433:(b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239.
43:
5802:
1792:, followed by dissolution of Assembly. On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors.
5799:
445:
gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has
403:
the
President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as
483:
case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread abuse of
Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article
473:
were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed
President's rule 39 times in different states. Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.
4555:
293:. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, under the following conditions:
4870:
498:
Report on Centre-State
Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state".
7267:
5572:
602:
state. President's rule revoked from
Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014. President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under
7112:
949:
President's rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by
Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of
189:, who is the chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either
5032:
7222:
6964:
5450:
688:
and reinstated the dismissed
Congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Shaba
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4792:
7319:
5916:
4818:
6820:
4619:
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311:
Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through the abuse of authority of
Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in
6528:
6791:
6633:
2930:
Government dismissed following withdrawal of
Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.
5976:
996:
Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president's rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and
7344:
4867:
397:(a)that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or
266:
Breakdown of a coalition leading to the Chief
Minister not having majority support in the Assembly; and the Chief minister fails/will definitely fail to prove otherwise, within a time prescribed by the Governor of that
280:
If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months; however it can be extended repeatedly if the
4650:
2317:
Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.
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5569:
5727:
5509:
5342:
169:
is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed
5752:
5627:
7109:
4844:
4295:
5029:
3507:, split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, president's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently.
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5003:
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Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked the president's rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.
2212:
Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.
4789:
1606:
Resignation of the Chief Minister following loss of coalition partner. On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir state was split into two union territories, UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh.
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5913:
4531:
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6502:
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7292:
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217:
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enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities. During the president's rule,
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4616:
7168:
6285:
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the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as
7456:
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often been misused by the ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents. Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the
7053:
5106:
6122:
6525:
450:
state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.
387:
In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus:
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335:
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Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly.
4642:
6764:
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that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or
6845:
5424:
5392:
6685:
5724:
5209:
1560:
Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.
5339:
5749:
5624:
5652:
4841:
4284:
289:
is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by
6657:
453:
The article was used for the first time in Punjab on 20 June 1951. It was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the
216:
allowing Governor's rule for a period of up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India can be imposed. After the
5129:
6576:
6033:
5155:
3992:
5595:
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430:(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or
3959:
1633:
350:
339:
225:
6710:
6001:
Revocation of the Proclamation made by the President on the 21st October, 1981, in relation to the State of Kerala under article 356 of the Constitution
5502:
Ganguly, Sumit (7 May 2009). "Slow learning: lessons from India's counterinsurgency operations in Kashmir". In Fidler, David P.; Ganguly, Sumit (eds.).
1286:
Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of
378:
may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of this Act.
2830:
Assembly was dissolved and president's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.
7446:
3621:
4523:
4461:
4195:
3298:
led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.
224:, President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of
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4672:
3934:
2856:
221:
7289:
6870:
4431:
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2881:
6145:
407:
to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.
7421:
5683:
181:
When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (
7160:
5473:
4767:
1453:
6395:
4078:
752:
representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.
7200:
6946:
6804:
6645:
5525:
5319:
5103:
4163:
2649:
Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President's rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.
2498:'s refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of president's rule.
6119:
465:
on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties. The
360:
If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,—
263:
A state Assembly is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister for a time prescribed by the Governor of that State, at the Will of Governor.
5854:
5831:
4418:
2793:
2771:
2716:
was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of president's rule.
1136:
The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.
276:
On the report of the Governor of the State that the State's constitutional machinery or legislature fails to abide by Constitutional norms.
6006:
60:
6364:
5774:
5184:
4028:
7392:
7134:
6736:
6601:
6335:
6310:
6170:
3796:
declared the president's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.
1611:
7367:
6436:
5539:
477:
The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the
5367:
4959:
4498:
4383:
3873:
1532:
684:
and two Independents, making the current government a minority government. Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as
595:
3549:
Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.
6476:
5962:
4343:
4110:
3418:
was dismissed by former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi after controversial confidence vote secured by her in the legislative assembly.
2570:-led Congress government was reduced to a minority. The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994.
2183:
1188:
594:
and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing
343:
201:
126:
7431:
1821:
and state was placed under president's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected.
4946:
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6842:
6761:
5421:
5389:
1536:
107:
6682:
4317:
1499:
724:
349:
After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the
79:
5206:
3817:
Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the president's rule in the state.
2296:
Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.
1418:
1158:
479:
314:
233:
64:
353:, which is used to impose President's rule as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states:
5306:
174:, who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired
6719:
6208:
5649:
2691:
Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.
2646:
2361:
86:
604:
7461:
4552:
3070:
3027:
State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana.
2885:
2809:
720:
484:
356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.
301:
282:
171:
6901:
4969:
6912:
5059:
4409:
3003:
1876:
2254:
President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government.
427:
If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,―
93:
7451:
6268:
6246:
6018:
5896:
5874:
3969:
3865:
2339:
Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. president's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.
2154:
1843:
1035:
166:
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7012:
6223:
6199:
6098:
5259:
5235:
5081:
4725:
4701:
4265:
4243:
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that for the proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it is necessary or expedient so to do,
259:
In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances:
53:
4750:
3504:
2852:
1503:
1426:
205:
194:
400:(b)that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do,
3073:, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature.
659:
Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the centre.
562:
458:
75:
1456:
government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party.
7191:
6707:
857:
Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party
4196:"Constitutional Conflict Ends in India as Acting President Accepts Order Dissolving Nine State Legislatures"
3843:
State placed under president's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.
3646:
3244:
175:
5057:
Dynamics of Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after 1990
4063:
3919:
3793:
3323:
2411:
The Centre imposed president's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker
1906:
1709:
803:
681:
238:
186:
5596:"Mehbooba Mufti resigns after BJP pulls out of alliance with PDP in Jammu and Kashmir – Times of India ►"
6867:
5829:"Jawaharlal Nehru and the smoking gun: Who pulled the trigger on Kerala's communist government in 1959?"
4868:"Three months after army moved in, Operation Bajrang makes little headway and ULFA remains potent force"
4603:
2973:
Congress Government resigned due to loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.
1872:
1868:
1582:
342:
into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule under the
162:
719:' against illegal foreign nationals staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the
212:, under its Section 92. The state's governor issued a proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the
4144:(30 April 2010). "Political change, Political Structure, and the Indian State since Independence". In
3006:
in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.
308:
President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval.
6373:
5376:
5193:
3944:
3448:
3320:
3168:
3144:
2053:
1219:
Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.
1064:
C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court – No other Government found viable.
4744:
3741:
Loss of majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections.
416:
In the Union Territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the
5517:
4155:
3964:
3954:
3792:'s ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case,
3361:
3295:
3120:
2801:
2797:
2642:
2412:
1998:
1287:
774:
566:
495:
491:
4407:
Internal migration policies in an Indian state: A study of the Mulki rules in Hyderabad and Andhra
394:
If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—
7110:"President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed dismisses DMK ministry, places Tamil Nadu under President's Rule"
7093:
7030:
6262:
6217:
6090:
5941:
5890:
5636:
5253:
4719:
4259:
3386:
1994:
1216:
1115:
799:
297:
There is already a national emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.
213:
5851:
5828:
3268:
Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.
100:
5999:
3360:
in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly, due to charges of corruption while the
7203:
7196:
6942:
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6800:
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6641:
6627:
6472:
6361:
5968:
5958:
5521:
5323:
5315:
5181:
4963:
4955:
4159:
4019:
3456:
2233:
Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order.
2102:
Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.
2023:
1342:
1317:
1262:
951:
807:
638:
591:
470:
454:
273:
Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons like war, epidemic, pandemic or natural disasters.
30:"Direct rule in India" redirects here. For direct rule over India in the colonial period, see
6034:"Kerala Chronicles: How an Assembly Speaker kept a Congress govt afloat for 3 months in 1982"
5503:
5448:"Congress(I) withdraws support from G.M. Shah govt, paves way for governor's rule in J&K"
4151:
Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal
4150:
17:
6892:
6082:
5950:
5847:
5706:"Janata Dal government in Karnataka falls, Governor Venkatasubbiah's role faces severe flak"
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2999:
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2713:
2078:
1528:
1371:
1212:
1107:
900:
154:
7245:
6962:"Punjab crisis takes dramatic turn, Darbara Singh govt dismissed, President's Rule imposed"
5364:
5030:"Stand-off between T. N. Seshan and Laloo Prasad Yadav leaves trail of woes for common man"
4491:
4375:
7399:
7374:
7353:
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7226:
7220:"Prime Minister Narasimha Rao sacrifices Tripura Government to curry favour with the Left"
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4729:
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4623:
4559:
4413:
4404:
Narayana Rao, K. V. (August 1977). "Mulki agitation in the Telangana and Andhra regions".
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3444:
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1814:
1449:
1031:
1027:
158:
4790:"Assam set for another spell of political uncertainty after fall of Congress(I) ministry"
4350:
4117:
3720:
Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan.
7404:
7301:
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7005:
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6854:
6773:
6748:
6694:
6347:
6322:
6182:
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5401:
5218:
5004:"PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power"
4943:
4564:
4290:
4207:
4083:
4004:
3575:
Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.
3440:
3353:
3219:
2612:
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM
2436:
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM
2031:
1764:
1393:
1106:
Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM
925:
716:
540:
500:
7265:"Imposition of President's rule in Uttar Pradesh comes as a boon to political parties"
7440:
6957:
6239:
5824:
5311:
3554:
3390:
3357:
2978:
749:
466:
4321:
4285:"What was the SR Bommai judgment, which the SC relied on in its Article 370 ruling?"
7084:
7021:
6896:
6073:
5244:
4816:"Assam: Congress(I) ministry led by Keshab Gogoi falls, President's Rule to return"
4710:
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3696:
3671:
3596:
3415:
2567:
2437:
2129:
1818:
1789:
612:
244:
182:
5914:"Political instability brings Kerala under President's rule again for fourth time"
4763:
4318:"National Commission to Review the Working of the Article 356 of the constitution"
1712:
withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister
6466:
5872:"Vimochana Samaram and First Communist Ministry in Kerala: A historical analysis"
777:
representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.
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42:
31:
7316:"Lessons from Uttarakhand and Arunachal: What court orders on Central rule say"
6286:"President's rule imposed in Manipur, Congress(I) and PDF stake claim to rule"
5972:
4745:"Religion, ethnicity, and the role of the state: Explaining conflict in Assam"
4432:"President's Rule imposed in Andhra Pradesh under Article 356 of Constitution"
4145:
4141:
3331:
3095:
2470:
2466:
447:
251:
are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far.
190:
7368:"President's Rule Lifted From Uttarakhand, Congress Back In Power: 10 Points"
503:
also said that it would be like a "dead letter" (i.e. would be used rarely).
270:
Loss of majority in the Assembly due to a vote of no-confidence in the house.
7250:
6879:
6157:
5661:
5581:
5067:(PDF) (PhD thesis). Heidelberg University. p. 186-187. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4966:
4617:"President's rule brings to an end political melodrama in Arunachal Pradesh"
4058:
3948:
3599:
Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.
3447:
on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the governor
3176:
2473:
resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks.
2390:
2179:
1721:
1641:
998:
599:
286:
248:
6909:
5056:
4406:
3993:"13 years in J&K, 10 times in Manipur, UP: History of President's Rule"
7207:
5954:
7342:"SC stays Uttarakhand HC order which set aside President's Rule in state"
6818:"President R. Venkataraman faces criticism for playing partisan politics"
5327:
5277:"Shashikala Kakodkar toppled from chief ministership of Goa by Babu Naik"
3326:
Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.
2545:
Defections and counter defections led to imposition of president's rule.
2524:
2495:
6468:
Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's
6265:
6243:
5893:
5871:
5078:"Rameshwar Prasad And Ors vs Union Of India And Anr on 24 January, 2006"
4673:"After Arunachal Pradesh debacle, PM Modi must abolish post of governor"
4643:"It's against Constitution: Politicians react to Prez rule in Arunachal"
4077:
Bhardwaj, Ashutosh; Sinha, Amitabh; Mohanty, Debabrata (29 March 2016).
2952:
DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly.
2178:
No party could form a government after a fractured election verdict and
878:
Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.
836:
Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.
7096:
7072:
7033:
7009:
6526:"President's Rule imposed in Nagaland under questionable circumstances"
6220:
6196:
6094:
6067:
5256:
5232:
5104:"President's Rule imposed in Delhi after Arvind Kejriwal's resignation"
5077:
4722:
4699:"Immigration, Ethnic Conflict, and Political Turmoil--Assam, 1979-1985"
4698:
4262:
4240:
3482:
2445:
2191:
1295:
1166:
7426:
6988:"Punjab comes under President's rule: Assembly in suspended animation"
4111:"Sarkaria Commission Report – CHAPTER VI : Emergency Provisions"
3897:
Collapse of Democratic Coalition following split in Bangla Congress.
3528:
Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment.
3273:
2621:
1884:
462:
6086:
2855:
government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed
1085:
Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.
2415:
suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.
6905:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 463–467.
2566:
The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the
1006:
815:
694:
142:
6928:
Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). "Governor's Whim Prevails- 1971".
5942:"The rise and decline of the Left and Democratic Front in Kerala"
4079:"Over 100 blows old, Article 356 is a hammer that all govts love"
153:) is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct
7379:
5570:"Mehbooba to be sworn in as J&K's first woman CM on April 4"
5307:
India after Gandhi: The history of the world's largest democracy
5115:
2591:
Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation.
6786:
Chatterjee, Sibranjan (1992). "The Dismissal of the Ministry".
4344:"Sarkaria Commission Report – CHAPTER VI: Emergency Provisions"
7427:
Discusses the instances where presidents rule has been invoked
1930:
Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections.
1043:
36:
7073:"India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession"
7010:"Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections"
6577:"President's Rule had become necessary in Nagaland: Governor"
5725:"Spate of communal violence hits Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh"
3451:'s report and enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.
1187:
Loss of majority following vertical split in Congress during
4018:
Ministry of Law and Justice, Legislative Department (1963).
5947:
State Politics In Contemporary India: Crisis Or Continuity?
5474:"Jammu & Kashmir under Governor's rule for eighth time"
2182:
broke the pre-poll alliance it had with the BJP. See also:
1240:"Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government.
322:
Imposition in Union territories with a Legislative Assembly
304:
certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state.
7366:
Pandey, Sidharth (15 May 2016). Singh, Veer Arjun (ed.).
6005:. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs. 1981. p. 11.
3649:
tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.
3319:
Congress Government formed following induced collapse of
2153:
Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies
598:
to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate
490:
has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the
6629:
Political Crisis and President's Rule in an Indian State
3393:
in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.
318:, due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced.
5682:. Press Trust of India. 18 January 2013. Archived from
5365:"Going by the book, read anew, but large issues remain"
5340:"Janta Front govt in Gujarat suffers a two vote defeat"
1871:(IPL), which was scheduled to begin on April 18, 2008 (
1716:
resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.
7054:"Sikkim Put Under Federal Rule After Mass Party Shift"
5840:
The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
4599:
Presidential rule in India: A study in crisis politics
1030:
resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the
241:
restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.
7161:"Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991"
6640:
New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Company. pp. 134–135.
4492:"Re-proclamation of President rule in Andhra Pradesh"
4376:"Constituent Assembly Debates: Volume 9- 04 Aug 1949"
2792:
President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU (
1527:
Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM
6941:(1st ed.). Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 180–200.
6931:
President's Rule in Indian States: A Study of Punjab
5723:
Kumar, Yeshwanth; Awasthi, Dilip (31 October 1990).
5704:
Rajghatta, Chidanand; Chawla, Prabhu (15 May 1989).
4842:"Assam crisis puts government in catch-22 situation"
3477:
Loss of majority following split in Congress Party.
6843:"Pondy Assembly dissolved; uproarious scenes in LS"
6816:Badhwar, Inderjit; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1991).
6435:Karmakar, Rahul; Sharma, Nagendar (19 March 2009).
285:recommends that elections are not possible. If the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7432:Lok Sabha Secretariat's report on President's Rule
6066:
5998:
5940:
5156:"Credible rule becomes a thing of the past in Goa"
4743:
4524:"Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio"
4462:"Andhra Pradesh mired in President rule imbroglio"
4283:
1666:'s resignation following defeat in Tamar bypolls.
1636:(Article 356 does not apply to Union Territories)
590:Political impasse following the resignation of CM
6727:(9): 235. 28 February 1953. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6032:Mehar, Rakesh; Balan, Saritha S. (19 June 2017).
2909:Fall of government due to political instability.
1993:Loss of majority due to withdrawal of support by
6752:. 19 September 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6658:"Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigns"
5002:Louis, Arul B.; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1980).
1708:Loss of majority BJP's ruling coalition partner
7457:Parts and articles of the Constitution of India
7408:. 21 February 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5437:. 16 December 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5130:"Polls only solution for confused Goa assembly"
3439:The government headed by former chief minister
3414:The government headed by former chief minister
3385:The government headed by former chief minister
3352:The government headed by former chief minister
2519:Defections reduced the Government to minority.
1318:dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority
1157:Loss of majority following split in the ruling
727:(ULFA) resulted in breakdown of law and order.
422:
389:
355:
7150:. 31 January 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6186:. 26 October 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
1905:Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM
514: Denotes currently imposed President rule
6351:. 1 January 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6326:. 8 January 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6068:"Politics of Defection in India in the 1980s"
2275:Collapse of Government following defections.
1763:Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM
1417:Government dismissed in the aftermath of the
680:21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the
8:
6552:"Nagaland, Manipur turn political hot spots"
6460:
6458:
5676:"Jharkhand put under President's rule again"
5505:India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons learned
4568:. 17 March 1970. p. 7. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
27:Indian law of suspension of state government
6858:. 5 March 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6698:. 6 March 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6418:"Biased rulings spark trouble in Meghalaya"
6146:"Maharashtra placed under President's Rule"
5405:. 7 April 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4742:Darnell, Alfred T.; Parikh, Sunita (1988).
3620:Chief Minister resigned as a result of the
2132:enjoying majority support in the Assembly.
7290:"Uttar Pradesh put under President's rule"
6799:. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 136.
6789:Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution
6388:"Meghalaya clamped under President's Rule"
6135:. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5883:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3960:Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India
1634:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
1419:destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan
1265:enjoying majority support in the Assembly
810:was launched to flush out ULFA militants.
516:
351:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019
226:Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019
6883:. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6777:. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6592:. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6284:Laithangbam, Swarnalata (31 March 1981).
6120:"President's rule imposed in Maharashtra"
5949:. New York: Routledge. pp. 109–118.
5815:. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4021:Government of Union Territories Act, 1963
3622:1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt
3503:In the backdrop of refugee influx due to
535:Reason(s) to impose the President's rule
418:Government of Union Territories Act, 1963
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
7422:Article 355 and 356 text from wikisource
7218:Banerjee, R; Baweja, H (31 March 1993).
6868:"President's Rule imposed in Puducherry"
6673:. 15 January 1977. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5800:"Karnataka again under President's rule"
5790:. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5765:. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5640:. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5380:. 1 November 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
3935:Article 370 of the Constitution of India
2880:Fall of coalition government of AIADMK,
2022:Loss of majority following defection of
1867:Announcement of the first season of the
1215:led Congress government resigned due to
231:Following the 1994 landmark judgment in
7135:"TN Assembly dissolved: elections soon"
5775:"President's rule in Karnataka revoked"
5750:"President's rule imposed in Karnataka"
5625:"President's rule imposed in Jharkhand"
5390:"Haryana placed under President's rule"
5054:Zarhani, Seyedhossein (December 2015).
4282:Vishwanath, Apurva (12 December 2023).
4241:"The Indian Union and Emergency Powers"
3981:
3922:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3699:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3674:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3443:was dismissed by former prime minister
3389:was dismissed by former prime minister
3356:was dismissed by former prime minister
3247:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3222:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3123:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3098:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
3094:Government dismissed in spite of Giani
2766:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
2741:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
2081:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
2056:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
1909:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
1767:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
1396:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
1345:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
928:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
903:enjoying majority support in Assembly.
7305:. 10 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7108:Marthandam, Nambi (29 February 1976).
7071:Hardgrave, Robert L. (February 1985).
6617:. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6602:"President's rule revoked in Nagaland"
6500:"Mizoram comes under President's Rule"
6416:Majumdar, Sarbari (15 November 1991).
6360:Chaudhuri, Kalyan (16 February 2002).
5355:. 31 March 1976. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4504:from the original on 24 September 2014
4382:. Centre for Law and Policy Research.
4252:International Political Science Review
457:to dismiss the democratically elected
7171:from the original on 10 December 2016
6960:; Thukral, Gobind (31 October 1983).
6046:from the original on 31 December 2023
5665:. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5222:. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4944:Politics of President's Rule in India
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
3364:was set up to probe the allegations.
3069:Following poor performance in March,
2888:and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved.
1533:transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage
7:
7244:Swami, Venkitesh (1 November 1997).
6762:"Forty Years Ago: November 13, 1978"
5606:from the original on 9 November 2020
5084:from the original on 16 October 2010
4840:Sengupta, Uttam (15 December 1990).
4653:from the original on 26 January 2016
4419:MIT Center for International Studies
4239:Tummala, Krishna K. (October 1996).
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4034:from the original on 4 February 2022
4027:. New Delhi: Authority. p. 34.
3987:
3985:
3294:Loss of majority following split in
2794:Patiala and East Punjab States Union
2772:Patiala and East Punjab States Union
561:Breakdown of law & order due to
494:of government in Indian polity. The
65:adding citations to reliable sources
7099:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
7043:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
6498:Menon, Ramesh (30 September 1988).
6336:"Manipur placed under Central rule"
6275:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
6255:Journal of the Indian Law Institute
6230:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
6144:Singh, Vijaita (12 November 2019).
6101:from the original on 5 October 2023
5903:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
5484:from the original on 11 August 2023
5266:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
4732:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
4615:Chawla, Prabhu (30 November 1979).
4272:. Retrieved 2 May 2024 – via JSTOR.
1506:& breakdown of law & order
1290:government, supported by Congress.
7393:"President takes over West Bengal"
7052:Claiborne, William (26 May 1984).
5912:Kartha, G. S. (31 December 1979).
5207:"Goa Cong accept President's Rule"
5102:Kumar, Devesh (17 February 2014).
4960:Indian Institute of Advanced Study
4442:from the original on 18 April 2014
596:Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill
25:
7322:from the original on 14 July 2016
7263:Mishra, Subhash (18 March 2002).
6311:"Manipur placed under Delhi rule"
6244:"President's Rule: Recent Trends"
6195:Yambem, Sanamani (11 June 1977).
6009:from the original on 13 June 2024
5979:from the original on 13 June 2024
5154:Abreu, Robin (22 February 1999).
4679:from the original on 17 July 2016
4417:(PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts:
3918:Government dismissed in spite of
3762:Indecisive outcome of elections.
3695:Government dismissed in spite of
3670:Government dismissed in spite of
3243:Government dismissed in spite of
3218:Government dismissed in spite of
3197:Indecisive outcome of elections.
3119:Government dismissed in spite of
2851:Assembly dissolved after fall of
2762:Government dismissed in spite of
2737:Government dismissed in spite of
2184:2019 Maharashtra political crisis
2077:Government dismissed in spite of
2052:Government dismissed in spite of
1392:Government dismissed in spite of
1341:Government dismissed in spite of
1261:Government dismissed in spite of
924:Government dismissed in spite of
899:Government dismissed in spite of
798:Government dismissed in spite of
7447:History of the Republic of India
6524:Menon, Ramesh (31 August 1988).
6171:"Centre takes over Manipur rule"
5568:Ashiq, Peerzada (1 April 2016).
5550:from the original on 5 June 2020
5231:Rubinoff, Arthur G. (May 1992).
5028:Ahmed, Farzand (15 April 1995).
4866:Ahmed, Farzand (31 March 1991).
4697:Baruah, Sanjib (November 1986).
4534:from the original on 6 July 2014
4472:from the original on 6 July 2014
3991:Das, Anjishnu (29 August 2023).
3171:and breakdown of law and order.
3147:and breakdown of law and order.
1662:Political instability due to CM
723:(AASU). The violence fuelled by
197:, necessitating a new election.
41:
7340:Sinha, Bhadra (23 April 2016).
6986:Chawla, G. S. (12 March 1987).
6737:"President takes over in Pondy"
6437:"President's Rule in Meghalaya"
5650:"President's rule in Jharkhand"
5538:Kumar, Vinay (9 January 2015).
5233:"Goa's Attainment of Statehood"
4770:from the original on 2 May 2024
4596:Dua, Bhagwan D. (Spring 1977).
4386:from the original on 4 May 2024
4298:from the original on 4 May 2024
4194:Borders, William (1 May 1977).
4091:from the original on 4 May 2024
2884:following division of votes by
2469:Ministry led by Chief Minister
1539:pulling out of coalition Govt.
1366:Rebellion in the ruling party.
773:Congress (I) government led by
748:Congress (I) government led by
725:United Liberation Front of Asom
52:needs additional citations for
6626:Sethy, Rabindra Kumar (2003).
6065:Kamath, P. M. (October 1985).
5939:Varkey, Ouseph (4 June 2019).
5870:Shefi, A. E. (December 2019).
5446:Dubey, Suman (31 March 1986).
5275:Panchal, Chinu (31 May 1979).
5128:Rahman, M. (15 January 1991).
4814:Sen, Sumanta (15 April 1982).
4421:. p. 63. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
480:S. R. Bommai v. Union of India
344:erstwhile state's constitution
315:S. R. Bommai v. Union of India
234:S. R. Bommai v. Union of India
1:
6996:. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6720:Economic and Political Weekly
6708:"President's rule for PEPSU?"
6209:Economic and Political Weekly
5558:– via www.thehindu.com.
4788:Sen, Sumanta (31 July 1981).
4764:10.1080/01419870.1988.9993604
4211:. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
3947:(A similar procedure used in
185:). The council is led by the
18:President's rule (India)
7189:Maheshwari, Shriram (1977).
6683:"President's Rule for PEPSU"
5540:"Governor's rule in J&K"
5180:Sharma, Ravi (1 July 2005).
4054:"Limitations of Article 356"
3165:4 years, 288 days
2542:2 years, 248 days
2230:2 years, 156 days
2128:Govt. dismissed in spite of
1927:2 years, 177 days
1817:dismissed by Prime Minister
1632:Imposed under section 73 of
1629:4 years, 325 days
1495:6 years, 264 days
283:Election Commission of India
6550:Menon, R. (30 April 1992).
5422:"Three BJP govts dismissed"
5182:"Another government in Goa"
3738:1 year, 154 days
3349:1 year, 150 days
3141:1 year, 358 days
2927:1 year, 265 days
2877:3 years, 96 days
1877:Royal Challengers Bangalore
1603:1 year, 133 days
1209:1 year, 129 days
161:. Under Article 356 of the
7478:
6197:"Back to President's Rule"
6019:National Archives of India
5945:. In Wood, John R. (ed.).
3970:State governments of India
3861:1 year, 14 days
3474:1 year, 13 days
3291:1 year, 60 days
2906:1 year, 65 days
2463:1 year, 22 days
1189:1969 presidential election
469:regime and post-emergency
29:
7192:President's rule in India
5852:10.1080/14662049108447602
4751:Ethnic and Racial Studies
3840:1 year, 5 days
3821:
3766:
3553:
3505:Bangladesh Liberation War
3481:
3416:V. N. Janaki Ramachandran
3330:
3272:
3175:
2977:
2808:
2789:1 year, 3 days
2688:1 year, 3 days
2620:
2523:
2444:
2389:
2190:
2106:
2030:
1883:
1720:
1640:
1504:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
1425:
1370:
1294:
1165:
1114:
1042:
814:
721:All Assam Students’ Union
693:
637:
539:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
336:revocation of Article 370
178:not native to the state.
7195:. New Delhi: Macmillan.
7115:3 September 2022 at the
6176:18 December 2022 at the
4956:Rashtrapati Niwas, Simla
4553:"When Centre stepped in"
4438:. news.biharprabha.com.
3572:1 year, 1 day
3071:1971 Lok Sabha Elections
2364:and continued violence.
1581:Death of chief minister
208:had a similar system of
7383:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7357:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7280:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7254:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7235:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7125:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7062:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
7039:3 November 2023 at the
7029:(12): 1244–1248, 1250.
7015:3 November 2023 at the
6977:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6919:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6902:State Politics in India
6833:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6807:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6567:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6541:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6515:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6452:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6426:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6377:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6301:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6161:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5929:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5861:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5740:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5714:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5585:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5528:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5463:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5330:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5292:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5197:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5171:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5145:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5119:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5045:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
5019:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4976:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4883:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4857:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4805:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4728:20 October 2023 at the
4704:20 October 2023 at the
4632:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4606:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4380:constitutionofindia.net
4166:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
4008:. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
3645:Congress Government of
3245:Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
3048:Break-up of coalition.
2670:Break-up of coalition.
1844:ICC Men's T20 World Cup
1842:India's victory in the
1788:Loss of majority of CM
6362:"Uncertain in Manipur"
5304:(2007). "The Rivals".
4941:Siwach, J. R. (1979).
4831:. Retrieved 2 May 2024
4320:. 2001. Archived from
3920:Siddhartha Shankar Ray
3794:Uttarakhand High Court
3324:Sikkim Janata Parishad
1001:act by the president.
435:
409:
380:
239:Supreme Court of India
7078:23 April 2024 at the
6895:(1968). "Punjab". In
6648:Retrieved 2 May 2024.
6471:. Lancer Publishers.
5955:10.4324/9780429307454
5755:11 April 2023 at the
4758:(3). Routledge: 274.
4604:University of Alberta
4066:on 19 September 2003.
2360:1000 persons died in
1873:Kolkata Knight Riders
1869:Indian Premier League
1583:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed
163:Constitution of India
7373:13 June 2024 at the
6915:13 June 2024 at the
6823:13 June 2024 at the
6794:13 June 2024 at the
6713:13 June 2024 at the
6636:13 June 2024 at the
6465:S. P. Sinha (2007).
6151:25 June 2022 at the
5780:13 June 2024 at the
5655:13 June 2024 at the
5518:Taylor & Francis
5512:13 June 2024 at the
5370:13 June 2024 at the
4949:13 June 2024 at the
4795:13 June 2024 at the
4156:Taylor & Francis
3945:Federal intervention
3449:Surjit Singh Barnala
3321:Nar Bahadur Bhandari
2054:Shyama Charan Shukla
563:Jai Andhra Agitation
461:state government of
61:improve this article
7462:Federalism in India
4649:. 25 January 2016.
3965:Sarkaria Commission
3955:Federalism in India
3362:Sarkaria Commission
3121:Parkash Singh Badal
2802:Gian Singh Rarewala
2800:government, led by
1454:National Conference
567:P. V. Narasimha Rao
529:Date of revocation
526:Date of imposition
496:Sarkaria Commission
420:. Which thus reads
404:may appear to him
302:Election Commission
255:Imposition in state
200:Prior to 2019, the
7398:2 May 2024 at the
7347:2 May 2024 at the
7295:2 May 2024 at the
7270:2 May 2024 at the
7246:"A crisis defused"
7225:2 May 2024 at the
7140:2 May 2024 at the
6967:2 May 2024 at the
6936:2 May 2024 at the
6873:2 May 2024 at the
6848:2 May 2024 at the
6767:2 May 2024 at the
6742:3 May 2024 at the
6688:2 May 2024 at the
6663:2 May 2024 at the
6607:2 May 2024 at the
6582:3 May 2024 at the
6557:3 May 2024 at the
6531:2 May 2024 at the
6505:2 May 2024 at the
6442:2 May 2024 at the
6367:2 May 2024 at the
6341:2 May 2024 at the
6316:2 May 2024 at the
6291:2 May 2024 at the
6271:2 May 2024 at the
6249:2 May 2024 at the
6226:2 May 2024 at the
6202:2 May 2024 at the
6125:2 May 2024 at the
6109:– via JSTOR.
5919:2 May 2024 at the
5899:3 May 2024 at the
5877:3 May 2024 at the
5857:2 May 2024 at the
5834:2 May 2024 at the
5805:3 May 2024 at the
5730:3 May 2024 at the
5686:on 18 January 2013
5637:The Economic Times
5630:2 May 2024 at the
5600:The Times of India
5575:2 May 2024 at the
5453:2 May 2024 at the
5427:2 May 2024 at the
5395:2 May 2024 at the
5345:2 May 2024 at the
5282:2 May 2024 at the
5262:2 May 2024 at the
5238:2 May 2024 at the
5212:2 May 2024 at the
5187:2 May 2024 at the
5161:2 May 2024 at the
5135:2 May 2024 at the
5109:2 May 2024 at the
5062:2 May 2024 at the
5035:3 May 2024 at the
5009:2 May 2024 at the
4972:3 May 2024 at the
4873:2 May 2024 at the
4847:3 May 2024 at the
4821:2 May 2024 at the
4622:2 May 2024 at the
4558:2 May 2024 at the
4528:The Times of India
4466:The Times of India
4412:2 May 2024 at the
4268:2 May 2024 at the
4246:2 May 2024 at the
4201:2 May 2024 at the
3998:2 May 2024 at the
3868:Coalition between
3387:M. G. Ramachandran
3296:Kazi Lhendup Dorji
2647:Gantantra Parishad
2643:Harekrishna Mahtab
2385:Loss of majority.
1999:Kerala Congress(M)
1972:Loss of majority.
1951:Loss of majority.
1742:Loss of majority.
1687:Loss of majority.
1615:(Union Territory)
1477:Loss of majority.
1421:in Uttar Pradesh.
1217:Navnirman Movement
1116:Goa, Daman and Diu
633:Loss of majority.
214:President of India
76:"President's rule"
7452:Politics of India
7201:978-0-333-90186-1
7167:. 14 April 2016.
7008:(December 1980).
6947:978-81-7099-234-9
6893:Nayar, Baldev Raj
6805:978-81-7099-325-4
6646:978-81-7648-463-3
5526:978-1-134-00809-4
5320:978-0-230-01654-5
5302:Guha, Ramachandra
4468:. 19 April 2014.
4356:on 20 August 2014
4164:978-1-134-07858-5
4123:on 20 August 2014
3926:
3925:
3457:Travancore-Cochin
3137:29 September 1985
2818:18 September 1968
2804:, was dismissed.
2796:) State when the
2362:Naga-Kuki clashes
2141:28 September 2014
2024:Lonappan Nambadan
1918:10 September 1964
1907:EMS Namboodiripad
1680:11 September 2010
1612:Jammu and Kashmir
1427:Jammu and Kashmir
1274:19 September 1996
808:Operation Bajrang
639:Arunachal Pradesh
592:Kiran Kumar Reddy
507:List of instances
492:federal structure
455:Vimochana Samaram
330:Jammu and Kashmir
206:Jammu and Kashmir
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
7469:
7409:
7390:
7384:
7364:
7358:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7318:. 15 July 2016.
7312:
7306:
7287:
7281:
7261:
7255:
7242:
7236:
7216:
7210:
7187:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7157:
7151:
7132:
7126:
7106:
7100:
7069:
7063:
7050:
7044:
7003:
6997:
6984:
6978:
6955:
6949:
6926:
6920:
6890:
6884:
6865:
6859:
6840:
6834:
6814:
6808:
6784:
6778:
6759:
6753:
6734:
6728:
6705:
6699:
6680:
6674:
6655:
6649:
6624:
6618:
6599:
6593:
6574:
6568:
6548:
6542:
6522:
6516:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6462:
6453:
6433:
6427:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6403:
6394:. Archived from
6392:www.merinews.com
6384:
6378:
6358:
6352:
6333:
6327:
6308:
6302:
6282:
6276:
6237:
6231:
6193:
6187:
6168:
6162:
6142:
6136:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6070:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6004:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5944:
5936:
5930:
5910:
5904:
5868:
5862:
5822:
5816:
5797:
5791:
5772:
5766:
5747:
5741:
5721:
5715:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5672:
5666:
5647:
5641:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5592:
5586:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5535:
5529:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5480:. 20 June 2018.
5470:
5464:
5444:
5438:
5419:
5406:
5387:
5381:
5362:
5356:
5337:
5331:
5299:
5293:
5273:
5267:
5229:
5223:
5204:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5152:
5146:
5126:
5120:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5074:
5068:
5052:
5046:
5026:
5020:
5000:
4977:
4939:
4884:
4864:
4858:
4838:
4832:
4812:
4806:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4747:
4739:
4733:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4675:. 14 July 2016.
4669:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4639:
4633:
4613:
4607:
4594:
4569:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4428:
4422:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4349:. Archived from
4348:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4287:
4279:
4273:
4237:
4212:
4192:
4167:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4116:. Archived from
4115:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4062:. Archived from
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4026:
4015:
4009:
3989:
3912:
3907:
3891:
3886:
3858:
3853:
3837:
3836:25 February 1969
3832:
3831:20 February 1968
3811:
3806:
3782:
3777:
3756:
3751:
3735:
3730:
3714:
3709:
3689:
3684:
3683:17 February 1980
3664:
3659:
3639:
3634:
3633:30 November 1975
3614:
3609:
3590:
3585:
3569:
3568:26 February 1969
3564:
3563:25 February 1968
3543:
3538:
3522:
3517:
3497:
3492:
3471:
3466:
3433:
3428:
3408:
3403:
3379:
3374:
3373:17 February 1980
3346:
3341:
3313:
3308:
3288:
3283:
3262:
3257:
3256:15 December 1992
3237:
3232:
3231:17 February 1980
3212:
3207:
3191:
3186:
3162:
3161:23 February 1992
3157:
3138:
3133:
3113:
3108:
3107:17 February 1980
3088:
3083:
3063:
3058:
3042:
3041:17 February 1969
3037:
3021:
3016:
2993:
2988:
2967:
2962:
2961:25 February 2021
2946:
2941:
2924:
2919:
2903:
2898:
2897:12 November 1978
2874:
2869:
2845:
2840:
2824:
2819:
2786:
2781:
2764:Nilamani Routray
2756:
2751:
2750:17 February 1980
2731:
2726:
2714:Nandini Satpathy
2706:
2705:29 December 1976
2701:
2700:16 December 1976
2685:
2680:
2664:
2659:
2636:
2631:
2630:25 February 1961
2606:
2601:
2585:
2584:22 February 1993
2580:
2560:
2555:
2539:
2538:25 November 1977
2534:
2513:
2508:
2507:7 September 1988
2488:
2483:
2482:11 November 1978
2460:
2455:
2430:
2425:
2405:
2400:
2379:
2374:
2354:
2353:13 December 1994
2349:
2348:31 December 1993
2333:
2328:
2311:
2306:
2305:28 February 1981
2290:
2285:
2284:14 November 1979
2269:
2264:
2248:
2243:
2227:
2222:
2206:
2205:19 February 1968
2201:
2172:
2171:23 November 2019
2167:
2166:12 November 2019
2147:
2142:
2122:
2117:
2116:17 February 1980
2096:
2091:
2090:15 December 1992
2079:Sundar Lal Patwa
2071:
2066:
2065:17 February 1980
2046:
2041:
2016:
2011:
1987:
1986:28 December 1981
1982:
1966:
1961:
1945:
1940:
1924:
1919:
1899:
1898:22 February 1960
1894:
1861:
1856:
1855:20 November 2007
1836:
1835:12 November 2007
1831:
1807:
1802:
1782:
1781:30 November 1989
1777:
1757:
1756:27 February 1978
1752:
1751:31 December 1977
1736:
1731:
1702:
1697:
1681:
1676:
1656:
1655:30 December 2009
1651:
1623:
1600:
1595:
1575:
1570:
1554:
1549:
1521:
1516:
1492:
1487:
1471:
1466:
1443:
1438:
1411:
1406:
1405:15 December 1992
1386:
1381:
1372:Himachal Pradesh
1360:
1355:
1335:
1330:
1310:
1305:
1304:21 November 1967
1280:
1275:
1263:Babubhai J Patel
1255:
1250:
1249:17 February 1980
1234:
1233:24 December 1976
1229:
1213:Chimanbhai Patel
1206:
1201:
1181:
1176:
1151:
1146:
1130:
1125:
1108:Pratap Sinh Rane
1100:
1095:
1079:
1074:
1073:10 February 1999
1058:
1053:
1052:14 December 1990
1021:
1020:14 February 2015
1016:
1015:16 February 2014
990:
989:24 November 2005
985:
969:
964:
963:12 February 1999
943:
938:
918:
913:
912:17 February 1980
901:Jagannath Mishra
893:
888:
872:
867:
851:
850:16 February 1970
846:
830:
829:26 February 1969
825:
804:Prafulla Mahanta
792:
787:
786:28 November 1990
767:
766:27 February 1983
762:
742:
737:
709:
704:
703:12 December 1979
674:
673:19 February 2016
669:
653:
648:
627:
622:
621:15 November 1954
584:
579:
578:28 February 2014
555:
554:10 December 1973
550:
517:
513:
204:of the state of
167:state government
155:Union government
147:President's rule
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7466:
7437:
7436:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7400:Wayback Machine
7391:
7387:
7375:Wayback Machine
7365:
7361:
7354:Hindustan Times
7349:Wayback Machine
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7297:Wayback Machine
7288:
7284:
7272:Wayback Machine
7262:
7258:
7243:
7239:
7227:Wayback Machine
7217:
7213:
7188:
7184:
7174:
7172:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7142:Wayback Machine
7133:
7129:
7117:Wayback Machine
7107:
7103:
7080:Wayback Machine
7070:
7066:
7059:Washington Post
7051:
7047:
7041:Wayback Machine
7017:Wayback Machine
7006:Phadnis, Urmila
7004:
7000:
6985:
6981:
6969:Wayback Machine
6956:
6952:
6938:Wayback Machine
6927:
6923:
6917:Wayback Machine
6891:
6887:
6875:Wayback Machine
6866:
6862:
6850:Wayback Machine
6841:
6837:
6825:Wayback Machine
6815:
6811:
6796:Wayback Machine
6785:
6781:
6769:Wayback Machine
6760:
6756:
6744:Wayback Machine
6735:
6731:
6715:Wayback Machine
6706:
6702:
6690:Wayback Machine
6681:
6677:
6665:Wayback Machine
6656:
6652:
6638:Wayback Machine
6625:
6621:
6609:Wayback Machine
6600:
6596:
6584:Wayback Machine
6575:
6571:
6559:Wayback Machine
6549:
6545:
6533:Wayback Machine
6523:
6519:
6507:Wayback Machine
6497:
6493:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6449:Hindustan Times
6444:Wayback Machine
6434:
6430:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6399:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6369:Wayback Machine
6359:
6355:
6343:Wayback Machine
6334:
6330:
6318:Wayback Machine
6309:
6305:
6293:Wayback Machine
6283:
6279:
6273:Wayback Machine
6251:Wayback Machine
6238:
6234:
6228:Wayback Machine
6204:Wayback Machine
6194:
6190:
6178:Wayback Machine
6169:
6165:
6153:Wayback Machine
6143:
6139:
6127:Wayback Machine
6118:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6087:10.2307/2644180
6064:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6039:The News Minute
6031:
6030:
6026:
6012:
6010:
5997:
5996:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5965:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5921:Wayback Machine
5911:
5907:
5901:Wayback Machine
5879:Wayback Machine
5869:
5865:
5859:Wayback Machine
5836:Wayback Machine
5823:
5819:
5812:Hindustan Times
5807:Wayback Machine
5798:
5794:
5782:Wayback Machine
5773:
5769:
5757:Wayback Machine
5748:
5744:
5732:Wayback Machine
5722:
5718:
5703:
5699:
5689:
5687:
5680:Hindustan Times
5674:
5673:
5669:
5657:Wayback Machine
5648:
5644:
5632:Wayback Machine
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5594:
5593:
5589:
5577:Wayback Machine
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5514:Wayback Machine
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5455:Wayback Machine
5445:
5441:
5429:Wayback Machine
5420:
5409:
5397:Wayback Machine
5388:
5384:
5372:Wayback Machine
5363:
5359:
5347:Wayback Machine
5338:
5334:
5300:
5296:
5284:Wayback Machine
5274:
5270:
5264:Wayback Machine
5240:Wayback Machine
5230:
5226:
5214:Wayback Machine
5205:
5201:
5189:Wayback Machine
5179:
5175:
5163:Wayback Machine
5153:
5149:
5137:Wayback Machine
5127:
5123:
5111:Wayback Machine
5101:
5097:
5087:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5064:Wayback Machine
5053:
5049:
5037:Wayback Machine
5027:
5023:
5011:Wayback Machine
5001:
4980:
4974:Wayback Machine
4951:Wayback Machine
4940:
4887:
4875:Wayback Machine
4865:
4861:
4849:Wayback Machine
4839:
4835:
4823:Wayback Machine
4813:
4809:
4797:Wayback Machine
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4730:Wayback Machine
4706:Wayback Machine
4696:
4692:
4682:
4680:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4647:Hindustan Times
4641:
4640:
4636:
4624:Wayback Machine
4614:
4610:
4595:
4572:
4560:Wayback Machine
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4414:Wayback Machine
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4299:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4270:Wayback Machine
4248:Wayback Machine
4238:
4215:
4203:Wayback Machine
4193:
4170:
4140:
4136:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4000:Wayback Machine
3990:
3983:
3978:
3931:
3910:
3905:
3889:
3884:
3870:Bangla Congress
3856:
3851:
3835:
3830:
3809:
3804:
3788:Collapse of CM
3780:
3775:
3754:
3749:
3733:
3729:18 October 1995
3728:
3713:4 December 1993
3712:
3708:6 December 1992
3707:
3687:
3682:
3662:
3657:
3638:21 January 1976
3637:
3632:
3613:8 November 1973
3612:
3607:
3589:18 October 1970
3588:
3583:
3567:
3562:
3541:
3536:
3520:
3516:5 November 1977
3515:
3495:
3491:1 November 1971
3490:
3469:
3464:
3445:Chandra Shekhar
3431:
3427:30 January 1991
3426:
3407:27 January 1989
3406:
3402:30 January 1988
3401:
3377:
3372:
3344:
3340:31 January 1976
3339:
3311:
3306:
3287:17 October 1979
3286:
3281:
3261:4 December 1993
3260:
3255:
3235:
3230:
3210:
3205:
3189:
3184:
3160:
3155:
3136:
3131:
3111:
3106:
3086:
3081:
3061:
3056:
3040:
3035:
3020:1 November 1966
3019:
3014:
3004:Punjab Assembly
2991:
2986:
2965:
2960:
2944:
2940:12 January 1991
2939:
2922:
2917:
2902:16 January 1980
2901:
2896:
2872:
2867:
2843:
2838:
2822:
2817:
2784:
2779:
2754:
2749:
2739:Binayak Acharya
2729:
2724:
2712:Chief Minister
2704:
2699:
2683:
2678:
2662:
2658:11 January 1971
2657:
2634:
2629:
2604:
2599:
2583:
2578:
2559:25 January 1989
2558:
2553:
2537:
2532:
2512:24 January 1989
2511:
2506:
2494:Chief Minister
2486:
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2428:
2423:
2404:5 February 1992
2403:
2399:11 October 1991
2398:
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2331:
2326:
2309:
2304:
2289:13 January 1980
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2262:
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2225:
2221:16 October 1969
2220:
2204:
2200:25 October 1967
2199:
2170:
2165:
2146:31 October 2014
2145:
2140:
2120:
2115:
2095:7 December 1993
2094:
2089:
2069:
2064:
2044:
2039:
2014:
2009:
1985:
1981:21 October 1981
1980:
1965:25 January 1980
1964:
1960:5 December 1979
1959:
1943:
1938:
1922:
1917:
1897:
1892:
1859:
1854:
1834:
1829:
1815:Veerendra Patil
1806:17 October 1990
1805:
1801:10 October 1990
1800:
1780:
1775:
1755:
1750:
1734:
1729:
1700:
1696:18 January 2013
1695:
1679:
1674:
1654:
1650:19 January 2009
1649:
1622:31 October 2019
1621:
1614:
1599:30 October 2019
1598:
1593:
1573:
1568:
1552:
1547:
1531:'s decision to
1529:Gulam Nabi Azad
1519:
1514:
1490:
1486:19 January 1990
1485:
1470:6 November 1986
1469:
1464:
1450:Sheikh Abdullah
1441:
1436:
1429:
1410:3 December 1993
1409:
1404:
1384:
1379:
1358:
1353:
1333:
1328:
1308:
1303:
1279:23 October 1996
1278:
1273:
1253:
1248:
1232:
1227:
1204:
1200:9 February 1974
1199:
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1174:
1150:16 January 1980
1149:
1144:
1128:
1124:3 December 1966
1123:
1098:
1093:
1077:
1072:
1057:25 January 1991
1056:
1051:
1032:Jan Lokpal Bill
1028:Arvind Kejriwal
1019:
1014:
988:
983:
967:
962:
941:
936:
916:
911:
891:
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870:
865:
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828:
823:
790:
785:
765:
760:
741:13 January 1982
740:
735:
717:Assam Agitation
708:6 December 1980
707:
702:
672:
668:25 January 2016
667:
652:18 January 1980
651:
647:3 November 1979
646:
625:
620:
582:
577:
553:
549:18 January 1973
548:
515:
511:
509:
440:
414:
385:
332:
324:
257:
210:Governor's rule
151:Governor’s rule
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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7459:
7454:
7449:
7439:
7438:
7435:
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7417:
7416:External links
7414:
7411:
7410:
7405:Indian Express
7385:
7359:
7333:
7307:
7302:Times of India
7282:
7256:
7237:
7211:
7182:
7152:
7147:Indian Express
7127:
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7064:
7045:
6998:
6993:Indian Express
6979:
6958:Gupta, Shekhar
6950:
6921:
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6855:Indian Express
6835:
6809:
6779:
6774:Indian Express
6754:
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6729:
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6695:Indian Express
6675:
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6398:on 5 June 2020
6379:
6353:
6348:Indian Express
6328:
6323:Indian Express
6303:
6277:
6261:(4): 523–524.
6240:Dhavan, Rajeev
6232:
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6183:Indian Express
6163:
6137:
6132:Times of India
6112:
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5990:
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5825:Jeffrey, Robin
5817:
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5252:(5): 476–477.
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6566:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6527:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6501:
6495:
6492:
6480:
6478:9788170621621
6474:
6470:
6469:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6281:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6147:
6141:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6116:
6113:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6069:
6061:
6058:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6028:
6025:
6020:
6008:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5991:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5964:9780429307454
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:: 1150–1158.
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5698:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5565:
5562:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5499:
5496:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5386:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5312:HarperCollins
5309:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4519:
4516:
4500:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4454:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4401:
4398:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4352:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4324:on 9 May 2015
4323:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4142:Harriss, John
4138:
4135:
4119:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4030:
4023:
4022:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3917:
3915:52 days
3914:
3909:
3906:30 April 1977
3904:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3890:20 March 1972
3888:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3852:19 March 1970
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3814:19 days
3813:
3808:
3805:22 April 2016
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3785:25 days
3784:
3781:21 April 2016
3779:
3776:27 March 2016
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3759:56 days
3758:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3734:21 March 1997
3732:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3667:54 days
3666:
3661:
3658:30 April 1977
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3642:52 days
3641:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:17 days
3592:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Uttar Pradesh
3552:
3548:
3546:30 days
3545:
3542:10 April 1993
3540:
3537:11 March 1993
3535:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:60 days
3524:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:20 March 1972
3494:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3465:23 March 1956
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:Indira Gandhi
3388:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:Indira Gandhi
3355:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:53 days
3214:
3209:
3206:30 April 1977
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3194:44 days
3193:
3190:26 April 1967
3188:
3185:13 March 1967
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3091:51 days
3090:
3085:
3082:30 April 1977
3080:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:17 March 1972
3060:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:17 April 1952
2990:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2970:71 days
2969:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2926:
2923:16 March 1985
2921:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2868:28 March 1974
2866:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2848:62 days
2847:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:17 March 1969
2821:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2734:57 days
2733:
2728:
2725:30 April 1977
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2709:13 days
2708:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:82 days
2666:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:led Congress-
2644:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2609:69 days
2608:
2605:12 March 2008
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2554:7 August 1988
2552:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:22 March 1975
2531:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:56 days
2432:
2427:
2424:19 March 2009
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:92 days
2335:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:60 days
2292:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:41 days
2271:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2245:
2242:28 March 1973
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:20 March 1972
2224:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2150:33 days
2149:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2049:54 days
2048:
2043:
2040:30 April 1977
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2019:68 days
2018:
2013:
2010:17 March 1982
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1990:68 days
1989:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:51 days
1968:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:60 days
1947:
1942:
1939:4 August 1970
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1839:34 days
1838:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:21 April 1989
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1760:58 days
1759:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:20 March 1972
1733:
1730:27 March 1971
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1578:87 days
1577:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:51 days
1556:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:27 March 1977
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:53 days
1388:
1383:
1380:30 April 1977
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:78 days
1362:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:52 days
1337:
1332:
1329:30 April 1977
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:34 days
1282:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:12 March 1976
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:17 March 1972
1178:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1145:27 April 1979
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1103:95 days
1102:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:42 days
1060:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
987:
982:
979:
978:
974:
972:24 days
971:
966:
961:
958:
957:
953:
948:
945:
940:
937:28 March 1995
935:
932:
931:
927:
923:
920:
915:
910:
907:
906:
902:
898:
896:55 days
895:
890:
887:30 April 1977
885:
882:
881:
877:
875:70 days
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761:19 March 1982
759:
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750:Anwara Taimur
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72:Find sources:
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48:
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7310:
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7164:
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7089:
7085:Asian Survey
7083:
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7022:Asian Survey
7020:
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6467:
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6396:the original
6391:
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6081:(10): 1052.
6078:
6074:Asian Survey
6072:
6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6037:
6027:
6017:– via
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6000:
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5981:. Retrieved
5946:
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5843:
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5684:the original
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5599:
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5543:
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5477:
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5305:
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5245:Asian Survey
5243:
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4715:
4711:Asian Survey
4709:
4693:
4681:. Retrieved
4667:
4655:. Retrieved
4646:
4637:
4627:
4611:
4597:
4563:
4548:
4538:21 September
4536:. Retrieved
4527:
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4506:. Retrieved
4486:
4476:21 September
4474:. Retrieved
4465:
4456:
4444:. Retrieved
4435:
4426:
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4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4379:
4370:
4360:28 September
4358:. Retrieved
4351:the original
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4322:the original
4312:
4300:. Retrieved
4289:
4277:
4255:
4251:
4206:
4154:. New York:
4149:
4137:
4127:28 September
4125:. Retrieved
4118:the original
4105:
4093:. Retrieved
4082:
4072:
4064:the original
4057:
4048:
4036:. Retrieved
4020:
4013:
4003:
3911:21 June 1977
3885:29 June 1971
3866:United Front
3864:Collapse of
3857:2 April 1971
3790:Harish Rawat
3750:8 March 2002
3697:Banarasi Das
3663:23 June 1977
3647:H N Bahuguna
3608:13 June 1973
3597:Charan Singh
3470:5 April 1957
3432:24 June 1991
3345:30 June 1977
3312:8 March 1985
3211:22 June 1977
3087:20 June 1977
3057:15 June 1971
3000:Pandit Nehru
2987:20 June 1951
2918:24 June 1983
2844:6 March 1974
2785:7 March 1954
2780:4 March 1953
2730:26 June 1977
2684:6 March 1974
2679:3 March 1973
2663:3 April 1971
2635:23 June 1961
2579:2 April 1992
2568:Hokishe Sema
2438:Donkupar Roy
2378:5 March 2002
2332:8 April 1992
2310:19 June 1981
2268:26 June 1977
2247:4 March 1974
2157:and Others.
2130:Sharad Pawar
2045:23 June 1977
1923:6 March 1967
1893:31 July 1959
1819:Rajiv Gandhi
1810:7 days
1790:S. R. Bommai
1701:13 July 2013
1594:19 June 2018
1574:4 April 2016
1553:1 March 2015
1515:10 July 2008
1465:7 March 1986
1385:22 June 1977
1359:23 June 1991
1354:6 April 1991
1334:21 June 1977
1205:18 June 1975
1129:5 April 1967
1094:4 March 2005
984:7 March 2005
968:8 March 1999
946:7 days
942:4 April 1995
892:24 June 1977
824:29 June 1968
791:30 June 1991
736:30 June 1981
613:Andhra State
487:
486:
478:
476:
471:Janata Party
452:
442:
441:
432:
429:
424:
423:
417:
415:
406:
402:
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348:
333:
325:
313:
310:
307:
279:
258:
245:Chhattisgarh
243:
232:
230:
209:
202:constitution
199:
183:Vidhan Sabha
180:
150:
146:
140:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
7277:India Today
7232:India Today
7122:India Today
6974:India Today
6830:India Today
6670:India Today
6614:India Today
6589:India Today
6564:India Today
6538:India Today
6512:India Today
6423:India Today
6298:India Today
6216:(24): 945.
5926:India Today
5762:India Today
5737:India Today
5711:India Today
5478:India Today
5460:India Today
5352:India Today
5289:India Today
5168:India Today
5142:India Today
5042:India Today
5016:India Today
4880:India Today
4854:India Today
4828:India Today
4802:India Today
4629:India Today
4446:28 February
4038:25 February
3940:Direct rule
3823:West Bengal
3810:11 May 2016
3768:Uttarakhand
3688:9 June 1980
3378:9 June 1980
3307:25 May 1984
3236:5 June 1980
3156:11 May 1987
3112:7 June 1980
3015:5 July 1966
2945:4 July 1991
2886:Congress(R)
2882:Congress(O)
2873:2 July 1977
2755:9 June 1980
2614:Neiphiu Rio
2459:2 June 1978
2454:11 May 1977
2429:13 May 2009
2373:2 June 2001
2263:16 May 1977
2121:9 June 1980
2108:Maharashtra
2070:9 June 1980
2015:24 May 1982
1995:Congress(S)
1860:30 May 2008
1714:Arjun Munda
1675:1 June 2010
1664:Shibu Soren
1442:9 July 1977
1316:Government
1309:21 May 1968
1254:7 June 1980
1175:13 May 1971
1099:7 June 2005
1078:9 June 1999
952:Lalu Prasad
917:8 June 1980
845:4 July 1969
775:Kesab Gogoi
686:ultra vires
605:Article 356
583:8 June 2014
569:'s tenure.
488:Article 356
443:Article 356
340:bifurcation
291:Rajya Sabha
222:Article 370
32:British Raj
7441:Categories
7092:(2): 135.
5973:1103690725
5690:18 January
5516:New York:
5314:. p. 476.
4657:25 January
4258:(4): 379.
3976:References
3755:3 May 2002
3672:N D Tiwari
3332:Tamil Nadu
3169:Insurgency
3145:Insurgency
3096:Zail Singh
2966:7 May 2021
2810:Puducherry
2487:8 May 1979
2467:Mizo Union
2413:PR Kyndiah
1765:Devraj Urs
1498:Increased
412:Puducherry
334:Until the
218:revocation
157:rule in a
87:newspapers
7251:The Hindu
7208:470784780
7165:The Hindu
6880:Scroll.in
6374:Frontline
6158:The Hindu
5662:The Hindu
5582:The Hindu
5544:The Hindu
5520:. p. 87.
5488:11 August
5377:Frontline
5194:Frontline
4508:17 August
4158:. p. 61.
4059:The Hindu
3949:Argentina
3177:Rajasthan
3002:kept the
2798:Akali Dal
2391:Meghalaya
2180:Shiv Sena
1722:Karnataka
1642:Jharkhand
1500:Militancy
1343:B D Gupta
999:mala fide
600:Telangana
532:Duration
459:Communist
438:Criticism
287:Lok Sabha
249:Telangana
195:dissolved
191:prorogued
117:June 2023
7396:Archived
7371:Archived
7345:Archived
7320:Archived
7293:Archived
7268:Archived
7223:Archived
7169:Archived
7138:Archived
7113:Archived
7076:Archived
7037:Archived
7013:Archived
6965:Archived
6934:Archived
6913:Archived
6871:Archived
6846:Archived
6821:Archived
6792:Archived
6765:Archived
6740:Archived
6711:Archived
6686:Archived
6661:Archived
6634:Archived
6605:Archived
6580:Archived
6555:Archived
6529:Archived
6503:Archived
6440:Archived
6365:Archived
6339:Archived
6314:Archived
6289:Archived
6269:Archived
6266:43951266
6247:Archived
6242:(1989).
6224:Archived
6200:Archived
6174:Archived
6149:Archived
6123:Archived
6099:Archived
6044:Archived
6007:Archived
5977:Archived
5917:Archived
5897:Archived
5894:27192970
5875:Archived
5855:Archived
5832:Archived
5827:(1991).
5803:Archived
5778:Archived
5753:Archived
5728:Archived
5653:Archived
5628:Archived
5604:Archived
5573:Archived
5548:Archived
5510:Archived
5482:Archived
5451:Archived
5425:Archived
5393:Archived
5368:Archived
5343:Archived
5328:77012193
5280:Archived
5260:Archived
5236:Archived
5210:Archived
5185:Archived
5159:Archived
5133:Archived
5107:Archived
5082:Archived
5060:Archived
5033:Archived
5007:Archived
4970:Archived
4947:Archived
4871:Archived
4845:Archived
4819:Archived
4793:Archived
4768:Archived
4726:Archived
4702:Archived
4677:Archived
4651:Archived
4620:Archived
4556:Archived
4532:Archived
4499:Archived
4497:. 2014.
4470:Archived
4440:Archived
4410:Archived
4384:Archived
4296:Archived
4266:Archived
4244:Archived
4199:Archived
4089:Archived
4029:Archived
3996:Archived
3929:See also
2525:Nagaland
2175:11 days
1626:Present
1430:(State)
677:26 days
565:, in CM
392:239AB. -
172:governor
7326:15 July
7175:25 June
7097:2644297
7034:2643629
6899:(ed.).
6484:14 July
6402:5 April
6221:4365678
6095:2644180
5610:19 June
5554:5 April
5257:2644978
4967:7583232
4723:2644315
4683:15 July
4328:29 July
4263:1601275
4148:(ed.).
3483:Tripura
2471:Chhunga
2446:Mizoram
2192:Manipur
1535:led to
1296:Haryana
1288:Vaghela
1167:Gujarat
1161:Party.
1034:in the
448:federal
165:, if a
101:scholar
7206:
7199:
6945:
6910:501863
6803:
6644:
6475:
6093:
5971:
5961:
5524:
5326:
5318:
5088:2 July
4162:
3874:CPI(M)
3274:Sikkim
2979:Punjab
2857:AIADMK
2622:Odisha
1885:Kerala
520:State
512:
463:Kerala
267:state.
237:, the
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
7094:JSTOR
7031:JSTOR
6263:JSTOR
6218:JSTOR
6105:4 May
6091:JSTOR
6050:4 May
6013:4 May
5983:4 May
5891:JSTOR
5254:JSTOR
4774:2 May
4720:JSTOR
4502:(PDF)
4495:(PDF)
4390:4 May
4354:(PDF)
4347:(PDF)
4302:4 May
4260:JSTOR
4121:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
4095:4 May
4032:(PDF)
4025:(PDF)
2496:Sailo
1007:Delhi
816:Bihar
695:Assam
523:Term
425:51. -
383:Delhi
159:state
143:India
108:JSTOR
94:books
7380:NDTV
7328:2016
7204:OCLC
7197:ISBN
7177:2016
6943:ISBN
6907:OCLC
6801:ISBN
6642:ISBN
6486:2021
6473:ISBN
6404:2018
6107:2024
6052:2024
6015:2024
5985:2024
5969:OCLC
5959:ISBN
5692:2013
5612:2018
5556:2018
5522:ISBN
5490:2023
5324:OCLC
5316:ISBN
5116:NDTV
5090:2015
4964:OCLC
4776:2024
4685:2016
4659:2016
4540:2014
4510:2014
4478:2014
4448:2014
4436:IANS
4392:2024
4362:2014
4330:2015
4304:2024
4160:ISBN
4129:2014
4097:2024
4040:2021
3872:and
1997:and
1452:led
338:and
300:The
247:and
149:(or
80:news
6083:doi
5951:doi
5848:doi
4760:doi
2853:DMK
2369:10
2155:NCP
1875:vs
1710:JMM
1537:PDP
1159:MGP
1044:Goa
802:CM
800:AGP
682:BJP
370:(b)
364:(a)
358:73.
220:of
193:or
141:In
63:by
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