040:
1843:
1741:
1706:
1702:
381:
224:
204:
2002:
another ten years. Ramos signed this law on February 23, 1998 - a few months before the end of his term.
2628:
2456:
2128:
2080:
1971:
1761:
1594:
Republic Act No. 7832 - Anti-electricity and Electric Transmission Lines/Materials Pilferage Act of 1994
447:
2464:
2205:
2111:
of a Legal Assistant for Migrant Workers' Affairs, with the rank of Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs.
90:
203:
stability and efficient delivery of basic needs to the people. Under Ramos' presidency, the country's
2677:
2567:
2372:
2262:
2180:
2124:
2017:
1914:
1655:
112:
2334:
2330:
2114:
Among the other significant events in foreign affairs during the Ramos years were: the adoption by
2021:
1788:
1485:
844:
805:
658:
3421:
3298:
3000:
2724:
2701:
2645:, a grand showcase of the Philippines' growth as a nation for the last 100 years, located in the
2103:
1737:
1694:
1663:
1472:
1407:
181:
107:
2817:
2187:
backed by four jet trainers and two helicopters, while the navy sent two additional ships. The
2772:
2768:
2641:, presided all events around the country. One of the major projects of the commission was the
1799:
When Ramos was elected in May 1992, the Philippines had been experiencing widespread rotating
1698:
621:
435:
293:
for the closest margin of victory, percentage-wise (this record would later be beaten by the
223:
of public entities to include the modernization of public infrastructure through an expanded
3355:
3332:
3304:
3292:
3229:
3223:
3204:
2693:
2689:
2512:
1960:
1918:
1874:
1839:
1791:". Ramos ended the government’s monopoly over the skies and opened aviation to new players.
1780:
1754:
1265:
1042:
1865:(method used from 1923 to 1976, making Philippines the only country to do so outside U.S.)
3441:
3431:
3286:
3280:
2638:
2616:
2612:
2543:
2480:
2368:
2269:
2250:(OWWA) head David Corpin and 13 other government officials, including two labor attachés.
2243:
2235:
2216:
2192:
2172:
2168:
2156:
1832:
1714:
1671:
1334:
871:
822:
773:
756:
744:
474:
369:
265:
Former Secretary of National Defense Fidel V. Ramos taking his oath of office as the 12th
261:
17:
2954:
289:. Ramos also got the lowest plurality in the Philippine electoral history, and beat the
3401:
3391:
3381:
3361:
3255:
2685:
2666:
2650:
2535:
2523:
2472:
2448:
2284:
2265:
2231:
2036:
1955:
1902:
1862:
1181:
883:
732:
491:
342:
325:
212:
3696:
2761:
2642:
2559:
2555:
2488:
2468:
2346:
2311:
2288:
2280:
2223:
2152:
2068:
1987:
1979:
1690:
1637:
1089:
900:
228:
220:
192:
3096:
36:
3274:
3235:
2654:
2563:
2526:
delivered a privilege speech assailing the deal as the "grandmother of all scams".
2304:
2299:
2254:
2253:
As also recommended by the Gancayco Commission, Ramos facilitated the enactment of
2184:
2091:
1824:
1800:
1446:
1351:
675:
574:
208:
2795:
2534:
A longstanding criticism of Ramos was whether his role in the ouster of President
1974:
acquired and distributed 382 hectares of land with nearly a quarter of a million
3156:
2389:
2319:
2258:
2072:
1894:
1868:
1726:
1659:
173:
1709:
were growing at a rate of 7.2 percent and 5.2 percent respectively. The annual
191:
The first few years of Ramos' administration (1992–1995) were characterized by
2504:
2500:
2342:
2327:
2029:
1769:
1373:
1292:
274:
177:
3070:
2273:
2239:
2209:
2024:
1967:
1925:
1710:
1682:
1491:
Justice Fidel P. Purisima - January 20, 1998 (his last SC justice appointee)
1433:
1243:
200:
3030:"The Effects of the Asian Financial Crisis on the Philippines Labor Market"
2483:(former Vice-President) of the Centennial Commission were cleared by the
1964:
1730:
1722:
1686:
1674:
278:
2230:. The protests also caused the resignation of Foreign Affairs Secretary
1819:(IPP) to provide additional power plants within 24 months. Ramos issued
2583:
masses amidst the obtaining high petroleum costs in the global market.
2414: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2268:
to facilitate negotiations after learning the death penalty verdict of
2176:
2160:
2121:
Brunei Darussalam–Indonesia–Malaysia–Philippines East ASEAN Growth Area
1991:
1897:
in 1996. He also ordered the resumption of peace negotiations with the
1678:
1667:
216:
2333:. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995, under the
2705:
2579:
2575:
2227:
2083:, which resulted in the Manila Action Plan for APEC 1996 (MAPA '96).
2016:
Among the proposed changes in the constitution included a shift to a
1975:
1718:
116:
2633:
On June 12, 1998, the Philippines celebrated its centennial year of
3037:
Regional Project on the Social Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis
2739:"Ramos Is Declared New President 6 Weeks After Philippine Election"
1603:
Republic Act No. 7905 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP
1176:
Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority
3516:
Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the Philippines
2298:
2164:
2115:
2085:
2050:
1827:
to entice foreign investment in local power plants. Following the
1504:
1385:
Chairman and Administrator of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
273:
In the 1992 presidential election, retired general Fidel Ramos of
260:
249:
2094:
with Philippine President Fidel V. Ramos and Philippine Senator
3489:
3160:
2383:
1765:
3001:
Understanding the WTO - what is the World Trade Organization?
1982:. This constituted 41% of all land titles distributed by the
3146:
3120:"Wikileaks:Ramos got P5M campaign contribution from Gaddafy"
3067:"Centennial Expo: Convenient Cover for Election Fundraising"
2226:
failed and he was greeted with protests after his return to
172:
spanned for six years from June 30, 1992, to June 30, 1998.
2688:. On June 30, 1998, Ramos accompanied his successor to the
1950:
The Ramos administration speeded the implementation of the
2906:. Newsinfo.inquirer.net. December 14, 2007. Archived from
2518:
On April 25, 1995, PEA entered into a joint venture with
2475:
project that disadvantaged the government at the cost of
2163:. The Philippine government issued a formal protest over
2159:, one hundred and thirty nautical miles off the coast of
1314:
Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2843:, All-Nations Publishing Co. (Quezon City), p. 180
2147:
In early 1995, the Philippines discovered a primitive
1640:(1998) - convicted for illegal possession of firearms.
2326:(WTO), an organization that intends to supervise and
2246:. The Commission recommended the resignation of then
1762:
4th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Leaders' Summit
1632:
As president, Ramos issued pardons to the following:
2684:; however de Venecia lost to Ramos' vice president,
2303:
President Fidel V. Ramos troops the honor guards at
2283:
during the sidelines of the 50th anniversary of the
1620:) Plugged the legal loopholes in land use conversion
3669:
3648:
3603:
3577:
3546:
3539:
3371:
3341:
3318:
3264:
3245:
3213:
3194:
1932:. With its repeal, membership in the once-outlawed
106:
96:
86:
74:
2760:
227:law. This marked the beginning of the presence of
207:averaged 5 percent annually. Ramos pushed for the
1831:however, this structure became a problem, as the
1591:Republic Act No. 7648 - Electric Power Crisis Act
1193:Chairperson of the Commission on Higher Education
3039:. East Asian Development Network. Archived from
2841:Philippine History and Government, Sixth Edition
2767:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p.
2759:Singh, Daljit; Salazar, Lorraine Carlos (2006).
1582:Republic Act No. 7653 - The New Central Bank Act
1481:Justice Antonio M. Martinez - November 10, 1997
1439:Justice Jose C. Campos, Jr. - September 3, 1992
79:
2980:"History of the Department of Foreign Affairs"
2461:Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism
2055:International trips made by Ramos as president
1461:Justice Ricardo J. Francisco - January 5, 1995
1402:Chairman of the National Centennial Commission
1064:Secretary of Transportation and Communications
717:Secretary of the Interior and Local Government
558:Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources
3501:
3172:
2974:
2972:
2949:
2947:
2783:closest margin win 2004 election philippines.
1611:Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines
1478:Justice Justo P. Torres, Jr. - March 11, 1996
1455:Justice Santiago M. Kapunan - January 5, 1994
1287:Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Authority
8:
1442:Justice Camilo D. Quiason - February 1, 1993
2212:. His last minute effort to negotiate with
1618:Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act
957:Secretary of Social Welfare and Development
3543:
3508:
3494:
3486:
3470:
3179:
3165:
3157:
2839:Gregorio F. Zaide, Sonia M. Zaide (2004),
2611:revealed that the Libyan government under
1658:were privatized or deregularized, such as
1146:Chief of the Presidential Management Staff
486:Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports
304:
238:with military rebels and the secessionist
35:
3728:1998 disestablishments in the Philippines
2904:"Moves to revive the Anti-Subversion Law"
2676:Ramos supported his friend, then-Speaker
2430:Learn how and when to remove this message
1693:was brought to more manageable levels by
1458:Justice Vicente V. Mendoza - June 7, 1994
1346:Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
3028:Tuaño, Philip Arnold P. (January 2002).
2941:. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.
2939:Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform
2171:arrested sixty-two Chinese fishermen at
2012:Constitutional reform in the Philippines
180:president of the country, and the first
27:Presidency of the Philippines, 1992–1998
2716:
2589:National Economic Development Authority
2248:Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
1768:(E-VAT law) from 4% to 10% mandated by
1585:Republic Act No. 7638 - Charter of the
3718:1992 establishments in the Philippines
2882:"Philippines 'restores' death penalty"
2554:Leftist groups have criticised Ramos'
2339:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
1259:September 23, 1996 – February 3, 1998
895:Secretary of Public Works and Highways
542:January 12, 1993 – September 19, 1994
143:
56:June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
31:
1952:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
1856:Capital punishment in the Philippines
1452:Justice Jose C. Vitug - June 28, 1993
1424:Ramos appointed the following to the
1344:
1285:
1249:August 11, 1992 – September 22, 1996
1216:
1191:
1109:
1062:
1035:
980:
955:
930:
893:
864:
815:
766:
715:
668:
641:
594:
556:
521:
484:
457:
428:
352:
256:1992 Philippine presidential election
7:
3095:. Members.tripod.com. Archived from
2671:pushed for constitutional amendments
2412:adding citations to reliable sources
850:January 16, 1996 – January 26, 1998
184:to be elected, being the founder of
3124:The Inbox - Yahoo! News Philippines
2855:"The president who freed the skies"
2670:
1166:Ma. Leonora Vasquez-de Jesus, Ph.D.
1151:Ma. Leonora Vasquez-de Jesus, Ph.D.
991:June 30, 1992 – September 10, 1992
932:Secretary of Science and Technology
889:September 16, 1997 – June 30, 1998
877:June 30, 1992 – September 15, 1997
552:September 20, 1994 – June 30, 1998
375:September 14, 1992 – June 30, 1993
2880:McLean, John (December 21, 2003).
2623:Philippine Centennial celebrations
2167:'s occupation of the reef and the
2123:in 1994; the establishment of the
1934:Communist Party of the Philippines
1907:Communist Party of the Philippines
1552:Fourth State of the Nation Address
1540:Second State of the Nation Address
1095:April 16, 1997 – January 14, 1998
1001:September 11, 1992 – July 3, 1995
738:April 16, 1996 – February 3, 1998
627:February 1, 1994 – March 30, 1998
580:September 8, 1992 – June 30, 1995
459:Secretary of Budget and Management
363:July 1, 1992 – September 13, 1992
25:
3093:"PEA-Amari Electoral Controversy"
1740:took a sharp downturn during the
1564:Sixth State of the Nation Address
1558:Fifth State of the Nation Address
1546:Third State of the Nation Address
1534:First State of the Nation Address
1520:Sixth State of the Nation Address
1367:August 20, 1993 – March 22, 1994
1105:January 15, 1998 – June 30, 1998
860:January 26, 1998 – June 30, 1998
817:Secretary of Labor and Employment
532:June 30, 1992 – January 11, 1993
517:February 2, 1998 – June 30, 1998
480:February 1, 1998 – June 30, 1998
468:June 30, 1992 – February 1, 1998
453:February 1, 1996 – June 30, 1998
3469:
3460:
3459:
3118:VERA Files (September 3, 2011).
2572:1997 East Asian financial crisis
2388:
1426:Supreme Court of the Philippines
1271:February 4, 1998 – June 8, 1998
838:July 1, 1995 – January 16, 1996
750:February 4, 1998 – May 30, 1998
691:January 30, 1995 – July 5, 1995
681:July 1, 1992 – January 30, 1995
615:June 2, 1993 – January 31, 1994
441:July 1, 1992 – January 31, 1996
409:January 9, 1998 – June 30, 1998
146:
3708:Presidencies of the Philippines
2955:"Gloria and cha-cha - Research"
2673:; however, he did not succeed.
2609:United States Embassy in Manila
2399:needs additional citations for
2077:official development assistance
1889:between the government and the
1578:RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement
1379:March 22, 1994 – June 30, 1998
1237:July 6, 1992 – August 10, 1992
1083:April 1, 1996 – April 16, 1997
1037:Secretary of Trade and Industry
1021:March 29, 1996 – April 7, 1996
701:July 10, 1995 – March 22, 1996
568:July 1, 1992 – August 31, 1992
399:May 20, 1995 – January 8, 1998
3152:Department of National Defense
2798:. Newsflash.org. April 8, 1998
2619:who brought Ramos to Gaddafi.
2133:Moro National Liberation Front
1946:Land reform in the Philippines
1891:Moro National Liberation Front
1357:July 1, 1992 – August 9, 1993
1323:March 1, 1995 – June 30, 1998
1140:June 21, 1995 – June 29, 1998
1031:April 8, 1996 – June 30, 1998
1011:July 4, 1995 – March 29, 1996
906:June 30, 1992 – March 1, 1993
828:June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1995
811:February 1998 – June 30, 1998
726:July 1, 1992 – April 15, 1996
711:April 8, 1996 – June 29, 1998
637:April 1, 1998 – June 30, 1998
348:June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
331:June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998
240:Moro National Liberation Front
1:
3564:Previous executive experience
3188:Presidents of the Philippines
2957:. GMANews.TV. August 13, 2008
2593:University of the Philippines
2443:Clark Centennial Expo Scandal
2318:Under Ramos' presidency, the
2314:during a State visit in 1998.
2135:on September 2, 1996, of the
1984:Department of Agrarian Reform
1899:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
1396:July 1, 1992 – June 30, 1998
1340:July 1, 1992 – June 30, 1998
1281:June 9, 1998 – June 30, 1998
1227:June 30, 1992 – July 5, 1992
1212:July 1, 1995 – June 30, 1998
1202:May 18, 1994 – June 30, 1995
1187:July 1, 1992 – June 30, 1998
1130:May 11, 1993 – June 20, 1995
1073:July 1, 1992 – April 1, 1996
951:July 7, 1994 – June 30, 1998
926:June 1, 1993 – June 30, 1998
916:March 1, 1993 – June 1, 1993
866:Secretary of National Defense
779:July 1, 1992 – February 1995
762:June 1, 1998 – June 30, 1998
590:July 1, 1995 – June 30, 1998
507:July 7, 1994 – December 1997
424:July 1, 1992 – June 30, 1998
3703:Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos
3656:Place of primary affiliation
3013:"World Trade Organization".
2763:Southeast Asian Affairs 2006
1785:newly industrialized country
1609:Republic Act No. 8293 - The
1120:July 1, 1992 – May 10, 1993
941:July 1, 1992 – July 6, 1994
643:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
605:July 1, 1992 – June 1, 1993
497:July 1, 1992 – July 6, 1994
415:Secretary of Agrarian Reform
387:July 6, 1993 – May 19, 1995
267:president of the Philippines
166:presidency of Fidel V. Ramos
2708:for the inaugural address.
2647:Clark Special Economic Zone
2457:the Centennial celebrations
2365:1997 Asian Financial Crisis
1954:(CARP) of former President
1829:1997 Asian Financial Crisis
1817:independent power producers
1774:International Monetary Fund
61:
3744:
3621:First ladies and gentlemen
3069:. Pcij.org. Archived from
3003:, World Trade Organization
2982:. Dfa.gov.ph. July 2, 2009
2818:"CIA - The World Factbook"
2682:1998 presidential election
2626:
2459:. A special report by the
2356:
2257:8042, better known as the
2199:Migrant workers protection
2189:People's Republic of China
2137:1996 Final Peace Agreement
2009:
1943:
1853:
1752:
1613:(Philippine copyright law)
1571:Major acts and legislation
1496:Major issues of presidency
1466:Regino C. Hermosisima, Jr.
652:July 1, 1992 – April 1995
301:Administration and cabinet
246:1992 presidential election
211:of key industries and the
3559:Post-presidency campaigns
3521:
3455:
2558:economic reforms such as
2175:, eighty kilometers from
1911:National Democratic Front
1887:the final peace agreement
1789:Tiger Cub Economy in Asia
1783:" led the country into a
1701:. By 1996, the country's
1689:system was reformed, and
1636:Actor and future senator
1616:Republic Act No. 8435 – (
1400:
1383:
1329:National Security Adviser
1327:
1312:
1174:
1159:
1144:
1111:Presidential Spokesperson
966:July 1, 1992 – June 1995
799:May 1995 – February 1998
789:February 1995 – May 1995
664:May 1995 – June 30, 1998
413:
335:
318:
313:
310:
307:
197:technological development
142:
122:
51:Presidency of Fidel Ramos
47:
43:
34:
18:Presidency of Fidel Ramos
3723:1990s in the Philippines
2605:leaked diplomatic cables
2599:Leaked diplomatic cables
2469:Centennial Expo Pilipino
2324:World Trade Organization
2295:World Trade Organization
2102:The Migrant Workers and
430:Secretary of Agriculture
283:Miriam Defensor Santiago
3531:List of vice presidents
3412:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
3015:Encyclopædia Britannica
2937:Manapat, Carlos, et al.
2796:"Phno: Showbiz Chatter"
2635:independence from Spain
2540:Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
2322:became a member of the
2096:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
343:Joseph Ejercito Estrada
2698:the oath-taking rights
2453:Angeles City, Pampanga
2371:falling to ₱41.78 per
2359:Asian Financial Crisis
2353:Asian Financial Crisis
2315:
2099:
2056:
1881:Peace with separatists
1844:Build-Operate-Transfer
1787:in the world and the "
1742:Asian financial crisis
1523:
795:Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
601:Ramon del Rosario, Jr.
464:Salvador Enriquez, Jr.
382:Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
270:
258:
225:Build-Operate-Transfer
205:Gross National Product
3046:on September 22, 2007
2629:Philippine Centennial
2499:Ramos was accused of
2302:
2129:Philippine Government
2089:
2054:
2010:Further information:
1913:, which operates the
1854:Further information:
1517:
1420:Judicial appointments
1308:1994 – March 1, 1995
1058:1996 – June 30, 1998
976:1995 – June 30, 1998
448:Salvador Escudero III
287:People's Reform Party
264:
253:
155:Seal of the president
3611:Currency appearances
2678:Jose de Venecia, Jr.
2603:On August 30, 2011,
2568:trade liberalization
2408:improve this article
2309:Secretary of Defense
2234:and Labor Secretary
2181:Philippine Air Force
2125:ASEAN Regional Forum
2081:APEC Leaders' Summit
2018:parliamentary system
1924:Although he battled
1813:Department of Energy
1656:economic development
1587:Department of Energy
1298:July 1, 1992 – 1994
1048:July 1, 1992 – 1996
982:Secretary of Tourism
962:Corazon Alma de Leon
768:Secretary of Justice
697:Hilarion Ramiro, Jr.
596:Secretary of Finance
231:in the Philippines.
219:; he encouraged the
170:Ramos administration
168:, also known as the
3626:Portrayals in media
3547:Professional career
2335:Marrakech Agreement
2331:international trade
2214:Singapore President
2041:People's Initiative
1930:Anti-Subversion Law
1871:could be installed"
1486:Leonardo Quisumbing
1277:Silvestre Bello III
1255:Silvestre Bello III
1079:Amado Lagdameo, Jr.
856:Cresenciano Trajano
845:Leonardo Quisumbing
806:Silvestre Bello III
670:Secretary of Health
659:Domingo Siazon, Jr.
523:Secretary of Energy
354:Executive Secretary
229:Neoliberal ideology
3682:Line of succession
3526:List of presidents
3422:Benigno Aquino III
3299:Diosdado Macapagal
3099:on August 22, 1999
2702:Quirino Grandstand
2316:
2206:Flor Contemplación
2104:Overseas Filipinos
2100:
2057:
1738:Philippine economy
1695:debt restructuring
1664:telecommunications
1524:
1488:- January 15, 1998
1473:Artemio Panganiban
1468:- January 10, 1995
1408:Salvador H. Laurel
1233:Eduardo Montenegro
707:Carmencita Reodica
277:narrowly defeated
271:
259:
182:Christian Democrat
3690:
3689:
3644:
3643:
3483:
3482:
2910:on August 6, 2012
2700:and later at the
2661:End of presidency
2550:Economic policies
2495:PEA-Amari Scandal
2440:
2439:
2432:
2183:to dispatch five
1961:local governments
1915:New People's Army
1699:fiscal management
1645:Domestic policies
1566:, (July 28, 1997)
1560:, (July 22, 1996)
1554:, (July 24, 1995)
1548:, (July 25, 1994)
1542:, (July 26, 1993)
1536:, (July 27, 1992)
1530:, (June 30, 1992)
1528:Inaugural Address
1518:Ramos during his
1515:
1475:- October 5, 1995
1436:- August 10, 1992
1417:
1416:
1391:Richard J. Gordon
1293:Ismael Mathay Jr.
1218:Solicitor General
1161:Cabinet Secretary
1136:Hector Villanueva
1101:Josefina Lichauco
1027:Guillermina Gabor
785:Demetrio Demetria
722:Rafael Alunan III
633:Salvador Enriquez
622:Roberto de Ocampo
436:Roberto Sebastian
405:Alexander Aguirre
291:previous election
269:on June 30, 1992.
236:a peace agreement
162:
161:
113:Malacañang Palace
16:(Redirected from
3735:
3590:Languages spoken
3554:Campaign slogans
3544:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3473:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3356:Ferdinand Marcos
3333:Ferdinand Marcos
3305:Ferdinand Marcos
3293:Carlos P. Garcia
3224:Manuel L. Quezon
3205:Emilio Aguinaldo
3181:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3073:on July 25, 2015
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3034:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2951:
2942:
2935:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2766:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2694:Malolos, Bulacan
2690:Barasoain Church
2513:Francisco Chavez
2478:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2415:
2392:
2384:
2337:, replacing the
2149:Chinese military
2047:Foreign Policies
2000:
1919:Jose Maria Sison
1875:lethal injection
1840:Gregorio Honasan
1821:supply contracts
1781:Philippines 2000
1755:Philippines 2000
1749:Philippines 2000
1522:on July 28, 1997
1516:
1266:Romeo de la Cruz
1043:Rizalino Navarro
947:William Padolina
922:Gregorio Vigilar
757:Nelson Collantes
687:Jaime Galvez Tan
563:Ricardo M. Umali
513:Erlinda Pefianco
305:
150:
54:
52:
39:
32:
21:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3665:
3649:Vice presidents
3640:
3599:
3573:
3535:
3517:
3514:
3484:
3479:
3451:
3442:Bongbong Marcos
3432:Rodrigo Duterte
3367:
3343:Fourth Republic
3337:
3320:Martial law era
3314:
3287:Ramon Magsaysay
3281:Elpidio Quirino
3260:
3247:Second Republic
3241:
3209:
3190:
3185:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3074:
3065:Alecks Pabico.
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2936:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2663:
2639:Salvador Laurel
2631:
2625:
2617:Jose de Venecia
2613:Muammar Gaddafi
2601:
2552:
2544:Jinggoy Estrada
2532:
2497:
2481:Salvador Laurel
2476:
2445:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2405:
2393:
2382:
2369:Philippine peso
2361:
2355:
2297:
2270:Sarah Balabagan
2244:Emilio Gancayco
2236:Nieves Confesor
2217:Ong Teng Cheong
2201:
2193:South China Sea
2173:Half Moon Shoal
2169:Philippine Navy
2157:Spratly Islands
2145:
2143:Spratly Islands
2090:U.S. President
2049:
2014:
2008:
1998:
1970:. In 1992, the
1948:
1942:
1940:Agrarian reform
1883:
1858:
1852:
1833:Philippine peso
1797:
1757:
1751:
1715:Asian countries
1652:
1647:
1630:
1573:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1449:- June 28, 1993
1422:
1223:Ramon Desuasido
1007:Eduardo Pilapil
872:Renato de Villa
834:Jose Brillantes
823:Nieves Confesor
774:Franklin Drilon
745:Epimaco Velasco
548:Francisco Viray
528:Rufino Bomasang
475:Emilia Boncodin
420:Ernesto Garilao
370:Edelmiro Amante
303:
254:Results of the
248:
158:
157:
152:
151:
138:
137:
136:
130:
70:
65:
55:
50:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Fidel V. Ramos
3710:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3661:Time in office
3658:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3569:Time in office
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3439:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3402:Joseph Estrada
3399:
3392:Fidel V. Ramos
3389:
3382:Corazon Aquino
3378:
3376:
3375:(1986–present)
3373:Fifth Republic
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3362:Corazon Aquino
3359:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3269:
3266:Third Republic
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3256:Jose P. Laurel
3252:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3196:First Republic
3192:
3191:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3147:The FVR Legacy
3142:
3141:External links
3139:
3137:
3136:
3110:
3084:
3057:
3020:
3005:
2993:
2968:
2943:
2921:
2895:
2872:
2846:
2831:
2809:
2787:
2777:
2751:
2730:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2686:Joseph Estrada
2667:Corazon Aquino
2662:
2659:
2651:Clark Air Base
2627:Main article:
2624:
2621:
2600:
2597:
2574:. The sale of
2551:
2548:
2536:Joseph Estrada
2531:
2528:
2524:Ernesto Maceda
2496:
2493:
2473:white elephant
2449:Clark Air Base
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2396:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2357:Main article:
2354:
2351:
2296:
2293:
2285:United Nations
2278:Prime Minister
2276:after meeting
2232:Roberto Romulo
2221:Prime Minister
2208:was hanged in
2200:
2197:
2144:
2141:
2067:Ramos boosted
2061:administration
2048:
2045:
2037:Andres Narvasa
2007:
2006:Charter change
2004:
1956:Corazon Aquino
1941:
1938:
1936:became legal.
1903:Salamat Hashim
1901:(MILF) led by
1893:(MNLF) led by
1882:
1879:
1863:electric chair
1851:
1848:
1796:
1793:
1753:Main article:
1750:
1747:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1319:Prospero Oreta
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1304:Prospero Oreta
1300:
1299:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:Ricardo Gloria
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:Cielito Habito
1178:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:Cesar Bautista
1050:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:Vicente Carlos
993:
992:
989:
984:
978:
977:
974:
968:
967:
964:
959:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
937:Ricardo Gloria
934:
928:
927:
924:
918:
917:
914:
908:
907:
904:
897:
891:
890:
887:
884:Fortunato Abat
879:
878:
875:
868:
862:
861:
858:
852:
851:
848:
840:
839:
836:
830:
829:
826:
819:
813:
812:
809:
801:
800:
797:
791:
790:
787:
781:
780:
777:
770:
764:
763:
760:
752:
751:
748:
740:
739:
736:
733:Robert Barbers
728:
727:
724:
719:
713:
712:
709:
703:
702:
699:
693:
692:
689:
683:
682:
679:
672:
666:
665:
662:
654:
653:
650:
648:Roberto Romulo
645:
639:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
617:
616:
613:
607:
606:
603:
598:
592:
591:
588:
582:
581:
578:
570:
569:
566:
560:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
525:
519:
518:
515:
509:
508:
505:
503:Ricardo Gloria
499:
498:
495:
492:Armand Fabella
488:
482:
481:
478:
470:
469:
466:
461:
455:
454:
451:
443:
442:
439:
432:
426:
425:
422:
417:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
389:
388:
385:
377:
376:
373:
365:
364:
361:
359:Peter Garrucho
356:
350:
349:
346:
339:
337:Vice-President
333:
332:
329:
326:Fidel V. Ramos
322:
316:
315:
312:
309:
302:
299:
247:
244:
213:liberalization
160:
159:
153:
145:
144:
140:
139:
133:Joseph Estrada
131:
128:Corazon Aquino
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
110:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
76:
72:
71:
69:Fidel V. Ramos
68:
66:
58:
57:
45:
44:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3740:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Inaugurations
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:Personal life
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3230:Sergio Osmeña
3228:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2778:9789812303738
2774:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2725:"Fidel Ramos"
2720:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:Expo Pilipino
2640:
2636:
2630:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2560:privatization
2557:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:Sandiganbayan
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2431:
2423:
2420:December 2022
2413:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2397:This section
2395:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2380:Controversies
2379:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2349:(1986–1994).
2348:
2347:Uruguay Round
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2312:William Cohen
2310:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2289:New York City
2286:
2282:
2281:Goh Chok Tong
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:Goh Chok Tong
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:Mischief Reef
2151:structure on
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:foreign trade
2065:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:beneficiaries
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1850:Death penalty
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:power outages
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:and sensible
1696:
1692:
1691:external debt
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:Robin Padilla
1635:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:Rodolfo Reyes
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:Arturo Enrile
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1017:Evelyn Pantig
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
988:
987:Narzalina Lim
985:
983:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
958:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:
901:Jose de Jesus
898:
896:
892:
888:
886:
885:
881:
880:
876:
874:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
846:
842:
841:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
808:
807:
803:
802:
798:
796:
793:
792:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
765:
761:
759:
758:
754:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
741:
737:
735:
734:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
718:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
700:
698:
695:
694:
690:
688:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:
673:
671:
667:
663:
661:
660:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
644:
640:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
597:
593:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
572:
571:
567:
564:
561:
559:
555:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
539:
538:Delfin Lazaro
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
524:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
494:
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
477:
476:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
450:
449:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
421:
418:
416:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
396:
395:
391:
390:
386:
384:
383:
379:
378:
374:
372:
371:
367:
366:
362:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
345:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
328:
327:
323:
321:
317:
306:
300:
298:
296:
295:2004 election
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
268:
263:
257:
252:
245:
243:
241:
237:
234:Ramos forged
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:privatization
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:economic boom
189:
187:
183:
179:
176:is the first
175:
171:
167:
156:
149:
141:
135: →
134:
129:
126:←
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
73:
67:
64:
60:
59:
53:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3446:2022–present
3395:
3275:Manuel Roxas
3236:Manuel Roxas
3215:Commonwealth
3127:. Retrieved
3123:
3113:
3101:. Retrieved
3097:the original
3087:
3075:. Retrieved
3071:the original
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3041:the original
3036:
3023:
3014:
3008:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2959:. Retrieved
2938:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2790:
2782:
2762:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2733:
2719:
2675:
2664:
2655:Angeles City
2632:
2607:sent by the
2602:
2585:
2564:deregulation
2553:
2533:
2517:
2509:
2498:
2446:
2426:
2417:
2406:Please help
2401:verification
2398:
2362:
2317:
2305:the Pentagon
2255:Republic Act
2252:
2202:
2185:F-5 fighters
2146:
2113:
2101:
2092:Bill Clinton
2066:
2058:
2034:
2022:presidential
2015:
1996:
1949:
1923:
1884:
1866:
1859:
1837:
1825:U.S. dollars
1798:
1795:Power crisis
1778:
1758:
1735:
1653:
1631:
1447:Reynato Puno
1423:
1406:
1389:
1372:
1363:Oscar Santos
1362:
1352:Haydee Yorac
1350:
1335:Jose Almonte
1333:
1318:
1303:
1291:
1276:
1264:
1254:
1242:
1232:
1222:
1208:Angel Alcala
1207:
1197:
1180:
1165:
1150:
1135:
1125:
1115:
1100:
1088:
1078:
1069:Jesus Garcia
1068:
1053:
1041:
1026:
1016:
1006:
996:
986:
972:Lilian Laigo
971:
961:
946:
936:
921:
911:
899:
882:
870:
855:
843:
833:
821:
804:
794:
784:
772:
755:
743:
731:
721:
706:
696:
686:
676:Juan Flavier
674:
657:
647:
632:
620:
611:Ernest Leung
610:
600:
586:Victor Ramos
585:
575:Angel Alcala
573:
562:
547:
537:
527:
512:
502:
490:
473:
463:
446:
434:
419:
404:
394:Ruben Torres
392:
380:
368:
358:
341:
324:
272:
233:
209:deregulation
190:
169:
165:
163:
78:
49:
29:
3358:(1981–1986)
3301:(1961–1965)
3295:(1957–1961)
3289:(1953–1957)
3283:(1948–1953)
3277:(1946–1948)
3268:(1946–1973)
3249:(1943–1945)
3232:(1944–1946)
3226:(1935–1944)
3217:(1935–1946)
3198:(1899–1901)
2744:November 8,
2373:U.S. Dollar
2343:parliaments
2320:Philippines
2266:Roy Señeres
2259:Magna Carta
2073:investments
1895:Nur Misuari
1869:gas chamber
1867:"until the
1727:South Korea
1660:electricity
1126:Jesus Sison
912:Eduardo Mir
3697:Categories
3670:Succession
3540:Presidents
2884:. BBC News
2861:. Inquirer
2712:References
2680:, for the
2649:(formerly
2556:Neoliberal
2505:Manila Bay
2501:corruption
2328:liberalize
2059:The Ramos
2030:Rizal Park
1972:government
1963:, and the
1944:See also:
1770:World Bank
1413:1993–1998
1374:Manuel Yan
1170:1992–1998
1155:1992–1998
281:candidate
275:Lakas–NUCD
178:Protestant
3616:Elections
3585:Education
3436:2016–2022
3426:2010–2016
3416:2001–2010
3406:1998–2001
3396:1992–1998
3386:1986–1992
3347:1981–1986
3324:1973–1981
3309:1965–1973
2820:. Cia.gov
2485:Ombudsman
2274:Singapore
2240:Singapore
2210:Singapore
2025:bicameral
1968:community
1926:Communist
1917:, led by
1711:inflation
1434:Jose Melo
1244:Raul Goco
320:President
201:political
186:Lakas-CMD
91:Lakas–CMD
63:President
3595:Province
3465:Category
3050:July 19,
2859:Inquirer
2131:and the
1965:business
1905:and the
1809:Congress
1772:and the
1731:Malaysia
1723:Thailand
1717:such as
1687:taxation
1675:shipping
1672:domestic
1501:Speeches
1484:Justice
1471:Justice
1464:Justice
1445:Justice
1432:Justice
565:(Acting)
279:populist
97:Election
80:See list
3636:Tickets
3631:Spouses
3129:June 5,
3103:June 5,
3077:June 5,
2986:June 5,
2961:June 5,
2914:June 5,
2888:June 5,
2865:May 13,
2824:June 5,
2802:June 5,
2177:Palawan
2161:Palawan
2155:in the
1992:farmers
1805:Napocor
1679:airline
1668:banking
1650:Economy
1628:Pardons
308:Office
285:of the
217:economy
215:of the
75:Cabinet
3364:(1986)
3238:(1946)
2775:
2706:Luneta
2580:Aramco
2576:Petron
2530:EDSA 2
2228:Manila
1988:tenant
1976:farmer
1729:, and
1719:Taiwan
1685:. The
1681:, and
1576:First
117:Manila
3604:Other
3044:(PDF)
3033:(PDF)
2653:) in
2520:Amari
2465:LAKAS
2307:with
2165:China
2116:ASEAN
314:Term
311:Name
174:Ramos
87:Party
3475:List
3131:2012
3105:2012
3079:2012
3052:2009
2988:2012
2963:2012
2916:2012
2890:2012
2867:2023
2826:2012
2804:2012
2773:ISBN
2746:2018
2696:for
2566:and
2487:and
2363:The
2219:and
2075:and
1736:The
1705:and
1599:CARP
164:The
108:Seat
101:1992
2769:227
2704:in
2692:in
2578:to
2451:in
2410:by
2287:in
2263:UAE
2109:DFA
1766:VAT
1707:GDP
1703:GNP
1683:oil
297:).
3699::
3122:.
3035:.
2971:^
2946:^
2924:^
2857:.
2781:.
2771:.
2657:.
2562:,
2291:.
2195:.
2139:.
2071:,
2032:.
1994:.
1921:.
1776:.
1733:.
1725:,
1721:,
1677:,
1670:,
1666:,
1662:,
1428::
199:,
195:,
115:,
3509:e
3502:t
3495:v
3448:)
3444:(
3438:)
3434:(
3428:)
3424:(
3418:)
3414:(
3408:)
3404:(
3398:)
3394:(
3388:)
3384:(
3349:)
3345:(
3326:)
3322:(
3311:)
3307:(
3180:e
3173:t
3166:v
3133:.
3107:.
3081:.
3054:.
3017:.
2990:.
2965:.
2918:.
2892:.
2869:.
2828:.
2806:.
2748:.
2727:.
2477:₱
2433:)
2427:(
2422:)
2418:(
2404:.
2098:.
1999:₱
1990:-
1978:-
1909:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
