948:, that the party Charter was amended; stating that the Politburo was appointed through "secret elections". The amended party Charter stated that at least one-third of the Politburo (as well as the Central Committee) had to step down at each election to the Politburo, and that no members could be elected for more than three terms. The initiator of these changes, Khrushchev, the CPSU General Secretary, had served in the Politburo for 22 years. Instead of stepping down, Khrushchev made a rule which stated that members "who enjoyed great authority and possessed exceptional ability" could serve more than three terms, if they received more than 75 percent approval votes from the Central Committee, upon elections. These amendments were removed from the party Charter under
591:, a nationwide purge of what Stalin deemed as anti-socialist elements. The first victims of the purge were members and leaders of economic organizations. Not everyone in the Politburo agreed with the purges, or the scope of them. Ordzhonikidze ridiculed the purge, and tried to save officials working in the People's Commissariat for Heavy Industry. Stalin expected that Ordzhonikidze would support the purges, at least officially, but instead he wrote a speech condemning them. On 18 February 1937, Ordzhonikidze was found dead in his house, having killed himself. At the Central Committee plenum in February 1937, Stalin, Molotov, Zhdanov and
913:
564:, who had turned down an offer to take Stalin's place as General Secretary before the 17th Congress, opposed many of Stalin's repressive policies, and tried throughout 1934 to moderate them. Several scholars have viewed Ordzhonikidze's and Kirov's outspokenness as the rise of a moderate Stalinist faction with the party. On 1 December 1934, Kirov was shot dead β whether he was the victim of a lone assailant or killed on Stalin's orders remains unknown. Not long after, on 21 January 1935,
5350:
408:
leading party members began criticizing the party apparatus, represented by the
Secretariat headed by Stalin, of having too much control over personnel decisions. Lenin addressed such questions in 1923, in his articles "How We Should Reorganize the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate" and "Better Fewer but Better". In these, Lenin wrote of his plan to turn the combined meetings of the Central Committee and the Control Commission into the party's "
93:
725:
685:
645:
5362:
533:
219:
1167:. While the age steadily crept up during Khrushchev's leadership, members were replaced; for instance, 70 percent of the members elected to the Politburo in 1956 lost their seats in 1961. In contrast, all the Politburo members elected in 1966 were reelected in 1971. Even more worrisome, 12 out of 19 members elected in 1966 were reelected in 1981. By the time of
940:. Members of the Central Committee were given a predetermined list of candidates for the Politburo (having only one candidate for each seat); for this reason, the election of the Politburo was usually passed unanimously. The more power the CPSU General Secretary had, the stronger the chance was that the Politburo membership were passed without serious dissent.
43:
524:
exercise enormous weight in decision-making." The
Secretariat and Orgburo were responsible for personnel appointments in the whole party, and so were used as a machine by Stalin and his allies to promote like-minded individuals. Molotov and Kaganovich played a key role in strengthening the role of the Secretariat and the Orgburo in Party affairs.
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
1107:. From 1919 until 1991, 89 members of the Politburo were Russians (which makes up 68 percent). In distant second were Ukrainians, who had 11 members in the Politburo, making up 8 percent. In third place are both ethnic Jews and Georgians, who had 4 members respectively, making up 3 percent. For comparison, according to the
1158:
The average age of the
Politburo was 39 in 1919, and the Politburo continued to age more-or-less consistently until 1985. The reason for this being that the Central Committee treated Politburo replenishment as the responsibility of the Politburo itself. Politburo members usually picked successors who
972:
Between 1919 and 1990, 42 members who served as candidate members were not promoted to full member status of the
Politburo. Similarly, 32 full members of the Politburo never served as candidate members. Six members who had served as full members were demoted to candidate status during the Politburo's
427:
Although some of his contemporaries accused Lenin of creating a one-man dictatorship within the party, Lenin countered, stating that he, like any other, could only implement policies by persuading the party. This happened on several occasions, such as in 1917 when he threatened to leave the party if
956:
to the
Central Committee of the CPSU, the principle of systematic replacement of personnel and the continuity of leadership is to be observed." The Brezhnev period saw, in complete contrast to Khrushchev's amendment, the greatest continuity in the Politburo in its history. Article 25 of the Charter
885:
After the decision was drawn up, Brezhnev was immediately reported. When he returned from vacation, before the first meeting of the
Politburo he said: "Some idiot here invented a plan to close GUM and open some kind of cabinet of curiosities there." After everyone sat down, he asks: "Well, has the
523:
During this period, the office of the
General Secretary became paramount. The Politburo, which was nominally responsible to the Central Committee and the Party Congress, became responsible to the General Secretary. The General Secretary, the formal head of the Secretariat and the Orgburo, "came to
865:
at the long table in the
Kremlin. Brezhnev asked whether all members of the Politburo had received the draft U.S.-Soviet documents in time and if they had studied them. Most of the members nodded silent assent. 'Can I assume that the draft is approved?' Brezhnev asked. No one spoke. 'The draft is
1188:
as the Soviet Union became more advanced. From the 1960s onwards the majority of new members had workers' backgrounds, as expected. What is strange, however, is that from 1975 to 1981, a sudden increase of people of peasant background took place. When looking at first profession, the majority of
407:
and the power of the
Central Committee to expel members they deemed unqualified. These rules were implemented to strengthen party discipline. However, the party continued under Lenin and the early post-Lenin years to try to establish democratic procedures within the party. For instance, by 1929,
627:
became the first
Politburo member to be purged. In 1938, four other Politburo members were purged; Chubar, who personally telephoned Stalin crying trying to assure his innocence, Kosior, who confessed for anti-socialist crimes after his daughter was raped in front of him, Postyshev and Eikhe.
3572:
3567:
3273:
3155:
3032:
494:. After defeating the Left Opposition, Stalin began attacking the rightists (referred to as the Right Opposition) through his supporters in the Politburo, the Central Committee, and the Control Commission. Stalin and his companion supported an undemocratic interpretation of Lenin's
993:, the share of Politburo members serving in the central party apparatus increased, while those serving in the state administration declined. The majority of Politburo members had leading central posts; the highest share of republican officials serving in the Politburo came at the
3577:
3140:
3017:
3012:
3007:
943:
Article 25 of the party Charter, said little to nothing on the actual relationship between the Politburo and the Central Committee. Until 1961, Article 25 stated (with several changes) that the Central Committee "forms" or "organizes" the Politburo. It was not until 1961, under
3263:
3145:
3022:
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3725:
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3770:
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3760:
3755:
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3740:
1123:) Ukrainian, between 1.2% (in 1926) and 1.4% (in 1989) Georgian, and between 0.5% (in 1989) and 1.8% (in 1926) Jewish. In general, in the first half of the Politburo's existence, there was a higher ethnic representation than the second half. It was not until the
3150:
3027:
1375:
440:(NEP). Lenin, a noted factionalist before the Bolshevik seizure of power, supported the promotion of people he had previously clashed with on important issues to the Politburo; Trotsky and Lenin had had several years of violent polemics between them, while
1179:
Fifty-nine percent of Politburo members (both candidate and full) were of rural origins, while 41 percent were urban. The first members of the Politburo were predominantly from urban areas. For instance, on the 9th Politburo, two out of eight (Trotsky and
3552:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
833:." Shevchenko's memoir makes it clear that the tense political struggle that could often occur among Politburo members usually did not take place openly during its meetings, but rather behind the backs of one's rivals. In practice, Soviet Leninism's
3562:
3557:
3547:
3542:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
907:
459:, the frequency of formal meetings declined. By the mid-1930s, the Central Committee met only once a month, and the Politburo convened at most once every third week. The Politburo was established, and worked within the framework of
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
31:
1184:) were born in rural areas. From the 1930s onwards, the majority of Politburo members had a father who worked either as a peasant or as a worker. This is strange, considering that one would assume a rise in representation of the
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
339:
continued with the political functions. However, due to practical reasons, usually fewer than half of the members attended the regular Central Committee meetings during this time, even though they decided all key questions.
3288:
3283:
3278:
3268:
2751:
508:. With the defeat of the other factions, these interpretations became party law. To strengthen the system of centralised decision-making, Stalin appointed his allies to high offices outside the Politburo. For instance,
3692:
3785:
3396:
3328:
2554:
853:, also known as the Yezhovshchina, but also in Brezhnev's carefully cultivated culture of collective decision-making. Shevchenko said, "While the Politburo considered the item for which I was responsible, I sat with
2969:
1127:
that every republic had a representative at the Politburo. The Politburo never tried to fix the ethnic imbalance within the Politburo. Instead, the Soviet Union at the central level was mostly ruled by Russians.
545:
3929:
2622:
1044:
632:. The purging of Rudzutaks, Eikhe, and Kosior testified to Stalin's growing power; the Politburo were not even notified of the decision. Postyshev was purged because "of too much zeal in persecuting people."
4269:
3894:
1000:
Security officials had historically had a low-profile on the Politburo. From 1953 until 1973, no officials representing the security sector served in the Politburo as full members; the last two being
3468:
3463:
5396:
4034:
3979:
2647:
2607:
2363:
607:, in response to them accusing a member of the Ukrainian Central Committee of being anti-socialist said; "I don't believe it." When Yezhov proposed killing Bukharin and Rykov, Postyshev along with
400:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3458:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
4673:
4656:
4163:
3529:
2444:
2380:
1225:
1215:
933:
788:
776:
541:
336:
255:
184:
144:
3486:
3415:
3440:
463:(that is a system in which higher bodies are responsible to lower bodies and where every member is subordinate to party decisions). The nature of democratic centralism had changed by 1929, and
4703:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
629:
549:
4054:
3537:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
404:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
1124:
57:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2766:
2761:
2756:
994:
990:
986:
4646:
4173:
4158:
1210:
761:
5166:
4666:
3132:
2564:
2544:
1220:
896:
780:
1171:
in 1982, the median age of the politburo was 70. This age development was finally put to a halt under Gorbachev. From 1985 onwards, the age of Politburo members steadily declined.
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
536:
Excerpt of protocol of Politburo meeting of 17 January 1940 noting the decision to put 457 persons on trial and to execute 346 of them with the rest (111) being sent to the Gulags
989:(held in 1956) when 47% percent of Politburo members served in the central party apparatus while another 47% served in the state administration. From the 20th Congress until the
3808:
3803:
3798:
3341:
3336:
4692:
3833:
3793:
2243:
5401:
4651:
4603:
3450:
2718:
937:
869:
Nevertheless, there were times where the General Secretary would override all the other members by making his opinion clear and implying that dissent would not be tolerated.
772:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
2662:
3478:
3407:
4900:
2667:
2642:
2356:
600:
1197:). 43 percent of Politburo members attained higher education credentials during their life, while in a close second place, 32 percent of members earned an education in
520:
in 1930, to reduce the chance of another independent locus of centralised power forming form which could threaten Stalin and the Politburo, Secretariat, and Orgburo.
2627:
2251:
1095:
dominated the Politburo from its establishment in 1919. This is not surprising, since the three most populous republics within the Soviet Union were ethnic Slavic;
1131:
Despite the ideological rhetoric about equality between the sexes, the Politburo came to be composed largely of men. Only four women ever served in the Politburo;
798:
While nominally subordinate to the Central Committee and the Party Congress, in practice the Politburo was the true center of power in the CPSU, and its decisions
2247:
2657:
2572:
467:, which had been previously tolerated within the party, was replaced with monolithic unity. This was achieved with Stalin's defeat of rival factions such as the
4598:
4211:
2909:
4264:
4083:
3899:
2582:
2349:
1104:
416:. Admitting that organizational barriers may be inadequate to safeguard the party from one-man dictatorship, Lenin recognized the importance of individuals.
234:
2632:
2597:
451:
From 1917 to the mid-1920s, congresses were held annually, the Central Committee was convened at least once a month and the Politburo met once a week. With
4783:
4753:
4237:
2637:
2612:
2602:
813:, like many Soviet technical experts, once attended the part of a Politburo meeting that touched on his area of expertise, and he often prepared his boss
5411:
5406:
5040:
5000:
4910:
4721:
2587:
2617:
2577:
985:, security or military administrations (or all of them concurrently). Until the 1950s, most members served in state positions, but this changed at the
866:
approved,' said Brezhnev after a few more moments of silence. Makarov put his hand on my shoulder, whispering, 'Okay, Arkady, that's it. You can go.'"
5028:
4923:
4795:
4581:
4131:
3954:
3889:
3864:
2207:
2143:
604:
557:
4933:
4850:
4743:
4178:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2592:
4873:
4680:
4547:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
5391:
5386:
4571:
4416:
3994:
1096:
1029:
795:
chairman of the Politburo (however, no formal rule stipulated such activity). 28 politburos were elected throughout the existence of the USSR.
4559:
4525:
4513:
4508:
4399:
395:. Certain historians and political scientists credit Lenin for the evolution of the Soviet political system after his death. Others, such as
3999:
3984:
1043:
was appointed to the Politburo. However, unlike the security sector, the military sector had had representatives in the Politburo since the
5095:
4863:
4148:
3989:
2871:
1168:
344:
2332:
560:, refused to acknowledge Stalin's projected economic growth targets, claiming that the majority in the Politburo supported his position.
4975:
4641:
4588:
4576:
4019:
2389:
2372:
1100:
399:, argue that the system itself evolved from an inner-party democratic system to a monolithic one in 1921, with the establishment of the
271:
259:
504:(a Stalin ally), wrote and campaigned for a party organisational by-law which reduced intra-party democracy in favour of hierarchy and
5023:
5018:
4738:
4686:
2188:
1037:
886:
GUM issue been resolved?" Everyone, including Suslov, nodded their heads. The problem was closed once and for all without discussion.
5275:
5226:
5159:
4970:
4698:
4300:
4204:
3869:
517:
5305:
5293:
5117:
5107:
5063:
4878:
4554:
4503:
4386:
4168:
4095:
982:
5310:
5298:
5154:
5139:
5053:
4955:
4537:
4357:
3949:
279:
2326:
5251:
5231:
4985:
4928:
4542:
4367:
4295:
4059:
3874:
2309:
2279:
2226:
2162:
2132:
412:". The combined meetings of these two would hold the Politburo responsible, while at the same time guard the Politburo from
359:
to decide on questions too urgent to await full Central Committee deliberation. The original members of the Politburo were
5322:
5149:
5013:
4965:
4726:
4520:
4394:
4377:
4029:
3959:
3934:
1401:
854:
4918:
4593:
4488:
4289:
4197:
3944:
3919:
3909:
2329:
Full list of members and candidate members of the Presidium includes dates on the body and year of death (or execution).
347:
in 1919 formalized this reality and re-established what would later on become the true center of political power in the
5199:
5181:
5058:
4947:
4805:
4766:
4733:
4423:
4411:
4327:
4229:
3939:
3924:
584:, the First Secretary of the Siberian and West-Siberian District Committee, were elected Politburo candidate members.
513:
5194:
5171:
5144:
4153:
4113:
3904:
3884:
3879:
2879:
2301:
953:
5236:
5209:
5112:
3914:
846:
5317:
4101:
2259:
1033:
981:
Serving in the Politburo was a part-time function, and members served concurrently in either the party, state,
482:
Stalin defeated the Left Opposition led by Trotsky by allying himself with the rightists within the Politburo;
628:
Petrovsky in contrast, was rather lucky, instead of being purged he was not reelected to the Politburo at the
623:. Despite this opposition, Stalin and his closest associates began purging officials nationwide. In May 1937,
17:
4566:
2271:
1298:
1279:[pΙlΚ²ΙͺΛtΚ²itΙΙͺskΙjebΚ²ΚΛrotsΙ¨nΛtralΚ²nΙvΙkΙmΚ²ΙͺΛtΚ²etΙkΙmΚnΚ²ΙͺΛsΚ²tΚ²itΙΙͺskΙjΛpartΚ²Ιͺ(j)ΙͺsΙΛvΚ²etskΙvΙsΙΛjuzΙ]
1263:
830:
433:
5246:
4838:
4776:
4065:
1147:. Furtseva, Biryukova and Semenova reached the Politburo under the leadership of reformist party leaders;
878:
4337:
881:(GUM), attempted to turn GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing Soviet and Communist history.
5365:
1198:
834:
553:
464:
460:
456:
263:
4608:
496:
5127:
4990:
4810:
4322:
2506:
2427:
2124:
962:
417:
912:
5354:
5083:
4888:
4817:
4625:
4474:
4352:
4274:
4247:
1140:
1136:
1025:
437:
1032:
until 1972, became a candidate member of the Politburo through his work as First Secretary of the
5221:
5204:
5132:
4449:
4362:
4252:
4242:
2476:
2470:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1072:
1056:
1017:
917:
870:
616:
565:
509:
475:. It is generally believed that under Stalin the Politburo's powers were reduced compared to the
429:
376:
328:
308:
624:
532:
5329:
5269:
5048:
4834:
4530:
4332:
4317:
4259:
4071:
2904:
2512:
2488:
2433:
2409:
2305:
2275:
2222:
2194:
2184:
2172:
2158:
2128:
1395:
1152:
1148:
1076:
966:
945:
858:
838:
810:
612:
476:
413:
352:
163:
1418:
4119:
4089:
2518:
1327:
1278:
1190:
1071:
among others. Similarly, several leading Politburo officials had participated in either the
1060:
921:
822:
615:, opposed such a measure, proposing instead of handing them over to the courts. Molotov and
608:
501:
483:
472:
441:
396:
316:
5241:
4454:
4406:
4312:
4125:
4077:
2494:
2415:
1181:
1144:
1005:
1001:
949:
817:
for meetings. He described the working style of the Politburo's weekly meeting during the
619:, supported a compromise brokered by Stalin, which handed over Bukharin and Rykov to the
596:
569:
468:
92:
1749:
580:, the First Secretary of the Leningrad City Committee and member of the Secretariat, and
1350:
56:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
5261:
5189:
4469:
4459:
2458:
2397:
2294:
2289:
2177:
1185:
1068:
1052:
1040:
874:
862:
814:
592:
577:
491:
388:
296:
226:
2341:
2264:
724:
684:
644:
595:
began accusing leading officials of anti-socialist behavior, but they met opposition.
5380:
5214:
5122:
4107:
2500:
2482:
2464:
2452:
2421:
2403:
1132:
1108:
1064:
1020:
had served as KGB Chairman, but was elected to the Politburo through his work in the
1009:
958:
842:
487:
452:
448:
both opposed the Central Committee resolution that initiated the October Revolution.
368:
332:
324:
154:
877:, who hated the idea that in front of the Lenin Mausoleum in Red Square there was a
244:
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5005:
4826:
4220:
1270:
PolitiΔeskoje bjuro Centraljnogo komiteta KommunistiΔeskoj partii Sovetskogo Sojuza
1164:
1160:
1080:
1048:
818:
581:
561:
421:
364:
348:
312:
2336:
4868:
4830:
4822:
4444:
4428:
4342:
4284:
1258:ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΎ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°
1194:
997:(held in 1961) when 50 percent of members held offices at the republican-level.
850:
826:
588:
573:
445:
372:
320:
1016:
Chairman, to full membership (having served as a candidate member since 1967).
218:
4858:
505:
409:
936:. The Central Committee formally elected the Politburo in the aftermath of a
81:
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
5078:
5073:
4895:
4788:
4618:
4279:
2696:
2672:
2218:
2198:
2154:
952:, and Article 25 now stated; "In the election of all party organs, from the
908:
Lists of members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
356:
1111:, during these years the Soviet Union had a composition of between 51% (in
42:
32:
Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)
2296:
Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change in the Soviet Union
916:
Portraits of Soviet Politburo members at a demonstration in honour of the
787:(Orgburo) until 1952, was one of three permanent bodies of the party. The
5068:
4613:
4347:
4307:
4024:
2652:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2063:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1830:
1828:
1021:
392:
278:
from 1952 to 1966. The existence of the Politburo ended in 1991 upon the
1815:
1813:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1662:
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1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1600:
1598:
4960:
4464:
3255:
2549:
1232:
873:, recalled one such Politburo meeting. While Brezhnev was on vacation,
784:
4189:
270:. It was founded in October 1917, and refounded in March 1919, at the
2689:
1189:
members had worked as workers, but the majority of them had attended
230:
1159:
were around the same age, the result being the establishment of the
4883:
4761:
1092:
531:
360:
1047:(in 1919). Defense ministers who had served in the Politburo are
4995:
4771:
1731:
1729:
1727:
620:
267:
4193:
2345:
4980:
4800:
1351:"Π‘Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ - ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ°Π΄"
1013:
719:
679:
639:
552:. Outwardly, the Politburo remained united, but on 4 February
36:
4035:
Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy
2215:
The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924β1953
2151:
The Nature of Stalin's Dictatorship: The Politburo, 1924β1953
932:
To be elected to the Politburo, a member had to serve on the
4164:
League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
1216:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1515:
1513:
1511:
4154:
General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia
771:
The Politburo was the highest organ of the party when the
1008:. This tradition was put to an end with the elevation of
420:
tried to solve this crisis by reducing both Stalin's and
387:
The Soviet system was based upon the system conceived by
27:
De facto supreme political authority of the Soviet Union
4174:
Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania
4159:
League of Russian Revolutionary Social Democracy Abroad
2119:
Lowenhardt, John; van Ree, Erik; Ozinga, James (1992).
2102:
2090:
2069:
2054:
2042:
2023:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1921:
1909:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1819:
1804:
1792:
1718:
1706:
1689:
1666:
1635:
1616:
1604:
1211:
Organisation of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
762:
Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
736:
696:
656:
957:
remained unchanged under the successive leadership of
897:
Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
85:ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎ Π¦Π ΠΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°.
1303:
1268:
335:), but this precursor did not outlast the event; the
54:
about the history of the Politburo from 1953 to 1991.
5397:
Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4025:
All-Union Leninist Young Communist League (Komsomol)
2244:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1532:
1530:
1528:
5286:
5260:
5180:
5094:
5039:
4946:
4909:
4849:
4752:
4714:
4634:
4496:
4487:
4437:
4385:
4376:
4228:
4141:
4047:
4012:
3972:
3857:
3850:
3784:
3691:
3528:
3519:
3477:
3449:
3406:
3394:
3327:
3254:
3131:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2870:
2717:
2710:
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2532:
2443:
2388:
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1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1193:later in their life (the majority of them choosing
779:were not in session. The Politburo, along with the
211:
203:
191:
177:
142:
137:
122:
107:
102:
79:
2293:
2263:
2176:
5069:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
821:as "quiet, orderly, and methodical. Although an
2252:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union
1382:. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018
2248:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
544:was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the
500:. Throughout the late-1920s, Politburo member
18:Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU
4205:
4030:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization
2357:
1317:
1291:
1256:
1119:) Russian, between 15% (in 1989) and 21% (in
295:On 18 August 1917, the top Bolshevik leader,
8:
2648:Political Administration of the Armed Forces
568:died of natural causes, and a month later,
299:, set up a political bureauβknown first as
5402:1965 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
5100:
4493:
4382:
4212:
4198:
4190:
4009:
3969:
3854:
3525:
3403:
2995:
2986:
2714:
2385:
2364:
2350:
2342:
1735:
1519:
432:, when he persuaded the party to sign the
217:
91:
76:
4132:State Committee on the State of Emergency
2337:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Archives
2121:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Politburo
4179:Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad
2208:"From Team-Stalin to Degenerate Tyranny"
911:
254:, was the highest political body of the
1342:
1248:
4238:Index of Soviet Unionβrelated articles
1393:
2103:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
2091:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
2070:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
2055:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
2043:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
2024:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
2003:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1991:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1979:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1967:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1955:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1943:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1922:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1910:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1883:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1871:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1859:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1847:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1835:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1820:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1805:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1793:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1719:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1707:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1690:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1667:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1636:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1617:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1605:Lowenhardt, van Ree & Ozinga 1992
1326:
1277:
1030:Georgian Minister of Internal Affairs
849:had roots not only in the era of the
576:were elected Politburo full members.
558:People's Commissar for Heavy Industry
7:
4149:Bloc of Communists and Non-Partisans
3573:CC of the 7th Conf. (Apr.βAug. 1917)
1589:
1577:
1548:
1536:
1502:
1490:
1465:
1448:
1413:
1411:
2373:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1425:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. 2014
599:, a Politburo candidate member and
587:1936 signaled the beginning of the
272:8th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
260:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
436:, or with the introduction of the
311:, with only seven members (Lenin,
25:
5412:Organizations established in 1919
5407:Organizations established in 1917
1748:Thelman, Joseph (December 2012).
5361:
5360:
5348:
4169:Siberian Social-Democratic Union
723:
683:
643:
303:, and after 23 October 1917, as
41:
2333:Succession of Power in the USSR
2206:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (2004).
920:anniversary, November 7, 1976,
4060:Group of Democratic Centralism
791:, the party leader, served as
518:Council of People's Commissars
1:
5392:1919 establishments in Russia
5387:1917 establishments in Russia
4901:Political abuse of psychiatry
4693:Congress of People's Deputies
3568:CC of the 6th Conf. (1912β17)
3553:CC of the 1st Conf. (1905β06)
2668:Transportation-Communications
2663:Trade and Consumers' Services
2643:Planning and Financial Organs
428:it did not go along with the
307:βspecifically to direct the
5064:Academy of Medical Sciences
1304:
1269:
891:Relation to the Secretariat
756:Duties and responsibilities
280:breakup of the Soviet Union
5428:
4114:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions
4108:Union of Marxist-Leninists
2302:Cambridge University Press
2241:
954:primary party organization
905:
894:
837:often followed a style of
759:
605:Ukrainian Communist Branch
548:, in the aftermath of the
126:26 December 1991
29:
5342:
5103:
2638:Organisational-party Work
2005:, pp. 129 & 161.
1400:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1318:
1292:
1257:
1036:. Similarly in 1973, the
847:consensus decision-making
825:is prepared, there is no
355:to appoint a five-member
225:
216:
90:
2628:Light- and Food Industry
2142:Rees, E.A., ed. (2004).
1034:Georgian Communist Party
1028:, who had served as the
30:Not to be confused with
5355:Soviet Union portal
2272:Oxford University Press
2213:. In Rees, E.A. (ed.).
1423:Encyclopædia Britannica
1376:"ΠΠΠΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠ£Π‘ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ―"
861:, and Makarov, behind
831:parliamentary procedure
806:Decision-making process
676:Brezhnev Era: 1964β1982
528:Stalin years: 1934β1953
434:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
391:, often referred to as
5247:Stalinist architecture
5001:Science and technology
4911:Ideological repression
4839:Soviet Airborne Forces
4777:Destruction battalions
2533:Decision-making bodies
2327:Leadership of the CPSU
1328:[pΙlΚ²ΙͺtbΚ²ΚΛro]
1087:Ethnicity, age and sex
924:
888:
802:had the force of law.
546:17th Central Committee
537:
457:consolidation of power
383:Early years: 1919β1934
274:. It was known as the
52:is missing information
5029:List of metro systems
4582:Collective leadership
2697:Bolshevik / Kommunist
2658:Science and Education
2573:Administrative Organs
2540:Politburo / Presidium
1750:"The Man in Galoshes"
1199:technical engineering
915:
895:Further information:
883:
835:democratic centralism
785:Organizational Bureau
760:Further information:
636:Khrushchev: 1953β1964
554:Grigory Ordzhonikidze
535:
465:freedom of expression
461:democratic centralism
264:collective presidency
4991:Net material product
4934:Censorship of images
4851:Political repression
4811:Soviet Border Troops
4744:First Deputy Premier
4328:1965 economic reform
4323:Soviet space program
3548:3rd (Apr.βDec. 1905)
3264:7th (Jan.βMar. 1919)
2507:Konstantin Chernenko
2428:Konstantin Chernenko
2266:The Gorbachev Factor
2179:Breaking with Moscow
1175:Origin and education
963:Konstantin Chernenko
716:Gorbachev: 1985β1991
5059:Academy of Sciences
4874:Population transfer
4818:Soviet Armed Forces
4681:Congress of Soviets
4662:Presidium/Politburo
4626:Soviet anti-Zionism
4475:West Siberian Plain
4353:Revolutions of 1989
4290:Great Patriotic War
4275:New Economic Policy
4066:Workers' Opposition
3693:Auditing Commission
2983:Leadership sittings
2445:General Secretaries
2221:. pp. 79β107.
1981:, pp. 139β140.
1924:, pp. 155β156.
1738:, pp. 207β208.
1141:Alexandra Biryukova
1137:Yekaterina Furtseva
1109:population censuses
1038:Minister of Defense
1026:Eduard Shevardnadze
512:succeeded Rykov as
497:What Is to Be Done?
438:New Economic Policy
248:Politbureau CC CPSS
198:Central Committee
4704:Military Collegium
4572:Capital punishment
4450:Caucasus Mountains
4363:Post-Soviet states
4243:Russian Revolution
3851:Wider organisation
3786:Control Commission
3399:Control Commission
2555:Control Commission
2477:Vyacheslav Molotov
2471:Nikolay Krestinsky
2173:Shevchenko, Arkady
1305:Politbjuro CK KPSS
1073:Russian Revolution
1057:Kliment Voroshilov
1018:Alexander Shelepin
925:
918:October Revolution
871:Mikhail Smirtyukov
735:. You can help by
695:. You can help by
655:. You can help by
617:Kliment Voroshilov
566:Valerian Kuybyshev
538:
510:Vyacheslav Molotov
430:October Revolution
401:Control Commission
377:Nikolai Krestinsky
345:8th Party Congress
329:Grigori Sokolnikov
309:October Revolution
301:Narrow Composition
97:Emblem of the CPSU
5374:
5373:
5338:
5337:
5330:Hammer and sickle
5272:and their groups
5270:Soviet dissidents
5049:Communist Academy
4966:Economic planning
4942:
4941:
4835:Soviet Air Forces
4754:Security services
4674:General Secretary
4657:Central Committee
4599:Political parties
4531:Brezhnev Doctrine
4526:Foreign relations
4483:
4482:
4424:Autonomous okrugs
4338:SovietβAfghan War
4318:Sino-Soviet split
4260:Russian Civil War
4187:
4186:
4096:United Opposition
4043:
4042:
4008:
4007:
3968:
3967:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3530:Central Committee
3515:
3514:
3390:
3389:
3329:Control Committee
2992:Central Committee
2978:
2977:
2711:National meetings
2706:
2705:
2583:Chemical Industry
2513:Mikhail Gorbachev
2489:Nikita Khrushchev
2434:Mikhail Gorbachev
2410:Nikita Khrushchev
2381:Central Committee
2157:. pp. 1β18.
2125:St Martin's Press
1807:, pp. 87β88.
1721:, pp. 85β87.
1619:, pp. 30β31.
1302:
1293:ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎ Π¦Π ΠΠΠ‘Π‘
1267:
1226:General Secretary
1153:Mikhail Gorbachev
1149:Nikita Khrushchev
1077:Russian Civil War
967:Mikhail Gorbachev
946:Nikita Khrushchev
934:Central Committee
839:unanimous consent
829:or other form of
811:Arkady Shevchenko
789:General Secretary
777:Central Committee
753:
752:
713:
712:
673:
672:
613:Grigory Petrovsky
477:General Secretary
353:Central Committee
351:. It ordered the
337:Central Committee
256:Central Committee
240:
239:
185:Central Committee
164:Mikhail Gorbachev
145:General Secretary
111:October 1917
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
5419:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5101:
5009:
4864:Collectivization
4609:MarxismβLeninism
4494:
4383:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4120:Anti-Party Group
4090:Right Opposition
4010:
3970:
3858:Republican-level
3855:
3526:
3404:
2996:
2987:
2930:11th (Dec. 1921)
2715:
2633:Machine Industry
2598:Defence Industry
2519:Vladimir Ivashko
2467:(Mar.βDec. 1919)
2386:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2315:
2299:
2285:
2269:
2232:
2212:
2202:
2182:
2168:
2148:
2138:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2027:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1693:
1687:
1670:
1664:
1639:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1469:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1355:Putidorogi-nn.ru
1347:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1191:higher education
1169:Brezhnev's death
1061:Nikolai Bulganin
879:department store
845:. This style of
748:
745:
727:
720:
708:
705:
687:
680:
668:
665:
647:
640:
609:Stanislav Kosior
502:Lazar Kaganovich
484:Nikolai Bukharin
473:Right Opposition
442:Grigori Zinoviev
397:Leonard Schapiro
317:Grigory Zinoviev
305:Political Bureau
221:
169:
160:
133:
131:
118:
116:
95:
77:
70:
67:
61:
45:
37:
21:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5349:
5347:
5334:
5282:
5256:
5176:
5090:
5035:
5007:
4981:Internet domain
4976:Five-year plans
4938:
4905:
4845:
4748:
4710:
4642:Communist Party
4630:
4589:Passport system
4479:
4455:European Russia
4433:
4372:
4313:Khrushchev Thaw
4292:(World War II)
4270:Creation treaty
4224:
4218:
4188:
4183:
4137:
4102:Left-Right Bloc
4078:Left Opposition
4055:Ban on factions
4039:
4004:
3964:
3838:
3780:
3687:
3538:1st (1898β1903)
3521:
3511:
3473:
3445:
3398:
3395:Elected by the
3386:
3323:
3250:
3127:
2991:
2974:
2925:10th (May 1921)
2895:4th (Nov. 1907)
2890:3rd (Aug. 1907)
2866:
2702:
2677:
2559:
2528:
2495:Leonid Brezhnev
2439:
2416:Leonid Brezhnev
2375:
2370:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2290:Bialer, Seweryn
2288:
2282:
2258:
2254:
2240:
2238:Further reading
2235:
2229:
2210:
2205:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2030:
2022:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1736:Shevchenko 1985
1734:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1696:
1688:
1673:
1665:
1642:
1634:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1555:
1551:, pp. 6β7.
1547:
1543:
1535:
1526:
1520:Wheatcroft 2004
1518:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1380:The VVM Library
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1289:
1285:
1274:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1207:
1182:Mikhail Kalinin
1177:
1145:Galina Semenova
1089:
1006:Nikolay Ignatov
1002:Lavrentiy Beria
979:
950:Leonid Brezhnev
930:
910:
904:
899:
893:
808:
769:
764:
758:
749:
743:
740:
733:needs expansion
718:
709:
703:
700:
693:needs expansion
678:
669:
663:
660:
653:needs expansion
638:
625:JΔnis Rudzutaks
601:First Secretary
597:Pavel Postyshev
570:Anastas Mikoyan
530:
469:Left Opposition
405:ban on factions
385:
293:
288:
262:and de facto a
199:
194:
187:
180:
173:
172:
167:
158:
147:
129:
127:
114:
112:
98:
86:
83:
82:
71:
65:
62:
55:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5425:
5423:
5415:
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5037:
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5026:
5024:Rail transport
5021:
5019:Railway system
5011:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
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4756:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4739:Deputy Premier
4736:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4722:Heads of state
4718:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4690:
4687:Supreme Soviet
4684:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4670:
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4649:
4638:
4636:
4632:
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4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4604:State ideology
4601:
4596:
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4584:
4574:
4569:
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4511:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4470:Ural Mountains
4467:
4462:
4460:North Caucasus
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
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4156:
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4145:
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4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4084:Workers' Group
4081:
4075:
4072:Workers' Truth
4069:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
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4003:
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3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3966:
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3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:Transcaucasian
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3895:Karelo-Finnish
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3834:28th (1990β91)
3831:
3829:16th (1930β34)
3826:
3824:15th (1927β30)
3821:
3819:14th (1925β27)
3816:
3814:13th (1924β25)
3811:
3809:12th (1923β24)
3806:
3804:11th (1922β23)
3801:
3799:10th (1921β22)
3796:
3790:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3776:27th (1986β90)
3773:
3771:26th (1981β86)
3768:
3766:25th (1976β81)
3763:
3761:24th (1971β76)
3758:
3756:23rd (1966β71)
3753:
3751:22nd (1961β66)
3748:
3746:20th (1956β61)
3743:
3741:19th (1952β56)
3738:
3736:18th (1939β52)
3733:
3731:17th (1934β39)
3728:
3726:16th (1930β34)
3723:
3721:15th (1927β30)
3718:
3716:14th (1925β27)
3713:
3711:13th (1924β25)
3708:
3706:10th (1921β24)
3703:
3697:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3683:28th (1990β91)
3680:
3678:27th (1986β90)
3675:
3673:26th (1981β86)
3670:
3668:25th (1976β81)
3665:
3663:24th (1971β76)
3660:
3658:23rd (1966β71)
3655:
3653:22nd (1961β66)
3650:
3648:20th (1956β61)
3645:
3643:19th (1952β56)
3640:
3638:18th (1939β52)
3635:
3633:17th (1934β39)
3630:
3628:16th (1930β34)
3625:
3623:15th (1927β30)
3620:
3618:14th (1925β27)
3615:
3613:13th (1924β25)
3610:
3608:12th (1923β24)
3605:
3603:11th (1922β23)
3600:
3598:10th (1921β22)
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3507:16th (1930β34)
3504:
3502:15th (1927β30)
3499:
3497:14th (1925β27)
3494:
3492:13th (1924β25)
3489:
3487:12th (1923β24)
3483:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3469:14th (1925β27)
3466:
3464:13th (1924β25)
3461:
3459:12th (1923β24)
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3441:28th (1990β91)
3438:
3436:16th (1930β34)
3433:
3431:15th (1927β30)
3428:
3426:14th (1925β27)
3423:
3421:13th (1924β25)
3418:
3416:12th (1923β24)
3412:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3382:27th (1986β90)
3379:
3377:26th (1981β86)
3374:
3372:25th (1976β81)
3369:
3367:24th (1971β76)
3364:
3362:23rd (1966β71)
3359:
3357:22nd (1961β66)
3354:
3352:20th (1956β61)
3349:
3347:19th (1952β56)
3344:
3342:18th (1939β52)
3339:
3337:17th (1934β39)
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3319:18th (1939β52)
3316:
3314:17th (1934β39)
3311:
3309:16th (1930β34)
3306:
3304:15th (1927β30)
3301:
3299:14th (1925β27)
3296:
3294:13th (1924β25)
3291:
3289:12th (1923β24)
3286:
3284:11th (1922β23)
3281:
3279:10th (1921β22)
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3246:28th (1990β91)
3243:
3241:27th (1986β90)
3238:
3236:26th (1981β86)
3233:
3231:25th (1976β81)
3228:
3226:24th (1971β76)
3223:
3221:23rd (1966β71)
3218:
3216:22nd (1961β66)
3213:
3211:20th (1956β61)
3208:
3206:19th (1952β56)
3203:
3201:18th (1939β52)
3198:
3196:17th (1934β39)
3193:
3191:16th (1930β34)
3188:
3186:15th (1927β30)
3183:
3181:14th (1925β27)
3178:
3176:13th (1924β25)
3173:
3171:12th (1923β24)
3168:
3166:11th (1922β23)
3163:
3161:10th (1921β22)
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3123:28th (1990β91)
3120:
3118:27th (1986β90)
3115:
3113:26th (1981β86)
3110:
3108:25th (1976β81)
3105:
3103:24th (1971β76)
3100:
3098:23rd (1966β71)
3095:
3093:22nd (1961β66)
3090:
3088:20th (1956β61)
3085:
3083:19th (1952β56)
3080:
3078:18th (1939β52)
3075:
3073:17th (1934β39)
3070:
3068:16th (1930β34)
3065:
3063:15th (1927β30)
3060:
3058:14th (1925β27)
3055:
3053:13th (1924β25)
3050:
3048:12th (1923β24)
3045:
3043:11th (1922β23)
3040:
3038:10th (1921β22)
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3013:Oct.βDec. 1917
3010:
3008:Aug.βOct. 1917
3004:
3002:
2993:
2990:Elected by the
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
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2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2613:Heavy Industry
2610:
2605:
2603:Foreign Cadres
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
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2534:
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2529:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2459:Yakov Sverdlov
2456:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2398:Vladimir Lenin
2394:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2322:
2321:External links
2319:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2255:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2203:
2190:978-0394520551
2189:
2169:
2163:
2144:"Introduction"
2139:
2133:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2105:, p. 149.
2095:
2093:, p. 147.
2074:
2072:, p. 145.
2059:
2057:, p. 143.
2047:
2045:, p. 131.
2028:
2026:, p. 129.
2007:
1995:
1993:, p. 128.
1983:
1971:
1969:, p. 167.
1959:
1957:, p. 139.
1947:
1945:, p. 136.
1926:
1914:
1912:, p. 155.
1887:
1885:, p. 154.
1875:
1873:, p. 153.
1863:
1861:, p. 152.
1851:
1849:, p. 141.
1839:
1837:, p. 140.
1824:
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1228:
1206:
1203:
1186:intelligentsia
1176:
1173:
1125:28th Politburo
1115:) and 58% (in
1088:
1085:
1069:Dmitry Ustinov
1053:Mikhail Frunze
1041:Andrei Grechko
978:
975:
938:party Congress
929:
926:
903:
900:
892:
889:
875:Mikhail Suslov
815:Andrei Gromyko
807:
804:
773:party Congress
768:
765:
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751:
750:
730:
728:
717:
714:
711:
710:
690:
688:
677:
674:
671:
670:
650:
648:
637:
634:
593:Nikolai Yezhov
578:Andrei Zhdanov
542:17th Politburo
529:
526:
492:Mikhail Tomsky
384:
381:
297:Vladimir Lenin
292:
289:
287:
284:
246:, abbreviated
238:
237:
227:Kremlin Senate
223:
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193:Responsible to
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5227:Printed media
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5160:Cyrillisation
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Working class
5126:
5124:
5123:Soviet people
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
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5105:
5102:
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5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Energy policy
4969:
4967:
4964:
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4959:
4957:
4954:
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4951:
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4699:Supreme Court
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4682:
4679:
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4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4301:The Holocaust
4299:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:9th (1920β21)
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:8th (1919β21)
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:9th (1920β21)
3591:
3589:
3588:8th (1919β20)
3586:
3584:
3583:7th (1918β19)
3581:
3579:
3578:6th (1917β18)
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:5th (1907β12)
3561:
3559:
3558:4th (1906β07)
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:2nd (1903β05)
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3393:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3274:9th (1920β21)
3272:
3270:
3269:8th (1919β20)
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:9th (1920β21)
3154:
3152:
3151:8th (1919β20)
3149:
3147:
3146:7th (1918β19)
3144:
3142:
3141:6th (1917β18)
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3033:9th (1920β21)
3031:
3029:
3028:8th (1919β20)
3026:
3024:
3023:7th (1918β19)
3021:
3019:
3018:6th (1917β18)
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:International
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:Yuri Andropov
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:Joseph Stalin
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:Elena Stasova
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:Elena Stasova
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:Yuri Andropov
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:Joseph Stalin
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:Brown, Archie
2257:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:, p. 88.
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1795:, p. 87.
1794:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1709:, p. 85.
1708:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1692:, p. 33.
1691:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:, p. 32.
1668:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1638:, p. 31.
1637:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1607:, p. 30.
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:, p. 85.
1521:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1316:Russian:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1290:Russian:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1255:Russian:
1252:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Elena Stasova
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Georgy Zhukov
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1045:8th Politburo
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Yuri Andropov
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
995:22nd Congress
992:
991:28th Congress
988:
987:20th Congress
984:
976:
974:
970:
968:
964:
960:
959:Yuri Andropov
955:
951:
947:
941:
939:
935:
927:
923:
919:
914:
909:
901:
898:
890:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
867:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
843:majority vote
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
803:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
763:
755:
747:
744:November 2017
738:
734:
731:This section
729:
726:
722:
721:
715:
707:
704:November 2017
698:
694:
691:This section
689:
686:
682:
681:
675:
667:
664:November 2017
658:
654:
651:This section
649:
646:
642:
641:
635:
633:
631:
630:18th Congress
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:17th Congress
547:
543:
534:
527:
525:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:
493:
489:
488:Aleksey Rykov
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:Joseph Stalin
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
425:
423:
419:
418:His testament
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
334:
333:Andrei Bubnov
330:
326:
325:Joseph Stalin
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:Meeting place
210:
206:
202:
196:
190:
186:
182:
176:
165:
162:
156:
155:Joseph Stalin
153:
152:
149:
146:
141:
136:
125:
121:
110:
106:
101:
94:
89:
78:
69:
66:November 2021
59:
53:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5346:
5118:Demographics
5108:Antisemitism
4961:Central Bank
4879:Forced labor
4827:Spetsnaz GRU
4661:
4647:organisation
4555:Human rights
4504:Constitution
4387:Subdivisions
4265:Russian SFSR
4221:Soviet Union
4013:Other organs
3930:Russian SFSR
3875:Byelorussian
2999:
2695:
2688:
2682:Publications
2588:Construction
2539:
2525:, Aug. 1991)
2522:
2295:
2265:
2214:
2178:
2150:
2120:
2112:Bibliography
2098:
2050:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1962:
1950:
1917:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1800:
1757:. Retrieved
1754:Jew Observer
1753:
1743:
1714:
1612:
1592:, p. 8.
1585:
1580:, p. 7.
1544:
1539:, p. 2.
1505:, p. 6.
1498:
1493:, p. 5.
1468:, p. 4.
1451:, p. 3.
1427:. Retrieved
1422:
1384:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1354:
1345:
1312:
1286:
1251:
1178:
1165:Brezhnev Era
1161:gerontocracy
1157:
1130:
1090:
1081:World War II
1049:Leon Trotsky
999:
980:
971:
942:
931:
884:
868:
851:Great Terror
841:rather than
819:Brezhnev era
809:
799:
797:
792:
770:
741:
737:adding to it
732:
701:
697:adding to it
692:
661:
657:adding to it
652:
586:
582:Robert Eikhe
562:Sergey Kirov
539:
522:
495:
481:
450:
426:
422:Leon Trotsky
414:factionalism
386:
349:Soviet Union
342:
313:Leon Trotsky
304:
300:
294:
275:
251:
247:
243:
241:
235:Russian SFSR
166:(1985β1990)
63:
51:
5222:Phraseology
5167:Prohibition
5155:Linguistics
5140:Drug policy
5133:1989 census
5054:Cybernetics
4956:Agriculture
4869:Great Purge
4831:Soviet Navy
4823:Soviet Army
4695:(1989β1991)
4689:(1938β1991)
4683:(1922β1936)
4667:Secretariat
4538:Gun control
4445:Caspian Sea
4429:Closed city
4358:Dissolution
4343:Perestroika
4285:Great Purge
3973:Local-level
3870:Azerbaijani
3451:Secretariat
3133:Secretariat
2970:19th (1988)
2965:18th (1941)
2960:17th (1932)
2955:16th (1929)
2950:15th (1926)
2945:14th (1925)
2940:13th (1924)
2935:12th (1922)
2862:28th (1990)
2857:27th (1986)
2852:26th (1981)
2847:25th (1976)
2842:24th (1971)
2837:23rd (1966)
2832:22nd (1961)
2827:21st (1959)
2822:20th (1956)
2817:19th (1952)
2812:18th (1939)
2807:17th (1934)
2802:16th (1930)
2797:15th (1927)
2792:14th (1925)
2787:13th (1924)
2782:12th (1923)
2777:11th (1922)
2772:10th (1921)
2618:Information
2578:Agriculture
2565:Departments
2545:Secretariat
1759:28 February
1419:"Politburo"
1221:Secretariat
1195:engineering
1097:Byelorussia
983:trade union
973:existence.
827:quorum call
781:Secretariat
589:Great Purge
574:Vlas Chubar
446:Lev Kamenev
424:'s powers.
321:Lev Kamenev
252:Politbureau
157:(1922β1953)
5381:Categories
5262:Opposition
5252:Television
5232:Propaganda
5205:Literature
5079:Naukograds
5074:Sharashkas
5008:(currency)
4986:Inventions
4929:Censorship
4859:Red Terror
4543:Government
4417:Autonomous
4400:Autonomous
4333:Stagnation
4296:Evacuation
3945:Turkestani
3920:Lithuanian
3520:Elected by
2920:9th (1920)
2915:8th (1919)
2910:7th (1917)
2905:6th (1912)
2900:5th (1908)
2885:2nd (1906)
2880:1st (1905)
2872:Conference
2767:9th (1920)
2762:8th (1919)
2757:7th (1918)
2752:6th (1917)
2747:5th (1907)
2742:4th (1906)
2737:3rd (1905)
2732:2nd (1903)
2727:1st (1898)
2653:Propaganda
2311:0521289068
2281:0192880527
2242:See also:
2228:1403904014
2164:1403904014
2134:0312047843
1429:4 November
1386:27 January
1360:27 January
1338:References
906:See also:
793:ex officio
506:centralism
410:parliament
291:Background
250:or simply
179:Elected by
138:Leadership
130:1991-12-26
5323:Republics
5311:Republics
5299:Republics
5150:Languages
5014:Transport
4896:Holodomor
4789:Militsiya
4727:President
4619:Stalinism
4521:Elections
4395:Republics
4378:Geography
4368:Nostalgia
4280:Stalinism
4128:(1990β91)
4116:(1932β33)
4098:(1926β27)
4092:(1924β33)
4086:(1923β30)
4080:(1923β27)
4074:(1921β23)
4068:(1920β21)
4062:(1919β21)
4048:Groupings
3955:Ukrainian
3925:Moldavian
3479:Collegium
3408:Presidium
3000:Politburo
2515:(1985β91)
2509:(1984β85)
2503:(1982β84)
2497:(1964β82)
2491:(1953β64)
2485:(1922β52)
2479:(1921β22)
2473:(1919β21)
2461:(1918β19)
2455:(1917β18)
2436:(1985β91)
2430:(1984β85)
2424:(1982β84)
2418:(1964β82)
2412:(1953β64)
2406:(1924β53)
2400:(1912β24)
2335:from the
2219:Routledge
2155:Routledge
1590:Rees 2004
1578:Rees 2004
1549:Rees 2004
1537:Rees 2004
1503:Rees 2004
1491:Rees 2004
1466:Rees 2004
1449:Rees 2004
1319:ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ±ΡΡΠΎ
1299:romanized
1264:romanized
922:Leningrad
859:Kornienko
855:Kuznetsov
357:Politburo
276:Presidium
123:Disbanded
58:talk page
5366:Category
4919:Religion
4806:Chairmen
4652:Congress
4614:Leninism
4594:Propiska
4489:Politics
4348:Glasnost
4308:Cold War
4248:February
4142:See also
3985:Okrugkom
3905:Khorezmi
3890:Georgian
3885:Estonian
3880:Bukharan
3865:Armenian
3522:Congress
2719:Congress
2292:(2001).
2262:(1996).
2199:11680691
2175:(1985).
1396:cite web
1205:See also
1024:, while
1022:Komsomol
928:Election
800:de facto
783:and the
775:and the
514:Chairman
471:and the
393:Leninism
5287:Symbols
5200:Fashion
5182:Culture
5096:Society
5041:Science
5006:Rouble
4948:Economy
4924:Science
4734:Premier
4715:Offices
4577:Leaders
4497:General
4465:Siberia
4438:Regions
4412:Oblasts
4253:October
4230:History
4020:Statute
4000:Partkom
3950:Turkmen
3915:Latvian
3910:Kirghiz
3397:Central
3256:Orgburo
2608:General
2593:Culture
2550:Orgburo
2390:Leaders
1233:Orgburo
1163:of the
1101:Ukraine
1091:Ethnic
902:Members
863:Gromyko
603:of the
516:of the
373:Kamenev
365:Trotsky
286:History
266:of the
258:of the
159:(first)
128: (
115:1917-10
113: (
108:Founded
103:History
5306:Emblem
5294:Anthem
5242:Sports
5195:Cinema
5190:Ballet
5172:Racism
5145:Family
4635:Bodies
4223:topics
4134:(1991)
4122:(1957)
4110:(1932)
4104:(1930)
3995:Raikom
3990:Gorkom
3900:Kazakh
2690:Pravda
2523:acting
2308:
2278:
2250:, and
2225:
2197:
2187:
2161:
2131:
1105:Russia
1075:, the
1012:, the
823:agenda
767:Status
556:, the
490:, and
403:, the
375:, and
369:Stalin
331:, and
231:Moscow
207:Varied
168:(last)
5237:Radio
5215:Opera
5210:Music
5113:Crime
4884:Gulag
4762:Cheka
4407:Krais
4126:Soyuz
3980:Obkom
3960:Uzbek
3935:Tajik
2673:Women
2211:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
1243:Notes
1093:Slavs
977:Posts
389:Lenin
361:Lenin
204:Seats
5318:Flag
5276:List
5084:List
4996:OGAS
4889:List
4772:NKVD
4560:LGBT
4548:List
4514:1977
4509:1936
2306:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2195:OCLC
2185:ISBN
2159:ISBN
2129:ISBN
1761:2021
1431:2014
1402:link
1388:2018
1362:2018
1324:IPA:
1275:IPA:
1151:and
1143:and
1121:1926
1117:1939
1113:1989
1103:and
1067:and
1004:and
965:and
621:NKVD
611:and
572:and
540:The
444:and
343:The
268:USSR
242:The
4801:KGB
4796:MGB
4784:MVD
4767:GPU
4567:Law
1079:or
1014:KGB
739:.
699:.
659:.
455:'s
5383::
4833:β’
4829:β’
2304:.
2300:.
2274:.
2270:.
2246:,
2217:.
2193:.
2183:.
2153:.
2149:.
2127:.
2123:.
2077:^
2062:^
2031:^
2010:^
1929:^
1890:^
1827:^
1812:^
1769:^
1752:.
1726:^
1697:^
1674:^
1643:^
1624:^
1597:^
1556:^
1527:^
1510:^
1473:^
1456:^
1439:^
1421:.
1410:^
1398:}}
1394:{{
1378:.
1353:.
1322:,
1296:,
1273:,
1261:,
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1063:,
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367:,
363:,
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