2660:. Thus for example, most text books for learning English or German treat all strong verbs as irregular, and only the most straightforward weak verb counts as regular. In historical linguistics, however, regular patterns are examined diachronically, and verbs tend only to be described as "irregular" when such patterns cannot be found. Most of the supposedly "irregular" Germanic verbs belong to historical categories that are regular within their own terms. However, the suppletive verbs are irregular by any standard, and for most purposes the preterite-presents can also count as irregular. Beyond this, isolated irregularities occur in all Germanic languages in both the strong and the weak verb system.
300:, but began to be used especially of stative actions whose source was a completed action in the past (e.g., Greek), this anterior aspect of it was emphasized in a couple of Indo-European daughter languages (e.g., Latin), and so it was with Germanic that the perfect came to be used as a simple past tense. The semantic justification for this change is that actions of stative verbs generally have an implied prior inception. An example of this is the typical and widespread PIE stative
371:. Already in the earliest attested Germanic languages, strong verbs had become essentially closed classes and almost all new verbs were formed using one of the weak conjugations. This pattern later repeated itself—further sound changes meant that stem alternations appeared in some weak classes in some daughter languages, and these classes generally became unproductive. This happened, for example, in all of the West Germanic languages besides
708:, the meaning "knows" was retained as a present tense. The reference to the past ("having seen") was lost semantically, but it was preserved etymologically in the past-tense form of the preterite-present. However, it is hard to identify similar combinations of past action and present state for some of the other preterite-presents. (The different semantic facets involved in this example can be observed in
675:. The PIE perfect usually developed into a Germanic past tense. In the case of the preterite-presents, however, it evolved into a present-tense verb. Hence, the preterite-presents have a present-tense meaning on the one hand and a form that resembles that of a preterite or past-tense verb on the other.
769:
One response to these and other problems has been to argue that the preterite-presents are instead the descendants of a separate PIE stative category, from which the stative-resultative PIE perfect was also derived. This approach allows the preterite-presents to be treated as purely stative in origin
134:
Germanic verbs fall into two broad types, strong and weak. Elements of both are present in the preterite-present verbs. Despite various irregularities, most verbs fall into one of these categories. Suppletive verbs are completely irregular, being composed of parts of more than one Indo-European verb.
336:
in the singular and zero grade in the plural; these make up the second and third principal parts of the strong verb. The Indo-European perfect originally carried its own set of personal endings, the remnants of which are seen in the
Germanic strong preterite. The reduplication characteristic of the
2329:
For the most part, the personal endings of the strong preterite are used for the present tense. In fact, in West
Germanic the endings of the present tense of preterite-present verbs represent the original Indo-European perfect endings better than that subgroup's strong preterite verbs do: the
295:
All Indo-European verbs that passed into
Germanic as functioning verbs were strong, apart from the small group of irregular verbs discussed below. The preterite of strong verbs are the reflex of the Indo-European perfect. Because the perfect in late Indo-European was no longer simply
383:, stem alternations between long and short vowels appeared in Class I weak verbs (examples are "meet" vs. "met" and "hear" vs. "heard"), and the class in its turn became unproductive, leaving the original Class II as the only productive verb class in
110:
Simplification to two tenses: present (also conveying future meaning) and past (sometimes called "preterite" and conveying the meaning of all of the following
English forms: "I did, I have done, I had done, I was doing, I have been doing, I had been
765:. In this understanding, the preterite-presents constitute a retention of the non-past nature of the Indo-European perfect. Many linguists, however, do not share this view: "most accounts of the PIE perfect do not treat it as purely stative".
546:"I had". The West Germanic languages outside of Old High German preserved this conjugation best, but in these languages the conjugation had become vestigial and had only four verbs in it. In other languages, it was merged with the Class III
118:
Later
Germanic languages developed further tenses periphrastically, that is, using auxiliary verbs, but the constituent parts of even the most elaborate periphrastic constructions are still only in either present or preterite tenses (or
93:
comparative analysis. This overview article is intended to lead into a series of specialist articles discussing historical aspects of these verbs, showing how they developed out of PIE, and how they came to have their present diversity.
367:—that is, all forms of all tenses were formed from the same stem, with no vowel alternations within the stem. This meant that weak verbs were "simpler" to form, and as a result strong verbs gradually ceased to be
307:'I know': one who "knows" something at some point in the past "came to know" it, much as the natural inference from noting someone in a sitting state is that a prior action of becoming seated occurred. The
315:
perfect is essentially an early step in the development of the stative aspect to a past tense, being a hybrid of the two that emphasizes the ongoing (present/stative) effects of a past action (e.g.,
645:
in which the present tense shows the form of the strong preterite. The preterite of the preterite-present verbs is weak. As an example, take the third-person forms of modern German
628:. This class vanished in other Germanic languages; however, a significant number of cognate verbs appear as Class II verbs in Old Norse and as Class III verbs in Old High German.
337:
Indo-European perfect remains in a number of verbs (seen most clearly in Gothic), a distinction by which they are grouped together as the seventh class of
Germanic strong verbs.
321:'I have left"). Apparently it was this latter anterior respect that is responsible for the Indo-European perfect showing up as a past tense in Germanic, Italic, and Celtic.
2526:
The phenomenon of verb paradigms being composites of parts of different earlier verbs can best be observed in an example from recorded language history. The
English verb
379:
produced stem alternations in Class III weak verbs and, as a result, the class became unproductive and most of its verbs were transferred to other classes. Later, in
2656:
When teaching modern languages, it is usually most useful to have a narrow definition of a "regular verb" and treat all other groups as irregular. See the article
2360:
In modern
English, preterite-present verbs are identifiable by the absence of an -s suffix on the third-person singular present tense form. Compare, for instance,
3116:
5412:
142:'to do') that is in a category of its own, based on an Indo-European "athematic" form, and having a "weak" preterite but a "strong" passive participle.
5073:
456:
produced umlaut of the stem vowel in languages other than Gothic and then disappeared in most verbs in old
Germanic languages other than Gothic and
1209:
5289:
1629:
3056:
3026:
3007:
2995:
1469:
5731:
3653:
1335:
1283:
1139:
657:"can, am/is able to" (present tense) displays the vowel change and lack of a personal ending that would otherwise mark a strong preterite.
238:, that is, the past tense forms add a prefix with the same consonant as the first consonant of the stem syllable. An example in Gothic is
136:
2788:
1517:
1406:
1073:
1003:
923:
881:
811:
2783:
1581:
5654:
3109:
5102:
4038:
5736:
5127:
257:. This involves an originally regular change in the consonant at the end of the stem syllable. An example in modern Dutch is
2773:
5117:
5097:
4932:
1703:
The present tense has the form of a vocalic (strong) preterite, with vowel-alternation between singular and plural. A new
465:
702:
can be glossed as "knows as a result of having seen" (the state of knowing results from a past action, i.e., seeing). In
5746:
5112:
5066:
4962:
4132:
4094:
4079:
3406:
267:
35:
678:
Reconstructions of this process differ depending on how they interpret the PIE perfect. An example is the PIE perfect *
5726:
5647:
4942:
4802:
4152:
4111:
4101:
3102:
5132:
5107:
3318:
368:
5152:
4659:
5716:
5659:
4937:
4891:
4886:
4810:
4420:
4404:
4283:
4142:
1751:
759:
can be glossed as "knows" (the state of knowing). The meaning "knows" was carried over as a present tense into
461:
103:
39:
4718:
1723:; this contrasts with all other Germanic verb types, in which the basis for those forms is the present stem.
5721:
5370:
5185:
5122:
5059:
4876:
4820:
4815:
4735:
4408:
4358:
4116:
3658:
3476:
3160:
3148:
2768:
1731:
271:
86:
50:
Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of mediaeval and modern languages, most importantly:
47:
43:
685:. It is the ancestor of the Germanic preterite-presents meaning "(s/he) knows", represented here by Gothic
5687:
5422:
5338:
5308:
4881:
4363:
4329:
3947:
3763:
3623:
3463:
3358:
671:
According to one "widely-held view", the preterite-present verbs are derived from the Proto-Indo-European
356:
352:
90:
2840:
Randall, William; Jones, Howard (2015-07-01). "On the early origins of the
Germanic preterite presents".
2593:. In most other modern Germanic languages the verb "go" takes its preterite from the Proto-Germanic verb
5621:
5397:
5353:
5167:
5039:
5003:
4271:
4264:
4216:
3986:
3957:
3926:
3889:
3814:
3663:
3571:
3484:
3345:
3307:
2820:
597:
in the past. This class merged with the Class III stative verbs in Gothic, Old High German and (mostly)
351:
Weak (or consonantal) verbs are those that use a dental suffix in the past or "preterite" tense, either
249:
4504:
3379:
328:
in the dual and plural. The Germanic strong preterite shows the expected Germanic development of short
5642:
5551:
5008:
4988:
4957:
4830:
4690:
4664:
4565:
4436:
4254:
3846:
3673:
3635:
3630:
3504:
3451:
3209:
2805:
2741:
2736:
2689:
2481:
2404:
2388:
2380:
2308:(English gerund and present participle have merged, and often the past participle with the preterit.)
1746:
1708:
484:
160:, that is, the past tense is marked by a change in the vowel in the stem syllable. Examples include:
157:
151:
5741:
5585:
5515:
5365:
5328:
5318:
5284:
5190:
5171:
4947:
4494:
4339:
4183:
4137:
4071:
3824:
3586:
3471:
3384:
3182:
2423:
5303:
5086:
4993:
4845:
4835:
4790:
4552:
4479:
4376:
4221:
4196:
4191:
4084:
3912:
3797:
3618:
3396:
3391:
3370:
3331:
3135:
3125:
2731:
2408:
2384:
2123:
1791:
1776:
1771:
1741:
1704:
642:
346:
55:
31:
4917:
114:
Development of a new way of indicating the preterite and past participle, using a dental suffix.
3836:
5407:
5256:
5231:
5200:
4967:
4766:
4682:
4675:
4630:
4574:
4334:
4324:
4307:
4302:
4206:
3968:
3768:
3729:
3709:
3547:
3439:
3421:
3273:
3052:
3022:
3003:
2925:
2857:
2793:
2426:) and indeed most of the traditional modal verbs are preterite-presents. Examples are English
672:
2411:) the past tense of strong verbs also showed different ablaut grades in singular and plural.
5461:
4922:
4713:
4647:
4603:
4598:
4547:
4539:
4344:
4312:
4259:
4248:
4161:
4033:
4028:
3870:
3809:
3599:
3581:
3416:
3177:
3169:
2999:
2989:
2849:
2645:
2641:
1786:
1766:
733:
63:
59:
2303:(Plural forms have been lost in modern central Swedish, but are retained in some dialects.)
5609:
5558:
5522:
5392:
5051:
4952:
4745:
4652:
4635:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4317:
4226:
4211:
4166:
4018:
3981:
3973:
3952:
3939:
3919:
3905:
3668:
3645:
3576:
3566:
3558:
3338:
2810:
2758:
2694:
2557:"we went"). In the 15th century, however, this was replaced by a new irregular past tense
2211:
1781:
1756:
1736:
1711:) serves as the basis for the infinitive and past participle, thus Old English infinitive
1359:
469:
403:
376:
372:
75:
71:
51:
4912:
2978:
2815:
2494:, that is, they are made up from more than one stem. In English, there are two of these:
254:
3037:
1233:
1163:
5590:
5482:
5466:
5345:
5033:
4927:
4907:
4859:
4751:
4625:
4295:
4062:
4001:
3780:
3737:
3694:
3611:
3606:
3495:
3445:
3296:
3247:
3202:
3195:
3076:
2684:
2657:
2509:
and its equivalents in the other languages) has its forms from three or four IE roots (
1761:
779:
384:
380:
360:
67:
1425:
1295:
959:
841:
17:
5710:
5695:
5445:
5429:
5360:
5273:
5180:
4998:
4983:
4825:
4581:
4532:
4349:
4288:
4201:
4147:
4106:
4044:
3991:
3875:
3802:
3232:
2763:
2709:
2634:
2469:
1966:
1872:
709:
308:
235:
2536:
in Old English (this is believed to represent the original Proto-Germanic situation
1593:
663:"could, was able to" (preterite) displays the dental suffix of the weak preterites.
5677:
5580:
5571:
5543:
5538:
5298:
5261:
5212:
5207:
4852:
4276:
4240:
4173:
3996:
3819:
3792:
3775:
3719:
3678:
3260:
3239:
2778:
2714:
2679:
2472:, but the result in the modern languages is likewise a preterite-present paradigm.
297:
4499:
1365:
1541:
5616:
4759:
4669:
4642:
4514:
4460:
4368:
4050:
4011:
3594:
3289:
3253:
3188:
1653:
414:
312:
120:
5490:
4509:
4489:
3854:
3524:
3225:
2719:
2704:
2699:
2491:
2419:
2415:
2330:
expected Protogermanic strong preterite second-person singular form ending in
1798:
1707:
preterite is formed with a dental suffix. The root shape of the preterite (in
1103:
1033:
325:
2861:
4695:
4558:
4443:
4089:
4006:
3787:
3742:
3714:
3540:
2853:
2746:
2485:
2034:
598:
547:
457:
4519:
1239:
4484:
3832:
4525:
4121:
4023:
2648:, it is confined to the present tense and used only as a conjunctive.
3828:
3094:
2314:
364:
2240:
2157:
2062:
1987:
1900:
1818:
575:
567:
225:
217:
102:
The Germanic verb system carried two innovations over the previous
3746:
1432:
718:
5082:
2674:
2531:
2233:
2150:
2055:
1980:
1893:
1718:
1712:
539:
531:
523:
496:
445:
429:
417:
204:
196:
190:
184:
178:
34:
is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of
5055:
4788:
4402:
3146:
3098:
2633:(to want, will), which has its present tense forms from the IE
390:
In Proto-Germanic, there were five main classes of weak verbs:
712:
585:
Class III factitive verbs were formed with a suffix that was
522:) in the present and was null in the past, e.g., Old English
316:
278:
2468:) is more complicated, as it goes back to an Indo-European
550:
verbs (see below) and significantly modified, e.g., Gothic
510:
Class III stative verbs were formed with a suffix that was
324:
The Indo-European perfect took o-grade in the singular and
131:
in the preterite, the other three parts being non-finite).
2342:
elsewhere adopted for strong preterites in West Germanic.
2627:
2517:
2510:
2403:(we can). In the older stages of the Germanic languages (
770:
without depriving the PIE perfect of a temporal element.
753:
696:
679:
301:
2490:
A small number of Germanic verbs show the phenomenon of
27:
Verb form derived from common earlier Germanic languages
2983:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung.
2352:) are the same as the endings of Class I weak verbs.
156:
Strong (or vocalic) verbs display vowel gradation or
2897:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 151–157.
2594:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2346:
2216:
2128:
2040:
1972:
1878:
1803:
1687:
1679:
1671:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1507:
1499:
1491:
1458:
1449:
1441:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1063:
1055:
1047:
993:
985:
977:
913:
905:
897:
871:
863:
855:
5686:
5670:
5632:
5599:
5567:
5531:
5505:
5475:
5454:
5438:
5385:
5272:
5242:
5221:
5161:
5148:
4976:
4900:
4869:
4801:
4733:
4591:
4472:
4428:
4419:
4239:
4182:
4070:
4061:
3966:
3938:
3897:
3888:
3863:
3845:
3756:
3728:
3702:
3693:
3644:
3557:
3532:
3523:
3462:
3357:
3306:
3281:
3272:
3168:
3159:
2996:
Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series
2945:. New York: Modern Language Association of America.
247:In Proto-Germanic, consonant alternations known as
3090:(Third ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
127:, an English conditional perfect progressive with
2980:Altfriesisches Lesebuch mit Grammatik und Glossar
2334:was retained rather than replaced by the endings
2414:Many of the preterite-present verbs function as
266:These are the direct descendants of the verb in
234:In the older languages, these verbs may also be
3086:Wright, Joseph; Wright, Elizabeth Mary (1925).
2271:
2264:
2226:
2181:
2143:
2093:
2086:
2018:
2011:
1924:
1886:
1842:
1419:
601:, but vanished in the other Germanic languages.
2926:An Introduction to Modern Faroese, pp. 136-137
721:
5067:
3110:
2613:
2530:was always suppletive, having the past tense
2285:
2195:
2107:
2025:
1957:
1938:
1856:
1169:
1097:
1027:
947:
835:
742:
736:
695:If the PIE perfect was stative-resultative, *
452:). As shown in the Old English cognates, the
8:
2774:Wiktionary appendix: Irregular English verbs
2601:
2463:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2422:, without "to" in English, and which convey
2398:
2392:
2292:
2278:
2247:
2202:
2188:
2164:
2136:
2114:
2100:
2069:
2048:
1994:
1951:
1945:
1931:
1907:
1863:
1849:
1825:
1811:
1647:
1535:
1481:
1353:
1227:
1157:
1091:
1021:
953:
941:
829:
760:
703:
686:
658:
652:
646:
641:are a small group of anomalous verbs in the
621:
613:
559:
551:
488:
437:
406:
239:
3070:(Second ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2789:de:Liste starker Verben (bairische Sprache)
2607:
2313:(Actually, not the past participle but the
2254:
2171:
2076:
2001:
1914:
1832:
1641:
1529:
1347:
1221:
1151:
1085:
1015:
935:
823:
727:
286:
258:
5246:
5158:
5074:
5060:
5052:
4798:
4785:
4425:
4416:
4399:
4067:
3894:
3699:
3529:
3278:
3165:
3156:
3143:
3117:
3103:
3095:
3019:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
2895:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
2784:de:Liste starker Verben (deutsche Sprache)
2726:Specialist subsidiary and related articles
2379:is thus parallel with the past tense of a
2991:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
2753:The verb in particular Germanic languages
2565:is originally the past tense of the verb
2345:The endings of the preterite (except for
604:Class IV verbs were formed with a suffix
475:Class II verbs were formed with a suffix
2842:Transactions of the Philological Society
1725:
784:
752:If the PIE perfect was purely stative, *
394:Class I verbs were formed with a suffix
2832:
2943:An Introduction to the Gothic Language
2418:(auxiliaries which are followed by a
2387:.) In modern German there is also an
219:fallan – fiall – fiallun – (gi)fallan
7:
2640:Today, the optative survives in the
774:Preterite-presents in Proto-Germanic
3679:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
227:heizan – hiaz – hiazun – (gi)heizan
5038:Languages between parentheses are
2972:. London: Oxford University Press.
2954:. London: Oxford University Press.
288:fallō – fallere – fefellī – falsum
241:lētan – laílōt – laílōtum – lētans
25:
2916:Randall & Jones, pp. 174–175.
2883:Randall & Jones, pp. 140–141.
2941:Bennett, William Holmes (1980).
2800:Other aspects of Germanic verbs
206:hātan – hēt – hēton – (ge)hāten
38:(PIE). It in turn divided into
5042:of the language on their left.
3078:Grammar of the Gothic Language
3036:Skeat, Walter William (1868).
2959:Galleé, Johan Hendrik (1910).
2644:of the Germanic languages. In
270:, and are paralleled in other
260:verliezen – verloor – verloren
1:
4933:Germanic substrate hypothesis
3051:. San Diego: Academic Press.
2458:(must). The early history of
1430:, English northern dialectal
1147:"know (how to)", later "can"
620:"to become full", past tense
4963:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
3654:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
2970:An Introduction to Old Norse
2137:
2049:
1812:
761:
704:
687:
622:
614:
560:
552:
489:
438:
407:
240:
5732:Germanic language histories
4943:High German consonant shift
2907:Randall & Jones, p.142.
2652:Regular and irregular verbs
2589:has the regular past tense
2375:); the present paradigm of
794:Present verbal descendants
5763:
3481:Westlauwers–Terschellings
3134:According to contemporary
3081:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3047:Voyles, Joseph B. (1992).
2874:Randall and Jones, p. 140.
2479:
2300:
612:in the past), e.g. Gothic
344:
253:developed, as a result of
149:
5249:
5093:
5025:
4797:
4784:
4706:
4660:Southern Schleswig Danish
4415:
4398:
3155:
3142:
3132:
3068:An Old High German Primer
3042:. London: Asher & Co.
3000:Brill Academic Publishers
2180:
2047:
1971:
1944:
1930:
1923:
1877:
1841:
1810:
495:"to anoint", Old English
4938:West Germanic gemination
4892:Ancient Belgian language
4887:Germanic parent language
4831:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
3953:Austrian Standard German
2977:Heuser, Wilhelm (1903).
2600:"to walk" (e.g., German
1792:Norwegian Bokmål/Nynorsk
462:West Germanic gemination
280:leipō – leloipa – elipon
104:Proto-Indo-European verb
87:descriptive (synchronic)
32:Germanic language family
3075:Wright, Joseph (1910).
3066:Wright, Joseph (1906).
3039:A Moeso-Gothic glossary
2961:Altsächsische Grammatik
2854:10.1111/1467-968X.12045
2769:English irregular verbs
2629:
2596:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2519:
2512:
2391:shift between singular
2356:Subsequent developments
2348:
2265:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2182:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2130:
2087:
2063:
2056:
2042:
2012:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1925:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1843:
1819:
1805:
1719:
1713:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1477:"be enough", "suffice"
1460:
1451:
1443:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1065:
1057:
1049:
995:
987:
979:
915:
907:
899:
873:
865:
857:
755:
732:'I saw' ; compare also
713:
698:
681:
639:preterite-present verbs
576:
568:
540:
532:
524:
497:
460:. (It also resulted in
446:
444:"to seek" (Old English
430:
428:"to send" (Old English
418:
317:
303:
279:
272:Indo-European languages
226:
218:
205:
197:
191:
185:
179:
125:I would have been doing
91:historical (diachronic)
4999:Preterite-present verb
4882:Proto-Germanic grammar
4836:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
3948:German Standard German
3624:East Frisian Low Saxon
3049:Early Germanic Grammar
2988:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
2963:. Halle: Max Niemeyer.
2893:Ringe, Donald (2006).
2614:
2608:
2602:
2513:h₁es-, *bʰuH-, *h₂wes-
2464:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2399:
2393:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2255:
2248:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2172:
2165:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2077:
2070:
2026:
2019:
2002:
1995:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1915:
1908:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1833:
1826:
1648:
1642:
1536:
1530:
1482:
1420:
1354:
1348:
1343:"must", later "shall"
1248:, English (dialectal)
1228:
1222:
1170:
1158:
1152:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1028:
1022:
1016:
954:
948:
942:
936:
836:
830:
824:
743:
737:
728:
726:"I know" and in Latin
722:
659:
653:
647:
287:
259:
18:Preterite-present verb
5737:Linguistic morphology
5004:Grammatischer Wechsel
3987:Namibian Black German
3958:Swiss Standard German
3927:Early New High German
3485:Mainland West Frisian
3346:Harlingerland Frisian
2968:Gordon, E.V. (1927).
2950:Campbell, A. (1959).
2821:Grammatischer Wechsel
2505:The copula (the verb
507:, compare "to salve".
250:grammatischer Wechsel
85:lends itself to both
5009:Indo-European ablaut
4989:Germanic strong verb
4958:Germanic spirant law
4095:Southeast Limburgish
3591:Gelders-Overijssels
3220:Irish Middle English
3210:Early Modern English
2806:Indo-European ablaut
2742:Indo-European copula
2737:Germanic strong verb
2482:Indo-European copula
1717:and past participle
1637:"may", later "must"
1424:, Norwegian Nynorsk
1358:, Norwegian Nynorsk
1238:, Swedish (archaic)
1232:, Norwegian Nynorsk
958:, Norwegian Nynorsk
840:, Norwegian Nynorsk
485:Ingvaeonic languages
402:in the past), e.g.,
363:, such verbs had no
274:. Examples include:
167:fall – fell – fallen
152:Germanic strong verb
83:Germanic verb system
5747:Indo-European verbs
4977:Synchronic features
4948:Germanic a-mutation
4901:Diachronic features
4251:in the broad sense
4184:East Central German
4138:Lorraine Franconian
4112:Transylvanian Saxon
4072:West Central German
3847:East Low Franconian
3757:West Low Franconian
3088:Old English Grammar
3017:Ringe, Don (2008).
2952:Old English Grammar
2397:(I can) and plural
1525:"can", later "may"
952:, Norwegian Bokmål
778:The known verbs in
593:in the present and
464:in some verbs, and
268:Proto-Indo-European
135:There is one verb (
36:Proto-Indo-European
5727:Germanic languages
4994:Germanic weak verb
4803:Language subgroups
4153:Pennsylvania Dutch
4102:Moselle Franconian
4080:Central Franconian
3913:Middle High German
3664:Central Pomeranian
3619:Northern Low Saxon
3332:Wangerooge Frisian
3126:Germanic languages
2732:Germanic weak verb
2626:A special case is
2409:Middle High German
2385:English modal verb
2124:present participle
1592:Norwegian Nynorsk
1294:Norwegian Nynorsk
643:Germanic languages
633:Preterite-presents
566:; Old High German
347:Germanic weak verb
170:sing – sang – sung
5704:
5703:
5655:godan and ichidan
5648:Kagoshima dialect
5501:
5500:
5381:
5380:
5087:world's languages
5049:
5048:
5034:extinct languages
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
4968:Great Vowel Shift
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4729:
4728:
4575:Greenlandic Norse
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4325:Southern Bavarian
4308:Northern Bavarian
4284:Highest Alemannic
4235:
4234:
3969:standard variants
3884:
3883:
3730:Standard variants
3689:
3688:
3548:Middle Low German
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3319:Saterland Frisian
3058:978-0-12-728270-1
3028:978-0-19-955229-0
3009:978-90-04-18340-7
2794:Dutch conjugation
2322:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2304:
2037:1st & 3rd sg
1875:1st & 3rd sg
1696:
1695:
800:Present singular
651:"to be able to".
291:(Latin: to cheat)
283:(Greek: to leave)
213:Old High German:
78:(East, extinct).
16:(Redirected from
5754:
5671:Other East Asian
5247:
5159:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5053:
4826:Elbe (Irminonic)
4799:
4786:
4714:Mainland Gutnish
4604:Swedish dialects
4566:Middle Icelandic
4540:Middle Norwegian
4429:Historical forms
4426:
4417:
4400:
4359:South Franconian
4345:Hutterite German
4313:Central Bavarian
4133:Rhine Franconian
4068:
3898:Historical forms
3895:
3810:Surinamese Dutch
3703:Historical forms
3700:
3533:Historical forms
3530:
3282:Historical forms
3279:
3166:
3157:
3144:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3091:
3082:
3071:
3062:
3043:
3032:
3013:
2998:. Vol. 11.
2984:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2837:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2522:
2515:
2476:Suppletive verbs
2467:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2402:
2396:
2351:
2325:Personal endings
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2221:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1651:
1645:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1539:
1533:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1485:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1446:
1423:
1412:
1400:
1392:
1384:
1357:
1351:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1231:
1225:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1173:
1161:
1155:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1031:
1025:
1019:
998:
990:
982:
957:
951:
945:
939:
918:
910:
902:
876:
868:
860:
839:
833:
827:
785:
764:
758:
746:
740:
731:
725:
716:
707:
701:
690:
684:
662:
656:
650:
627:
619:
581:
573:
565:
557:
545:
537:
529:
506:
494:
487:), e.g., Gothic
472:in Old English.)
470:velar consonants
451:
443:
435:
423:
412:
358:
354:
320:
306:
290:
282:
262:
243:
229:
221:
208:
200:
194:
188:
182:
163:Modern English:
121:non-finite forms
21:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5717:English grammar
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5682:
5666:
5660:irregular verbs
5628:
5622:deficient verbs
5595:
5569:
5563:
5527:
5497:
5471:
5450:
5434:
5377:
5290:auxiliary verbs
5268:
5238:
5217:
5165:
5150:
5144:
5089:
5080:
5050:
5045:
5013:
4972:
4953:Germanic umlaut
4918:Holtzmann's law
4896:
4865:
4793:
4772:
4725:
4702:
4636:South Jutlandic
4621:Danish dialects
4587:
4468:
4411:
4382:
4364:East Franconian
4318:Viennese German
4231:
4212:Silesian German
4178:
4167:Central Hessian
4057:
3982:Namibian German
3971:
3962:
3940:Standard German
3934:
3920:New High German
3906:Old High German
3880:
3859:
3841:
3752:
3724:
3685:
3669:East Pomeranian
3659:Brandenburgisch
3646:East Low German
3640:
3567:Dutch Low Saxon
3559:West Low German
3553:
3511:
3477:Schiermonnikoog
3458:
3353:
3339:Wursten Frisian
3302:
3268:
3151:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3085:
3074:
3065:
3059:
3046:
3035:
3029:
3021:. Oxford: OUP.
3016:
3010:
2987:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2811:Germanic Umlaut
2802:
2759:English grammar
2755:
2728:
2695:Principal parts
2671:
2666:
2654:
2624:
2516:, and possibly
2488:
2480:Main articles:
2478:
2420:bare infinitive
2358:
2327:
2310:
2305:
2212:past participle
2204:vitende/vitande
1752:Old High German
1701:
1457:
1405:
803:Present plural
776:
669:
635:
373:Old High German
349:
343:
154:
148:
100:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5760:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5722:German grammar
5719:
5709:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5565:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5554:
5546:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5532:Other European
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5250:
5244:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5195:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5177:
5175:
5156:
5153:proto-language
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4877:Proto-Germanic
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4752:Crimean Gothic
4741:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4628:
4626:Insular Danish
4623:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4609:Rinkebysvenska
4606:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4562:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4455:Old East Norse
4452:
4450:Old West Norse
4440:
4432:
4430:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:South Tyrolean
4322:
4321:
4320:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4272:High Alemannic
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4245:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4063:Central German
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
4002:Barossa German
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3781:French Flemish
3773:
3772:
3771:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3697:
3695:Low Franconian
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3563:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:Westereendersk
3490:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3374:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3312:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3297:Middle Frisian
3293:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:Modern English
3199:
3196:Middle English
3192:
3185:
3174:
3172:
3163:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3072:
3063:
3057:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3014:
3008:
2985:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2909:
2900:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Irregular verb
2682:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:irregular verb
2653:
2650:
2623:
2620:
2477:
2474:
2357:
2354:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Proto-Germanic
1729:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1638:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1526:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1486:
1478:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1416:
1413:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1292:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1220:Dutch (dated)
1218:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1178:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1082:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1017:deugen/gedogen
1012:
1009:
1000:
999:
991:
983:
975:
972:
932:
931:"have", "own"
929:
920:
919:
911:
903:
895:
892:
890:
887:
878:
877:
869:
861:
853:
850:
820:
817:
808:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
780:Proto-Germanic
775:
772:
767:
766:
749:
748:
668:
665:
637:The so-called
634:
631:
630:
629:
602:
583:
508:
473:
466:palatalization
385:Modern English
381:Middle English
361:Proto-Germanic
345:Main article:
342:
339:
293:
292:
284:
232:
231:
230:(to be called)
223:
211:
210:
209:(to be called)
202:
172:
171:
168:
150:Main article:
147:
144:
116:
115:
112:
99:
96:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5759:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5474:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5453:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5149:Indo-European
5147:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5103:Orthographies
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Germanic verb
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4923:Sievers's law
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:Reconstructed
4868:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4683:Middle Danish
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:Old Icelandic
4556:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4533:Old Norwegian
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4351:
4350:Gottscheerish
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4290:
4289:Walser German
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:Low Alemannic
4253:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:High Prussian
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:Erzgebirgisch
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Luxembourgish
4105:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:Klezmer-loshn
4042:
4040:
4039:Scots Yiddish
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3876:Meuse-Rhenish
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:Kleverlandish
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3764:Central Dutch
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:Stellingwarfs
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:Wood Frisian
3491:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:North Frisian
3356:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Anglo-Frisian
3158:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:English verbs
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Present tense
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2470:optative mood
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2316:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
984:
981:
976:
973:
971:
967:
963:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
933:
930:
928:
927:
922:
921:
917:
912:
909:
904:
901:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
885:
880:
879:
875:
870:
867:
862:
859:
854:
851:
849:
845:
844:
838:
832:
826:
821:
818:
816:
815:
810:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
783:
781:
773:
771:
763:
757:
751:
750:
745:
739:
735:
730:
724:
720:
715:
711:
710:Ancient Greek
706:
700:
694:
693:
692:
689:
683:
676:
674:
666:
664:
661:
655:
649:
644:
640:
632:
626:
625:
618:
617:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:
574:, past tense
572:
571:
564:
563:
558:, past tense
556:
555:
549:
544:
543:
538:, past tense
536:
535:
528:
527:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
500:
493:
492:
486:
482:
479:(extended to
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
449:
442:
441:
434:
433:
427:
422:
421:
416:
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
391:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
348:
340:
338:
335:
331:
327:
322:
319:
314:
310:
305:
299:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
275:
273:
269:
264:
261:
256:
252:
251:
245:
242:
237:
236:reduplicating
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
214:
207:
203:
199:
193:
187:
181:
177:
176:
175:
174:Old English:
169:
166:
165:
164:
161:
159:
153:
145:
143:
141:
140:
132:
130:
126:
122:
113:
109:
108:
107:
105:
97:
95:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5688:Austronesian
5572:Derived stem
5371:irregularity
5162:
5137:
5128:Prepositions
5029:
4913:Verner's law
4858:
4853:Gotho-Nordic
4851:
4844:
4765:
4758:
4750:
4744:
4734:
4719:Fårö Gutnish
4681:
4674:
4580:
4573:
4564:
4557:
4538:
4531:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4375:
4277:Swiss German
4241:Upper German
4174:Amana German
4148:Volga German
4117:Hunsrückisch
4043:
3997:Unserdeutsch
3992:Berlinerisch
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3864:Cover groups
3820:Mohawk Dutch
3815:Jersey Dutch
3793:East Flemish
3776:West Flemish
3720:Middle Dutch
3674:Low Prussian
3546:
3539:
3505:Terschelling
3489:Clay Frisian
3464:West Frisian
3452:Wiedingharde
3444:
3432:
3392:Heligolandic
3369:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3325:
3308:East Frisian
3295:
3288:
3261:Middle Scots
3259:
3252:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3219:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3048:
3038:
3018:
2990:
2979:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2816:Verner's law
2779:German verbs
2715:Future tense
2680:Regular verb
2655:
2639:
2625:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2527:
2525:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2459:
2452:(like), and
2432:shall/should
2431:
2427:
2413:
2376:
2372:
2371:(preterite:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2088:vissa, vissi
2043:wissǭ, wissē
1702:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1631:
1594:
1583:
1547:
1542:
1519:
1471:
1431:
1426:
1408:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1337:
1301:
1296:
1285:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1211:
1175:
1164:
1162:, Norwegian
1141:
1104:
1102:, Norwegian
1075:
1039:
1034:
1032:, Norwegian
1011:"be useful"
1005:
969:
965:
960:
925:
883:
847:
842:
813:
777:
768:
677:
670:
638:
636:
623:
615:
609:
605:
594:
590:
586:
577:
569:
561:
553:
541:
533:
530:"to have" ←
525:
519:
515:
511:
502:
498:
490:
480:
476:
453:
447:
439:
431:
425:
419:
408:
399:
395:
389:
350:
333:
329:
323:
294:
265:
255:Verner's law
248:
246:
233:
212:
173:
162:
155:
146:Strong verbs
138:
133:
128:
124:
117:
101:
82:
80:
74:(West); and
29:
5643:conjugation
5600:Niger–Congo
5568:Afroasiatic
5552:conjugation
5516:conjugation
5423:conjugation
5419:Macedonian
5408:conjugation
5398:conjugation
5366:conjugation
5354:conjugation
5339:conjugation
5335:Portuguese
5329:conjugation
5319:conjugation
5304:conjugation
5285:conjugation
5257:conjugation
5232:conjugation
5201:conjugation
5118:Determiners
5098:Phonologies
4928:Kluge's law
4908:Grimm's law
4691:Dalecarlian
4670:Perkerdansk
4643:East Danish
4461:Old Gutnish
4437:Proto-Norse
4377:Langobardic
4369:Vogtlandian
4197:Upper Saxon
4051:Lachoudisch
4012:Lotegorisch
3890:High German
3636:Westphalian
3631:Eastphalian
3595:Achterhooks
3472:Hindeloopen
3407:Bökingharde
3376:Föhr–Amrum
3290:Old Frisian
3254:Early Scots
3189:Old English
2642:subjunctive
2622:IE optative
2603:gehen, ging
2416:modal verbs
2405:Old English
2381:strong verb
1747:Old English
788:Infinitive
624:ik fullnōda
415:Old English
313:Koine Greek
244:(to have).
5742:Verb types
5711:Categories
5491:pure verbs
5462:Hindustani
5455:Indo-Aryan
5413:morphology
5350:Sardinian
5309:morphology
5113:Adjectives
4760:Burgundian
4676:Old Danish
4665:Gøtudanskt
4648:Bornholmsk
4510:Vestlandsk
4490:Kebabnorsk
4227:Halcnovian
4192:Thuringian
3855:Limburgish
3825:Stadsfries
3798:Brabantian
3525:Low German
3371:Eiderstedt
3226:Fingallian
2935:References
2848:(2): 137.
2720:Suppletion
2705:Past tense
2700:Infinitive
2612:; Swedish
2609:gaan, ging
2561:. In fact
2550:"I went",
2543:"to go" ~
2492:suppletion
2400:wir können
2178:witting**
1799:infinitive
1709:zero-grade
1658:, English
1652:, Swedish
1632:(ga)mōtaną
1546:, English
1540:, Swedish
1418:Icelandic
1409:(ga)munaną
1370:, English
1364:, Swedish
1300:, English
1174:, English
1168:, Swedish
1096:, Swedish
1038:, English
1026:, Swedish
964:, English
946:, Swedish
846:, English
834:, Swedish
806:Preterite
562:ik habáida
413:"to set" (
369:productive
341:Weak verbs
326:zero grade
263:(to lose)
198:(ge)fallen
123:, compare
98:Verb types
5639:Japanese
5606:Chichewa
5559:Kabardian
5548:Georgian
5523:Hungarian
5393:Bulgarian
5186:auxiliary
5040:varieties
5032:indicate
4846:Northwest
4791:Philology
4696:Elfdalian
4631:Jutlandic
4553:Icelandic
4528:(written)
4522:(written)
4500:Trøndersk
4480:Norwegian
4444:Old Norse
4265:Coloniero
4249:Alemannic
4222:Wymysorys
4090:Colognian
4085:Ripuarian
4007:Rotwelsch
3837:Midslands
3788:Zeelandic
3769:Hollandic
3743:Afrikaans
3715:Old Dutch
3541:Old Saxon
3440:Karrharde
3422:Goesharde
3403:Mainland
3136:philology
2862:1467-968X
2747:Go (verb)
2585:); today
2569:(compare
2486:Go (verb)
2446:(ought),
2434:, German
2235:(ge)witen
2228:(gi)witan
2035:preterite
1865:vite/vita
1777:Icelandic
1772:Old Norse
1742:Old Saxon
1720:(ge)witen
1682:(ga)mōtun
1646:, German
1534:, German
1461:(ga)mundē
1452:(ga)munun
1352:, German
1226:, German
1156:, German
1090:, German
1020:, German
940:, German
828:, German
599:Old Norse
578:ih habēta
548:factitive
503:*salbōjan
458:Old Saxon
332:to short
309:classical
222:(to fall)
201:(to fall)
62:(North);
56:Norwegian
5591:Tigrinya
5512:Finnish
5483:Armenian
5467:Sanskrit
5346:Romanian
5325:Occitan
5315:Italian
5281:Catalan
5163:Germanic
5133:Pronouns
5108:Grammars
4767:Vandalic
4710:Gutnish
4515:Vikværsk
4495:Sognamål
4485:Bergensk
4335:Cimbrian
4303:Bavarian
4260:Alsatian
4207:Lusatian
4143:Palatine
3833:Amelands
3710:Frankish
3600:Sallaans
3582:Gronings
3433:Southern
3426:Northern
3417:Halligen
3366:Insular
3183:dialects
2664:See also
2635:optative
2615:gå, gick
2606:; Dutch
2462:(German
2424:modality
2394:ich kann
2287:vetat***
2273:vitað***
2266:vitat***
2242:giwizzan
2159:wizzanti
1690:(ga)mōsē
1472:ganuganą
1415:"think"
1081:"grant"
791:Meaning
782:(PGmc):
542:iċ hæfde
499:sealfian
375:, where
111:doing").
106:system:
5696:Ilocano
5633:Japonic
5446:Persian
5439:Iranian
5430:Slovene
5361:Spanish
5274:Romance
5181:English
5085:of the
5030:Italics
4653:Scanian
4599:Swedish
4548:Faroese
4526:Nynorsk
4505:Valdris
4340:Mòcheno
4296:Swabian
4162:Hessian
4122:Hunsrik
4034:Western
4029:Eastern
4024:Yiddish
3974:creoles
3871:Bergish
3587:Drèents
3577:Tweants
3429:Central
3411:Mooring
3274:Frisian
3233:Kildare
3178:English
2669:General
2646:Faroese
2630:wiljaną
2597:ganganą
2567:to wend
2554:ijjēdum
2440:(may),
2383:. (See
2373:he sang
2366:he sing
2349:kunnana
2261:wist**
2256:geweten
2249:gewusst
2197:vetande
2190:vidende
2183:vitandi
2166:wissend
2152:witende
2145:witandi
2138:witands
2131:witandz
2027:(veta)*
1969:3rd pl
1967:present
1873:present
1787:Swedish
1767:English
1674:(ga)mōt
1589:"fear"
1510:ganuhtē
1502:ganugun
1483:genügen
1480:German
1444:(ga)man
1338:skulaną
1291:"dare"
1286:durzaną
1217:"need"
1212:þurbaną
1142:kunnaną
937:eigenen
889:"know"
819:"know"
734:Russian
673:perfect
667:Sources
616:fullnan
534:*habjan
518:(later
483:in the
426:sandjan
318:leloipa
298:stative
192:feollon
64:English
60:Swedish
5678:Korean
5610:tenses
5586:Hebrew
5581:Arabic
5544:Basque
5539:Adyghe
5506:Uralic
5487:Greek
5404:Czech
5386:Slavic
5299:French
5262:tenses
5253:Latin
5243:Italic
5228:Irish
5222:Celtic
5213:Gothic
5208:German
5197:Dutch
5168:strong
4746:Gothic
4616:Danish
4520:Bokmål
4019:Yenish
3829:Bildts
3612:Veluws
3607:Urkers
3446:Strand
3170:Anglic
3055:
3025:
3006:
2860:
2690:Copula
2591:wended
2465:wollen
2455:müssen
2443:sollen
2437:dürfen
2389:ablaut
2362:he can
2315:supine
2219:wissaz
2173:wetend
2116:visste
2109:visste
2102:vidste
2071:wusste
1996:wissen
1989:wizzun
1827:wissen
1820:wizzan
1806:witaną
1782:Danish
1757:German
1737:Gothic
1699:Ablaut
1649:müssen
1643:moeten
1640:Dutch
1528:Dutch
1520:maganą
1398:skuldē
1390:skulun
1361:skulla
1355:sollen
1349:zullen
1346:Dutch
1328:durstē
1320:durzun
1276:þurftē
1268:þurbun
1229:dürfen
1223:durven
1194:kunnun
1159:können
1153:kunnen
1150:Dutch
1093:gönnen
1087:gunnen
1084:Dutch
1076:unnaną
1023:taugen
1014:Dutch
1006:duganą
943:eignen
934:Dutch
926:aiganą
884:lizaną
831:wissen
822:Dutch
814:witaną
797:Class
744:vedatʹ
738:videtʹ
660:Konnte
648:können
526:hebban
491:salbōn
440:sōkjan
432:sendan
420:settan
409:satjan
404:Gothic
377:umlaut
365:ablaut
180:fallan
158:ablaut
76:Gothic
72:German
58:, and
52:Danish
5617:Sotho
5476:Other
5191:modal
5138:Verbs
5123:Nouns
5083:Verbs
4860:South
4811:North
4421:North
4405:North
3747:Kaaps
3738:Dutch
3385:Amrum
3326:Weser
3248:Scots
2827:Notes
2628:*
2595:*
2577:with
2552:*
2545:*
2538:*
2528:to go
2520:h₁er-
2518:*
2511:*
2507:to be
2500:to go
2496:to be
2449:mögen
2364:with
2347:*
2294:visst
2280:vidst
2217:*
2129:*
2095:vissi
2083:wist
2064:wissa
2057:wisse
2050:wissa
2041:*
2003:weten
1982:witon
1975:witun
1973:*
1879:*
1834:weten
1813:witan
1804:*
1762:Dutch
1714:witan
1688:*
1680:*
1672:*
1655:måsta
1620:*
1612:*
1604:*
1584:aganą
1574:mahtē
1572:*
1566:magun
1564:*
1556:*
1537:mögen
1531:mogen
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