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soils in winter-mild situations. In more populated areas it has sometimes suffered from over-collection and theft so that few natural displays of primroses in abundance can now be found. However it is common on motorway verges and railway embankments where human intervention is restricted. To prevent excessive damage to the species, picking of primroses or the removal of primrose plants from the wild is illegal in many countries, e.g. the UK
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Both flowers and leaves are edible, the flavour ranging between mild lettuce and more bitter salad greens. The leaves can be cooked in soup but preferably with other plants because they are sometimes a little strong. The leaves can also be used for tea, and the young flowers can be made into primrose
778:
can cover the ground in open woods and shaded hedgerows. It is found mainly by streams, under bushes, in orchards and clear, moist deciduous forests. Occasionally it also appears in meadows. In
Central Europe plants thrive best on nutrient-rich, but lime-poor, humus-rich, loose and often stony loam
880:
between the subspecies; these and other garden hybrids are available in a wide range of colours, including white, yellow and red, or brown and red in all gradations as well as dark red, pink, purple, dark brown and dark blue, and with an extended flowering season.
1341:
Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for
Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian Provincial Museums, Linz 2008,
1323:
1065:. In common parlance, the phrase "the primrose path" implies the thoughtless pursuit of pleasure, especially when it is seen to bring disastrous consequences. The original allusion is a reference in
626:
by its pale yellow (in the nominate subspecies) flowers produced singly on long flower stalks which are covered in rather shaggy hairs. The flowers open flat rather than concave as in the case of
1265:
1699:
SRJ Woodell: Natural
Hybridization in Britain between Primula vulgaris Huds. (the primrose) and P. elatior (L.) Hill (the oxlip) . In: Watsonia . Volume 7 , No. 3 , 1969, pp. 115-127
635:
A pink form is widely seen, growing amongst the much more common yellow forms; this may be a genetic variant rather than a garden escape. Occasional red forms are more likely to be
437:
are 2–4 cm in diameter, borne singly on short slender stems. They are typically pale yellow, though white or pink forms are often seen in nature. The flowers are
422:
to dentate margin. The leaf blade is gradually attenuated towards the base and unevenly toothed. The single stem, extremely short, is hidden in the centre of the leaf
2071:
1318:
2123:
791:
Most (90%) individuals are heterostylous, the minority monostylous. The flowers of the species are visited by a variety of insects, such as butterflies (
1168:
857:
plantings, and is widely available as seeds or young plants. It grows best in moist but well-drained soil in light shade. It is increased by seed and
2019:
1512:
Dietmar
Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe , Franckh-Kosmos-Verlag, 2nd revised edition 1994, 2000, Volume 3,
1187:
2307:
2084:
2032:
1297:
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1751:
827:-covered individuals in a single flower. The beetles also fly from flower to flower and, at least theoretically, are well suited as pollinators.
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1347:
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Primrose flowers, and the flowers of related members of the
Primulaceae are often removed from their stalks and scattered on the ground by
1570:
1873:
2006:
1488:
1517:
1445:
1440:
François
Couplan, Eva Styner, Guide to Wild Edible and Toxic Plants , Delachaux and Niestlé, coll. "The guides of the naturalist" (
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Primrose breeding of named coloured varieties became popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Numerous
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905:. Though perennial, they may be short-lived and are typically grown from seed or from young plants as
2138:
1980:
1542:
1096:
807:. Which visitors pollinate plants is not fully established. However, good pollinators are said to be
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1967:
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661:, "prime", alluding to the fact that this flower is among the first to appear in spring. The
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in favoured habitats. The leaves are 5–25 cm (2–10 in) long and 2–6 cm (1–
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1546:
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1038:
Primrose Yellow exists in some paint and color systems and is named after this flower.
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wine. In the past the whole plant and especially the root were considered to have
817:. However, the most common visitors to the flowers are small beetles of the genus
751:. To the east, the range extends through the southern European peninsulas to the
481:
can only take place between pin and thrum flowers. Pin-to-pin and thrum-to-thrum
2115:
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559:. Western and southern Europe. As described above; flowers pale yellow.
419:
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growing 10–30 centimetres (4–12 inches) tall, with a basal rosette of
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1944:
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opening by valves to release the small black seeds. The flowers are
2063:
1998:
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529:
68:
1985:
1885:
892:, refers to various tall-stemmed and multi-coloured strains of
600:
accepts only one subspecies in addition to the nominate subsp.
418: in) broad, often heavily wrinkled, with an irregularly
1806:"Famous Primrose Poems | Examples of Famous Primrose Poetry"
1720:"Italy Turns to Flower Power to Help Spread Vaccine Message"
1045:, and has been celebrated, among others, by poets such as
1024:
Italy chose a fuchsia primrose as the symbol of its 2020
978:
and expectorant properties. It contains small amounts of
593:. Balkans, southwest Asia. Flowers pink to red or purple.
622:
The primrose is distinguished from other species of
1894:
986:foliage contains significant amounts of vitamin C.
711:. In the north, the distribution area extends from
665:name has the same meaning: primrose derives from a
580:). Flowers white. Leaf stem longer than leaf blade.
1427:Clapham, A., Tutin, T., & Warburg, E. (1962).
1708:The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume One.
834:apparently consuming the ovaries and nectaries.
1225:
1223:
1221:
861:. The throat is usually coloured rich yellow.
691:means "common", in the sense of "widespread".
8:
1531:"Flowers of the Primrose destroyed by Birds"
747:in the south and the tip of North Africa in
1882:
1006:were given their names in honour of this.
616:(Maire & Wilczek) Greuter & Burdet
441:with a superior ovary which later forms a
42:
31:
1554:
1362:Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989).
1031:The primrose is on one side of Austria's
433:(February–April), the delicately scented
1358:
1356:
1298:United States Department of Agriculture
1289:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1257:
1255:
1217:
1080:
490:
1017:, for example the coat of arms of the
1779:"PANTONE 13-0755 TCX Primrose Yellow"
1383:
1381:
1379:
1073:to "the primrose path of dalliance".
204:
7:
2139:1d8a87bb-37d3-4855-92ef-72311fe94ce0
1483:. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley.
1364:Flora of Britain and Northern Europe
1337:
1335:
872:planting, often derived from subsp.
823:– often there are up to 12 or more
1041:The primrose occurs frequently in
591:(Hoffmanns.) W.W.Sm. & Forrest
381:species referred to as primroses.
25:
853:The wild primrose is a staple of
781:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
2224:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:702779-1
1867:
1855:
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1135:
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1095:
1083:
917:The following have received the
505:
493:
453:; individual plants bear either
429:Blooming in early spring in the
55:
1389:New RHS Dictionary of Gardening
461:flower: with the capita of the
2308:Flora of the Crimean Peninsula
1718:Horowitz, Jason (2020-12-28).
570:(Willk.) W.W.Sm. & Forrest
548:are accepted by some sources:
1:
1595:. Royal Horticultural Society
1411:(Chatto & Windus, 1996).
1294:Agricultural Research Service
811:and hairy flies of the genus
375:to distinguish it from other
1571:"Primrose-tinted spectacles"
1241:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1479:Harrison, Lorraine (2012).
1465:Online Etymology Dictionary
1126:Light pink flowers (subsp.
1009:Primroses also appear as a
982:, and was given for colds.
919:Royal Horticultural Society
774:In appropriate conditions,
2339:
1239:Plants of the World Online
677:, "first" (feminine), and
598:Plants of the World Online
27:Species of flowering plant
203:
196:
179:
172:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1529:Darwin, Charles (1874).
1429:Flora of the Brish Isles
1317:Natural History Museum:
841:and are spread by ants (
695:Distribution and habitat
2323:Garden plants of Europe
2313:Garden plants of Africa
1481:RHS Latin for Gardeners
1387:Huxley, A, ed. (1992).
1142:Purple flowers (subsp.
868:have been selected for
654:is a diminutive of the
639:from garden varieties.
400:which are more-or-less
541:
2318:Garden plants of Asia
2288:Flora of Western Asia
2283:Flora of North Africa
1158:Light purple (subsp.
998:'s favourite flower;
923:Award of Garden Merit
618:. Morocco to Algeria.
533:
287:Primula pseudoacaulis
1864:at Wikimedia Commons
1503:Section 13, part 1b.
1026:COVID-19 vaccination
699:The native range of
215:Primula atropurpurea
1757:European Commission
1547:1874Natur...9Q.482D
941:(Sibthorp primrose)
431:Northern Hemisphere
247:Primula grandiflora
1724:The New York Times
1326:2009-03-22 at the
837:The seeds have an
542:
367:, or occasionally
311:Primula variabilis
295:Primula sylvestris
239:Primula calycantha
231:Primula breviscapa
2260:
2259:
2173:Open Tree of Life
1888:Taxon identifiers
1860:Media related to
1458:Harper, Douglas.
1348:978-3-85474-187-9
996:Benjamin Disraeli
994:The primrose was
890:Primula polyantha
617:
592:
571:
473:flower: with the
329:
328:
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16:(Redirected from
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2188:Primula_vulgaris
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2116:NHMSYS0000462067
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1926:Primula vulgaris
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1896:Primula vulgaris
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1875:Primula vulgaris
1872:Data related to
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1862:Primula vulgaris
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1834:Oxford Reference
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1267:Primula vulgaris
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1233:Primula vulgaris
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1033:5 euro cent coin
1019:Earl of Rosebery
954:Primula vulgaris
945:Primula vulgaris
935:Primula vulgaris
930:Primula vulgaris
729:northern Germany
686:specific epithet
673:, consisting of
615:
609:Primula vulgaris
590:
584:Primula vulgaris
574:Balearic Islands
569:
563:Primula vulgaris
553:Primula vulgaris
535:Primula vulgaris
509:
497:
485:is ineffective.
417:
416:
412:
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390:Primula vulgaris
373:English primrose
359:to Eurasia. The
333:Primula vulgaris
321:
319:Primula vernalis
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303:Primula uniflora
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2278:Flora of Europe
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1004:Primrose League
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709:southern Europe
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649:scientific name
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632:, the cowslip.
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369:common primrose
346:flowering plant
279:Primula odorata
263:Primula inodora
255:Primula hybrida
223:Primula bicolor
207:Primula acaulis
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1850:External links
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1810:PoetrySoup.com
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465:prominent) or
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1397:0-333-47494-5
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1102:White flowers
1098:
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913:AGM cultivars
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629:Primula veris
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479:Fertilisation
476:
472:
468:
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460:
459:longuistylous
456:
452:
451:heterostylous
448:
447:hermaphrodite
444:
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439:actinomorphic
436:
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174:Binomial name
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82:Tracheophytes
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40:
37:
33:
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1833:
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1809:
1800:
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1755:
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1008:
1000:Primrose Day
993:
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934:
929:
916:
897:
893:
889:
885:
883:
873:
863:
852:
843:myrmecochory
836:
829:
818:
812:
790:
775:
773:
743:to southern
703:encompasses
700:
698:
688:
683:
678:
674:
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658:
651:
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623:
621:
612:
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596:
587:
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556:
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543:
538:
534:
512:Thrum flower
477:prominent).
471:brevistylous
466:
454:
428:
389:
388:
376:
372:
368:
364:
337:
332:
331:
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318:
310:
306:C.C.Gmel.
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
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254:
246:
238:
230:
222:
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210:(L.) Hill
206:
182:
180:
164:
163:
151:
114:
101:
88:
75:
35:
29:
2211:kew-2563766
2046:iNaturalist
1920:Wikispecies
1685:17 February
1679:'Taigetos'"
1659:17 February
1629:17 February
1599:17 February
1593:www.rhs.org
1350:, p. 685 .
1303:14 December
1177:and subsp.
1175:P. vulgaris
1067:Shakespeare
984:P. vulgaris
894:P. vulgaris
849:Cultivation
799:, beetles (
797:Hymenoptera
793:Lepidoptera
776:P. vulgaris
733:Netherlands
701:P. vulgaris
637:naturalised
483:pollination
385:Description
361:common name
353:Primulaceae
141:Primulaceae
95:Angiosperms
2267:Categories
2206:Plant List
1839:2024-05-02
1830:"primrose"
1815:2024-04-29
1737:2020-12-28
1621:sibthorpii
1460:"primrose"
1417:1856193772
1245:2020-10-23
1213:References
1179:sibthorpii
1160:sibthorpii
1144:sibthorpii
1128:sibthorpii
1051:Wordsworth
1028:campaign.
990:In culture
956:'Taigetos'
939:sibthorpii
886:Polyanthus
874:sibthorpii
820:Meligethes
809:bumblebees
801:Coleoptera
684:The Latin
681:, "rose".
671:prima rosa
667:late Latin
663:vernacular
588:sibthorpii
546:subspecies
539:sibthorpii
526:Subspecies
500:Pin flower
322:Salisb.
314:Bastard
274:Hablitz
258:Schrank
234:Clairv.
1752:"Austria"
1732:0362-4331
1206:Oenothera
1059:Goldsmith
972:spasmodic
968:analgesic
907:biennials
884:The term
866:cultivars
839:elaiosome
814:Bombylius
715:near the
643:Etymology
613:atlantica
567:balearica
469:flowers (
457:flowers (
402:evergreen
394:perennial
282:Gilib.
159:Species:
65:Kingdom:
2237:26400096
2232:Tropicos
2185:PalDat:
2077:11337465
2064:702779-1
1957:BioLib:
1905:Wikidata
1763:3 August
1651:vulgaris
1324:Archived
1199:See also
1015:heraldry
1002:and the
980:saponins
976:diuretic
949:vulgaris
899:P. veris
859:division
745:Portugal
719:via the
689:vulgaris
602:vulgaris
557:vulgaris
521:Taxonomy
365:primrose
338:primrose
298:Scop.
290:Schur
242:Retz.
198:Synonyms
137:Family:
131:Ericales
121:Asterids
108:Eudicots
2273:Primula
2098:MoBotPF
2025:5414335
1911:Q159537
1784:Pantone
1649:subsp.
1619:subsp.
1543:Bibcode
1193:Habitat
1077:Gallery
1063:Chaucer
970:, anti-
947:subsp.
937:subsp.
903:hybrids
878:hybrids
805:Diptera
787:Ecology
769:Armenia
757:Balkans
749:Algeria
737:Belgium
725:Denmark
705:western
652:Primula
624:Primula
611:subsp.
586:subsp.
578:endemic
565:subsp.
555:subsp.
537:subsp.
475:stamens
443:capsule
435:flowers
424:rosette
420:crenate
413:⁄
378:Primula
348:in the
342:species
340:, is a
266:Hill
250:Lam.
226:Raf.
152:Primula
147:Genus:
127:Order:
69:Plantae
2178:125543
2136:NZOR:
2129:175104
2103:285547
2090:504607
2012:178981
1986:485638
1945:ARKive
1937:151732
1934:APDB:
1730:
1535:Nature
1516:
1487:
1444:
1415:
1395:
1370:
1346:
1114:Leaves
1071:Hamlet
1011:charge
870:garden
825:pollen
803:) and
767:, and
765:Turkey
753:Crimea
741:France
731:, the
659:primus
544:Three
398:leaves
357:native
350:family
218:Pax
2198:11392
2195:PFI:
2147:NZPCN
2072:IRMNG
2051:56136
2038:29712
2007:EUNIS
1999:PRIVU
1973:4MDKW
1960:39278
1681:. RHS
1655:. RHS
1625:. RHS
1235:Huds"
1055:Wilde
1047:Keats
888:, or
761:Syria
675:prima
669:form
656:Latin
467:thrum
463:style
392:is a
190:Huds.
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
2219:POWO
2165:2698
2152:3128
2124:NCBI
2085:ITIS
2059:IPNI
2033:GRIN
2020:GBIF
1994:EPPO
1792:2022
1765:2022
1728:ISSN
1687:2021
1661:2021
1631:2021
1601:2021
1514:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1305:2017
1061:and
961:Uses
739:and
707:and
679:rosa
647:The
449:but
2245:WFO
2111:NBN
1981:EoL
1968:CoL
1551:doi
1181:mix
1069:'s
1013:in
921:'s
876:or
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455:pin
371:or
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