Pressure ulcer - Knowledge (XXG)

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used, will depend on which hospital the patient is admitted to and the location. After the risk assessment tool is used, a plan will be developed for the patient individually to prevent Hospital- Acquired Pressure Injuries. This plan will consist of different turning and repositioning strategies. These risk assessment tools provide the nursing staff with a baseline for each patient regarding their individual risk for acquiring a pressure injury. Factors that contribute to these risk assessment tools are moisture, activity, and mobility. These factors are considered and scored using the scale being used, whether it be the Braden, Norton, or Waterlow scale. The numbers are then added up and based on that final number, a score will be given and appropriate measures will be taken to ensure that the patient is being properly repositioned. Unfortunately, this is not always completed in hospitals like it should be.

980:, negative pressure wound therapy, phototherapy, pressure relieving devices, reconstructive surgery, support surfaces, ultrasound and topical phenytoin. There is little or no evidence to support or refute the benefits of most of these treatments compared to each other and placebo. It is not clear if electrical stimulation is an effective treatment for pressure ulcers. In addition, the benefit of using systemic or topical antibiotics in the management of pressure ulcer is still unclear. The benefit of using systemic or topical antibiotics in the management of pressure ulcer is still unclear. When selecting treatments, consideration should be given to patients' quality of life as well as the interventions' ease of use, reliability, and cost. The benefits of nutritional interventions with various compositions for pressure ulcer treatment are uncertain. 652:: Intact or non-intact skin with localized area of persistent non-blanchable deep red, maroon, purple discoloration or epidermal separation revealing a dark wound bed or blood filled blister. Pain and temperature change often precede skin color changes. Discoloration may appear differently in darkly pigmented skin. This injury results from intense and/or prolonged pressure and shear forces at the bone-muscle interface. The wound may evolve rapidly to reveal the actual extent of tissue injury, or may resolve without tissue loss. If necrotic tissue, subcutaneous tissue, granulation tissue, fascia, muscle or other underlying structures are visible, this indicates a full thickness pressure injury (Unstageable, Stage 3 or Stage 4). Do not use DTPI to describe vascular, traumatic, neuropathic, or dermatologic conditions. 901:-modulating dressings, foam dressings or collagenase ointment may be better at healing than gauze. The wound dressing should be selected based on the wound and condition of the surrounding skin. There are some studies that indicate that antimicrobial products that stimulate the epithelization may improve the wound healing. However, there is no international consensus on the selection of the dressings for pressure ulcers. Evidence supporting the use of alginate dressings, foam dressings, and hydrogel dressings. and the benefits of these dressings over other treatments is unclear. 832:

dressings may also reduce pressure ulcer incidence. There is no evidence that massage reduces pressure ulcer incidence. Controlling the heat and moisture levels of the skin surface, known as skin microclimate management, may also play a role in the prevention and control of pressure ulcers. Skin care is also important because damaged skin does not tolerate pressure. However, skin that is damaged by exposure to urine or stool is not considered a pressure ulcer. These skin wounds should be classified as Incontinence Associated Dermatitis.

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the comfort level, or have other positive or more negative adverse effects is weak. Many support surfaces redistribute pressure by immersing and/or enveloping the body into the surface. Some support surfaces, including antidecubitus mattresses and cushions, contain multiple air chambers that are alternately pumped. Methods to standardize the products and evaluate the efficacy of these products have only been developed in recent years through the work of the S3I within NPUAP.

407:, pressure ulcers are one of the eight preventable iatrogenic illnesses. If a pressure ulcer is acquired in the hospital, the hospital will no longer receive reimbursement for the person's care. Hospitals spend about $ 27 billion annually for treatment of pressure injuries. Whereas, the cost of pressure injury prevention is cost-effective, if not cost-saving, and would cost less than half the amount of resources to prevent compared to treat in health systems. 400:

supply, called ischemia, may lead to tissue damage and cell death. The sore will initially start as a red, painful area. The other process of pressure ulcer development is seen when pressure is high enough to damage the cell membrane of muscle cells. The muscle cells die as a result and skin fed through blood vessels coming through the muscle die. This is the deep tissue injury form of pressure ulcers and begins as purple intact skin.

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people in the hospital. There are differences across countries, but using this methodology, pressure ulcer prevalence in Europe was consistently high, from 8.3% (Italy) to 22.9% (Sweden). A recent study in Jordan also showed a figure in this range. Some research shows differences in pressure-ulcer detection among white and black residents in nursing homes.

540:(NPIAP) in the United States and the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) in Europe. Different classification systems are used around the world, depending upon the health system, the health discipline and the purpose for the classifying (e.g. health care versus, prevalence studies versus funding. Briefly, they are as follows: 717:

modifications (for example, changing the care routines in hospitals or homes where people require extended bedrest). Overall, unbiased clinical studies to determine the effectiveness of these types of interventions and to determine the most effective intervention are needed in order to best prevent pressure ulcers.

646:(tan, brown or black) in the wound bed. Until enough slough and/or eschar is removed to expose the base of the wound, the true depth, and therefore stage, cannot be determined. Stable (dry, adherent, intact without erythema or fluctuance) eschar on the heels is normally protective and should not be removed. 789:

The use of different types of mattresses including high density foam, surfaces with reactive fibers or gels in them, and surfaces that incorporate reactive water are sometimes suggested to redistribute pressure. The evidence supporting these interventions and whether they prevent new ulcers, increase

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redness of a localized area usually over a bony prominence. Darkly pigmented skin may not have visible blanching; its color may differ from the surrounding area. The area differs in characteristics such as thickness and temperature as compared to adjacent tissue. Stage 1 may be difficult to detect in

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is a separation of the skin from underlying tissues. When a patient is partially sitting up in bed, skin may stick to the sheet, making the skin susceptible to shearing in case underlying tissues move downward with the body toward the foot of the bed. This may also be possible on a patient who slides

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Before turning and repositioning a person, a risk assessment tool is suggested to determine what is the best approach for preventing pressure ulcers in that person. Some of the most common risk assessment tools are the Braden Scale, Norton, or Waterlow tools. The type of risk assessment tool that is

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is one of the most common reasons for delayed healing in pressure ulcers. Biofilm occurs rapidly in wounds and stalls healing by keeping the wound inflamed. Frequent debridement and antimicrobial dressings are needed to control the biofilm. Infection prevents the healing of pressure ulcers. Signs of

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applied over an area of the body, especially over the bony prominences can result in obstruction of the blood capillaries, which deprives tissues of oxygen and nutrients, causing ischemia (deficiency of blood in a particular area), hypoxia (inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells), edema,

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individuals, with 8% to 40% of those in the ICU developing bedsores. However, pressure ulcer prevalence is highly dependent on the methodology used to collect the data. Using the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) methodology there are similar figures for pressure ulcers in acutely sick

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is damaging to the superficial blood vessels directly under the skin. It occurs when two surfaces rub against each other. The skin over the elbows can be injured due to friction. The back can also be injured when patients are pulled or slid over bed sheets while being moved up in bed or transferred

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There is some evidence that the use of foam mattresses is not as effective as support approaches that include alternating pressure air surfaces or reactive surfaces. It is not clear if interventions that include a reactive air surface are more effective than reactive surfaces that include water or

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The United States has tracked rates of pressure injury since the early 2000s. Whittington and Briones reported nationwide rates of pressure injuries in hospitals of 6% to 8%. By the early 2010s, Lyder and colleagues had research the rate of pressure injury to drop to about 4.5% across the Medicare

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The rate of pressure ulcers in hospital settings is high; the prevalence in European hospitals ranges from 8.3% to 23%, and the prevalence was 26% in Canadian healthcare settings from 1990 to 2003. In 2013, there were 29,000 documented deaths from pressure ulcers globally, up from 14,000 deaths in

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is to redistribute pressure by regularly turning the person. The benefit of turning to avoid further sores is well documented since at least the 19th century. In addition to turning and re-positioning the person in the bed or wheelchair, eating a balanced diet with adequate protein and keeping the

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Caring for wounds and ulcers that have been started and the use of creams are also considerations in preventing worsening to ulcers and new primary ulcers. Creams containing fatty acids may be more effective in reducing incidence of pressure ulcers compared to creams without fatty acids. Silicone

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Static chairs (as opposed to wheelchairs) have also been suggested for pressure redistribution. Static chairs can include: standard hospital chairs; chairs with no cushions or manual/dynamic function; and chairs with integrated pressure redistributing surfaces and recline, rise or tilt functions.

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Numerous evidence-based and expert consensus-based clinical guidelines have been to developed to help guide medical professionals internationally and in specific countries including the UK. The Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol (SPIPP) Checklist is a derivative of the International

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The term medical device related pressure ulcer refers to a cause rather than a classification. Pressure ulcers from a medical device are classified according to the same classification system being used for pressure ulcers arising from other causes, but the cause is usually noted. Pressure injury

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Necrotic tissue should be removed in most pressure ulcers. The heel is an exception in many cases when the limb has an inadequate blood supply. Necrotic tissue is an ideal area for bacterial growth, which has the ability to greatly compromise wound healing. There are five ways to remove necrotic

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Nursing homes and hospitals usually set programs in place to avoid the development of pressure ulcers in those who are bedridden, such as using a routine time frame for turning and repositioning to reduce pressure. The frequency of turning and repositioning depends on the person's level of risk.

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when blood re-enters tissue. A simple example of a mild pressure sore may be experienced by healthy individuals while sitting in the same position for extended periods of time: the dull ache experienced is indicative of impeded blood flow to affected areas. Within 2 hours, this shortage of blood

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There is some suggestion that organisational changes may reduce incidence of pressure ulcers, with healthcare professionals central to the prevention of pressure ulcers in both hospital and community settings. It is not clear from studies on the effectiveness of these approaches as to the best

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There are various approaches that are used widely for preventing pressure ulcers. Suggested approaches include modifications to bedding and mattresses, different support systems for taking pressure off of affected areas, airing of surfaces of the body, skin care, nutrition, and organizational

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to the soft tissue. Shear is also a cause, as it can pull on blood vessels that feed the skin. Pressure ulcers most commonly develop in individuals who are not moving about, such as those who are on chronic bedrest or consistently use a wheelchair. It is widely believed that other factors can

774:, normally succumbing to blood and skin infections. Guttmann had learned the technique from the work of Boston physician Donald Munro. There is lack of evidence on prevention of pressure ulcer whether the patient is put in 30 degrees position or at the standard 90 degrees position. 562:

presenting as a shallow open ulcer with a red pink wound bed, without slough. May also present as an intact or open/ruptured serum-filled blister. Presents as a shiny or dry shallow ulcer without slough or bruising. This stage should not be used to describe skin tears, tape burns,

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The benefits of nutritional interventions with various compositions for pressure ulcer prevention are uncertain. The International Guideline on Pressure Injury Prevention and Treatment and many evidenced based recommendations for prevention of pressure injury and their treatment.

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is also a common pressure ulcer culprit. Sweat, urine, feces, or excessive wound drainage can further exacerbate the damage done by pressure, friction, and shear. It can contribute to maceration of surrounding skin thus potentially expanding the deleterious effects of pressure

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population, following the introduction of the International Guideline for pressure injury prevention. Padula and colleagues have witnessed a +29% uptick in pressure injury rates in recent years associated with the rollout of penalizing Medicare policies.

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organisational change that would benefit those at risk of pressure ulcers including organisation of health services, risk assessment tools, wound care teams, and education. This is largely due to the lack of high-quality research in these areas.

387:. Other factors are age of 70 years and older, current smoking history, dry skin, low body mass index, urinary and fecal incontinence, physical restraints, malignancy, vasopressin prescription, and history of prior pressure injury development. 581:

may be present but does not obscure the depth of tissue loss. May include undermining and tunneling. The depth of a stage 3 pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location. The bridge of the nose, ear, occiput and malleolus do not have (adipose)

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Pressure must be removed from high risk body areas by frequent changes in position in bed or chair including turning side to side. Chair cushions and air mattresses should be used for immobile patients. Heels should be off of the bed.

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Recommendations to treat pressure ulcers include the use of bed rest, pressure redistributing support surfaces, nutritional support, repositioning, wound care (e.g. debridement, wound dressings) and biophysical agents (e.g.

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Black JM, Edsberg LE, Baharestani MM, Langemo D, Goldberg M, McNichol L, Cuddigan J (February 2011). "Pressure ulcers: avoidable or unavoidable? Results of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Consensus Conference".

845:). Reliable scientific evidence to support the use of many of these interventions, though, is lacking. More research is needed to assess how to best support the treatment of pressure ulcers, for example by repositioning. 5581: 3782:

Khojastehfar S, Najafi Ghezeljeh T, Haghani S (May 2020). "Factors related to knowledge, attitude, and practice of nurses in intensive care unit in the area of pressure ulcer prevention: A multicenter study".

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Sipponen A, Jokinen JJ, Sipponen P, Papp A, Sarna S, Lohi J (May 2008). "Beneficial effect of resin salve in treatment of severe pressure ulcers: a prospective, randomized and controlled multicentre trial".

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Langer, Gero; Wan, Ching Shan; Fink, Astrid; Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schoberer, Daniela (2024-02-12). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.). "Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers".

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Lyder CH, Wang Y, Metersky M, Curry M, Kliman R, Verzier NR, Hunt DR (September 2012). "Hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: results from the national Medicare Patient Safety Monitoring System study".

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An important aspect of care for most people at risk for pressure ulcers and those with bedsores is the redistribution of pressure so that no pressure is applied to the pressure ulcer. In the 1940s

309:. Paralyzed individuals are the most likely to have pressure sores recur. In some cases, complications from pressure sores can be life-threatening. The most common causes of fatality stem from 1214:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 7165: 1347:

Padula WV, Black JM, Davidson PM, Kang SY, Pronovost PJ (June 2020). "Adverse Effects of the Medicare PSI-90 Hospital Penalty System on Revenue-Neutral Hospital-Acquired Conditions".

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and stage 3 ulcers can be shallow. In contrast, areas of significant adiposity can develop extremely deep stage 3 pressure ulcers. Bone/tendon is not visible or directly palpable.

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Qaseem A, Mir TP, Starkey M, Denberg TD (March 2015). "Risk assessment and prevention of pressure ulcers: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians".

875:, is the use of medical maggots to feed on necrotic tissue and therefore clean the wound of excess bacteria. Although this fell out of favor for many years, in January 2004, the 5919: 333:

inflammation, and, finally, necrosis and ulcer formation. Ulcers due to external pressure occur over the sacrum and coccyx, followed by the trochanter and the calcaneus (heel).

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Langer, Gero; Wan, Ching Shan; Fink, Astrid; Schwingshackl, Lukas; Schoberer, Daniela (2024-02-12). "Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers".

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Montgomery EA, Meis JM, Mitchell MS, Enzinger FM (July 1992). "Atypical decubital fibroplasia. A distinctive fibroblastic pseudotumor occurring in debilitated patients".

1930:(Second ed.). Perth, Western Australia: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (U.S.), European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. 754:

Efforts in the United States and South Korea have sought to automate risk assessment and classification by training machine learning models on electronic health records.

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are not recommended in treating local infection in a pressure ulcer, as it can lead to bacterial resistance. They are only recommended if there is evidence of advancing

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Cho I, Park I, Kim E, Lee E, Bates DW (November 2013). "Using EHR data to predict hospital-acquired pressure ulcers: a prospective study of a Bayesian Network model".

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Eating by mouth is preferred and intake of food and fluid should meet calorie, protein and fluid needs. Work with a dietician if needed. Supplements may be needed.

5195:"Pressure ulcers in America: prevalence, incidence, and implications for the future. An executive summary of the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel monograph". 2197:

Simman R, Angel C (February 2022). "Early Identification of Deep-Tissue Pressure Injury Using Long-Wave Infrared Thermography: A Blinded Prospective Cohort Study".

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likely to occur. Exposed bone/tendon is visible or directly palpable. In 2012, the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel stated that pressure ulcers with exposed

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Various interventions have been developed to redistribute pressure including the use of different bed mattresses, support surfaces, and the use of static chairs.

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may be present on some parts of the wound bed. Often include undermining and tunneling. The depth of a stage 4 pressure ulcer varies by anatomical location. The

495:) is not recommended for this task as it increases inflammation and impedes healing. Cleaning the open wound with hypochlorous acid is helpful. Dressings with 3383: 1852:

Haesler E, et al. (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (U.S.), European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance) (2019).

739: 2099:"Use of Thermal Imaging to Identify Deep-Tissue Pressure Injury on Admission Reduces Clinical and Financial Burdens of Hospital-Acquired Pressure Injuries" 2068:"Using temperature of pressure-related intact discolored areas of skin to detect deep tissue injury: an observational, retrospective, correlational study" 6625: 1693:

Padula WV, Mishra MK, Makic MB, Sullivan PW (April 2011). "Improving the quality of pressure ulcer care with prevention: a cost-effectiveness analysis".

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Liegl B, Fletcher CD (October 2008). "Ischemic fasciitis: analysis of 44 cases indicating an inconsistent association with immobility or debilitation".

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do not have (adipose) subcutaneous tissue and these ulcers can be shallow. Stage 4 ulcers can extend into muscle and/or supporting structures (e.g.,

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Mensah GA, Roth GA, Sampson UK, Moran AE, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).

293:- secondary carcinomas in chronic wounds). Sores may recur if those with pressure ulcers do not follow recommended treatment or may instead develop 6565: 5768: 5753: 3194: 669: 2827: 2002:

Holster M (April 2023). "Driving Outcomes and Improving Documentation with Long-Wave Infrared Thermography in a Long-term Acute Care Hospital".

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of bedsores is 0.4% to 38%; within long-term care it is 2.2% to 23.9%, and in home care, it is 0% to 17%. Similarly, there is wide variation in

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It is not clear if one topical agent or dressing is better than another for treating pressure ulcers. There is some evidence to suggest that

642:: Full thickness tissue loss in which actual depth of the ulcer is completely obscured by slough (yellow, tan, gray, green or brown) and/or 6865: 5743: 6183: 6195: 988:

Each year, more than 2.5 million people in the United States develop pressure ulcers. In acute care settings in the United States, the

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Berlowitz DR, Wilking SV (November 1989). "Risk factors for pressure sores. A comparison of cross-sectional and cohort-derived data".

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Although often prevented and treatable if detected early, pressure ulcers can be very difficult to prevent in critically ill people,

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influence the tolerance of skin for pressure and shear, thereby increasing the risk of pressure ulcer development. These factors are

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Pressure ulcers can trigger other ailments, cause considerable suffering, and can be expensive to treat. Some complications include

7119: 6178: 2989:"Pressure injury prevention practices among medical surgical nurses in a tertiary hospital: An observational and chart audit study" 996:: 10% to 18% in acute care, 2.3% to 28% in long-term care, and 0% to 29% in home care. There is a much higher rate of bedsores in 6046: 5687: 2893:

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance (2014).

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Arora M, Harvey LA, Glinsky JV, Nier L, Lavrencic L, Kifley A, Cameron ID, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (January 2020).

4667:"Use of Medical-Grade Honey to Treat Clinically Infected Heel Pressure Ulcers in High-Risk Patients: A Prospective Case Series" 2469:"Ischemic Fasciitis of the Left Buttock in a 40-Year-Old Woman with Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (BPAN)" 1540:"Using clinical data to predict high-cost performance coding issues associated with pressure ulcers: a multilevel cohort model" 876: 3173:

Reilly EF, Karakousis GC, Schrag SP, Stawicki SP (2007). "Pressure ulcers in the intensive care unit: The 'forgotten' enemy".

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Vanderwee K, Clark M, Dealey C, Gunningberg L, Defloor T (April 2007). "Pressure ulcer prevalence in Europe: a pilot study".

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Chemical debridement, or enzymatic debridement, is the use of prescribed enzymes that promote the removal of necrotic tissue.

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More research is needed to establish how effective pressure redistributing static chairs are for preventing pressure ulcers.

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include fever, pain, redness, swelling, warmth of the area, and purulent discharge. Additionally, infected wounds may have a

868:. It is a slow process, but mostly painless, and is most effective in individuals with a properly functioning immune system. 6210: 6080: 6065: 5882: 5758: 5265:

Anthony D, Papanikolaou P, Parboteeah S, Saleh M (November 2010). "Do risk assessment scales for pressure ulcers work?".

676:(i.e. lower most tissue layer of the skin) that overlie bony protuberances such as those in or around the hip, shoulder, 6971: 6057: 5877: 5625: 4249: 888:

Surgical debridement, or sharp debridement, is the fastest method, as it allows a surgeon to quickly remove dead tissue.

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Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, Jammali-Blasi A, Ramsden V, McInnes E (May 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

2242:"Revised National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Pressure Injury Staging System: Revised Pressure Injury Staging System" 1879:"Revised National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Pressure Injury Staging System: Revised Pressure Injury Staging System" 1589:"Revised National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Pressure Injury Staging System: Revised Pressure Injury Staging System" 6200: 6041: 5904: 5803: 5672: 5667: 5649: 372: 228:

elders, and individuals with impaired mobility such as wheelchair users (especially where spinal injury is involved).

4175: 2940:"The Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol for improving nursing compliance with best practice guidelines" 1261:

Whittington KT, Briones R (Nov 2004). "National Prevalence and Incidence Study: 6-year sequential acute care data".

696:. IF tumors differ from pressure ulcers in that they typically do not have extensive ulcerations of the skin and on 6595: 5620: 5438: 3394: 872: 364: 317:. Pressure ulcers are also painful, with individuals of all ages and all stages of pressure ulcers reporting pain. 3038:"Predictive models for pressure ulcers from intensive care unit electronic health records using Bayesian networks" 7024: 6075: 6021: 5692: 5615: 794:

gel or other substrates. In addition, the effectiveness of sheepskin overlays on top of mattresses is not clear.

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Baba-Akbari Sari A, Flemming K, Cullum NA, Wollina U (July 2006). "Therapeutic ultrasound for pressure ulcers".

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Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, McInnes E, Goh EL, Norman G (August 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

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Mechanical debridement, is the use of debriding dressings, whirlpool or ultrasound for slough in a stable wound.

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Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline. The International Guideline

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that, like pressure ulcers, may develop in elderly, bed-ridden individuals. These tumors commonly form in the

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Bain DS, Ferguson-Pell M (2002). "Remote monitoring of sitting behavior of people with spinal cord injury".

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Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, Jammali-Blasi A, McInnes E (May 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

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Guideline that was designed to facilitate consistent implementation of pressure injury prevention. In 2022,

87: 6388: 6336: 5933: 5738: 5387: 727: 2148:"Heat transfer model for deep tissue injury: a step towards an early thermographic diagnostic capability" 864:

Autolytic debridement is the use of moist dressings to promote autolysis with the body's own enzymes and

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of pressure ulcers may be slowed by the age of the person, medical conditions (such as arteriosclerosis,

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Black J (September 2018). "Using thermography to assess pressure injuries in patients with dark skin".

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There are over 100 risk factors for pressure ulcers. Factors that may place a patient at risk include

7059: 7019: 6886: 6700: 6695: 6675: 6610: 6462: 6271: 6133: 6085: 5914: 5899: 5778: 5728: 5711: 5662: 2846: 190: 5392: 3594:"Alternative reactive support surfaces (non-foam and non-air-filled) for preventing pressure ulcers" 3543:

Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, Leung V, McInnes E (May 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

3496:"Alternative reactive support surfaces (non-foam and non-air-filled) for preventing pressure ulcers" 7139: 7081: 7064: 6723: 6440: 6263: 6123: 6030: 5961: 5941: 5733: 5481: 673: 583: 564: 290: 122: 7125: 7029: 6986: 6976: 6765: 6718: 6685: 6680: 6430: 6408: 6143: 5956: 5852: 5413: 4765:

Chen C, Hou WH, Chan ES, Yeh ML, Lo HL (July 2014). "Phototherapy for treating pressure ulcers".

4356: 3860: 3808: 2969: 2449: 2406: 2363: 2222: 2027: 1984: 1718: 1675: 1520: 1477: 1382: 1329: 1286: 905: 802: 701: 677: 665: 473: 469: 396: 229: 5302:"Association of race and sites of care with pressure ulcers in high-risk nursing home residents" 5365:. Advances in Patient Safety. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). 3828:"Psychosocial factors impacting community-based pressure ulcer prevention: A systematic review" 3089:"Predicting the Incidence of Pressure Ulcers in the Intensive Care Unit Using Machine Learning" 1538:

Padula WV, Gibbons RD, Pronovost PJ, Hedeker D, Mishra MK, Makic MB, et al. (April 2017).

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McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Dumville JC, Middleton V, Cullum N (September 2015).

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Gillespie BM, Walker RM, Latimer SL, Thalib L, Whitty JA, McInnes E, Chaboyer WP (June 2020).

3155: 3120: 3069: 3018: 2961: 2903: 2836: 2809: 2757: 2705: 2693: 2658: 2606: 2554: 2498: 2441: 2398: 2355: 2320: 2271: 2214: 2179: 2128: 2079: 2019: 1976: 1941: 1931: 1908: 1857: 1792: 1741: 1710: 1667: 1618: 1569: 1512: 1469: 1431: 1374: 1321: 1278: 1243: 1194: 1145: 1096: 1045: 1001: 865: 705: 697: 488: 368: 218: 75: 3693:

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individuals with dark skin tones. May indicate "at risk" persons (a heralding sign of risk).

548: 496: 306: 225: 194: 4027:"Patient and lay carer education for preventing pressure ulceration in at-risk populations" 3592:

Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, McInnes E (May 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

3494:

Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, McInnes E (May 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

3445:

Shi C, Dumville JC, Cullum N, Rhodes S, McInnes E (May 2021). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.).

770:

every two hours thus allowing bedsores to heal. Previously such individuals had a two-year

7129: 7074: 6935: 6920: 6903: 6843: 6838: 6782: 6760: 6457: 6403: 6383: 5173: 2875: 771: 763: 80: 3695:"A randomized clinical trial on preventing pressure ulcers with wheelchair seat cushions" 3644:

Stephens M, Bartley C, Dumville JC, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (February 2022).

1972: 4826: 4801: 4742: 4717: 4693: 4666: 4567: 4532: 4459: 4424: 801:

For individuals with limited mobility, pressure shifting on a regular basis and using a

732:

Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015

54: 6961: 6915: 6728: 6658: 6477: 5773: 5707: 5354: 5326: 5301: 5105: 5080: 5053: 5028: 5004: 4979: 4924: 4899: 4875: 4850: 4642: 4617: 4508: 4483: 4400: 4375: 4307: 4282: 4226: 4201: 4152: 4127: 4103: 4078: 4051: 4026: 4002: 3977: 3953: 3928: 3904: 3879: 3719: 3694: 3670: 3645: 3618: 3593: 3569: 3544: 3520: 3495: 3471: 3446: 3333: 3308: 3284: 3259: 3235: 3210: 3115: 3088: 3087:

Cramer EM, Seneviratne MG, Sharifi H, Ozturk A, Hernandez-Boussard T (September 2019).

3064: 3037: 3013: 2988: 2804: 2779: 2752: 2727: 2653: 2628: 2601: 2576: 2549: 2524: 2493: 2468: 2351: 2315: 2290: 2266: 2241: 2210: 2174: 2147: 2123: 2114: 2098: 2015: 1903: 1878: 1662: 1637: 1613: 1588: 1564: 1539: 1508: 1426: 1401: 1238: 1213: 1189: 1164: 1140: 1115: 1091: 1064: 997: 842: 528: 310: 5486: 4531:

Dumville JC, Stubbs N, Keogh SJ, Walker RM, Liu Z (February 2015). Dumville JC (ed.).

2338:

Fukunaga M (September 2001). "Atypical decubital fibroplasia with unusual histology".

1229: 415: 129:

prominence as a result of usually long-term pressure, or pressure in combination with

7154: 7044: 6833: 6828: 6690: 6630: 6533: 6306: 6292: 6233: 5763: 5243: 5208: 4344: 3864: 3812: 3710: 2394: 2226: 2031: 1722: 1317: 1274: 1063:

Saghaleini SH, Dehghan K, Shadvar K, Sanaie S, Mahmoodpoor A, Ostadi Z (April 2018).

974: 951: 936: 629: 625: 508: 259: 206: 67: 5417: 4360: 2973: 2453: 2410: 2367: 1988: 1679: 1524: 1481: 1386: 1333: 1290: 7109: 7049: 7034: 6860: 6585: 6435: 6420: 6366: 6160: 5976: 5554: 5142: 5096: 5044: 4995: 4956: 4915: 4866: 4817: 4778: 4733: 4633: 4499: 4440: 4391: 4298: 4217: 4143: 4094: 4042: 3993: 3944: 3895: 3847: 3756: 3661: 3609: 3560: 3511: 3462: 3324: 3275: 3226: 3151: 2795: 2743: 2689: 2644: 2592: 2540: 2046:"Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline" 2045: 1180: 609: 376: 186: 5497: 2437: 2257: 1894: 1706: 1604: 1360: 6908: 6853: 6750: 6605: 6580: 6398: 6095: 5966: 5831: 5611: 5538: 4683: 4179: 854: 767: 685: 500: 384: 314: 267: 173: 130: 6996: 5508: 2467:

Sakamoto A, Arai R, Okamoto T, Yamada Y, Yamakado H, Matsuda S (October 2018).

1780: 1638:"The national cost of hospital-acquired pressure injuries in the United States" 1587:

Edsberg LE, Black JM, Goldberg M, McNichol L, Moore L, Sieggreen M (Nov 2016).

1081: 17: 6881: 6848: 6620: 6570: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6528: 6518: 6173: 5603: 5358: 5278: 4548: 4257: 3796: 3054: 3036:

Kaewprag P, Newton C, Vermillion B, Hyun S, Huang K, Machiraju R (July 2017).

993: 512: 504: 484: 477: 432: 202: 177: 2697: 2577:"Organisation of health services for preventing and treating pressure ulcers" 1945: 1417: 536:

The definitions of the pressure ulcer stages are revised periodically by the

499:, silver, or honey have been shown to penetrate bacterial biofilms. Systemic 419:

Pressure ulcer points. Red: in supine position. Blue: in side-lying position.

7069: 6811: 6806: 6670: 6648: 6523: 6487: 5844: 5835: 5658: 5643: 5549: 5514: 5471: 5079:

Norman G, Dumville JC, Moore ZE, Tanner J, Christie J, Goto S (April 2016).

4250:"510(k)s Final Decisions Rendered for January 2004: Device: Medical Maggots" 1131: 1014: 633: 617: 578: 302: 214: 198: 98: 5409: 5370: 5335: 5286: 5251: 5216: 5154: 5114: 5062: 5013: 4964: 4933: 4884: 4835: 4786: 4751: 4702: 4651: 4576: 4517: 4468: 4409: 4352: 4316: 4235: 4161: 4112: 4060: 4011: 3962: 3913: 3856: 3804: 3768: 3728: 3679: 3627: 3578: 3529: 3480: 3431: 3369: 3342: 3293: 3260:"Alternating pressure (active) air surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers" 3244: 3159: 3124: 3073: 3022: 2965: 2813: 2761: 2709: 2662: 2610: 2558: 2502: 2445: 2359: 2324: 2306: 2291:"The 2020 WHO Classification of Soft Tissue Tumours: news and perspectives" 2275: 2240:

Edsberg LE, Black JM, Goldberg M, McNichol L, Moore L, Sieggreen M (2016).

2218: 2183: 2164: 2132: 2083: 2067: 2023: 1980: 1912: 1877:

Edsberg LE, Black JM, Goldberg M, McNichol L, Moore L, Sieggreen M (2016).

1796: 1714: 1671: 1622: 1573: 1555: 1473: 1465: 1435: 1378: 1325: 1282: 1247: 1198: 1149: 1100: 1049: 742:(VA) facilities should adhere to in order to keep patients safe from harm. 5433: 5317: 3356:

Guy H (December 2004). "Preventing pressure ulcers: choosing a mattress".

2402: 1516: 6575: 6352: 4482:

Walker RM, Gillespie BM, Thalib L, Higgins NS, Whitty JA (October 2017).

4423:

Dumville JC, Keogh SJ, Liu Z, Stubbs N, Walker RM, Fortnam M (May 2015).

2484: 898: 325:

There are four mechanisms that contribute to pressure ulcer development:

298: 282: 210: 162: 4978:

Hao XY, Li HL, Su H, Cai H, Guo TK, Liu R, et al. (February 2017).

1369: 7054: 6514: 6482: 6375: 6155: 6100: 4557: 4449: 4202:"Nutritional interventions for preventing and treating pressure ulcers" 2956: 2939: 805:

featuring pressure relief components can help prevent pressure wounds.

693: 613: 464: 436: 395:

Pressure ulcers may be caused by inadequate blood supply and resulting

278: 275: 166: 5454: 5074: 5072: 3978:"Education of healthcare professionals for preventing pressure ulcers" 3646:"Pressure redistributing static chairs for preventing pressure ulcers" 3105: 3004: 2773: 2771: 2721: 2719: 2622: 2620: 1653: 6302: 6015: 5971: 5811: 5723: 5466: 5401: 1452:

Lyder CH (January 2003). "Pressure ulcer prevention and management".

689: 643: 621: 605: 601: 597: 559: 428: 424: 380: 294: 271: 263: 138: 134: 4374:

Westby MJ, Dumville JC, Soares MO, Stubbs N, Norman G (June 2017).

4281:

Westby MJ, Dumville JC, Soares MO, Stubbs N, Norman G (June 2017).

3976:

Porter-Armstrong AP, Moore ZE, Bradbury I, McDonough S (May 2018).

650:

Deep Tissue Pressure Injury (formerly suspected deep tissue injury)

431:, the ischia/ischium, the heels of the feet, over the heads of the 48:, or decubitous ulcers, pressure injuries, pressure sores, bedsores 5519: 4898:

McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Leung V (October 2018).

2896:

Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Quick Reference Guide

1928:

Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Quick reference guide

977: 925: 681: 492: 468:

pressure ulcer infection include slow or delayed healing and pale

414: 158: 150: 97: 5363:

Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses

4849:

Norman G, Wong JK, Amin K, Dumville JC, Pramod S (October 2022).

2097:

Koerner S, Adams D, Harper SL, Black JM, Langemo DK (July 2019).

5793: 593: 154: 142: 126: 6325: 5570: 657:

from medical devices on mucous membranes should not be staged.

5300:

Li Y, Yin J, Cai X, Temkin-Greener J, Mukamel DB (July 2011).

4802:"Pressure-relieving devices for treating heel pressure ulcers" 4718:"Negative pressure wound therapy for treating pressure ulcers" 3929:"Wound-care teams for preventing and treating pressure ulcers" 3826:

Heywood-Everett S, Henderson R, Webb C, Bland AR (July 2023).

2829:

Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment and Prevention: Recommendations

483:

In order to eliminate this problem, it is imperative to apply

146: 133:

or friction. The most common sites are the skin overlying the

4079:"Dressings and topical agents for preventing pressure ulcers" 3880:"Risk assessment tools for the prevention of pressure ulcers" 197:, or diseases that reduce the sensation in the skin, such as 3309:"Beds, overlays and mattresses for treating pressure ulcers" 2987:

Li Z, Marshall AP, Lin F, Ding Y, Chaboyer W (August 2022).

6321: 4376:"Dressings and topical agents for treating pressure ulcers" 4283:"Dressings and topical agents for treating pressure ulcers" 577:

may be visible but bone, tendon or muscle are not exposed.

480:

smell, be discolored, and may eventually produce more pus.

4716:

Shi J, Gao Y, Tian J, Li J, Xu J, Mei F, Li Z (May 2023).

3192:

Whitteridge D (2004). "Guttmann, Sir Ludwig (1899–1980)".

2629:"Bed rest for pressure ulcer healing in wheelchair users" 2066:

Farid KJ, Winkelman C, Rizkala A, Jones K (August 2012).

1781:"Pressure ulcers: prevention, evaluation, and management" 708:. These tumors are commonly treated by surgical removal. 233:

skin free from exposure to urine and stool is important.

3211:"Repositioning for pressure injury prevention in adults" 1831: 1817: 193:), diseases that reduce blood flow to the skin, such as 1544:

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association

3545:"Reactive air surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers" 1740:(4 ed.). Jaypee Brother Medical Pub. p. 21. 5029:"Electrical stimulation for treating pressure ulcers" 4851:"Reconstructive surgery for treating pressure ulcers" 4665:

Papanikolaou GE, Gousios G, Cremers NA (March 2023).

1116:"Review of the Current Management of Pressure Ulcers" 423:

Common pressure sore sites include the skin over the

66:

protruding through the tissue, and possible onset of

5597:

Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis

5444: 2627:

Moore ZE, van Etten MT, Dumville JC (October 2016).

7012: 6950: 6711: 6639: 6594: 6503: 6374: 6359: 6280: 6262: 6224: 6154: 6094: 6029: 6014: 5985: 5932: 5910:

Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis

5843: 5830: 5602: 5529: 5448: 2146:Bhargava A, Chanmugam A, Herman C (February 2014). 125:and/or underlying tissue that usually occur over a 86: 74: 40: 35: 6071:Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome 3927:Moore ZE, Webster J, Samuriwo R (September 2015). 3420:Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 1762:"Dealing with Pressure Sores | Pressure Care" 721:Clinical guidelines for preventing pressure ulcers 704:as determined by the presence of various types of 149:, though other sites can be affected, such as the 5081:"Antibiotics and antiseptics for pressure ulcers" 4533:"Hydrogel dressings for treating pressure ulcers" 4425:"Alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers" 2902:. Perth, Australia: Cambridge Media. p. 19. 1818:"National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel (NPIAP)" 172:Pressure ulcers occur due to pressure applied to 4980:"Topical phenytoin for treating pressure ulcers" 4618:"Anabolic steroids for treating pressure ulcers" 4128:"Massage therapy for preventing pressure ulcers" 4025:O'Connor T, Moore ZE, Patton D (February 2021). 2289:Sbaraglia M, Bellan E, Dei Tos AP (April 2021). 2246:Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 1883:Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 1593:Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 1165:"Support surfaces for pressure ulcer prevention" 1114:Boyko TV, Longaker MT, Yang GP (February 2018). 176:resulting in completely or partially obstructed 7166:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors 4900:"Support surfaces for treating pressure ulcers" 2575:Joyce P, Moore ZE, Christie J (December 2018). 1847: 1845: 738:) to establish the SPIPP Checklist as law that 6119:Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap 3447:"Foam surfaces for preventing pressure ulcers" 1856:(Third ed.). internationalguideline.com. 1400:Grey JE, Harding KG, Enoch S (February 2006). 6337: 5582: 4484:"Foam dressings for treating pressure ulcers" 4072: 4070: 27:Skin damage resulting from long-term pressure 8: 5168:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3140:International Journal of Medical Informatics 2728:"Repositioning for treating pressure ulcers" 973:Other treatments include anabolic steroids, 740:United States Department of Veterans Affairs 435:, buttocks, over the shoulder, and over the 5085:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5033:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4984:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4949:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4904:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4855:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4806:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4767:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4722:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4622:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4543:(2). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD011226. 4537:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4488:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4429:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4380:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4287:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4206:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4132:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4083:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4031:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3982:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3933:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3884:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3650:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3598:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3549:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3500:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3451:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3313:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3264:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3215:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3042:BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 2784:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2732:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2678:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2633:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2581:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2529:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1169:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6626:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6371: 6344: 6330: 6322: 6026: 5840: 5589: 5575: 5567: 5445: 5232:Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 3699:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2835:. London: Royal College of Nursing. 2001. 2426:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 2383:The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1497:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1306:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 879:approved maggots as a live medical device. 592:: Full thickness tissue loss with exposed 405:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 53: 32: 6967:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 5683:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia 5391: 5359:"Pressure Ulcers: A Patient Safety Issue" 5325: 5170:"Preventing Pressure Ulcers in Hospitals" 5104: 5052: 5003: 4923: 4874: 4825: 4741: 4692: 4682: 4641: 4566: 4556: 4507: 4458: 4448: 4399: 4306: 4225: 4151: 4102: 4050: 4001: 3952: 3903: 3846: 3718: 3669: 3617: 3568: 3519: 3470: 3391:Antidecubitus Systems Matfresses Cushions 3332: 3283: 3234: 3114: 3104: 3063: 3053: 3012: 2955: 2803: 2751: 2652: 2600: 2548: 2492: 2314: 2265: 2173: 2163: 2122: 1902: 1779:Bluestein D, Javaheri A (November 2008). 1661: 1612: 1563: 1425: 1368: 1237: 1188: 1139: 1090: 1080: 5924:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction 5895:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma 5717:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis 5700:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases 3835:International Journal of Nursing Studies 2888: 2886: 1832:"European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel" 1069:Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine 1017:—systemic biomechanics of blood delivery 910: 527: 5769:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis 5754:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola 5131:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3745:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3195:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1027: 670:fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors 668:(IF) is a benign tumor in the class of 538:National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel 5626:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex 4800:McGinnis E, Stubbs N (February 2014). 1636:Padula WV, Delarmente BA (June 2019). 700:microscopic analysis lack evidence of 6216:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis 5920:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis 4592:"Wound and Pressure Ulcer Management" 4276: 4274: 4077:Moore ZE, Webster J (December 2018). 3639: 3637: 2938:Padula WV, Black JM (February 2019). 2780:"Wound cleansing for pressure ulcers" 2570: 2568: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 1447: 1445: 7: 7105: 6866:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 5744:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans 2473:The American Journal of Case Reports 1973:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000544232.97340.96 189:(skin wetness caused by sweating or 7115: 6196:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans 4616:Naing C, Whittaker MA (June 2017). 4176:"Hill-Rom Clinical Resource Center" 4126:Zhang Q, Sun Z, Yue J (June 2015). 3878:Moore ZE, Patton D (January 2019). 2726:Moore ZE, Cowman S (January 2015). 7002:Medical Scientist Training Program 6298:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans 6191:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini 6129:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini 4333:The British Journal of Dermatology 2352:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-185.x 2211:10.1097/01.ASW.0000790448.22423.b0 2115:10.1097/01.ASW.0000559613.83195.f9 2016:10.1097/01.ASW.0000912676.73372.a8 1509:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb06918.x 532:Stages I to IV of a pressure ulcer 217:), smoking or medications such as 62:Stage IV decubitus displaying the 25: 6239:Reactive perforating collagenosis 5873:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease 5197:Advances in Skin & Wound Care 2778:Moore ZE, Cowman S (March 2013). 2199:Advances in Skin & Wound Care 2103:Advances in Skin & Wound Care 2004:Advances in Skin & Wound Care 1263:Advances in Skin & Wound Care 636:are also classified as a stage 4. 7134: 7124: 7114: 7104: 7095: 7094: 5688:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis 5432: 5244:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2006.00684.x 5209:10.1097/00129334-200107000-00015 4345:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08461.x 3711:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03168.x 2872:"Pressure Relief and Wound Care" 2395:10.1097/00000478-199207000-00009 2048:. www.internationalguideline.com 1318:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04106.x 1275:10.1097/00129334-200411000-00016 766:introduced a program of turning 730:passed legislation updating the 7135: 6254:Acquired perforating dermatosis 6244:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa 6184:Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma 6992:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6426:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 5678:Irritated seborrheic keratosis 5143:10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub3 5097:10.1002/14651858.CD011586.pub2 5045:10.1002/14651858.CD012196.pub2 4996:10.1002/14651858.cd008251.pub2 4957:10.1002/14651858.cd001275.pub2 4916:10.1002/14651858.cd009490.pub2 4867:10.1002/14651858.CD012032.pub3 4818:10.1002/14651858.cd005485.pub3 4779:10.1002/14651858.cd009224.pub2 4734:10.1002/14651858.CD011334.pub3 4634:10.1002/14651858.cd011375.pub2 4500:10.1002/14651858.cd011332.pub2 4441:10.1002/14651858.cd011277.pub2 4392:10.1002/14651858.CD011947.pub2 4299:10.1002/14651858.CD011947.pub2 4218:10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub2 4200:Langer G, Fink A (June 2014). 4144:10.1002/14651858.cd010518.pub2 4095:10.1002/14651858.cd009362.pub3 4043:10.1002/14651858.cd012006.pub2 3994:10.1002/14651858.cd011620.pub2 3945:10.1002/14651858.cd011011.pub2 3896:10.1002/14651858.cd006471.pub4 3848:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104561 3757:10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub3 3662:10.1002/14651858.CD013644.pub2 3610:10.1002/14651858.CD013623.pub2 3561:10.1002/14651858.CD013622.pub2 3512:10.1002/14651858.CD013623.pub2 3463:10.1002/14651858.CD013621.pub2 3393:. COMETE s.a.s. Archived from 3325:10.1002/14651858.CD013624.pub2 3276:10.1002/14651858.CD013620.pub2 3227:10.1002/14651858.CD009958.pub3 3152:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2013.06.012 2796:10.1002/14651858.CD004983.pub3 2744:10.1002/14651858.CD006898.pub4 2690:10.1002/14651858.CD003216.pub3 2645:10.1002/14651858.CD011999.pub2 2593:10.1002/14651858.cd012132.pub2 2541:10.1002/14651858.CD013761.pub2 1181:10.1002/14651858.CD001735.pub5 1065:"Pressure Ulcer and Nutrition" 573:: Full thickness tissue loss. 347:down while sitting in a chair. 1: 6211:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin 5883:Patch-type granuloma annulare 5759:Inverted follicular keratosis 1230:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 962:Stretch gauze or stretch net 452:Adequate Calories and Protein 330:External (interface) pressure 6972:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 6739:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6179:Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma 5878:Localized granuloma annulare 2438:10.1097/PAS.0b013e31816be8db 2258:10.1097/WON.0000000000000281 1895:10.1097/WON.0000000000000281 1707:10.1097/MLR.0b013e31820292b3 1605:10.1097/WON.0000000000000281 1361:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000517 567:, maceration or excoriation. 558:: Partial thickness loss of 183:protein-calorie malnutrition 5905:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma 5804:Waxy keratosis of childhood 5673:Common seborrheic keratosis 5668:Clonal seborrheic keratosis 5650:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum 5380:Annals of Internal Medicine 5267:Journal of Tissue Viability 4684:10.3390/antibiotics12030605 3785:Journal of Tissue Viability 2993:International Wound Journal 2944:Journal of Clinical Nursing 1642:International Wound Journal 871:Biological debridement, or 373:peripheral vascular disease 7182: 5621:Paraneoplastic keratoderma 5357:, Ayello EA (April 2008). 4598:. Johns Hopkins University 3198:. Oxford University Press. 1082:10.4103/ijccm.IJCCM_277_17 933:Moderate to heavy exudates 873:maggot debridement therapy 852: 758:Redistribution of pressure 381:cerebral vascular accident 7090: 5693:Dermatosis papulosa nigra 5616:Keratoderma climactericum 5279:10.1016/j.jtv.2009.11.006 4549:10.1002/14651858.cd011226 3797:10.1016/j.jtv.2020.02.002 3055:10.1186/s12911-017-0471-z 1785:American Family Physician 1349:Journal of Patient Safety 922:None to moderate exudates 64:tuberosity of the ischium 61: 52: 6926:Transplantation medicine 6817:Clinical neurophysiology 6734:Obstetric anesthesiology 6654:Interventional radiology 6414:Digestive system surgery 6249:Perforating folliculitis 6201:Semicircular lipoatrophy 5638:Drug-induced keratoderma 1418:10.1136/bmj.332.7539.472 827:Wound care and dressings 472:. Signs and symptoms of 287:malignant transformation 6797:Intensive care medicine 6771:Mass gathering medicine 6616:Maternal–fetal medicine 6206:Follicular atrophoderma 5994:eosinophilic dermatosis 2880:Independent Living (UK) 2072:Ostomy/Wound Management 1738:Srb's Manual of Surgery 1132:10.1089/wound.2016.0697 1038:Ostomy/Wound Management 939:with tape or composite 928:with tape or composite 547:: Intact skin with non- 6389:Cardiothoracic surgery 5934:Foreign body granuloma 5845:Necrobiotic/palisading 5739:Chronic scar keratosis 5361:. In Hughes RG (ed.). 4596:Johns Hopkins Medicine 2307:10.32074/1591-951X-213 2165:10.1186/1746-1596-9-36 1466:10.1001/jama.289.2.223 1120:Advances in Wound Care 843:electrical stimulation 818:Organisational changes 728:United States Congress 533: 433:long bones of the foot 420: 258:, bladder distension, 103: 7040:Personalized medicine 6899:Reproductive medicine 6824:Occupational medicine 6778:Evolutionary medicine 6109:Localized scleroderma 5890:Necrobiosis lipoidica 5822:Cutis verticis gyrata 5749:Hydrocarbon keratosis 5633:Aquagenic keratoderma 5318:10.1001/jama.2011.942 948:Hydrocolloid dressing 531: 513:bacteria in the blood 418: 256:autonomic dysreflexia 165:, or the back of the 101: 7060:Traditional medicine 7020:Alternative medicine 6887:Addiction psychiatry 6701:Transfusion medicine 6696:Medical microbiology 6611:Gynecologic oncology 6463:Reproductive surgery 6272:Pyoderma gangrenosum 6134:Pansclerotic morphea 5915:Rheumatoid nodulosis 5900:Granuloma multiforme 5779:Reactional keratosis 5729:Ichthyosis acquisita 5712:Acanthosis nigricans 5663:Seborrheic keratosis 5604:Epidermal thickening 5441:at Wikimedia Commons 5203:(4): 208–215. 2001. 3384:"Antidecubitus Why?" 2485:10.12659/AJCR.911300 2152:Diagnostic Pathology 1556:10.1093/jamia/ocw118 904:Some guidelines for 674:subcutaneous tissues 7082:History of medicine 7065:Veterinary medicine 6872:Preventive medicine 6724:Adolescent medicine 6566:Infectious diseases 6124:Generalized morphea 5962:Zirconium granuloma 5942:Beryllium granuloma 5810:other hypertrophy: 5764:Lichenoid keratosis 5734:Arsenical keratosis 584:subcutaneous tissue 565:perineal dermatitis 46:(plural: decubitūs) 7030:Molecular oncology 6987:Doctor of Medicine 6977:Master of Medicine 6894:Radiation oncology 6766:Emergency medicine 6719:Addiction medicine 6686:Clinical chemistry 6681:Clinical pathology 6473:Transplant surgery 6431:Orthopedic surgery 6409:Colorectal surgery 6144:Linear scleroderma 5957:Silicone granuloma 5853:Granuloma annulare 5530:External resources 3358:Professional Nurse 2957:10.1111/jocn.14691 2919:on 10 January 2017 1926:Haesler E (2014). 1768:. 31 January 2017. 803:wheelchair cushion 702:acute inflammation 678:greater trochanter 666:Ischemic fasciitis 661:Ischemic fasciitis 610:bridge of the nose 534: 491:(a near-universal 474:systemic infection 470:granulation tissue 421: 397:reperfusion injury 230:Primary prevention 123:damage to the skin 104: 102:Stage IV decubitus 7148: 7147: 6982:Master of Surgery 6946: 6945: 6931:Tropical medicine 6877:Prison healthcare 6792:Hospital medicine 6756:Disaster medicine 6746:Aviation medicine 6561:Hospital medicine 6468:Surgical oncology 6453:Pediatric surgery 6447: 6394:Endocrine surgery 6319: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6114:Localized morphea 6086:Rowell's syndrome 6010: 6009: 6000:Granuloma faciale 5947:Mercury granuloma 5817:Hypertrophic scar 5799:Warty dyskeratoma 5789:Thermal keratosis 5564: 5563: 5437:Media related to 3705:(12): 2308–2314. 3175:OPUS 12 Scientist 3146:(11): 1059–1067. 3106:10.5334/egems.307 3005:10.1111/iwj.13712 2909:978-0-9579343-6-8 2432:(10): 1546–1552. 1863:978-0-6480097-8-8 1791:(10): 1186–1194. 1654:10.1111/iwj.13071 1503:(11): 1043–1050. 1412:(7539): 472–475. 1402:"Pressure ulcers" 1224:(9963): 117–171. 1002:immunocompromised 1000:units because of 966: 965: 866:white blood cells 706:white blood cells 698:histopathological 489:Hydrogen peroxide 369:diabetes mellitus 340:onto a stretcher. 219:anti-inflammatory 119:pressure injuries 96: 95: 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 7173: 7138: 7137: 7128: 7118: 7117: 7108: 7107: 7098: 7097: 6802:Medical genetics 6787:General practice 6664:Nuclear medicine 6539:Gastroenterology 6495:Vascular surgery 6445: 6372: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6323: 6288:Calcinosis cutis 6169:Lichen sclerosus 6139:Morphea profunda 6027: 5952:Silica granuloma 5841: 5784:Stucco keratosis 5591: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5446: 5436: 5421: 5402:10.7326/M14-1567 5395: 5374: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5172:. Archived from 5165: 5159: 5158: 5149: 10860148. 5125: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5076: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5007: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4927: 4910:(10): CD009490. 4895: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4861:(10): CD012032. 4846: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4745: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4570: 4560: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4494:(10): CD011332. 4479: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4452: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4339:(5): 1055–1062. 4327: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4278: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4265: 4256:. Archived from 4246: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4178:. Archived from 4172: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4106: 4089:(12): CD009362. 4074: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3907: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3850: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3763: 10860148. 3739: 3733: 3732: 3722: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3673: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3572: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3287: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3118: 3108: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3067: 3057: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3016: 2999:(5): 1165–1179. 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2950:(3–4): 367–371. 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2912:. Archived from 2901: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2874:. Archived from 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2845:. Archived from 2834: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2807: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2755: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2704: 10860148. 2673: 2667: 2666: 2656: 2639:(10): CD011999. 2624: 2615: 2614: 2604: 2587:(12): CD012132. 2572: 2563: 2562: 2552: 2520: 2507: 2506: 2496: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2318: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2269: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2177: 2167: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2126: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2042: 2036: 2035: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1906: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1849: 1840: 1839: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1665: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1567: 1550:(e1): e95–e102. 1535: 1529: 1528: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1429: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1372: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1312:(9): 1603–1608. 1301: 1295: 1294: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1192: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1143: 1111: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1084: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1032: 969:Other treatments 944:Frequent soiling 911: 785:Support surfaces 575:Subcutaneous fat 497:cadexomer iodine 307:wound dehiscence 291:Marjolin's ulcer 285:and very rarely 195:arteriosclerosis 121:, are localised 109:, also known as 57: 33: 21: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7170: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7144: 7086: 7075:Chief physician 7008: 6953: 6942: 6936:Travel medicine 6921:Sports medicine 6904:Sexual medicine 6844:Palliative care 6839:Pain management 6783:Family medicine 6761:Diving medicine 6707: 6635: 6597: 6590: 6506: 6499: 6458:Plastic surgery 6404:General surgery 6384:Cardiac surgery 6365: 6363: 6355: 6350: 6320: 6311: 6276: 6258: 6220: 6159: 6150: 6099: 6090: 6032: 6031:Cutaneous lupus 6019: 6006: 5986:Other/ungrouped 5981: 5928: 5826: 5794:Viral keratosis 5598: 5595: 5565: 5560: 5559: 5525: 5524: 5457: 5439:Pressure ulcers 5429: 5424: 5393:10.1.1.680.8432 5377: 5353: 5349: 5347:Further reading 5344: 5343: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5137:(2): CD003216. 5127: 5126: 5122: 5091:(4): CD011586. 5078: 5077: 5070: 5039:(1): CD012196. 5026: 5025: 5021: 4990:(2): CD008251. 4977: 4976: 4972: 4951:(3): CD001275. 4946: 4945: 4941: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4812:(2): CD005485. 4799: 4798: 4794: 4773:(7): CD009224. 4764: 4763: 4759: 4728:(5): CD011334. 4715: 4714: 4710: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4628:(6): CD011375. 4615: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4435:(5): CD011277. 4422: 4421: 4417: 4386:(6): CD011947. 4373: 4372: 4368: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4293:(6): CD011947. 4280: 4279: 4272: 4263: 4261: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4212:(6): CD003216. 4199: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4138:(6): CD010518. 4125: 4124: 4120: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4037:(2): CD012006. 4024: 4023: 4019: 3988:(5): CD011620. 3975: 3974: 3970: 3939:(9): CD011011. 3926: 3925: 3921: 3890:(1): CD006471. 3877: 3876: 3872: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3751:(2): CD003216. 3741: 3740: 3736: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3656:(2): CD013644. 3643: 3642: 3635: 3604:(5): CD013623. 3591: 3590: 3586: 3555:(5): CD013622. 3542: 3541: 3537: 3506:(5): CD013623. 3493: 3492: 3488: 3457:(5): CD013621. 3444: 3443: 3439: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3319:(5): CD013624. 3306: 3305: 3301: 3270:(5): CD013620. 3257: 3256: 3252: 3221:(6): CD009958. 3208: 3207: 3203: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3048:(Suppl 2): 65. 3035: 3034: 3030: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2899: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2790:(3): CD004983. 2777: 2776: 2769: 2738:(1): CD006898. 2725: 2724: 2717: 2684:(2): CD003216. 2675: 2674: 2670: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2535:(8): CD013761. 2522: 2521: 2510: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1938: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1864: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1748: 1736:Bhat S (2013). 1735: 1734: 1730: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1355:(2): e97–e102. 1346: 1345: 1341: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1175:(9): CD001735. 1162: 1161: 1157: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1011: 986: 971: 917:Cover dressing 895: 857: 851: 838: 829: 820: 811: 787: 772:life-expectancy 764:Ludwig Guttmann 760: 748: 746:Risk assessment 723: 714: 694:scapular region 663: 526: 521: 462: 454: 445: 443:Reduce Pressure 413: 393: 391:Pathophysiology 361: 323: 262:, pyarthrosis, 252: 247: 107:Pressure ulcers 81:Plastic surgery 31: 28: 23: 22: 18:Pressure ulcers 15: 12: 11: 5: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7122: 7112: 7102: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7013:Related topics 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7005: 7004: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6962:Medical school 6958: 6956: 6948: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6916:Sleep medicine 6913: 6912: 6911: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6729:Anesthesiology 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6659:Neuroradiology 6656: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6596:Obstetrics and 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6478:Trauma surgery 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6441:Otolaryngology 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6369: 6367:subspecialties 6357: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6334: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6105: 6103: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6037: 6035: 6024: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5849: 5847: 5838: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5774:PUVA keratosis 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5708:hyperkeratosis 5703: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5546: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5500: 5489: 5474: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449:Classification 5443: 5442: 5428: 5427:External links 5425: 5423: 5422: 5386:(5): 359–369. 5375: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5312:(2): 179–186. 5292: 5273:(4): 132–136. 5257: 5238:(2): 227–235. 5222: 5187: 5176:on 7 June 2012 5160: 5120: 5068: 5019: 4970: 4939: 4890: 4841: 4792: 4757: 4708: 4657: 4608: 4582: 4523: 4474: 4415: 4366: 4322: 4270: 4241: 4192: 4167: 4118: 4066: 4017: 3968: 3919: 3870: 3818: 3774: 3734: 3685: 3633: 3584: 3535: 3486: 3437: 3426:(4): 513–520. 3410: 3375: 3348: 3299: 3250: 3201: 3184: 3165: 3130: 3079: 3028: 2979: 2930: 2908: 2882: 2878:on 2013-09-30. 2863: 2841: 2819: 2767: 2715: 2668: 2616: 2564: 2508: 2459: 2416: 2389:(7): 708–715. 2373: 2346:(9): 631–635. 2330: 2281: 2252:(6): 585–597. 2232: 2189: 2138: 2109:(7): 312–320. 2089: 2058: 2037: 2010:(4): 189–193. 1994: 1951: 1936: 1918: 1889:(6): 585–597. 1869: 1862: 1841: 1823: 1809: 1771: 1753: 1746: 1728: 1701:(4): 385–392. 1685: 1648:(3): 634–640. 1628: 1599:(6): 585–597. 1579: 1530: 1487: 1460:(2): 223–226. 1441: 1392: 1339: 1296: 1269:(9): 490–494. 1253: 1204: 1155: 1106: 1075:(4): 283–289. 1055: 1026: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1010: 1007: 998:intensive care 985: 982: 970: 967: 964: 963: 960: 956: 955: 945: 941: 940: 934: 930: 929: 923: 919: 918: 915: 894: 891: 890: 889: 886: 883: 880: 869: 853:Main article: 850: 847: 837: 834: 828: 825: 819: 816: 810: 807: 786: 783: 759: 756: 747: 744: 736:H.R. 4355 722: 719: 713: 710: 662: 659: 654: 653: 647: 637: 587: 568: 553: 525: 524:Classification 522: 520: 517: 509:bony infection 461: 458: 453: 450: 444: 441: 412: 409: 392: 389: 360: 357: 356: 355: 348: 341: 334: 322: 319: 311:kidney failure 260:bone infection 251: 248: 246: 243: 111:pressure sores 94: 93: 90: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 59: 58: 50: 49: 42: 38: 37: 36:Pressure ulcer 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7178: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7141: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7121: 7113: 7111: 7103: 7101: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045:Public health 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:Allied health 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6949: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6834:Oral medicine 6832: 6830: 6829:Ophthalmology 6827: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6691:Cytopathology 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6631:Urogynecology 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6534:Endocrinology 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6308: 6307:Pseudo-ainhum 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6293:Sclerodactyly 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Kyrle disease 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6033:erythematosus 6028: 6025: 6023: 6017: 6013: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5261: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5188: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4609: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4260:on 2009-01-20 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4193: 4182:on 2012-12-17 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3414: 3411: 3400:on 2011-07-22 3396: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2852:on 2015-09-06 2848: 2844: 2842:1-873853-74-2 2838: 2831: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2479:: 1249–1252. 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205:(2): 95–101. 2204: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2059: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2033: 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626:joint capsule 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 588: 585: 580: 576: 572: 569: 566: 561: 557: 554: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 539: 530: 523: 518: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 481: 479: 475: 471: 466: 459: 457: 451: 449: 442: 440: 439:of the head. 438: 434: 430: 426: 417: 410: 408: 406: 403:According to 401: 398: 390: 388: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 358: 352: 349: 345: 342: 338: 335: 331: 328: 327: 326: 320: 318: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 250:Complications 249: 244: 242: 238: 234: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 100: 91: 89: 88:Complications 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 69: 68:osteomyelitis 65: 60: 56: 51: 47: 43: 39: 34: 19: 7050:Rural health 7035:Nanomedicine 6586:Rheumatology 6517: / 6436:Hand surgery 6421:Neurosurgery 6161:atrophoderma 6047:Panniculitis 5992: 5977:Carbon stain 5868:Subcutaneous 5642: 5548: 5537: 5513: 5502: 5491: 5476: 5461: 5383: 5379: 5362: 5309: 5305: 5295: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5178:. 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Retrieved 3395:the original 3390: 3378: 3364:(4): 43–46. 3361: 3357: 3351: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3045: 3041: 3031: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2914:the original 2895: 2876:the original 2866: 2854:. Retrieved 2847:the original 2828: 2822: 2787: 2783: 2735: 2731: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2636: 2632: 2584: 2580: 2532: 2528: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2301:(2): 70–84. 2298: 2294: 2284: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2078:(8): 20–31. 2075: 2071: 2061: 2050:. Retrieved 2040: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1967:(9): 60–61. 1964: 1960: 1954: 1927: 1921: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1853: 1835: 1826: 1812: 1800:. Retrieved 1788: 1784: 1774: 1765: 1756: 1737: 1731: 1698: 1695:Medical Care 1694: 1688: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1596: 1592: 1582: 1547: 1543: 1533: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1457: 1453: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1370:10453/142988 1352: 1348: 1342: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1221: 1217: 1207: 1172: 1168: 1158: 1126:(2): 57–67. 1123: 1119: 1109: 1072: 1068: 1058: 1044:(2): 24–37. 1041: 1037: 1030: 987: 984:Epidemiology 972: 959:Fragile skin 903: 896: 858: 839: 830: 821: 812: 800: 796: 792: 788: 780: 776: 761: 753: 749: 724: 715: 664: 655: 649: 639: 624:, tendon or 604:. 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6556:Hematology 6551:Geriatrics 6544:Hepatology 6529:Cardiology 6519:Immunology 6264:Skin ulcer 6174:Anetoderma 6040:chronic: 6020:localized 5504:DiseasesDB 4677:(3): 605. 4602:2014-12-25 4264:2019-12-16 4186:2012-10-17 3841:: 104561. 3404:2009-10-02 2923:18 October 2052:2023-03-14 1766:Airospring 1022:References 994:prevalence 712:Prevention 549:blanchable 505:cellulitis 478:gangrenous 365:immobility 303:infections 203:neuropathy 178:blood flow 161:, back of 44:Decubitus 7070:Physician 6954:education 6812:Neurology 6807:Narcology 6671:Pathology 6649:Radiology 6524:Angiology 6488:Andrology 6081:Verrucous 6066:Chilblain 5836:granuloma 5659:keratosis 5644:psoriasis 5550:eMedicine 5520:399912005 5515:SNOMED CT 5388:CiteSeerX 3865:259523857 3813:211136134 3099:(1): 49. 2856:8 October 2698:1469-493X 2227:237388229 2032:256869477 1946:945954574 1723:205815239 1015:Perfusion 990:incidence 914:Condition 893:Dressings 836:Treatment 809:Nutrition 634:cartilage 628:) making 618:malleolus 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