558:
524:
546:
67:
36:
487:
3140:
3150:
483:
death in 2023. A meta-analysis of the association between BMI and mortality in 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants found that the risk of death in adults is not increased between 23 and 30 kg/m (see Figure 2). An adult BMI of 18.5 kg/m, considered 'normal' by WHO criteria, is associated with a 30% increase in all-cause mortality.
478:
First, being overweight is a risk for early death without correcting for confounding risk factors. Overweight is usually measured by the body mass index (BMI = kg/m), which is much easier to measure than physical activity. Most studies only measured BMI, not physical activity, and did not correct for
280:
In 2017, The Lancet published a large study by Swiss epidemiologist Silvia
Stringhini and her collaborators, analysing the impact of the most important causes of preventable death in Western societies. They estimated the number of years of life lost for each risk factor at the individual level and
482:
Second, a major pitfall in many studies of weight and health is that 'normal' and 'healthy' are often confused. The WHO definition of 'normal' adult BMI (between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m) is based on a normal weight and height distribution of US citizens in the 1960s, not on the associated risk of
292:
As shown in summary Table 2, at an individual level, smoking is the single greatest risk of avoidable death, followed by diabetes and high alcohol consumption. At the population level, diabetes and high alcohol consumption have a low prevalence. Physical inactivity, smoking and low socioeconomic
284:
The multicohort study and meta-analysis used individual-level data from 48 independent prospective cohort studies with information on socioeconomic status, high alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes and obesity, and mortality, for a total population of
288:
A limitation of many studies of health risk factors is confounding bias: many risk factors are interrelated and cluster together in high-risk populations. For example: Low physical activity and obesity go hand in hand. People who are physically inactive tend to gain weight, and people who are
523:
297:
Table 2: Risk factors for avoidable death: Pooled hazard ratios, life years lost and population attributable fraction (PAF) for six WHO-defined health risks and socioeconomic status (SES) (Meta-analysis data of prospective cohort studies, from
Stringhini et al., Lancet 2017).
270:
About 56 million people died in 2001. Of these, 10.6 million were children, 99% of whom lived in low-and-middle-income countries. More than half of child deaths in 2001 were attributable to acute respiratory infections, measles, diarrhea, malaria, and
557:
106:
It is estimated that of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations the proportion is much higher, reaching 90 percent. Thus, albeit indirectly,
637:
There was considerable debate about the differences in the numbers of obesity-related diseases. The value here reflects the death rate for obesity that has been found to be the most accurate of the debated values. Note, however, that
98:, unhealthy diet, sexual behavior, and reckless driving—which contribute to a number of different diseases. Such risk factors are usually not recorded directly on death certificates, although they are acknowledged in medical reports.
70:
Figure 1: In 2011, deaths from potentially avoidable causes accounted for approximately 24% of all deaths registered in
England and Wales. The leading cause of avoidable deaths was ischaemic heart disease in males and lung cancer in
289:
severely obese have difficulty exercising. The unique advantage of the huge amount of individual data in the
Stringhini study is that it allows (estimation of) the relative contribution of each separate risk factor.
545:
111:(senescence) is by far the leading cause of death. Whether senescence as a biological process itself can be slowed, halted, or even reversed is a subject of current scientific speculation and research.
475:
A puzzling finding is the small contribution of obesity as a cause of avoidable premature death. There are two reasons why obesity is not an important independent risk factor, as is often assumed.
1704:
490:
Figure 2: The association between body mass index (BMI) and relative risk of all-cause mortality (data from Aune et al., BMJ 2016; curve fitting by L. Stalpers, Amsterdam UMC, 2023).
1148:
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ (May 2006). "Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data".
1310:"BMI and all cause mortality: systematic review and non-linear dose-response meta-analysis of 230 cohort studies with 3.74 million deaths among 30.3 million participants"
1584:
293:
status (SES) are then the top three preventable causes of early death. Smoking, physical inactivity and low SES account for almost two thirds of all avoidable deaths.
1196:"Socioeconomic status and the 25 × 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1·7 million men and women"
907:
912:
647:
2129:
808:
are the leading cause of death in children 9–17 years of age. In 2008, the top five worldwide unintentional injuries in children are as follows:
266:
In 2001, on average 29,000 children died of preventable causes each day (that is, about 20 deaths per minute). The authors provide the context:
2190:
2154:
2124:
1700:
2426:
966:
Danaei, Goodarz; Ding, Eric L.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Taylor, Ben; Rehm, Jürgen; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Ezzati, Majid (2009-04-28).
120:
728:
Colorectal cancer (bowel cancer, colon cancer) caused 51,783 deaths in the US in 2011. About 80 percent of colorectal cancers begin as
2159:
124:
1490:
1362:"The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors"
968:"The Preventable Causes of Death in the United States: Comparative Risk Assessment of Dietary, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Risk Factors"
2134:
1733:
745:
1283:
1499:
2662:
2114:
1804:
1677:
925:
768:
500:
66:
1765:
1123:
171:
2210:
1888:
1032:
3179:
2688:
2232:
2139:
2106:
1648:
563:
Figure 5: Leading causes of accidental death in the United States as of 2002, as a percentage of deaths in each group.
1458:
2511:
2381:
935:
611:
256:
151:
79:
1308:
Aune, Dagfinn; Sen, A; Prasad M, M; Norat T, T; Janszky, I; Tonstad, S; Romundstad, P; Vatten, LJ (4 May 2016).
3174:
1194:
Stringhini, Silvia; Carmeli, C; Jokela, M; Avendaño, M; Muennig, P; Guida, F; ...LIFEPATH consortium (2017).
2989:
2984:
2912:
2834:
2119:
740:. Accordingly, the tabulated figure assumes that 80 percent of the fatal cancers could have been prevented.
3024:
2917:
2657:
2563:
2528:
2149:
1960:
1876:
1047:
783:
2907:
2829:
2642:
2538:
2474:
2439:
1883:
1851:
1578:
940:
1598:
Flegal, Katherine M. (2021). "The obesity wars and the education of a researcher: A personal account".
531:
Note: This data is outdated and has been significantly revised, especially for obesity-related deaths.
281:
its contribution to preventable death at the societal level (PAF = Population
Attributable Fraction).
3019:
2872:
2761:
2723:
2713:
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516:
161:
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1985:
1965:
1945:
1908:
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1102:
1052:
508:
240:
206:
1524:
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but not obese was associated with fewer deaths (not more deaths) relative to being normal weight.
3125:
3029:
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2008:
1861:
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1442:
1383:
1373:
1329:
1321:
1256:
1215:
1207:
1157:
1057:
997:
979:
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733:
182:
108:
3094:
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2449:
2308:
2180:
2175:
2092:
2042:
2035:
2023:
1933:
1726:
1494:
1484:
551:
Figure 4: Leading causes of accidental death in the United States by age group as of 2002.
95:
91:
17:
2600:
486:
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Figure 3: Leading preventable causes of death in the United States in the year 2000.
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1177:
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1990:
1975:
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1378:
984:
3074:
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2703:
2533:
2416:
2077:
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2018:
1950:
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1923:
1913:
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Flegal, K.M., B.I. Graubard, D.F. Williamson, and M.H. Gail. (2005). "Obesity".
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682:
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1073:
78:
are causes of death related to risk factors which could have been avoided. The
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2421:
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1980:
1938:
1918:
1828:
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512:
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1229:
1169:
1061:
1011:
1268:
3064:
3034:
2585:
2573:
2506:
2334:
2003:
1970:
1856:
1836:
1033:"Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations"
840:
805:
760:
499:
The three risk factors most commonly leading to preventable death in the
123:
worldwide as of the year 2001, according to researchers working with the
1758:"BBC News | Special Reports | UN raises child accidents alarm"
1427:
3101:
2741:
2708:
2553:
2501:
2262:
2200:
2013:
1893:
756:
729:
626:
504:
196:
83:
1325:
3054:
2751:
2521:
2389:
2313:
1955:
87:
606:"one of the 10 leading causes of death and disability in the world"
515:. Pollution from fossil fuel burning kills roughly 200,000 per year.
94:
may also be classified in terms of preventable risk factors—such as
82:
has traditionally classified death according to the primary type of
2637:
2617:
2558:
2356:
1813:
876:
852:
686:
678:
485:
65:
1243:
Keys, A; Fidanza, F; Karvonen, MJ; Kimuru, N; Taylor, HL (1972).
1360:
Danaei; Ding; Mozaffarian; Taylor; Rehm; Murray; Ezzati (2009).
1271:– via (Reprinted in Int J Epidemiol 2014: 43(3): 655-665).
922: – Aspects of medicine focused on food, exercise, and sleep
263:
list only causes of death, and not the underlying risk factors.
1786:
598:
Adverse events in hospitals in low- and middle-income countries
29:
1426:
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL (March 2004).
1642:"Controversies in Obesity Mortality: A Tale of Two Studies"
1023:
1021:
1782:
285:
1,751,479 from seven high-income WHO member countries.
736:, which can be easily detected and removed during a
2860:
2790:
2676:
2630:
2492:
2380:
2322:
2271:
2260:
2253:
2168:
2105:
1827:
1820:
1428:"Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000"
1098:
47:. The reason given is: Most data is from 2000/2001.
423:High alcohol (reference moderate alcohol intake)
949: – Promoting health through informed choices
943: – Prevention of the occurrence of diseases
578:Avoidable causes and numbers of death per year.
389:Low Socio-Economic Status (reference high SES)
268:
136:Number of deaths resulting (millions per year)
1282:WHO – World Health Organization (6 May 2010).
372:Current smoking (reference is never smoking)
1798:
1544:
1542:
8:
1672:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
1583:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
27:Causes of death that could have been avoided
1551:Journal of the American Medical Association
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1284:"A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations"
904: – Health effects of drinking alcohol
2268:
2257:
1824:
1805:
1791:
1783:
1480:
1478:
1355:
1353:
936:Health effects of tobacco § Mortality
898: – Unnatural death caused by accident
814:Avoidable numbers of death among children
580:
1387:
1377:
1333:
1219:
1051:
1001:
983:
908:Short-term effects of alcohol consumption
1245:"Indices of relative weight and obesity"
913:Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
816:
763:: 11,101; accidents: 852; unknown: 822.
295:
129:
1143:
1141:
958:
541:
519:
1576:
1040:Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology
2155:List of ways people dishonor the dead
1488:, Vol. 50, No. 15, September 16, 2002
7:
1707:from the original on October 4, 2018
1189:
1187:
1727:"Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2011"
1600:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
457:Obesity (reference is normal BMI)
121:leading causes of preventable death
2160:List of ways people honor the dead
1699:Carol A. Burke; Laura K. Bianchi.
571:Annual number of deaths and causes
125:Disease Control Priorities Network
25:
2191:Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
1768:from the original on July 5, 2018
1680:from the original on May 27, 2019
119:Risk factors associated with the
3148:
3139:
3138:
1486:National Vital Statistics Report
556:
544:
522:
34:
3149:
1739:from the original on 2014-02-02
1654:from the original on 2016-03-03
1464:from the original on 2019-06-20
1105:from the original on 2019-05-27
926:List of causes of death by rate
769:Sexually transmitted infections
501:population of the United States
172:Sexually transmitted infections
1674:"Colorectal Cancer Statistics"
1:
2211:Maternal mortality in fiction
1288:WHO-World Health Organization
1212:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32380-7
1162:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9
2125:Expressions related to death
2078:Medical declaration of death
1379:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058
1261:10.1016/0021-9681(72)90027-6
985:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058
2145:Preventable causes of death
1249:Journal of Chronic Diseases
823:Number of deaths resulting
76:Preventable causes of death
3206:
1612:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.06.009
18:Preventable cause of death
3134:
2512:Consciousness after death
2435:
1999:
1500:"Death Statistics Tables"
257:World Health Organization
80:World Health Organization
43:This article needs to be
2913:Personification of death
2135:People by cause of death
1563:10.1001/jama.293.15.1861
1527:. WHO. 13 September 2019
1447:10.1001/jama.291.10.1238
800:Among children worldwide
2990:Death-positive movement
2835:Post-mortem photography
2115:Causes of death by rate
2043:Death by natural causes
1314:British Medical Journal
677:Toxic agents including
3025:Fascination with death
2663:Reincarnation research
2658:Out-of-body experience
2120:Notable deaths by year
1961:Immunogenic cell death
1877:Temporal lobe necrosis
1701:"Colorectal Neoplasia"
1062:10.2202/1941-6008.1011
784:Substance use disorder
491:
273:
72:
2830:Post-mortem chemistry
2643:Near-death experience
2539:Desecration of graves
2475:Postmortem caloricity
2440:Beating heart cadaver
1884:Programmed cell death
1852:Liquefactive necrosis
1764:. December 10, 2008.
1647:. RTI International.
1029:Aubrey D.N.J, de Grey
941:Preventive healthcare
489:
69:
3020:Festival of the Dead
2918:Dying-and-rising god
2873:Chinese burial money
2762:Prohibition of dying
2714:Death-qualified jury
2480:Post-mortem interval
2140:Premature obituaries
1847:Coagulative necrosis
1703:. Cleveland Clinic.
1493:May 5, 2019, at the
1206:(10075): 1229–1237.
1079:on February 12, 2019
355:Physical inactivity
227:Indoor air pollution
162:Alcohol use disorder
3180:Death-related lists
3080:Philosophy of death
2945:Death from laughter
2245:Perinatal mortality
1986:Mitotic catastrophe
1966:Ischemic cell death
1909:Intrinsic apoptosis
1857:Gangrenous necrosis
663:Infectious diseases
509:high blood pressure
299:
207:Physical inactivity
3126:Thanatosensitivity
3030:Hierarchy of death
2970:Death notification
2878:Coins for the dead
2810:Forensic pathology
2694:Capital punishment
2648:Near-death studies
2240:Mortality salience
1872:Fibrinoid necrosis
1842:Avascular necrosis
920:Lifestyle medicine
902:Alcohol and health
732:, commonly called
718:colorectal cancers
702:Traffic collisions
601:2.6 million deaths
492:
296:
73:
3162:
3161:
2898:Death anniversary
2893:Death and culture
2737:Dying declaration
2719:Death certificate
2626:
2625:
2488:
2487:
2340:Neuropreservation
2130:Natural disasters
2101:
2100:
1326:10.1136/bmj.i2156
1156:(9524): 1747–57.
1099:"SENS Foundation"
887:
886:
846:175,000 per year
834:260,000 per year
829:Traffic collision
797:
796:
473:
472:
276:Western societies
255:By contrast, the
253:
252:
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
3197:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3122:
3107:Assisted suicide
3005:Death trajectory
2820:Mortuary science
2815:Funeral director
2806:
2772:Suspicious death
2544:Eternal oblivion
2330:Cryopreservation
2269:
2258:
2196:Infant mortality
2186:Excess mortality
2088:Terminal illness
2073:Lazarus syndrome
2058:End-of-life care
2009:Accidental death
1862:Caseous necrosis
1825:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1525:"Patient Safety"
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1502:. Archived from
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1432:
1423:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1130:. Archived from
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1072:. Archived from
1055:
1046:(1, Article 5).
1037:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1005:
987:
963:
896:Accidental death
882:45,000 per year
870:47,000 per year
858:96,000 per year
817:
640:being overweight
590:Percent of total
581:
560:
548:
538:Accidental death
526:
343:Died Prematurely
300:
130:
109:biological aging
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3175:Causes of death
3165:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3130:
3116:
3060:Museum of Death
3010:Dignified death
2965:Death messenger
2940:Death education
2856:
2800:
2786:
2724:Declared death
2672:
2622:
2579:Online mourning
2484:
2450:Cadaveric spasm
2431:
2376:
2318:
2309:Skeletonization
2249:
2181:Child mortality
2176:Birthday effect
2164:
2097:
2093:Unnatural death
2024:Brainstem death
1995:
1934:Pseudoapoptosis
1816:
1811:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1575:
1557:(15): 1861–67.
1548:
1547:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1497:as compiled at
1495:Wayback Machine
1483:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1441:(10): 1238–45.
1430:
1425:
1424:
1405:
1372:(4): e1000058.
1359:
1358:
1351:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
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1280:
1276:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1147:
1146:
1139:
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1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1019:
978:(4): e1000058.
965:
964:
960:
956:
892:
802:
746:Firearms deaths
612:Smoking tobacco
573:
564:
561:
552:
549:
540:
533:
527:
497:
323:40 and 85 Years
314:Live-Years Lost
278:
261:2008 statistics
152:Smoking tobacco
117:
104:
92:causes of death
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3203:
3201:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3167:
3166:
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3159:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Apparent death
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Cause of death
2696:
2691:
2689:Administration
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Death erection
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:Natural burial
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2266:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2228:Mortality rate
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:Maternal death
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2150:Unusual deaths
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Organ donation
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2031:Clinical death
2028:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1779:
1749:
1718:
1691:
1664:
1633:
1590:
1538:
1516:
1474:
1403:
1349:
1300:
1274:
1255:(6): 329–343.
1235:
1183:
1137:
1134:on 2013-01-28.
1128:washington.edu
1115:
1090:
1053:10.1.1.395.745
1017:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
944:
938:
933:
928:
923:
917:
916:
915:
910:
899:
891:
888:
885:
884:
879:
873:
872:
867:
861:
860:
855:
849:
848:
843:
837:
836:
831:
825:
824:
821:
801:
798:
795:
794:
792:
789:
786:
780:
779:
777:
774:
771:
765:
764:
754:
751:
748:
742:
741:
730:benign growths
726:
723:
720:
713:
712:
710:
707:
704:
698:
697:
695:
692:
689:
674:
673:
671:
668:
665:
659:
658:
656:
653:
650:
644:
643:
635:
632:
629:
623:
622:
620:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:Cause of Death
572:
569:
566:
565:
562:
555:
553:
550:
543:
539:
536:
535:
534:
528:
521:
496:
493:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
437:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
403:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
352:
351:
331:
326:
311:
306:
277:
274:
251:
250:
247:
237:
236:
233:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
189:
188:
185:
178:
177:
174:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
154:
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
134:
116:
113:
103:
100:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3202:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3155:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:Death anxiety
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Darwin Awards
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:Biostratinomy
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Necropolitics
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:Reincarnation
2589:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2494:Other aspects
2491:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Body donation
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Dismemberment
2410:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2357:Mummification
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2314:Fossilization
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Decomposition
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Pallor mortis
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1506:on 2009-02-21
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:PLOS Medicine
1363:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
972:PLOS Medicine
969:
962:
959:
953:
948:
947:Public health
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
921:
918:
914:
911:
909:
906:
905:
903:
900:
897:
894:
893:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
847:
844:
842:
839:
838:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
822:
819:
818:
815:
813:
809:
807:
799:
793:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:
721:
719:
715:
714:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
636:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
586:
583:
582:
579:
577:
570:
568:
559:
554:
547:
542:
537:
532:
525:
520:
518:
517:
514:
510:
506:
502:
495:United States
494:
488:
484:
480:
479:confounding.
476:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
440:Hypertension
439:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
340:
339:
335:
334:Percentage of
332:
330:
327:
325:
324:
320:
319:
315:
312:
310:
309:Hazard Ratio
307:
305:
302:
301:
294:
290:
286:
282:
275:
272:
267:
264:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
239:
238:
234:
232:
228:
225:
224:
220:
218:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
204:
200:
198:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
180:
179:
175:
173:
170:
169:
165:
163:
160:
159:
155:
153:
150:
149:
145:
143:
140:
139:
135:
132:
131:
128:
126:
122:
114:
112:
110:
101:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3000:Death threat
2883:Dark tourism
2825:Necrobiology
2767:Right to die
2725:
2684:Abortion law
2608:Resurrection
2596:Palingenesis
2493:
2455:Coffin birth
2362:Plastination
2323:Preservation
2299:Putrefaction
2294:Rigor mortis
2289:Algor mortis
2284:Livor mortis
2261:
2217:Memento mori
2215:
2144:
2068:Lazarus sign
2048:Death rattle
1991:Suicide gene
1976:Karyorrhexis
1867:Fat necrosis
1770:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1636:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1579:cite journal
1554:
1550:
1529:. Retrieved
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1504:the original
1485:
1466:. Retrieved
1438:
1434:
1369:
1365:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1287:
1277:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1203:
1199:
1153:
1149:
1132:the original
1127:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1043:
1039:
975:
971:
961:
931:Particulates
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
811:
810:
803:
716:Preventable
683:particulates
575:
574:
567:
530:
511:, and being
498:
481:
477:
474:
347:
346:
342:
341:
337:
336:
333:
328:
322:
321:
318:between Ages
317:
316:
313:
308:
303:
291:
287:
283:
279:
269:
265:
254:
241:Unsafe water
217:Malnutrition
142:Hypertension
118:
115:2001 figures
105:
75:
74:
52:
44:
3117: [
3075:Necrophobia
3070:Necrophilia
3040:Immortality
2995:Death squad
2975:Death panel
2960:Death march
2955:Death knell
2935:Death drive
2908:Death deity
2852:Thanatology
2801: [
2747:Legal death
2726:in absentia
2704:Civil death
2549:Examination
2534:Crematorium
2417:Excarnation
2254:After death
2053:Dysthanasia
2019:Brain death
1951:Autoschizis
1929:Phenoptosis
1924:Parthanatos
1914:Necroptosis
1821:In medicine
1711:January 12,
1684:January 12,
738:colonoscopy
304:Risk factor
231:solid fuels
90:. However,
55:August 2022
3190:Prevention
3185:Demography
3169:Categories
3045:Last rites
3015:Extinction
2985:Death pose
2980:Death poem
2950:Death hoax
2930:Death camp
2923:Psychopomp
2798:Death tech
2653:Necromancy
2631:Paranormal
2613:Underworld
2465:Dissection
2427:Resomation
2422:Promession
2400:Sky burial
2367:Prosection
2352:Maceration
2063:Euthanasia
1981:Karyolysis
1939:Pyroptosis
1919:Paraptosis
1829:Cell death
1743:2014-02-21
1658:2014-02-21
1510:2009-06-21
1468:2008-08-28
1200:The Lancet
1109:2012-10-10
954:References
759:: 19,766;
513:overweight
338:Deaths who
329:Prevalence
245:sanitation
193:Overweight
3090:Sacrifice
3085:Predation
3050:Longevity
2840:Taphonomy
2777:Trust law
2732:Death row
2517:Afterlife
2470:Gibbeting
2407:Cremation
2372:Taxidermy
2347:Embalming
2223:Micromort
2169:Mortality
1946:Autolysis
1904:Autophagy
1899:Apoptosis
1628:235470848
1606:: 75–79.
1320:: i2156.
1083:August 7,
1070:201101995
1048:CiteSeerX
994:1549-1277
406:Diabetes
271:HIV/AIDS.
243:and poor
102:Worldwide
3144:Category
3114:Thanabot
3065:Necronym
3035:Homicide
2586:Obituary
2574:Mourning
2564:Internet
2507:Cemetery
2382:Disposal
2335:Cryonics
2004:Abortion
1971:Pyknosis
1837:Necrosis
1766:Archived
1762:BBC News
1734:Archived
1705:Archived
1678:Archived
1649:Archived
1620:34139265
1571:15840860
1491:Archived
1459:Archived
1455:15010446
1398:19399161
1344:27146380
1230:28159391
1178:22609505
1170:16731270
1103:Archived
1031:(2007).
1012:19399161
890:See also
841:Drowning
812:Table 4:
806:injuries
804:Various
761:homicide
576:Table 3:
259:(WHO)'s
127:(DCPN):
71:females.
3154:Outline
3102:Suicide
2742:Inquest
2709:Coroner
2601:Saṃsāra
2569:Midwife
2554:Funeral
2529:Customs
2502:Carrion
2201:Karoshi
2014:Autopsy
1894:Anoikis
1732:. CDC.
1531:16 June
1389:2667673
1335:4856854
1293:18 June
1269:4650929
1221:5368415
1003:2667673
853:Viruses
757:Suicide
648:Alcohol
631:111,900
627:Obesity
616:435,000
505:smoking
197:obesity
96:smoking
84:disease
45:updated
3055:Martyr
2791:Fields
2752:Murder
2668:Séance
2638:Ghosts
2522:Tukdam
2390:Burial
2272:Stages
1956:Eschar
1772:May 8,
1626:
1618:
1569:
1453:
1396:
1386:
1342:
1332:
1267:
1228:
1218:
1176:
1168:
1150:Lancet
1124:"DCP3"
1068:
1050:
1010:
1000:
992:
877:Toxins
820:Cause
788:17,000
773:20,000
750:31,940
734:polyps
722:41,400
706:43,000
691:55,000
679:toxins
667:75,000
652:85,000
593:Notes
587:Number
469:Small
466:20,9%
449:34,0%
401:17,2%
398:35,4%
384:24,0%
381:23,3%
367:24,5%
364:43,7%
133:Cause
88:injury
3121:]
3095:human
2861:Other
2805:]
2677:Legal
2618:Vigil
2559:Grief
2107:Lists
1814:Death
1737:(PDF)
1730:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1645:(PDF)
1624:S2CID
1462:(PDF)
1431:(PDF)
1174:S2CID
1077:(PDF)
1066:S2CID
1036:(PDF)
865:Falls
687:radon
619:18.1%
463:0,68
460:1,11
452:8,8%
446:1,54
443:1,29
435:3,7%
432:6,8%
429:0,48
426:1,62
418:6,5%
415:9,0%
412:3,99
409:1,79
395:2,06
392:1,38
378:4,60
375:2,08
361:2,30
358:1,59
348:(PAF)
229:from
181:Poor
2782:Will
2263:Body
2233:RAMR
1889:AICD
1774:2010
1713:2015
1686:2015
1616:PMID
1585:link
1567:PMID
1533:2022
1451:PMID
1435:JAMA
1394:PMID
1340:PMID
1295:2023
1265:PMID
1226:PMID
1166:PMID
1085:2011
1008:PMID
990:ISSN
791:0.7%
776:0.8%
753:1.3%
725:1.7%
709:1.8%
694:2.3%
685:and
670:3.1%
655:3.5%
634:4.6%
503:are
249:1.6
235:1.8
221:1.9
211:2.0
201:2.5
195:and
187:2.8
183:diet
176:3.0
166:3.8
156:5.4
146:7.8
2036:DOA
1608:doi
1559:doi
1555:293
1443:doi
1439:291
1384:PMC
1374:doi
1330:PMC
1322:doi
1318:353
1257:doi
1216:PMC
1208:doi
1204:389
1158:doi
1154:367
1058:doi
998:PMC
980:doi
86:or
3171::
3119:ca
2803:pt
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