349:(AIChE) that developed methods for the design of emergency relief systems to handle runaway reactions. Its purpose was to develop the technology and methods needed for sizing pressure relief systems for chemical reactors, particularly those in which exothermic reactions are carried out. Such reactions include many classes of industrially important processes including polymerizations, nitrations, diazotizations, sulphonations, epoxidations, aminations, esterifications, neutralizations, and many others. Pressure relief systems can be difficult to design, not least because what is expelled can be gas/vapor, liquid, or a mixture of the two – just as with a can of carbonated drink when it is suddenly opened. For chemical reactions, it requires extensive knowledge of both chemical reaction hazards and fluid flow.
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valve will not re-seat once the set pressure is reached. For these systems often so-called "differential" relief valves are used. This means that the pressure is only working on an area that is much smaller than the area of the opening of the valve. If the valve is opened, the pressure has to decrease enormously before the valve closes and also the outlet pressure of the valve can easily keep the valve open. Another consideration is that if other relief valves are connected to the outlet pipe system, they may open as the pressure in the exhaust pipe system increases. This may cause undesired operation.
31:
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DIERS has investigated the two-phase vapor-liquid onset/disengagement dynamics and the hydrodynamics of emergency relief systems with extensive experimental and analysis work. Of particular interest to DIERS were the prediction of two-phase flow venting and the applicability of various sizing methods
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In high-pressure gas systems, it is recommended that the outlet of the relief valve be in the open air. In systems where the outlet is connected to piping, the opening of a relief valve will give a pressure build-up in the piping system downstream of the relief valve. This often means that the relief
218:
Pressure relief valve (PRV) or
Pressure Release valve (PRV) or pressure safety valve (PSV): The difference is that PSVs have a manual lever to activate the valve in case of emergency. Most PRVs are spring operated. At lower pressures some use a diaphragm in place of a spring. The oldest PRV designs
138:
back to either a storage reservoir or the inlet of the pump or gas compressor. This is done to protect the pump or gas compressor and any associated equipment from excessive pressure. The bypass valve and bypass path can be internal (an integral part of the pump or compressor) or external (installed
356:
European DIERS Users' Group (EDUG) is a group of mainly
European industrialists, consultants and academics who use the DIERS technology. The EDUG started in the late 1980s and has an annual meeting. A summary of many of key aspects of the DIERS technology has been published in the UK by the HSE.
110:
gases into the atmosphere. In non-hazardous systems, the fluid is often discharged to the atmosphere by a suitable discharge pipework designed to prevent rainwater ingress which can affect the set lift pressure, and positioned not to cause a hazard to personnel.
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Snap acting: The opposite of modulating, refers to a valve that "pops" open. It snaps into a full lift in milliseconds. Usually accomplished with a skirt on the disc so that the fluid passing the seat suddenly affects a larger area and creates more lifting
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is usually stated as a percentage of set pressure and refers to how much the pressure needs to drop before the valve reseats. The blowdown can vary roughly 2–20%, and some valves have adjustable blowdowns.
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Low and vacuum pressure safety valve (LVPSV): An automatic system that relieves by the static pressure of a gas. The relieving pressure is small, negative, or positive, and near the atmospheric pressure.
74:
Excess pressure is relieved by allowing the pressurized fluid to flow from an auxiliary passage out of the system. The relief valve is designed or set to open at a predetermined set pressure to protect
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In most countries, industries are legally required to protect pressure vessels and other equipment by using relief valves. Also in most countries, equipment design codes such as those provided by the
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Vacuum pressure safety valve (VPSV): An automatic system that relieves by the static pressure of a gas. The relieving pressure is small, negative, and near the atmospheric pressure.
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Safety relief valve (SRV): A relief valve that can be used for gas or liquid service. However, the set pressure will usually only be accurate for one type of fluid at a time.
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Low-pressure safety valve (LPSV): An automatic system that relieves by the static pressure of a gas. The relieving pressure is small and near the atmospheric pressure.
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and other equipment from being subjected to pressures that exceed their design limits. When the set pressure is exceeded, the relief valve becomes the "
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Pressure vacuum release valve (PVRV): A combination of vacuum pressure and a relief valve in one housing. Used on storage tanks for liquids to prevent
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As the fluid is diverted, the pressure inside the vessel will stop rising. Once it reaches the valve's reseating pressure, the valve will close. The
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Set pressure: When the system pressure increases to this value, the PRV opens. The accuracy of the set pressure may follow guidelines set by the
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In systems containing flammable fluids, the diverted fluid (liquid, gas or liquid-gas mixture) is either recaptured by a low pressure, high-flow
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Relief valve (RV): A valve is used on a liquid service, which opens proportionally as the increasing pressure overcomes the spring pressure.
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in a system; excessive pressure might otherwise build up and create a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, explosion, or fire.
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244:(POSRV, PORV, POPRV): A device that relieves by remote command from a pilot valve which is connected to the upstream system pressure.
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284:(API) and other organizations like ISO (ISO 4126) must be complied with and those codes include design standards for relief valves.
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Emergency Relief System Design Using DIERS Technology: The Design
Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS) Project Manual
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Formed in 1977, the Design
Institute for Emergency Relief Systems was a consortium of 29 companies under the auspices of the
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H.G. Fisher; H.S. Forrest; Stanley S. Grossel; J. E. Huff; A. R. Muller; J. A. Noronha; D. A. Shaw; B. J. Tilley (1992).
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235:(SV): Used in gas service. Most SVs are full lift or snap-acting, in that they pop completely open.
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acts as a relief valve by being used to return all or part of the fluid discharged by a
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154:(i.e., low pressure) that is lower than the equipment can withstand. In such cases,
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In other cases, equipment must be protected against being subjected to an internal
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306:(ASME); Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII Division 1 and Section I
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for two-phase vapor-liquid flashing flow. DIERS became a user's group in 1985.
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are used to open at a predetermined low-pressure limit and to admit air or an
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EN 764-7; European
Standard based on pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
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457:"List of countries accepting the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code"
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Schematic diagram of a conventional spring-loaded pressure relief valve
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International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
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566:"CRR 1998/136 Workbook for chemical reactor relief system sizing"
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478:"API 5210-1, Sizing and Selection of Pressure-Relieving Devices"
303:
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611:
27:
Safety valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system
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have such relief valves to prevent the overpressurization of
34:
A relief valve DN25 on cooling water pipe from heat exchanger
2507:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
607:
544:
341:
Design
Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS)
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Modulating: Opens in proportion to the overpressure.
162:
into the equipment to control the amount of vacuum.
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Pressure
Systems Safety Regulations 2000 (PSSR); UK
2302:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
604:; Pressure Equipment Directive – European Union.
331:International Organization for Standardization
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623:
287:The main standards, laws, or directives are:
8:
2110:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1800:
1786:
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630:
616:
608:
2495:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
455:ONE TUEV BV Technische Inspektions GmbH.
139:as a component in the fluid path). Many
1828:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
347:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
304:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
300:(API); Standards 520, 521, 526, and 2000
278:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
224:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
37:
2474:Listing and approval use and compliance
1685:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
395:
272:Legal and code requirements in industry
2519:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
7:
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2513:National Fire Protection Association
1635:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
426:Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion
406:Petroleum Equipment & Technology
106:where it is burned, releasing naked
545:"EDUG: European DIERS Users' Group"
2015:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
429:(4th ed.). author-published.
25:
2390:Fire alarm notification appliance
955:Push-to-pull compression fittings
2669:
2658:
2657:
1988:
589:
310:American Water Works Association
2151:Vehicle fire suppression system
1839:Combustibility and flammability
219:use a weight to seal the valve.
90:system or is routed through a
62:used to control or limit the
1:
2501:Institution of Fire Engineers
2458:Fire Safety Evaluation System
2130:Personal protective equipment
194:is associated with the terms
2572:GHS precautionary statements
2410:Manual fire alarm activation
1695:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
1246:Reduced pressure zone device
298:American Petroleum Institute
282:American Petroleum Institute
2443:Fire protection engineering
2375:Explosive gas leak detector
2192:Electromagnetic door holder
2025:External water spray system
1690:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
1409:Instant hot water dispenser
1211:Piping and plumbing fitting
423:Beychok, Milton R. (2005).
242:Pilot-operated relief valve
126:In some cases, a so-called
2719:
2619:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
2010:Automatic fire suppression
1950:K-factor (fire protection)
1036:Backflow prevention device
1021:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
2653:
2525:Underwriters Laboratories
2360:Aspirating smoke detector
2020:Detonation flame arrester
1986:
1296:Thermostatic mixing valve
2469:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2385:Fire alarm control panel
2365:Carbon monoxide detector
2342:Standpipe (firefighting)
2105:Gaseous fire suppression
1870:Enthalpy of vaporization
1026:Automatic bleeding valve
665:Compatibility (chemical)
81:path of least resistance
2312:Pressurisation ductwork
2277:Firewall (construction)
2125:Passive fire protection
2075:Fire suppression system
1231:Pressure-balanced valve
1226:Pressure vacuum breaker
935:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
877:Drain-waste-vent system
857:Chemical drain cleaners
102:to a central, elevated
2488:Industry organizations
2453:Fire-resistance rating
2332:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2307:Penetration (firestop)
2297:Packing (firestopping)
2005:Active fire protection
1965:Spontaneous combustion
1752:Template:Public health
1424:water recycling shower
1394:Hot water storage tank
725:Onsite sewage facility
443:Flare Stack Plume Rise
184:natural gas processing
180:chemical manufacturing
43:
35:
18:Pressure relief device
2640:Template:Firefighting
2614:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2567:GHS hazard statements
2070:Fire sprinkler system
2050:Fire-retardant fabric
1737:Fire sprinkler system
1446:Tankless water heater
1389:Garbage disposal unit
1374:Electric water boiler
846:British Standard Pipe
204:pressure safety valve
196:pressure relief valve
190:industries, the term
52:pressure relief valve
41:
33:
2424:Professions, trades,
2337:Smokeproof enclosure
2197:Electromagnetic lock
1905:Flammability diagram
1816:Fundamental concepts
1436:Storage water heater
1005:Water heat recycling
913:National Pipe Thread
815:Water supply network
598:at Wikimedia Commons
327:-4-2, storage tanks.
156:vacuum relief valves
2380:Fire alarm call box
2287:Heat and smoke vent
1767:Template:Wastewater
1625:Hydrostatic testing
1266:Rooftop water tower
862:Compression fitting
403:Koch, W.H. (2001).
2352:Fire alarm systems
2167:Annulus (firestop)
2095:Flashback arrestor
2060:Fire-safe polymers
2055:Fire retardant gel
1910:Flammability limit
1721:Waterborne disease
1620:Hydronic balancing
1379:Evaporative cooler
1344:Accessible bathtub
1241:Radiator (heating)
1221:Pressure regulator
1116:Double check valve
1091:Concentric reducer
892:Garden Hose Thread
785:Thermal insulation
655:Air gap (plumbing)
172:petroleum refining
94:system known as a
44:
36:
2685:
2684:
2593:Safety data sheet
2588:List of S-phrases
2583:List of R-phrases
2479:Sprinkler fitting
2370:Circuit integrity
2242:Fire extinguisher
2080:Firefighting foam
1975:Thermal radiation
1775:
1774:
1757:Template:Sewerage
1704:Health and safety
1680:NSF International
1490:Specialized tools
1369:Drinking fountain
1336:Plumbing fixtures
1216:Plug (sanitation)
1201:Nipple (plumbing)
1121:Eccentric reducer
1101:Coupling (piping)
1066:Chemigation valve
919:Nominal Pipe Size
882:Ductile iron pipe
780:Thermal expansion
594:Media related to
530:978-0-8169-0568-3
16:(Redirected from
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2577:Life Safety Code
2182:Compartmentation
1992:
1915:Flammable liquid
1802:
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1762:Template:Toilets
1527:Flare-nut wrench
1286:Submersible pump
1111:Dielectric union
1031:Automatic faucet
990:Thread seal tape
950:Plastic pipework
710:Hydrostatic loop
675:Drain (plumbing)
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2160:Building design
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2115:Inerting system
2090:Flame retardant
2040:Fire protection
2035:Fire prevention
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1466:Water dispenser
1456:Washing machine
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1156:Flushing trough
1106:Diaphragm valve
1096:Condensate pump
1076:Circulator pump
1056:Butterfly valve
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980:Solvent welding
872:Crimp (joining)
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770:Surface tension
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58:) is a type of
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1666:organizations
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1600:Water metering
1597:
1595:Water detector
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1547:Plumber wrench
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1311:Vacuum ejector
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908:Leak detection
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852:Cast iron pipe
849:
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800:Venturi effect
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584:External links
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501:. Iomosaic.com
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88:vapor recovery
71:
68:
26:
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14:
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9:
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4:
3:
2:
2715:
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2703:Safety valves
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2668:
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2655:
2652:
2646:
2645:Template:HVAC
2643:
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2635:Template:Fire
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2433:Duct cleaning
2431:
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2405:Heat detector
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1940:Heat transfer
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1711:Plumbing code
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1668:and standards
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1580:Control valve
1578:
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1517:Drain cleaner
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1199:
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1186:Hose coupling
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1179:
1177:
1174:
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995:Threaded pipe
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867:Copper tubing
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695:Grade (slope)
693:
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690:Friction loss
688:
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652:
650:
644:
640:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
610:
603:
600:
597:
596:Relief valves
592:
588:
587:
583:
567:
561:
558:
546:
540:
537:
532:
526:
522:
515:
512:
500:
494:
491:
479:
473:
470:
458:
451:
448:
444:
438:
436:0-9644588-0-2
432:
428:
427:
419:
416:
408:
407:
399:
396:
389:
384:
383:Surge control
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:Blowoff valve
366:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
348:
340:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
315:
314:storage tanks
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
288:
285:
283:
279:
271:
266:
262:
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246:
243:
240:
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228:
225:
221:
217:
216:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:petrochemical
173:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:relief header
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
40:
32:
19:
2675:
2663:
2562:Flame spread
2448:Fireproofing
2426:and services
2327:Smoke damper
2317:Safety glass
2252:Fire hydrant
2217:Fire curtain
2177:Booster pump
2136:Relief valve
2135:
2100:Fusible link
1890:Fire loading
1885:Fire control
1855:Deflagration
1640:Pipe marking
1613:and services
1609:Professions,
1557:Strap wrench
1497:Basin wrench
1476:Water heater
1471:Water filter
1384:Flush toilet
1359:Dehumidifier
1301:Trench drain
1281:Street elbow
1271:Safety valve
1256:Relief valve
1255:
1196:Needle valve
1181:Grinder pump
1151:Flow limiter
1136:Float switch
1071:Chopper pump
1051:Booster pump
1000:Tube bending
945:Pipe support
810:Water hammer
790:Thermosiphon
720:Neutral axis
602:PED 97/23/EC
570:. Retrieved
568:. Hse.gov.uk
560:
549:. Retrieved
539:
520:
514:
503:. Retrieved
493:
482:. Retrieved
472:
461:. Retrieved
450:
442:
424:
418:
405:
398:
378:Safety valve
373:Rupture disc
355:
351:
344:
292:AD Merkblatt
291:
286:
275:
233:Safety valve
212:safety valve
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:relief valve
191:
169:
155:
149:
141:fire engines
128:bypass valve
127:
125:
121:
115:
113:
99:
96:flare header
95:
85:
73:
60:safety valve
55:
51:
48:relief valve
47:
45:
2282:Grease duct
2237:Fire escape
2227:Fire damper
2120:Intumescent
2065:Fire safety
2030:Fire bucket
1925:Flash point
1585:Flow sensor
1573:and control
1571:Measurement
1562:Tap and die
1537:Pipe wrench
1522:Driving cap
1414:Laundry tub
1291:Tap (valve)
1276:Sewage pump
1261:Riser clamp
1206:Pinch valve
1176:Grease trap
1171:Globe valve
1161:Flushometer
1146:Floor drain
1141:Float valve
1061:Check valve
1046:Bleed screw
820:Water table
760:Storm sewer
646:Fundamental
459:. Onetb.com
2692:Categories
2579:(NFPA 101)
2542:CE marking
2395:Fire drill
1998:Technology
1895:Fire point
1880:Fire class
1860:Detonation
1645:Pipefitter
1532:Pipecutter
1512:Core drill
1399:Humidifier
1364:Dishwasher
1326:Zone valve
1321:Water tank
1166:Gate valve
1041:Ball valve
1014:Components
834:Technology
805:Wastewater
765:Stormwater
572:2012-01-19
551:2012-01-19
505:2012-01-19
484:2012-01-19
463:2012-01-19
390:References
333:; ISO 4126
145:fire hoses
108:combustion
2535:Standards
2464:Fire test
2292:Occupancy
2257:Fire pump
2247:Fire hose
2232:Fire door
2212:Exit sign
2187:Crash bar
1960:Pyrolysis
1955:Pool fire
1920:Flashover
1875:Explosive
1823:Backdraft
1664:Industry
1650:Pipelayer
1507:Borescope
1502:Blowtorch
1441:Sump pump
975:Soldering
940:Pipe dope
903:Hydronics
775:Tap water
740:Sewer gas
705:Heat trap
700:Greywater
670:Corrosion
547:. Edug.eu
523:. Wiley.
258:implosion
160:inert gas
104:gas flare
2664:Category
2628:See also
2557:EN 16034
2267:Firestop
2222:Fire cut
1945:Jet fire
1935:Gas leak
1851:(HAZMAT)
1834:Boilover
1730:See also
1716:Scalding
1404:Icemaker
1191:Manifold
750:Sewerage
730:Pressure
685:Fuel gas
660:Backflow
648:concepts
639:Plumbing
361:See also
322:Eurocode
312:(AWWA),
294:(German)
280:(ASME),
116:blowdown
64:pressure
2676:Commons
2509:(NCEES)
1830:(BLEVE)
1655:Plumber
1611:trades,
1552:Plunger
1461:Washlet
1349:Bathtub
1251:Reducer
1081:Cistern
985:Swaging
965:Sealant
841:Brazing
499:"DIERS"
325:EN 1993
226:(ASME).
170:In the
2607:Awards
2521:(SFPE)
2515:(NFPA)
2497:(FEMA)
2460:(FSES)
1742:Piping
1451:Urinal
1419:Shower
925:O-ring
898:Gasket
755:Siphon
745:Sewage
527:
433:
412:. TRI.
264:force.
210:) and
152:vacuum
92:piping
2598:UL 94
2552:EN 54
2503:(IFE)
2132:(PPE)
1354:Bidet
1316:Valve
960:Putty
930:Oakum
921:(NPS)
915:(NPT)
894:(GHT)
848:(BSP)
410:(PDF)
2547:EN 3
2527:(UL)
1431:Sink
1236:Pump
825:Well
715:Leak
525:ISBN
431:ISBN
186:and
178:and
132:pump
208:PSV
202:),
200:PRV
134:or
98:or
56:PRV
50:or
2694::
214::
182:,
174:,
147:.
46:A
1801:e
1794:t
1787:v
631:e
624:t
617:v
575:.
554:.
533:.
508:.
487:.
466:.
445:.
439:.
206:(
198:(
54:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
