327:). Results indicated that quoll-exposed bettongs engaged in less inattentive foraging compared to controls but did not differentiate between predator and non-predator cues. In contrast, quoll-exposed hopping mice adjusted their foraging behaviors in open areas and increased their wariness in response to quoll stimuli, while cat-exposed hopping mice only heightened their caution in the presence of cat stimuli. Although reintroducing native predators improved general antipredator responses among naïve prey populations, evidence for enhanced discrimination towards introduced predators was limited, although the findings suggest that exposure to native predators may better prepare naïve prey for environments where novel predators are present.
346:) can enhance their survival upon reintroduction. Over two years, bilbies were exposed to feral cats in a fenced area, and their behaviors were assessed. Results showed that predator-exposed bilbies exhibited increased wariness—spending less time moving and more time in cover—compared to naïve bilbies. Following
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ones. The naïveté was most significant towards non-native predators lacking native relatives in the community. Time since introduction plays a role, with prey naïveté diminishing over generations; approximately 200 generations may be needed for prey to sufficiently develop antipredator behaviors
294:
While excluding novel predators from conservation areas has had mixed results, the absence of any predators can worsen prey naiveté. Reintroducing native predators has been proposed as a potential solution to enhance prey behavioral responses. A study published in 2024 assessed the behavioral
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Prey naiveté was initially conceptualized as a straightforward phenomenon in which native fauna become vulnerable to non-native predators due to naive behavioral responses. It is now understood to be a multifaceted issue, and is classified into four distinct levels:
350:, the predator-exposed group had higher survival rates and was less likely to be predated upon than their naïve counterparts. The study suggests that training naïve prey in the presence of predators may improve their survival in reintroduction efforts.
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Prey overreact to the predator, exhibiting heightened fear and anxiety after experiencing significant sublethal predation costs. This can lead to excessive caution that disrupts their normal behavior and ecological functions.
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recognition of predators. Certain antipredator behaviors that develop in response to coevolved predators may persist over time, even in their absence, particularly when other predators are present, as suggested by the
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Prey display behavioral responses that are suitable but ultimately ineffective against the predator. For example, they may attempt to flee or seek refuge, but these actions do not adequately enhance their survival.
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Prey acknowledge the presence of the predator but respond with inappropriate behavioral responses, which do not effectively mitigate the threat. This can include ineffective flight or hiding strategies.
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Prey fail to recognize the non-native predator as a threat, leading to a complete absence of any antipredator behavior. This naiveté can leave them highly vulnerable to predation.
270:. Although prey naiveté is widely recognized in ecological studies, its variability under the influence of eco-evolutionary factors is not yet fully quantified.
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of predator introduction may influence prey recognition, with lower latitudes possibly exhibiting higher recognition rates due to greater predation pressure and
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factors such as biogeographic isolation and prey adaptation. A prey species' ability to detect and evade predators can be shaped by the life history,
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history with it. Prey naïveté is believed to intensify the effects of non-native predators, which can contribute significantly to the risks of
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defenses result from a lack of evolutionary exposure to specific predators. This naiveté towards non-native predators is likely influenced by
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The occurrence and intensity of prey naiveté are hypothesized to arise from several interrelated factors, categorized into four themes:
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Stepkovitch, Ben; Van der Weyde, Leanne K.; Finlayson, Graeme; Blumstein, Daniel T.; Letnic, Mike; Moseby, Katherine E. (August 2024).
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may also experience heightened naiveté due to lack of eco-evolutionary experience with both non-native and native predators.
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In addition to behavioral inadequacies, prey species lacking evolutionary exposure to non-native predation may possess
134:: Prey naiveté is thought to be exacerbated by evolutionary isolation between predator and prey, particularly in
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Ross, Alexandra K.; Letnic, Mike; Blumstein, Daniel T.; Moseby, Katherine E. (July 2019). Hayward, Matt (ed.).
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traits that render them more susceptible to such threats, including insufficient defensive structures,
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over generations following the introduction of a predator, with naiveté diminishing as prey adapt.
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mammalian nest predators. However, the negative effects of rats are lessened on islands with
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176:, suggesting that certain prey species are better equipped to recognize specific predators.
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510:"Reversing the effects of evolutionary prey naiveté through controlled predator exposure"
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Anton, Andrea; Geraldi, Nathan R.; Ricciardi, Anthony; Dick, Jaimie T. A. (2020-06-10).
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Barrio, Isabel C.; Bueno, C. Guillermo; Banks, Peter B.; Tortosa, Francisco S. (2010).
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systems display species-specific avoidance behaviors, many taxa require learned
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often struggle to recognize or avoid an introduced predator because they lack a
479:"Reintroducing native predators improves antipredator responses in naïve prey"
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A 2019 study explored whether exposing predator-naïve prey, specifically the
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372:"Prey naiveté in an introduced prey species: the wild rabbit in Australia"
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and endangerment of prey species globally, as well as to the failure of
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51:, and evolutionary context of both predator and prey. While some
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106:. Prey are generally naïve towards non-native predators in
422:"Global determinants of prey naiveté to exotic predators"
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Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
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The prey naïveté hypothesis suggests that ineffective
338:), to controlled numbers of introduced predators (
311:)—to the reintroduction of a native predator, the
172:: Recognition of introduced predators may vary by
75:have been implicated in the extinction of many
278:Prey naïveté contributes significantly to the
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319:), and its impact on their responses to
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150:acquire effective antipredator responses
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87:that lack evolutionary experience with
31:and endangerment of prey populations.
19:is a theory that suggests that native
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295:reactions of two prey species—the
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495:10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.05.012
95:rats or functionally similar
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514:Journal of Applied Ecology
156:Latitude and biodiversity
114:environments, but not in
284:wildlife reintroductions
62:multipredator hypothesis
526:10.1111/1365-2664.13406
132:Biogeographic isolation
17:Prey naïveté hypothesis
438:10.1098/rspb.2019.2978
305:spinifex hopping mouse
181:Levels of prey naiveté
71:introduced to oceanic
388:10.1093/beheco/arq103
170:Taxonomic specificity
138:environments. Island
146:Adaptation over time
564:Ecological theories
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432:(1928): 20192978.
376:Behavioral Ecology
317:Dasyurus geoffroii
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301:Bettongia lesueur
297:burrowing bettong
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520:(7): 1761–1769.
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483:Animal Behaviour
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336:Macrotis lagotis
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382:(5): 986–991.
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309:Notomys alexis
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164:biodiversity
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41:antipredator
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344:Felis catus
325:Felis catus
148:: Prey may
116:terrestrial
548:Categories
354:References
340:feral cats
321:feral cats
290:Mitigation
280:extinction
268:camouflage
140:ecosystems
136:freshwater
112:freshwater
101:introduced
97:land crabs
89:generalist
29:extinction
559:Predation
534:0021-8901
489:: 11–25.
446:0962-8452
396:1465-7279
104:omnivores
57:olfactory
464:32486977
160:latitude
85:reptiles
35:Overview
554:Ecology
455:7341919
239:Level 4
228:Level 3
217:Level 2
207:Level 1
77:mammals
73:islands
49:ecology
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303:) and
274:Impact
158:: The
108:marine
93:native
83:, and
264:odors
195:Level
81:birds
530:ISSN
460:PMID
442:ISSN
392:ISSN
110:and
69:rats
21:prey
522:doi
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