Impressment - Knowledge (XXG)

1476: 950: 906: 807:) found themselves drafted into service. In 1703, an act passed limiting the impressment of boys under 18 years of age to those who were not apprenticed. A further act in 1740 raised the maximum age to 55. Although no foreigner could normally be pressed, they lost their protection if they married a British woman or had worked on a British merchant ship for two years. Some governments, including Britain, issued "protections" against impressment that protected men had to carry on their person at all times, but in times of crisis the Admiralty would order a "hot press", which meant that no-one remained exempt. 1585: 1000:) from 1795 to 1815, whereby each county was required to supply a certain number of volunteers, based on its population and the number of its seaports. Unlike impressment, the Quota System often resulted in criminals serving on board ships as counties who failed to meet their quota offered prisoners the option of completing their sentence or volunteering. Apart from the probably lower quality of recruits taken by this means, another downside of the Quota System was the frequent introduction of disease, especially 1463:" tactic, to encourage the men to volunteer lest they be pressed instead. The impressment portion of the 1778 Act applied only to Scotland and the area around London, excluding Wales and the rest of England, to avoid interfering with harvesting. The 1779 Act applied to all of Great Britain, but was initially suspended everywhere except the area around London, and actually applied to all of Great Britain for only six months, until the 1779 act was repealed in May 1780, and army impressment ceased in Britain. 1307:, a new system of fixed-term engagements had given the Royal Navy a sufficient number of volunteer recruits to meet its manpower needs. Throughout the remainder of the 19th century changes in manpower needs and improved conditions of service permitted the Royal Navy to rely on voluntary enlistment to meet its requirements, augmented by the recall of reservists when necessary. This continued to be the case until World War I, when organised conscription was introduced in 1916 for all the military services. 51: 580:

the food supplied by the Navy was plentiful, regular, and of good quality by the standards of the day. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, it was not at all unusual for impressed men to view life in the navy, hard though it was, as still preferable to their previous lives on shore, and to volunteer for further service when the opportunity came to leave the ship. For major voyages, shipowners and governments routinely estimated that 50% of the sailors would die due to

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well as smugglers, according to the 1778 law, but excluding from that any men who were voters, or harvest workers. The 1779 law extended impressment also to "incorrigible rogues" who had abandoned their families, and left them as expenses on the parish. Impressed apprentices were released under appeal from their masters, and impressed foreigners were released when requested by their countries' embassies.

1162:, in times of war direct trade between a neutral state and a British colony was forbidden if such trade had not existed in time of peace. American merchants found a way around this policy by "landing" cargoes from Europe in the United States and issuing certificates that duty had been paid. The ship would then sail, with the cargo never having been offloaded or duty actually paid, as now 778: 1216:, the deserters, David Martin, John Strachan, and William Ware, were found to be native-born Americans who had been wrongly impressed. The search also established that another crew member, listed as Jenkin Ratford, was actually a British deserter; however, he could not be found. Admiral Berkeley issued an order to all commanders in the North Atlantic Squadron to search 3239: 969:("prest money") into a man's drink, as by "finding" the shilling in his possession he was deemed to have volunteered, and that this led to some tavern owners putting glass bottoms in their tankards. However, this is a legend; press officers were subject to fines for using trickery and a volunteer had a "cooling-off" period in which to change his mind. 1782:

Wages on merchant ships were higher: 25 to 30 shillings per lunar month – and increased further during wartime (merchant pay rates of 70 shillings per month at London and 35 shillings at Bristol were offered during the Seven Years' War). But merchant crews could be cheated of their pay in several ways by dishonest ship-owners.

1447:, for the impression of individuals into the British Army. The chief advantages of these acts was in the number of volunteers brought in under the apprehension of impressment. To avoid impressment, some recruits incapacitated themselves by cutting off the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, making it impossible to use a 792:

encouraged to stay in the Navy after the commission but could leave to seek other employment when the ship was paid off. Impressment relied on the legal power of the King to call men to military service, as well as to recruit volunteers, who were paid a bounty upon joining, unlike pressed men. Seamen were not covered by

942:". Two landsmen were considered by captains to be the equivalent of one able seaman. If a landsman was able to prove his status to the Admiralty he was usually released. Court records do, however, show fights breaking out as people attempted to avoid what was perceived as wrongful impressment, and the London 1379:

c. 64). Section 9 mandated that mariners serving on board privateers and trading ships in any part of America, and those on shore, are not liable for impressment. Lingering questions remained whether the law applied only to the navy, or to civil authorities as well, and whether it applied only to the

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to the throne, and France was no longer an enemy of Great Britain. The naval war was over and Britain could now sharply reduce its Royal Navy. It had no need to impress sailors, and never again used that means of forced recruitment, although it did not officially renounce the practice. By the time of

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The great majority of men pressed were taken from merchant ships at sea, especially those homeward bound for Britain. This was legal as long as the Navy replaced the man they took, and many Naval captains would take the best seamen, replacing them with malcontents and landsmen from their own ship. It

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Merchant seamen ashore from their ships (and usually conspicuous by their clothing, rolling stride, tattoos and generally weathered appearance) were however another matter. Anyone with seafaring experience encountered in the street would first be asked to volunteer for naval service. If the potential

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The Impress Service, colloquially called the "press-gang", was formed to force sailors to serve on naval vessels. There was no concept of "joining the navy" as a fixed career-path for non-officers at the time, since seamen remained attached to a ship only for the duration of its commission. They were

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During the 18th century, a Royal Navy Able Seaman was paid (after deductions) 22 shillings and 6 pence per month. Pay was reckoned by the 28-day lunar month, so the annual rate of pay was somewhat more than 12 times this. A farm worker of the era might earn around only a quarter to a third of this.

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The last law was passed in 1835, in which the power to impress was reaffirmed. This limited the length of service of a pressed man to five years, and added the provision that a man could not be pressed twice. Although Britain abandoned the practice of impressment in 1815, impressment remained legal

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crews and fishermen. There is little basis to the widespread impression that civilians without any seafaring background were randomly seized from home, country lane or workplace by press gangs or that the latter were employed inland away from coastal ports; notably Portsmouth, Plymouth, Harwich and

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Working and living conditions for the average sailor in the Royal Navy in the 18th century were very harsh by modern standards. Naval pay was attractive in the 1750s, but towards the end of the century its value had been steadily eroded by rising prices. Sailors' pay on merchant ships was somewhat

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ships whose crews had been away from their families and England for a considerable time. In times of an extreme shortage of men, the Navy would "embargo" the coast for a short time; merchantmen had to supply a portion of their crew in exchange for permission to sail. Many merchant ships had hiding

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Outbound merchant ships, officers and apprentices were exempt from impressment. When war broke out, the Navy would deploy frigates and vessels off the coast to intercept inbound merchantmen. Reportedly some merchant captains redirected their ships to Irish ports to offload favoured crewmen, before

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Despite this, there were still many volunteers for naval service. The work for individual sailors was less than on merchant ships, since the naval crew size was determined by the number needed to man guns – around four times more than the number of crew needed to simply sail the ship. Furthermore,

1580:, many members of The Armada society are pressganged from various ships to live on the floating colony. Miéville favours the word "pressganged" and has used it in numerous works of fiction to refer to people compelled to join some organisation or faction against their wills for political purposes. 1466:

Unlike naval impressment, army impressment applied only to "able-bodied idle, and disorderly Persons, who could not, upon Examination, prove themselves to exercise and industriously follow some lawful Trade or Employment, or to have some Substance sufficient for their Support and Maintenance", as

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Until 19th-century reforms improved conditions, the Royal Navy was additionally known to pay wages up to two years in arrears. The Navy always withheld six months' pay as a standard policy, in order to discourage desertion. Naval wages had been set in 1653, and were not increased until April 1797

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Impressment was essentially a Royal Navy practice, reflecting the sheer size of the British fleet and its substantial manpower demands. While other European navies applied forced recruitment in times of war, this was generally done as an extension of the practice of formal conscription applied by

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led to a prohibition on impressment on shore for much of the Napoleonic Wars. The protest came from a wide swath of the urban community, including elites, rather than just sailors, and had a lasting negative impact on civil–military relations in what became Canada. The local communities did not

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Although there are no records that explain why volunteers were separated into two groups, it is likely these were pressed men who became "volunteers" to get the sign-up bonus, two months' wages in advance and a higher wage. It is known that large numbers did this. Volunteering also protected the

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all competed for a small pool of ordinary and able seamen in wartime, and all three groups were usually short-handed. The recruitment figures presented to Parliament for the years 1755–1757 list 70,566 men, of whom 33,243 were volunteers (47%), 16,953 pressed men (24%), while another 20,370 were

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sailor from creditors, as the law forbade collecting debts accrued before enlistment. A disadvantage was that volunteers who deserted were liable to execution if captured, whereas pressed men were simply returned to service. Other records confirm similar percentages throughout the 18th century.

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During the wars with France (1793 to 1815), the Royal Navy aggressively reclaimed British deserters on board ships of other nations, both by halting and searching merchant ships, and, in many cases, by searching American port cities. Although these impressments violated American law, Jefferson

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in 1803 (see caption at right), resulted in a press gang firing on a crowd, killing four people in the village of Easton on the Isle of Portland, where they were trying to impress the quarrymen. In 1808, Thomas Urquhart was saved from a press gang of three or four men when a London passersby

1146:, and averting a renewed conflict. However, the treaty's neglect to address British impressment of sailors from American ships and ports became a major cause of complaint among those who disapproved of it. While non-British subjects were not impressed, at this point Britain did not recognize 756:

All three groups also suffered high levels of desertion. In the 18th century, British desertion rates on naval ships averaged 25% annually, with slight difference between volunteers and pressed men. The rate of desertion started high, then fell heavily after a few months on board a ship, and

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were subject to be pressed into the navy. The act establishes administration and regulations for the act, including youth who volunteer for the indenture and certain seamen engaged in the coal trade supplying cities, are exempt from impressment for three years. This act was followed by the

1332:). In 1695, an Act was passed to build a permanent register of 30,000 men for ready call-up by the navy, "without having recourse to the barbarous and unconstitutional practice of pressing". The act also established basic rules and benefits for all types of seamen, including access to 989:, because of the Press, often appointed a master to them whilst the vessels were in port in order to protect the whalers' crews. Otherwise the Press could take the men for naval service. The owners would then appoint an actual master to replace the placeholder masters. 1116:

The individual states did not deny the concept of impressment for their own navies, but were reluctant to grant the right to the Continental Congress. The concept of drafting men into armed service remained contentious, even after adoption of the federal constitution.

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The Royal Navy extended the reach of its press gangs into coastal areas of British North America by the early 19th century. In response, sailors and residents fought back with a range of tactics. They sometimes reacted violently. The riots in St John's in 1794 and

1289:, the impressment and ship seizures caused serious diplomatic tension, and helped to turn American public opinion against Britain. Impressment was widely perceived as humiliating and dishonoring the U.S. because it was unable to protect its ships and sailors. 1193:

For the next year scores of American ships found violating the Rule of 1756 were condemned in admiralty courts and their crews were impressed with increasing frequency until, in the early summer of 1807, when three deserters from the British frigate

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The main problem with naval recruitment was a shortage of qualified and experienced seamen during wartime; for example, when the Navy had to quickly recruit an extra 20,000 men in the early 18th century, and 40,000 men in the late 18th century.

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For example, the frigate HMS Hermione, with a regular complement of 180 men had 129 desertions between 1793 and 1797. Desertion rates for Dutch and French warships was even higher with annual rates of up to 90% not uncommon. In 1795, the Dutch

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of men into a military force, especially a naval force, via intimidation and physical coercion, conducted by an organized group (hence "gang"). European navies of several nations used impressment by various means. The large size of the British

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The first Act of Parliament legalising this practice was passed in the reign of Queen Elizabeth in 1563 and was known as "An Act touching political considerations for the maintenance of the navy". It was renewed many times until 1631. In the

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Britain fought the war against Napoleon on the high seas, enlarging its Royal Navy from 135 ships in 1793 to 584 in 1812, and expanding personnel from 36,000 seamen in 1793 to 114,000 in 1812. In spring 1814 Napoleon surrendered, the allies

862:, became consistently unpopular with the British public (as well as in the American colonies), and local officials often acted against them, to the point of imprisoning officers from the Impress Service or opposing them by force of arms. 1112:

demanded immediate release of the impressed men and Congress convinced Nicholson to release them all. Nicholson avoided impressment on land and instead stopped two American merchant ships at sea in 1780, to impress men from their crews.

ignored them so as to remain on good terms with Britain as he was negotiating to obtain Florida from the Spanish. This changed in 1805 when the Royal Navy began seizing American merchantmen violating British law by trading with the

1699:(Lewis Gilbert, 1962): the opening scene depicts a press gang in Spithead, England, during the Napoleonic Wars forcibly recruiting men at night in pubs or in the street. Later, we see them on the deck being "compulsorily enlisted". 977:

making final landfall in England. In 1740, a merchantman fired on a cruiser that was attempting to impress its crew; threats of similar violence to avoid sailors being pressed were supposedly not uncommon, especially with the

524:. Though the public opposed conscription in general, impressment was repeatedly upheld by the courts, as it was deemed vital to the strength of the navy and, by extension, to the survival of the British realm and influence. 1329: 513:. The Royal Navy impressed many merchant sailors, as well as some sailors from other, mostly European, nations. People liable to impressment were "eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years". Non- 1458:

During the experiment, the British government allowed army impressment under severely restricted circumstances — both acts emphasized volunteering over impressment, and offered strong incentives to volunteers as a

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and the impending hostilities with France, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 110,000. Two acts were passed, the

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Patrolling in or near sea ports, the press gang would try to find men aged between 15 and 55 with seafaring or river-boat experience, but this was not essential. Potential crewmen with no experience were called

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current war or to all future wars. Two attorneys-general of Great Britain, one in 1716, and another in 1740, issued opinions that the 1707 Act was no longer in effect, but many American colonists disagreed.

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entered the city and scoured the taverns and other sailors' gathering places. "All kinds of tradesmen and Negroes" were hauled in, nearly eight hundred in all. Four hundred were retained in the service

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wrote "I Hear The Pressgang", describing the tale of a man forcibly enlisted into the Royal Navy who later drowned at sea. The song asks who will look after his wife, child and farm whilst he is gone.

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This tablet commemorates the Admiralty's apology for the murder of two quarrymen (Alexander Andrews and Rick Flann) and one blacksmith (William Lano), during an illegal attempt to impress them on the

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c. 13), which allows impressing able-bodied men into the army and navy who did not have visible means of subsistence; also as a wartime measure the act relaxes English crewing requirements under the

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The Royal Navy also impressed seamen from inbound British merchant ships at sea, though this was done by individual warships, rather than by the Impress Service. Impressment, particularly

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American citizenship and treated anyone born a British subject as still "British"; as a result, the Royal Navy impressed over 9,000 sailors who claimed to be American citizens.

1521:. Charlie Kinraid is forcibly enlisted in the Royal Navy by a press gang and later Sylvia Robson's father is executed for leading a revengeful raid on press-gang collaborators. 1475: 215: 901:

in Dorset on 2 April 1803. A young lady, Mary Way, was also murdered according to a Coroner's inquest. The illegality of the raid was confirmed in the London and local courts.

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However, convicted petty criminals were often given the option of volunteering for naval service as unskilled "quota men" by parish constables and inland courts (see below).

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and impressing a large part of its sailors – the sailors being very reluctant, since conditions in the Royal navy ships were far worse than in those of the civilian Company.

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were sometimes impressed as well, though rarely. In addition to the Royal Navy's use of impressment, the British Army also experimented with impressment from 1778 to 1780.

1504:, features a scene in which a press-gang board a merchantman and collar a young sailor below decks. When brought on deck he finds he has been impressed by his own brother. 1372:, to make experienced English seamen more available to serve on ships of war. In 1740, impressment was limited to men between 18 and 45, and it also exempted foreigners. 1351:

c. 6) was passed "for the Encrease of Seamen and better Encouragement of Navigation, and the Protection of the Coal Trade". This act gave parish authorities the power to

1658:, is about a man who becomes "a victim of the press gang", a group of soldiers which brings him from a ship at sea to a town and publicly hangs him for unnamed offenses. 1023:

between 1801 and 1922. The Royal Navy recruited heavily in Ireland during these periods, including using impressment. For example, in 1734, impressment took place in

761:, desertion might mean not only abandoning companions in the ship's company, but also the loss of a large amount of money already earned. If a naval ship had taken a 1387:. c. 30) stating that impressment was forbidden in the West Indies, but it added certain exceptions and made no specific mention of America. This would lead to the 1608:

includes "Victory", relating the plight of a young aristocratic lady whose parents, disapproving of her poor suitor, arrange to have him pressed to service aboard

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in 1805, over half the Royal Navy's 120,000 sailors were pressed men. The power of the Impressment Service to conscript was limited by law to seafarers, including

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There were occasions when the local populace would band together to oppose the activities of the press where these exceeded legal bounds. One such incident, the

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Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain

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Letters on the evils of impressment: with the outline of a plan for doing them away, on which depend the wealth, prosperity, and consequence of Great Britain

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was also common for "trusted" volunteers to act as substitutes; they would then desert as soon as the merchant ship docked, and return to their Navy ship.

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Despite doubts over the continuing legality of impressment in continental waters, but for similar reasons, Parliament passed the Sugar Trade Act 1746 (

1104:. Many of Nicholson's crew had deserted to sign on as privateers, for higher pay at less risk. Therefore, Nicholson impressed about thirty citizens of 548: 3175: 1044: 395: 1166:

commerce between neutral America and the West Indies. The British became aware of the practice during the court case involving the seizure of the

1691:: One night in Portsmouth, England in 1787, a press gang breaks into a local tavern and presses all of the men drinking there into naval service. 460: 3085: 3049: 3030: 2931: 2831: 2411: 2296: 2212: 1998: 1944: 1851: 1282:

that he eventually passed only ordered all British armed vessels out of American waters and forbade all contact with them if they remained.

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Brunsman, Denver, "The Evil Necessity: British Naval Impressment in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World" (Univ. of Virginia Press: 2013)

934:". From 1740, landsmen were legally exempt from impressment, but this was on occasion ignored in wartime unless the person seized was an 918:

intervened. Urquhart complained to local officials, identified at least one of the men involved and successfully sued for damages in the

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in 1815, Britain formally ended the practice; later conscription was not limited to the Royal Navy but covered all British armed forces.

3184: 2114: 1027:. Impressment was also common during the Napoleonic wars, although poverty in Ireland made sure that volunteers were usually available. 766: 2146: 3301: 3071: 1633:(1756–1815); Caricaturist, portrays impressment by the visual satire in his engraving "The Liberty of the Subject" (October 15, 1779). 919: 400: 155: 150: 3113: 3011: 2997: 2956: 2349: 2266: 2239: 2186: 1907: 405: 50: 2982:

Mercer, Keith. "North Atlantic Press Gangs: Impressment and Naval-civilian Relations in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, 1749--1815" (

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Fischer, Lewis R.; Nordvik, Helge W. Shipping and Trade, 1750–1950: Essays in International Maritime Economic History 1990, p. 25.

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put war into my hand, I had only to open it and let havoc loose". He ordered the state governors to ready their militias, but the

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reported occasions when press gangs instituted a "hot press" (ignoring protections against impressment) in order to man the navy.

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As part of a wider effort to build colonial capability and harass its enemies, Parliament passed the Trade to America Act 1707 (

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passed several acts in 1649 and 1650 concerning the encouragement of officers, mariners and for the impressment of seamen (e.g.

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from during the 18th and 19th centuries. Navy press gangs sparked resistance, riots, and political turmoil in seaports such as

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recruit refused he was often plied with alcohol or simply seized and taken. A commonly held belief is that a trick was used in

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and "failure to allow oneself to be pressed" was punishable by hanging, although the punishment became less severe over time.

3121: 1264: 1601:'s first published poem, "On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man" (c. 1812, when she was six years old), addressed impressment. 1340: 1299: 360: 300: 3306: 365: 72: 765:, a deserting seaman would forfeit his share of the prize money. In a report on proposed changes to the RN written by 380: 295: 290: 31: 1673: 827:

in 1794. Unlike most impressed sailors, Quilliam rose rapidly in the Royal Navy and by 1797 had attained the rank of

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In Elizabethan times a statute regulated impressment as a form of recruitment, and with the introduction of the

3279: 2401: 1455:. The Recruiting Act of 1779 was repealed on 26 May 1780, and army impressment was permanently discontinued. 1274:

provoked an outcry for war from all parts of the United States and Jefferson later wrote: "The affair of the

1320:, several lists of persons were subject to impressment for service in the fleet. Following the execution of 1109: 433: 415: 410: 310: 305: 270: 265: 255: 250: 240: 3243: 1812: 1239:

began approaching and the commander shouted a warning to which Barron replied "I don't hear what you say".

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Haywood, I (2010). "The Transformation of Caricature: A Reading of Gillray's The Liberty of the Subject".

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Keith Mercer, "Northern Exposure: Resistance to Naval Impressment in British North America, 1775–1815",

1392: 1206: 1036: 593: 446: 245: 210: 1517:(1863) take place against the background of the practice of impressment during the early phases of the 1355:

and apprentice boys to the sea, from as young as 10, until age 21; it also reaffirmed that rogues and

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Rogers, Nicholas "The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its Opponents in Georgian Britain" (2007)

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Selement, George. "Impressment and the American Merchant Marine 1782–1812: an American View."

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until the early 1900s, and the various laws authorising impressment have never been repealed.

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The impressment of seamen from American ships caused serious tensions between Britain and the

112: 2760: 2528:"The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires: The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy" 2122: 3188: 3134: 2902: 2856: 2459: 2374: 2072: 1823: 1811:(New ed.). Strand and Edinburgh: A. Millar and A. Kincaid & A. Donaldson. pp. 1576: 1460: 1078: 898: 836: 195: 122: 117: 3255: 2699: 2683: 2667: 2612: 3286: 3161:

Steel, Anthony. "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6."

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is depicted, when urgently needing sailors to make up his crew, as stopping a ship of the

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Anthony Steel, "Anthony Merry and the Anglo-American Dispute about Impressment, 1803-6."

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the following year, and continuing colonial questions, particularly in heavily maritime

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places constructed where their best crew could hide when approached by a Naval vessel.

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Usher, Roland G. Jr. (1951). "Royal Navy Impressment During the American Revolution".

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directly highlights the practice. It was again a cause of tension leading up to the

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The Urban Crucible, The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution

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Steel, Anthony (1952). "Impressment in the Monroe-Pinkney Negotiation, 1806-1807".

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then fired two shots across the bow and almost immediately poured a broadside into

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Impressment was strongly criticised by those who believed it to be contrary to the

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Usher, Roland G. (1951). "Royal Navy Impressment During the American Revolution".

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generally became negligible after a year—because Navy pay ran months or years in

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Enter the Press-Gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-Century British Literature

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Enter the Press-gang: Naval Impressment in Eighteenth-century British Literature

1757: 1613: 1609: 1396: 1376: 1304: 1286: 1155: 1048: 1019:, between 1534 and 1800. All of Ireland was united to Great Britain to form the 840: 793: 568:

higher during peacetime, and could increase to double naval pay during wartime.

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Grave of Mary Way, shot by press-gangers during anti-impressment demonstrations

2077: 2060: 1802: 1221: 1139: 1101: 1051:. One of the largest impressment operations occurred in the spring of 1757 in 935: 828: 824: 820: 777: 490: 56: 3269:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 346–347. 3200: 3146: 3090:

Sawtell, Clement Cleveland, "Impressment of American Seamen by the British,"

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impressed men into its service during the American Revolutionary War. The

956:, c. 1800, evokes the effects of impressment on a seaman's family and home. 17: 3238: 2963:

The Myth of the Press Gang: Volunteers, Impressment and the Naval Manpower

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based on it, Billy is impressed to service on a British warship from the

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had never been intended for American markets, so the voyage had not been

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in 1803, he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted.

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and could thus be considered continuous. The result was the blockade of

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The Statutes at Large, from the 15th to the 20th Year of King George II

2403:

The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its opponents in Georgian Britain

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An historical and chronological deduction of the origin of commerce...

2548: 1448: 1001: 986: 962: 581: 514: 3192: 3138: 2564:'Free Trade and Sailors' Rights': The Rhetoric of the War of 1812", 2378: 1142:

went into effect, addressing many issues left unresolved after the

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Elizabeth Cometti, "Impressment during the American Revolution."

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James Gillray (1756–1815) "The Liberty of the Subject" 15 Oct 1779

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There is one documented case of a British seaman impressed by the

948: 922:. He went on to lobby for changes in law and practice, publishing 904: 892: 809: 776: 1108:, an act expressly forbidden by Maryland law. Maryland governor 3064:

The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815

2949:

The Organization of the British Army in the American Revolution

2820:"On the Cruelty of Forcement to Man Alluding to the Press Gang" 2257:. Lancaster Place, London.: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 1434:

During the American Revolutionary War, after the losses at the

1259:

were killed and eighteen were wounded. The boarding party from

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encourage their young men to volunteer for Royal Navy service.

2899:"The Murder City Devils – Press Gang Lyrics – Genius Lyrics" 3280:

PBS documentary on War of 1812 with chapter on impressment

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if encountered on the high seas. Eight miles southeast of

2205:

Empire of the Deep. The Rise and Fall of the British Navy

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Conditions of service in Britain's maritime organisations

1990:

Black Salt: Seafarers of African Descent on British Ships

1937:

Empire of the Deep. The Rise and Fall of the British Navy

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The Walter Clinton Jackson Essays in the Social Sciences

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authorized construction of thirteen frigates, including

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after sailors on 80 ships of the Channel Fleet based at

2097:, with a complement of 550 lost 428 to desertion, the 3019:

How to Survive in the Georgian Navy: A Sailor's Guide

2061:"Seamen on Late Eighteenth-Century European Warships" 1092:

in 1775. The senior captain of the Continental Navy,

1055:, when 3,000 Royal Navy sailors under the command of 2940:: The Politics of Maritime. Death and Impressment," 2804: 2802: 2115:"Impressment: the Press Gangs and Naval Recruitment" 1255:

fired another two broadsides; three sailors onboard

1035:

The Royal Navy also used impressment extensively in

497:

meant impressment was most commonly associated with

2504:(University of North Carolina Press, 1942), 97-109. 1732:, a token given to someone as a sign of impressment 2513:Fowler, William M., Jr. "The Non-Volunteer Navy". 992:In addition to impressment, Britain also used the 3042:The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy 2984:PhD Dissertation, Dalhousie U, 2008) online free 1263:arrested Martin, Strachan, Ware and Ratford. The 30:"Press gang" redirects here. For other uses, see 2207:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 240. 2014: 2012: 2010: 1939:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. p. 239. 1900:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy 1311:English and later British naval impressment laws 2318:BBC History Magazine, Vol.9 no. 8, August 2008. 1431:, impressment into the army was discontinued. 2427:Sites (www.communitysites.co.uk), Community. 1902:. Oxford University Press. pp. 135–137. 1427:was largely manned by impressment. After the 1015:formed a separate but subordinate state, the 454: 8: 2818:Browning, Elizabeth Barrett (30 July 2009). 2579:Injured Honor: The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1647:is a woman whose husband has been impressed. 1235:declined to permit his crew to be mustered. 2280: 2278: 1676:describes the pressing of men into service. 1021:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 27:Forced naval service with or without notice 3066:. W. W. Norton and Company. p. 1000. 2198: 2196: 2194: 2165: 1993:. Liverpool University Press. p. 64. 773:The Impress Service and impressment at sea 461: 447: 38: 2824:Elizabeth Barrett Browning Selected Poems 2602: 2600: 2515:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 2463: 2452:International Journal of Maritime History 2448:"British impressment and its discontents" 2291:. London: J. Richardson. pp. 49–55. 2142: 2140: 2076: 854:. He retired from the Royal Navy in 1815. 3176:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 2491:June 2010, Vol. 91 Issue 2, pp. 199–232. 2367:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 1840:Ennis, Daniel James (16 December 2002). 1808:Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects 1190:, which provoked public demonstrations. 1170:. The court ruled that the cargo of the 608: 2568:Spring 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 1, pp. 1–23. 2335: 2333: 1794: 1774: 846:, before being promoted to the rank of 597:listed as volunteers separately (29%). 424: 169: 141: 63: 41: 3092:Essex Institute Historical Collections 2977:A Social History of the Navy 1793-1815 2936:Cray, Robert E., "Remembering the USS 2718: 2638:A Social History of the Navy 1793–1815 2109: 2107: 2065:International Review of Social History 1974: 1922: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1878: 1866: 1805:(1758). "Of Some Remarkable Customs". 1654:' song "Press Gang", from their album 1534:, first published in 1924, and in the 3094:76#4 (October 1940): pp. 314–44. 2972:(University of Delaware Press, 2002). 2400:Rogers, Nicholas (4 September 2008). 2344:. Naval Institute Press. p. 99. 7: 2446:Rogers, Nicholas (1 February 2018). 831:. He served with distinction at the 605:Average annual recruitment 1736–1783 3185:Organization of American Historians 2251:Adkins, Roy; Adkins Lesley (2006). 1616:, aboard which he is killed at the 563:Royal Navy recruiting and desertion 3312:Conscription in the United Kingdom 2793:"The British Army – Chapter Three" 2254:The War For All The World's Oceans 1925:, p. 63–64, 115–118, 127–128. 823:. Quilliam was impressed into the 25: 3317:Conscription in the United States 1738:, 1747 impressment riot in Boston 1205:enlisted on the American frigate 3237: 3223: 1846:. University of Delaware Press. 1688:Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film) 1224:a boat from the British frigate 49: 3131:American Historical Association 1604:John Ashton's 1888 compilation 1128:Conflict with the United States 539:in the years leading up to the 3122:The American Historical Review 2944:(Fall 2005) vol 25 pp 445–74. 2592:Impressment of American Seamen 2566:Journal of the Early Republic, 2327:The Times (London), 8 May 1805 2203:Ben, Wilson (September 2014). 2059:Frykman, Niklas (April 2009). 1935:Ben, Wilson (September 2014). 1828:<--david hume essays.--> 1643:The narrator of the folk song 1231:intercepted her but Commodore 528:most European armies from the 1: 3228:The dictionary definition of 2942:Journal of the Early Republic 1485:(1840) of a boy being pressed 1407:British army impressment laws 1182:by two British frigates, the 965:, surreptitiously dropping a 3163:Cambridge Historical Journal 3044:. W. W. Norton and Company. 2742:, in Danny Pickering (ed.), 2545:Cambridge Historical Journal 73:Alternative civilian service 2489:Canadian Historical Review, 1429:restoration of the monarchy 1096:, was appointed to command 803:in 1597, men of disrepute ( 549:Declaration of Independence 32:Press Gang (disambiguation) 3338: 3017:Pappalardo, Bruno (2019). 2849:Eighteenth-Century Studies 2761:"New Model Army (England)" 1960:"Myths of Nelson's Navy". 1725:Impressment in Nova Scotia 1599:Elizabeth Barrett Browning 1565:British East India Company 1303:Britain's next major war, 1300:restored the Bourbon kings 1134:Origins of the War of 1812 1131: 737:American Revolutionary War 731: 712: 690: 671: 649: 630: 592:, the Royal Navy, and the 29: 3302:History of the Royal Navy 3040:Rodger, Nicholas (1986). 2704:The Statutes of the Realm 2688:The Statutes of the Realm 2672:The Statutes of the Realm 2433:countywicklowheritage.org 2416:– via Google Books. 2285:Urquhart, Thomas (1816). 2078:10.1017/S0020859009000030 2019:Price, Catherine (2017). 1856:– via Google Books. 1747:Quota System (Royal Navy) 1347:the Navigation Act 1703 ( 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 2590:James Fulton Zimmerman, 2465:10.1177/0843871417745731 2101:, with 350 men lost 340. 1674:Here's the Tender Coming 1251:did not return fire but 3266:Encyclopædia Britannica 2706:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 806 2690:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 275 2674:, Vol. 8 (1821), p. 258 2623:Encyclopædia Britannica 3285:2 October 2011 at the 3251:Hannay, David McDowall 2608:Hannay, David McDowall 2517:August 1974 pp. 75–78. 1652:The Murder City Devils 1589: 1486: 1411:Starting in 1645, the 1305:against Russia in 1853 985:The owners of British 957: 910: 902: 855: 788: 545:27 colonial grievances 83:Conscientious objector 3101:59#4 (1973): 409–418. 2968:Ennis, Daniel James. 2342:Life in Nelson's Navy 2340:Pope, Dudley (1996). 2152:31 March 2012 at the 1614:flagship of that name 1606:Modern Street Ballads 1587: 1478: 1037:British North America 1031:British North America 952: 920:Court of King's Bench 908: 896: 813: 780: 142:By historical country 55:1780 caricature of a 3246:at Wikimedia Commons 3165:9#3 (1949): 331–51. 3106:A new age now begins 3099:The Mariner's Mirror 2684:2 & 3 Ann. c. 13 1898:Hill, J. 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(2002). 1742:Military recruitment 1083:Continental Congress 1004:, to healthy ships. 852:Newfoundland Station 522:British constitution 425:By geographical area 396:United Arab Emirates 3307:American Revolution 3274:The Impress Service 3256:"Impressment" 2668:2 & 3 Ann. c. 6 2613:"Impressment" 2547:9#3 (1949): 331-51 2125:on 10 November 2014 2021:"The Age of Scurvy" 1769:Informational notes 1668:The title track of 1645:Lowlands of Holland 1618:Battle of Trafalgar 1445:Recruiting Act 1779 1441:Recruiting Act 1778 1362:Recruiting Act 1703 1280:Embargo Act of 1807 1144:American Revolution 872:Battle of Trafalgar 870:At the time of the 833:Battle of Trafalgar 655:War of Jenkins' Ear 511:Edward I of England 128:Penal military unit 93:Counter-recruitment 88:Conscription crisis 2861:10.1353/ecs.0.0108 2808:Curtis, chapter 3. 2119:Royal Naval Museum 1881:, p. 124–136. 1590: 1561:Horatio Hornblower 1552:A Ship of the Line 1546:, a merchant ship. 1531:Billy Budd, Sailor 1487: 1479:Illustration from 1471:In popular culture 1436:Battle of Saratoga 1334:Greenwich Hospital 1330:22 February 1648/9 1318:Vagabonds Act 1597 1293:End of impressment 1285:As a cause of the 1212:. 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A&C Black. 2298:978-1-169-10310-8 2214:978-0-7538-2920-2 2000:978-1-84631-818-4 1946:978-0-7538-2920-2 1853:978-0-87413-755-2 1753:Roundup (history) 1656:In Name and Blood 1650:Garage punk band 1509:Elizabeth Gaskell 1502:Frederick Marryat 1425:English Civil War 1339:With wars raging 1057:Sir Charles Hardy 954:The Neglected Tar 850:, serving on the 754: 753: 574:Spithead mutinied 541:Revolutionary War 537:Thirteen Colonies 471: 470: 171:By modern country 16:(Redirected from 3329: 3270: 3258: 3241: 3227: 3212: 3158: 3077: 3060:Rodger, Nicholas 3055: 3036: 2988:Miller, Nathan. 2975:Lewis, Michael. 2947:Curtis, Edward, 2914: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2751: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2681: 2675: 2665: 2659: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2615: 2604: 2595: 2588: 2582: 2577:Spencer Tucker, 2575: 2569: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2541: 2535: 2526:John P. 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1367: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1301: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138:In 1795, the 1135: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1077:The American 1072: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1053:New York City 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1007: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 983: 980: 974: 970: 968: 964: 955: 951: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 927: 925: 921: 916: 907: 900: 895: 891: 888: 885: 881: 877: 873: 865: 863: 861: 853: 849: 845: 844: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819: 818:John Quilliam 816: 812: 808: 806: 802: 801:Vagabonds Act 797: 795: 787: 786:Luke Clennell 783: 779: 772: 770: 768: 764: 760: 749: 746: 743: 740: 738: 735: 732: 727: 724: 722: 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Retrieved 2893: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2823: 2813: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2755: 2743: 2735: 2726: 2703: 2700:6 Ann. c. 64 2695: 2687: 2679: 2671: 2663: 2653: 2645: 2637: 2632: 2621: 2591: 2586: 2578: 2573: 2565: 2556: 2544: 2539: 2531: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2474: 2458:(1): 52–73. 2455: 2451: 2441: 2432: 2422: 2402: 2395: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2341: 2323: 2314: 2302:. Retrieved 2287: 2253: 2246: 2231: 2223: 2204: 2178: 2173: 2161: 2127:. Retrieved 2123:the original 2098: 2094: 2071:(1): 67–93. 2068: 2064: 2054: 2045: 2033:. Retrieved 2028: 2024: 1989: 1987:Ray (2012). 1982: 1970: 1964:. 2000. BBC. 1961: 1955: 1936: 1930: 1918: 1899: 1874: 1862: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1822:– via 1816:. Retrieved 1807: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1777: 1768: 1767: 1736:Knowles Riot 1715:Conscription 1694: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1670:The Unthanks 1661:Folk singer 1655: 1637: 1636: 1624: 1623: 1605: 1592: 1591: 1575: 1550: 1543: 1529: 1512: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1465: 1457: 1433: 1410: 1401: 1389:Knowles Riot 1382: 1374: 1338: 1314: 1296: 1284: 1275: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233:James Barron 1227: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1160:Rule of 1756 1152: 1137: 1119: 1115: 1097: 1088: 1076: 1062: 1034: 1011: 997: 994:Quota System 991: 984: 975: 971: 959: 953: 943: 928: 923: 912: 889: 880:longshoremen 869: 859: 857: 842: 798: 790: 781: 755: 604: 603: 599: 586: 578: 570: 566: 555:. After the 534: 526: 519: 486:conscription 481: 477: 473: 472: 366:South Africa 161:Soviet Union 133:War resister 107: 43:Conscription 36: 3322:War of 1812 3244:Impressment 2719:Rodger 2004 2228:John Keegan 1975:Rodger 1986 1923:Rodger 1986 1879:Rodger 1986 1867:Rodger 1986 1803:Hume, David 1758:Shanghaiing 1610:Lord Nelson 1423:during the 1397:New England 1287:War of 1812 1156:West Indies 1148:naturalised 1049:Quebec City 860:press gangs 794:Magna Carta 618:Royal Navy 553:War of 1812 495:Age of Sail 474:Impressment 381:Switzerland 321:New Zealand 296:South Korea 291:North Korea 108:Impressment 18:Press gangs 3296:Categories 3187:: 673–88. 3133:: 352–69. 3021:. London: 2938:Chesapeake 2748:Gray's Inn 2156:pp. 39–40. 2031:(2): 12–23 1764:References 1625:Caricature 1559:, Captain 1500:(1840) by 1490:Literature 1415:raised by 1345:in America 1276:Chesapeake 1266:Chesapeake 1257:Chesapeake 1249:Chesapeake 1245:Chesapeake 1222:Cape Henry 1218:Chesapeake 1214:Chesapeake 1209:Chesapeake 1140:Jay Treaty 1102:Martinique 1008:In Ireland 979:East India 936:apprentice 887:Yarmouth. 829:midshipman 825:Royal Navy 733:1775–1783 717:Peacetime 714:1773–1775 692:1756–1763 676:Peacetime 673:1753–1755 651:1739–1748 635:Peacetime 632:1736–1738 621:Privateer 590:Privateers 491:Royal Navy 482:press gang 480:" or the " 341:Mozambique 191:Azerbaijan 57:press gang 3201:0161-391X 3147:1937-5239 2908:19 August 2885:144447875 2877:529159264 2869:0013-2586 2234:, p. 39. 2181:, p. 38. 2129:19 August 2087:145395508 1962:Timewatch 1790:Citations 1528:'s novel 1511:'s novel 1497:Poor Jack 1482:Poor Jack 1421:Charles I 1385:19 Geo. 2 1357:vagabonds 1353:indenture 1341:in Europe 1226:HMS 1207:USS 1201:lying in 1196:HMS 1164:bona fide 1124:in 1810. 1106:Baltimore 1087:USS 1045:St John's 940:gentleman 926:in 1816. 624:Merchant 478:the press 371:Sri Lanka 361:Singapore 306:Lithuania 235:reduction 186:Australia 181:Argentina 3283:Archived 3253:(1911). 3108:, 1976, 3062:(2004). 3006:, 1986, 2992:, 1974, 2951:. 1972, 2750:, p. 472 2746:(1765), 2652:(1787). 2610:(1911). 2304:19 April 2150:Archived 2035:17 April 1704:See also 1577:The Scar 1443:and the 1198:Melampus 1186:and the 1184:Cambrian 1098:Virginia 1089:Virginia 998:The Quod 932:landsmen 805:vagrants 750:116,443 709:115,641 507:warships 3263:(ed.). 3231:impress 3209:1889363 3155:1849880 2979:(1960). 2620:(ed.). 2594:(1925). 2581:(2006). 2387:1889363 2259:109–110 1813:207-208 1270:Leopard 1261:Leopard 1253:Leopard 1241:Leopard 1237:Leopard 1228:Leopard 1188:Leander 1122:US Navy 1041:Halifax 1025:Wicklow 1013:Ireland 987:whalers 963:taverns 884:collier 848:captain 843:Victory 815:Captain 759:arrears 747:44,947 741:67,747 728:69,443 725:50,903 720:18,540 706:37,584 700:74,771 687:58,231 684:40,862 679:17,369 668:76,297 665:30,392 659:43,303 646:50,084 643:35,239 638:14,845 615:Period 503:Ireland 493:in the 434:Ireland 416:Vietnam 411:Ukraine 311:Myanmar 271:Germany 266:Georgia 256:Finland 251:Eritrea 241:Denmark 196:Bermuda 3207: 3199: 3167:online 3153: 3145: 3112: 3084: 3070: 3048: 3029: 3010: 2996: 2965:(2015) 2955: 2930: 2903:Genius 2883: 2875: 2867: 2830: 2549:online 2410: 2385: 2348: 2295: 2265: 2238: 2211: 2185: 2093:vessel 2085: 1997: 1943: 1906: 1850: 1818:12 May 1681:Cinema 1672:album 1593:Poetry 1449:musket 1393:Boston 1377:6 Ann. 1324:, the 1272:affair 1247:. The 1176:broken 1047:, and 1002:typhus 938:or a " 744:3,749 703:3,286 662:2,602 627:Total 612:Dates 582:scurvy 515:seamen 391:Turkey 386:Taiwan 376:Sweden 356:Serbia 351:Russia 336:Monaco 331:Mexico 326:Norway 301:Latvia 281:Israel 276:Greece 261:France 231:Cyprus 206:Canada 201:Brazil 3259:. In 3205:JSTOR 3183:(4). 3151:JSTOR 3129:(2). 2881:S2CID 2702:, in 2686:, in 2670:, in 2616:. In 2383:JSTOR 2099:Delft 2083:S2CID 1638:Music 1536:opera 1453:sword 1172:Essex 1168:Essex 944:Times 866:Basis 835:, as 763:prize 246:Egypt 211:China 3197:ISSN 3143:ISSN 3110:ISBN 3082:ISBN 3068:ISBN 3046:ISBN 3027:ISBN 3008:ISBN 2994:ISBN 2953:ISBN 2928:ISBN 2910:2016 2873:OCLC 2865:ISSN 2828:ISBN 2408:ISBN 2346:ISBN 2306:2018 2293:ISBN 2263:ISBN 2236:ISBN 2209:ISBN 2183:ISBN 2131:2013 2037:2018 1995:ISBN 1941:ISBN 1904:ISBN 1848:ISBN 1820:2021 1540:film 1538:and 1343:and 996:(or 841:HMS 532:on. 501:and 286:Iran 226:Cuba 3189:doi 3135:doi 2857:doi 2460:doi 2375:doi 2073:doi 1612:'s 1570:In 1555:by 1549:In 1524:In 1451:or 1391:in 839:on 3298:: 3203:. 3195:. 3181:37 3179:. 3149:. 3141:. 3127:57 3125:. 3025:. 2901:. 2879:. 2871:. 2863:. 2853:43 2851:. 2826:. 2822:. 2801:^ 2711:^ 2599:^ 2530:, 2456:30 2454:. 2450:. 2431:. 2381:. 2371:37 2369:. 2332:^ 2277:^ 2261:. 2230:, 2193:^ 2139:^ 2117:. 2106:^ 2081:. 2069:54 2067:. 2063:. 2027:. 2023:. 2009:^ 1886:^ 1826:. 1399:. 1336:. 1043:, 882:, 878:, 821:RN 584:. 576:. 3211:. 3191:: 3169:. 3157:. 3137:: 3076:. 3054:. 3035:. 2912:. 2887:. 2859:: 2836:. 2795:. 2763:. 2562:" 2551:. 2468:. 2462:: 2435:. 2389:. 2377:: 2354:. 2308:. 2271:. 2217:. 2133:. 2089:. 2075:: 2039:. 2029:3 2003:. 1949:. 1912:. 1620:. 1459:" 1364:( 1268:– 930:" 462:e 455:t 448:v 237:) 233:( 222:) 218:( 34:. 20:)

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