132:
PHQ-somatic, anxiety, depressive symptoms (PHQ-SADS) and includes questions regarding panic attacks (after the GAD-7 section). Though less commonly used, there are also brief versions of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 that may be useful as screening tools in some settings. In recent years, the PHQ-9 has been validated for use in adolescents, and a version for adolescents was also developed and validated (PHQ-A). Although these tests were originally designed as
342:
a diagnosis. Secondly, in order to attain more reliable and valid data, assessments need to address more current rather than previous symptoms. Thirdly, continuing to adhere to the "medically unexplained" requirement for symptoms makes it very difficult to make a diagnosis because it is extremely hard to ascertain if a symptom is or is not part of a larger medical condition (ex: chronic fatigue and depression).
1115:
The time period assessed by each scale could also be a limitation; the PHQ-9 asks about the last four weeks, whereas the GAD-7 focuses on the past two weeks, and the PHQ asks about various time periods from the last two weeks to the last six months. Depending on the time period in question, this may
341:
was derived from PHQ-15. The development of the PHQ-15 helped address three main problems in the assessment and diagnosis of somatoform disorders. Firstly, traditional methods of diagnosing somatoform disorders would only capture about 20% of true cases due to the number of symptoms required to meet
912:
The PHQ-9 is brief, free to use, and easy to score. It has good specificity, but the poor sensitivity could lead to false negatives, which is a problem for a screening tool. It is likely to perform best in samples where the prevalence of depressive disorders is high. To improve clinical utility,
2840:
Dear, Blake F.; Titov, Nickolai; Sunderland, Matthew; McMillan, Dean; Anderson, Tracy; Lorian, Carolyn; Robinson, Emma (2011-09-01). "Psychometric
Comparison of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Measuring Response during Treatment of Generalised
2280:
Persoons, Phillippe; Luyckx, Koen; Desloovere, Christian; Vandenberghe, Joris; Fischler, Benjamin (2003-09-01). "Anxiety and mood disorders in otorhinolaryngology outpatients presenting with dizziness: validation of the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health
Questionnaire and epidemiology".
131:
In addition to the PHQ, a nine-item version to assess symptoms of depression, a seven-item version to assess symptoms of anxiety (GAD-7), and a 15-item version to detect somatic symptoms (PHQ-15) have been developed and validated. The PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the PHQ-15 were combined to create the
2895:
Han, Changsu; Pae, Chi-Un; Patkar, Ashwin A.; Masand, Prakash S.; Kim, Ki Woong; Joe, Sook-Haeng; Jung, In-Kwa (2009). "Psychometric
Properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire–15 (PHQ–15) for Measuring the Somatic Symptoms of Psychiatric Outpatients".
2785:
Löwe, Bernd; Decker, Oliver; Müller, Stefanie; Brähler, Elmar; Schellberg, Dieter; Herzog, Wolfgang; Herzberg, Philipp Yorck (2008-03-01). "Validation and standardization of the
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population".
1119:
The scoring thresholds recommended are influenced by the samples in which they were validated and correspond with different levels of sensitivity and specificity, which may or may not match well with the intended use of the scale.
356:
The GAD-7 is a 7-item scale designed to assess symptoms of anxiety. Each item is scored on a 0-to-3 point scale ("not at all" to "nearly every day"). Cut points of 5, 10, and 15 correspond to mild, moderate, and severe anxiety.
769:
Covers DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder, panic disorder, other anxiety disorder, bulimia nervosa, other depressive disorder, probable alcohol abuse or dependence, and somatoform and binge eating disorders
185:
in its diagnoses, which has led to its prominence in the primary care setting. This tool is used in a variety of different contexts, including clinical settings across the United States as well as research studies.
2194:
Löwe, Burnd; Spitzer; Gräfe; Kroenke; Quenter; Zipfel; Buchholz; Witte; Herzog (February 2004). "Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians' diagnoses".
336:
The
Patient Health Questionnaire 15 item (PHQ-15) contains the PHQ's somatic symptom scale. It is a well-validated measure, which asks whether symptoms are present and about their severity. A brief version, the
2581:
Löwe, Bernd; Kroenke, Kurt; Herzog, Wolfgang; Gräfe, Kerstin (2004-07-01). "Measuring depression outcome with a brief self-report instrument: sensitivity to change of the
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)".
2233:
Löwe, Bernd; Gräfe, Kerstin; Zipfel, Stephan; Witte, Steffen; Loerch, Bernd; Herzog, Wolfgang (2004). "Diagnosing ICD-10 Depressive
Episodes: Superior Criterion Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire".
2331:
Wittkampf, Karin A.; Naeije, Leonie; Schene, Aart H.; Huyser, Jochanan; van Weert, Henk C. (2007-09-01). "Diagnostic accuracy of the mood module of the
Patient Health Questionnaire: a systematic review".
128:. The length of the original assessment limited its feasibility; consequently, a shorter version, consisting of 11 multi-part questions - the Patient Health Questionnaire was developed and validated.
1706:
Adewuya, Abiodun O.; Ola, Bola A.; Afolabi, Olusegun O. (2006-11-01). "Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst
Nigerian university students".
996:
The GAD-7 is brief, free to use, and easy to score. It is sensitive to change following treatment. There is some evidence that elderly people may require some help to complete the scale accurately.
2095:
Kroenke, Kurt; Strine, Tara W.; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Berry, Joyce T.; Mokdad, Ali H. (2009-04-01). "The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population".
287:
The
Patient Health Questionnaire 4 item (PHQ-4) combines the PHQ-2 with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2 (GAD-2), an ultra-brief anxiety screener containing the first two questions from the
240:
The Patient Health Questionnaire 2 item (PHQ-2) is an ultra-brief screening instrument containing the first two questions from the PHQ-9. Two screening questions to assess the presence of a
1660:
Chen, Teddy M.; Huang, Frederick Y.; Chang, Christine; Chung, Henry (2006-07-01). "Using the PHQ-9 for Depression Screening and Treatment Monitoring for Chinese Americans in Primary Care".
1251:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2010-07-01). "The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review".
2382:
Manea, Laura; Gilbody, Simon; McMillan, Dean (2015-01-01). "A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression".
151:
The original Patient Health Questionnaire contains five modules; these contain questions about depressive, anxiety, somatoform, alcohol, and eating disorders. Designed for use in the
143:
resources; no fees or permissions are required for using or copying the measures. Additionally, the measures have been validated in a number of different populations internationally.
2489:
van Ravesteijn, Hiske; Wittkampf, Karin; Lucassen, Peter; van de Lisdonk, Eloy; van den Hoogen, Henk; van Weert, Henk; Huijser, Jochanan; Schene, Aart; van Weel, Chris (2009-05-01).
1116:
or may not require a revision (i.e., if you are interested in depression over the last six months, you might alter the instructions), which could impact the validity of the measure.
1053:
Although the PHQ-15 is currently being used in major studies in several European countries and Australia. there is evidence that it does not perform as well in Hispanic populations.
248:, and a positive response to either question indicates further testing is required. This version of the PHQ has been shown to have good diagnostic sensitivity but poor specificity.
858:
Higher PHQ-9 scores were correlated with greater self-reported disability days, clinic visits, health-care utilization, as well as difficulties in activities and relationships.
784:
Construct validity has not been fully established, and more substantial evidence of convergent and discriminant validity would be helpful. Validity is consistent with PRIME-MD.
2546:
Schat, Aaron C. H.; Kelloway, E. Kevin; Desmarais, Serge (2005). "The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): Construct Validation of a Self-Report Scale of Somatic Symptoms".
873:.94) in primary care settings suggests good discriminative validity in populations that are generally not depressed, but it may not perform as well in clinical populations.
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3267:
1032:
PHQ-15 scores correlated with medically unexplained symptom counts (r=.52) measured via an independent psychiatric review and with the General Health Questionnaire-15.
3217:
2146:
Kroenke, K; Spitzer, RL; Williams, JB; Löwe, B (July 2010). "The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: A systematic review".
673:
Two large studies with convenience and random samples used. One research studies (N=906) in clinical sample and one research study (N=6000) in nonclinical sample.
3385:
3335:
963:
for detecting generalized anxiety disorder was .91, for panic disorder AUC= .85 for panic disorder, AUC=.83 for social anxiety disorder, and AUC=.83 for PTSD.
3340:
3023:
Ph.D, Dror Ben-Zeev; Young, Michael A.; Madsen, Joshua W. (2009-08-01). "Retrospective recall of affect in clinically depressed individuals and controls".
404:
The Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-SADS) screens for somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms using PHQ-9,
2726:
García-Campayo, Javier; Zamorano, Enric; Ruiz, Miguel A.; Pardo, Antonio; Pérez-Páramo, María; López-Gómez, Vanessa; Freire, Olga; Rejas, Javier (2010).
1067:
states that the treatment sensitivity for the PHQ-15 has not been researched much, but there is some support that the PHQ-15 is sensitive to treatment.
3180:"A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: validation andstandardization of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the generalpopulation"
884:
A meta-analysis of 27 samples suggested that performance of the PHQ-9 is highly heterogeneous; pooled sensitivity is low and specificity is high.
420:
The PHQ-A is a four module self-report to evaluate depression, anxiety, substance use and eating disorders in adolescent primary care patients.
3260:
139:
The PHQ is available in over 20 languages, available on the PHQ website. Both the original Patient Health Questionnaire and later variants are
3312:
1956:
Kroenke, K; Spitzer, RL; Williams, JB (March 2002). "The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms".
1785:
1758:
1857:"A pilot evaluation of associations between displayed depression references on Facebook and self-reported depression using a clinical scale"
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3297:
3125:"A Primer on Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis and Diagnostic Efficiency Statistics for Pediatric Psychology: We Are Ready to ROC"
1810:
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Hunt, Melissa; Auriemma, Joseph; Cashaw, Ashara C. A. (2003-02-01). "Self-Report Bias and Underreporting of Depression on the BDI-II".
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3253:
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2627:"Cut points on the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) that predict response to cognitive-behavioral treatments for depression"
1129:
405:
351:
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Sensitivity was 78% and specificity was 71% for a DSM-IV diagnosis of somatoform disorder, corresponding to an AUC of .76.
1164:
895:
In a treatment study using three medical outpatient cohorts, the PHQ-9 has been shown to be sensitive to change over time
365:
The PHQ-8 is an eight-item scale developed specifically to screen for depression in American epidemiological populations.
3276:
826:
The PHQ is free and can be completed independently by the patient; it assesses a wide array of mental health concerns.
182:
178:
1423:
Allgaier, Antje-Kathrin; Pietsch, Kathrin; Frühe, Barbara; Sigl-Glöckner, Johanna; Schulte-Körne, Gerd (2012-10-01).
3068:"Meta-analyses of agreement between diagnoses made from clinical evaluations and standardized diagnostic interviews"
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3302:
3287:
2933:"Somatic Complaints in Primary Care: Further Examining the Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15)"
1135:
1109:
338:
331:
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Interian, Alejandro; Allen, Lesley A.; Gara, Michael A.; Escobar, Javier I.; Díaz-Martínez, Angélica M. (2006).
1098:
527:
Multiple convenience and random samples, as well as research studies in both clinical and nonclinical samples.
3066:
Rettew, David C.; Lynch, Alicia Doyle; Achenbach, Thomas M.; Dumenci, Levent; Ivanova, Masha Y. (2009-09-01).
600:
Multiple convenience and random samples, as well as research studies in both clinical and nonclinical samples
193:
were representative of offline symptoms. Results demonstrated that those who displayed depression symptoms on
1605:
Tsai, Fang-Ju; Huang, Yu-Hsin; Liu, Hui-Ching; Huang, Kuo-Yang; Huang, Yen-Hsun; Liu, Shen-Ing (2014-02-01).
456:
Multiple convenience and random samples, as well as research studies in both clinical and nonclinical sample
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settings. Some modules are used independently, and variants have been developed based on the original items.
709:
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133:
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Arroll B, Goodyear-Smith F, Crengle S, Gunn J, Kerse, Ngaire, Fishman T, Falloon K, Hatcher S (July 2010).
897:
The PHQ-9 has been used in studies to effectively monitor change following cognitive behavioral treatment.
17:
3325:
2728:"Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool"
946:
1425:"Screening for Depression in Adolescents: Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire in Pediatric Care"
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1079:
396:
322:
279:
232:
73:
53:
1370:"The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review"
1097:
All versions of the PHQ are self reports and, consequently, are subject to inherent biases, including
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960:
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607:
534:
463:
77:
3179:
1855:
Moreno MA, Christakis DA, Egan KG, Jelenchick LA, Cox E, Young H, Villiard H, Becker T (July 2012).
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1083:
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1981:
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1023:
936:
849:
775:
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Löwe B, Wahl I, Rose M, Spitzer C, Glaesmer H, Wingenfeld K, Schneider A, Brähler E (Apr 2010).
2625:
Schueller, Stephen M.; Kwasny, Mary J.; Dear, Blake F.; Titov, Nickolai; Mohr, David C. (2015).
2002:
Gierk, B; Kohlmann, S; Kroenke, K; Spangenberg, L; Zenger, M; Brähler, E; Löwe, B (March 2014).
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One study which used the PHQ-9, examined if college student displays of depression symptoms on
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1973:
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1634:
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1607:"Patient Health Questionnaire for School-Based Depression Screening Among Chinese Adolescents"
1555:
1504:
1454:
1446:
1397:
1389:
1350:
1332:
1276:
1268:
1196:
85:
81:
2427:"Psychometric comparison of PHQ-9 and HADS for measuring depression severity in primary care"
1775:
1524:"Validation of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to screen for major depression in the primary care population"
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3152:
3136:
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2981:
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2757:
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2015:
1965:
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1260:
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985:
The GAD-7 showed good sensitivity to treatment effects in two randomized-controlled trials.
923:
836:
761:
1606:
97:
70:
1823:
1328:
1173:"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study"
177:
related criteria based on the mood module from the original PRIME-MD. The PHQ-9 is both
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3157:
3124:
3100:
3067:
2762:
2727:
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2626:
2523:
2490:
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2426:
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1933:
1908:
1881:
1856:
1832:
1805:
1749:
Blacker D (2009). "Psychiatric Rating Scales". In Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P (eds.).
1550:
1523:
1385:
1345:
1312:
1264:
1177:
409:
241:
173:
The PHQ-9 (DEP-9 in some sources), a tool specific to depression, scores each of the 9
2909:
2595:
2294:
2208:
1500:
3374:
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2020:
2003:
1969:
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scored higher on the PHQ-9, suggesting that those who display depression symptoms on
140:
3009:
2878:
2823:
2674:
Spitzer, Robert L.; Kroenke, Kurt; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2006-05-22).
2263:
2175:
2046:
Spitzer, Robert L.; Kroenke, Kurt; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2006-05-22).
1985:
1466:
1409:
1368:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L.; Williams, Janet B. W.; Löwe, Bernd (2010-07-01).
1288:
2132:
1646:
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meta-analyses suggest increasing cut score to 10 or higher to improve sensitivity.
152:
2854:
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2692:
2675:
2064:
2047:
2985:
2425:
Cameron, Isobel M; Crawford, John R; Lawton, Kenneth; Reid, Ian C (2008-01-01).
2004:"The Somatic Symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8): A Brief Measure of Somatic Symptom Burden"
559:
One study in Nigerian university students with found ranges between .83 and .92
3245:
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3195:
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2108:
1872:
1719:
156:
101:
93:
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validity, it has also been validated in many different clinical populations.
3140:
1909:"Case-finding instruments for depression: Two questions are as good as many"
245:
3203:
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3109:
3001:
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2917:
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2815:
2771:
2709:
2660:
2611:
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2532:
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2411:
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1977:
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1622:
1559:
1508:
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An average sensitivity of .77 and specificity of .94 (corresponding to an
198:
194:
190:
1585:"Instructions for Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) and GAD-7 Measures"
376:
Patient Health Questionnaire - Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptoms
2676:"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7"
2048:"A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7"
381:
307:
264:
217:
89:
38:
2247:
1026:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
939:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
900:
A meta analysis stated that the PHQ-9 had good treatment sensitivity.
852:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
778:(e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity)
718:
Kappa = .60 when administration was done within 2 weeks of first test
1540:
1441:
1424:
1015:
174:
125:
3083:
2506:
1311:
Kroenke, Kurt; Spitzer, Robert L; Williams, Janet B W (2017-05-31).
931:
Covers seven of the core symptoms for generalized anxiety disorder.
136:
they can also be administered by trained health care practitioners.
1104:
The influence of these biases can mitigated by following up with a
632:
The interviewer vs. self-rated correlation ranges from .83 and .84
488:
Kappas range from .64-.81 for depression. Kappa for anxiety is .83
573:
Correlation between administrations done within 48 hours was .84.
391:
317:
274:
227:
168:
48:
27:
Multiple-choice questionnaire used to screen for mental disorders
3233:
2491:"Detecting somatoform disorders in primary care with the PHQ-15"
805:
No published studies formally checking validity generalization.
3249:
1014:
Scores correspond well to DSM-IV somatoform diagnoses from the
704:
No published studies formally checking inter-rater reliability
501:
No published studies formally checking test-retest reliability
815:
No published studies formally checking treatment sensitivity.
1806:"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure"
974:
Validity has been established across multiple populations.
1751:
Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry
1483:
Johnson, Jeffery; Harris; Spitzer; Williams (March 2002).
844:
Covers the DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder.
1907:
Whooley MA, Avins AL, Miranda J, Browner WS (July 1997).
949:(r= .72) and the anxiety subscale of the SCL-90 (r=.74).
3072:
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
1777:
Clinical Psycho-Oncology: An International Perspective
728:
No published studies formally checking repeatability.
584:
No published studies formally checking repeatability.
1902:
1900:
1804:
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (September 2001).
795:
AUCs range from .89 to .92 for detecting depression
657:
No published studies formally checking repeatability
511:
No published studies formally checking repeatability
2041:
2039:
1861:
Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
3350:
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS)
1997:
1995:
390:
380:
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316:
306:
301:
273:
263:
258:
226:
216:
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124:), a diagnostic tool developed in the mid-1990s by
47:
37:
32:
1485:"The patient health questionnaire for adolescents"
246:loss of interest or pleasure in routine activities
3341:Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
155:setting, it lacks coverage for disorders seen in
1078:The PHQ-15 is easy to use, free, and has a high
2228:
2226:
1112:, the gold standard for diagnostic assessment.
748:Rating* (adequate, good, excellent, too good*)
1579:
1577:
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1573:
1571:
1569:
437:Rating* (adequate, good, excellent, too good)
3321:Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11)
3261:
8:
3317:Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS)
3216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1592:Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) Screeners
3308:Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)
3298:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
1774:Luigi Grassi; Michelle Riba (18 May 2012).
18:Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders
3268:
3254:
3246:
3381:Depression screening and assessment tools
3156:
3099:
2948:
2761:
2743:
2691:
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2548:Journal of Occupational Health Psychology
2522:
2458:
2063:
2019:
1932:
1880:
1831:
1549:
1539:
1440:
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1190:
475:reported at .88 for measuring depression
412:symptoms question from the original PHQ.
369:Somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptoms
302:Patient Health Questionnaire 15 item
738:
427:
259:Patient Health Questionnaire 4 item
212:Patient Health Questionnaire 2 item
2431:The British Journal of General Practice
1780:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 23–.
1147:
104:. It is the self-report version of the
3386:Anxiety screening and assessment tools
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2890:
2888:
2835:
2833:
2721:
2719:
1701:
1699:
372:
298:
255:
252:4-item depression and anxiety screener
208:
29:
3313:Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
2484:
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1238:
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1234:
1232:
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1018:and General Health Questionnaire-15.
683:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
610:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
537:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
466:(Cronbach's alpha, split half, etc.)
7:
1913:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1824:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
1811:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1478:
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1329:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
1317:Journal of General Internal Medicine
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1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
84:tool for mental health disorders of
2732:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
3346:Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)
3123:Youngstrom, Eric A. (2014-03-01).
2643:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.05.009
2396:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.009
2346:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.06.004
2160:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
1386:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
1265:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006
1171:, et al. (10 November 1999).
25:
3360:Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
2974:Journal of Personality Assessment
312:PHQ-15, PHQ Somatic Symptom Scale
3356:Wechsler Depression Rating Scale
3331:Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
3303:Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
3293:Burns Depression Checklist (BDC)
2236:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
2021:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
1970:10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
1925:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00076.x
3288:Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
3129:Journal of Pediatric Psychology
1101:and poor retrospective recall.
201:are experiencing them offline.
3353:Raskin Depression Rating Scale
2584:Journal of Affective Disorders
2197:Journal of Affective Disorders
2097:Journal of Affective Disorders
1753:(9th ed.). p. 1042.
1708:Journal of Affective Disorders
1130:Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
352:Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
289:Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
1:
2910:10.1016/s0033-3182(09)70859-x
2680:Archives of Internal Medicine
2596:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00198-8
2295:10.1016/s0163-8343(03)00072-0
2209:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00237-9
2052:Archives of Internal Medicine
1501:10.1016/s1054-139x(01)00333-0
3277:Rating scales for depression
3241:Interactive version of PHQ-9
2855:10.1080/16506073.2011.582138
2800:10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093
2693:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
2065:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
1489:Journal of Adolescent Health
751:Explanation with references
63:Patient Health Questionnaire
33:Patient Health Questionnaire
2986:10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_10
2843:Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
2631:General Hospital Psychiatry
2384:General Hospital Psychiatry
2334:General Hospital Psychiatry
2283:General Hospital Psychiatry
2148:General Hospital Psychiatry
1374:General Hospital Psychiatry
1253:General Hospital Psychiatry
3402:
2560:10.1037/1076-8998.10.4.363
945:Scores correlate with the
349:
329:
205:2-item depression screener
166:
3283:
3196:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019
3037:10.1080/02699930802607937
2950:10.1176/appi.psy.47.5.392
2495:Annals of Family Medicine
2109:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026
1873:10.1007/s11414-011-9258-7
1720:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
1528:Annals of Family Medicine
1136:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
1110:semi-structured interview
1000:
917:
830:
755:
677:
604:
531:
460:
339:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
332:Somatic Symptom Scale - 8
1674:10.1176/ps.2006.57.7.976
1594:. Pfizer. 16 April 2014.
1192:10.1001/jama.282.18.1737
1048:Validity generalization
1037:Discriminative validity
968:Validity generalization
954:Discriminative validity
878:Validity generalization
863:Discriminative validity
800:Validity generalization
789:Discriminative validity
3326:M3 Checklist:Depression
710:Test-retest reliability
698:Inter-rater reliability
638:Test-retest reliability
625:Inter-rater reliability
565:Test-retest reliability
552:Inter-rater reliability
494:Test-retest reliability
481:Inter-rater reliability
408:, and PHQ-15, plus the
361:8-item depression scale
163:9-item depression scale
134:self-report inventories
2008:JAMA Internal Medicine
1958:Psychosomatic Medicine
1623:10.1542/peds.2013-0204
1429:Depression and Anxiety
1058:Treatment sensitivity
979:Treatment sensitivity
947:Beck Anxiety Inventory
889:Treatment sensitivity
810:Treatment sensitivity
546:range from .83 to .89
3141:10.1093/jpepsy/jst062
3025:Cognition and Emotion
2745:10.1186/1477-7525-8-8
2443:10.3399/bjgp08X263794
295:15-item somatic scale
74:self-report inventory
1662:Psychiatric Services
681:Internal consistency
608:Internal consistency
535:Internal consistency
464:Internal consistency
346:7-item anxiety scale
102:somatoform disorders
2841:Anxiety Disorder".
1099:social desirability
1024:Construct validity
937:Construct validity
850:Construct validity
776:Construct validity
76:that is used as a
3368:
3367:
2686:(10): 1092–1097.
2248:10.1159/000080393
2058:(10): 1092–1097.
1787:978-1-119-94109-5
1760:978-0-7817-6899-3
1090:
1089:
1072:Clinical utility
990:Clinical utility
906:Clinical utility
820:Clinical utility
732:
731:
544:Cronbach's alphas
402:
401:
328:
327:
285:
284:
238:
237:
59:
58:
16:(Redirected from
3393:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3237:
3236:
3234:Official website
3221:
3215:
3207:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3031:(5): 1021–1040.
3020:
3014:
3013:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2747:
2723:
2714:
2713:
2695:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2654:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2277:
2268:
2267:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2103:(1–3): 163–173.
2092:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2023:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1936:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1617:(2): e402–e409.
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1581:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1541:10.1370/afm.1139
1519:
1513:
1512:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1444:
1442:10.1002/da.21971
1420:
1414:
1413:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1308:
1293:
1292:
1248:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1161:
1007:Content validity
924:Content validity
837:Content validity
762:Content validity
739:
692:reported at .80
690:Cronbach's alpha
646:Reported as .83
619:reported at .92
617:Cronbach's alpha
473:Cronbach's alpha
428:
416:Adolescent scale
373:
299:
256:
209:
30:
21:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3279:
3274:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3208:
3184:J Affect Disord
3177:
3174:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3084:10.1002/mpr.289
3065:
3064:
3060:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2725:
2724:
2717:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2507:10.1370/afm.985
2488:
2487:
2476:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1435:(10): 906–913.
1422:
1421:
1417:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1310:
1309:
1296:
1250:
1249:
1208:
1185:(18): 1737–44.
1163:
1162:
1149:
1145:
1126:
1095:
737:
426:
418:
371:
363:
354:
348:
334:
297:
254:
207:
171:
165:
149:
71:multiple-choice
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3227:
3226:External links
3224:
3223:
3222:
3190:(1–2): 86–95.
3173:
3172:
3135:(2): 204–221.
3115:
3078:(3): 169–184.
3058:
3015:
2964:
2943:(5): 392–398.
2937:Psychosomatics
2923:
2904:(6): 580–585.
2898:Psychosomatics
2884:
2849:(3): 216–227.
2829:
2794:(3): 266–274.
2777:
2715:
2666:
2637:(5): 470–475.
2617:
2573:
2554:(4): 363–381.
2538:
2501:(3): 232–238.
2474:
2437:(546): 32–36.
2417:
2367:
2340:(5): 388–395.
2316:
2289:(5): 316–323.
2269:
2242:(6): 386–390.
2222:
2203:(2): 131–140.
2181:
2138:
2087:
2035:
2014:(3): 399–407.
1991:
1948:
1896:
1867:(3): 295–304.
1847:
1818:(9): 606–613.
1793:
1786:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1714:(1–2): 89–93.
1695:
1668:(7): 976–981.
1652:
1597:
1565:
1514:
1495:(3): 196–204.
1472:
1415:
1380:(4): 345–359.
1360:
1323:(9): 606–613.
1294:
1259:(4): 345–359.
1206:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
958:
957:Too excellent
955:
951:
950:
943:
940:
933:
932:
929:
926:
921:
915:
914:
910:
907:
903:
902:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
867:
866:Too excellent
864:
860:
859:
856:
853:
846:
845:
842:
839:
834:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:
816:
813:
811:
807:
806:
803:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
772:
771:
767:
764:
759:
753:
752:
749:
746:
743:
736:
733:
730:
729:
726:
724:
723:Repeatability
720:
719:
716:
713:
706:
705:
702:
700:
694:
693:
687:
684:
678:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
659:
658:
655:
654:Not published
652:
651:Repeatability
648:
647:
644:
641:
634:
633:
630:
627:
621:
620:
614:
611:
605:
602:
601:
598:
595:
592:
586:
585:
582:
581:Not published
579:
578:Repeatability
575:
574:
571:
568:
561:
560:
557:
554:
548:
547:
541:
538:
532:
529:
528:
525:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
507:
506:Repeatability
503:
502:
499:
497:
490:
489:
486:
483:
477:
476:
470:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
425:
422:
417:
414:
400:
399:
394:
388:
387:
384:
378:
377:
370:
367:
362:
359:
350:Main article:
347:
344:
326:
325:
320:
314:
313:
310:
304:
303:
296:
293:
283:
282:
277:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
253:
250:
242:depressed mood
236:
235:
230:
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
206:
203:
167:Main article:
164:
161:
148:
145:
57:
56:
51:
45:
44:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3398:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:(4): 345–59.
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:(2): 258–66.
1963:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:(7): 439–45.
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:(4): 348–53.
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
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3187:
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3018:
2980:(1): 26–30.
2977:
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2897:
2846:
2842:
2791:
2788:Medical Care
2787:
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2731:
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2679:
2669:
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2630:
2620:
2590:(1): 61–66.
2587:
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2390:(1): 67–75.
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2151:
2147:
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2011:
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1320:
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1118:
1114:
1103:
1096:
1080:discriminant
1001:
918:
899:
896:
831:
756:
712:(stability)
662:
589:
567:(stability)
516:
496:(stability)
445:
440:Explanation
419:
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364:
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239:
188:
172:
153:primary care
150:
138:
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121:
117:
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66:
62:
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1313:"The PHQ-9"
1169:Williams JB
1093:Limitations
640:(stability
424:Reliability
157:psychiatric
3375:Categories
1611:Pediatrics
1165:Spitzer RL
1143:References
1106:structured
1084:convergent
1040:Excellent
993:Excellent
841:Excellent
792:Excellent
745:Criterion
670:Excellent
597:Excellent
524:Excellent
453:Excellent
434:Criterion
330:See also:
126:Pfizer Inc
120:isorders (
86:depression
82:diagnostic
3149:0146-8693
3092:1557-0657
3053:144033759
3045:0269-9931
2994:0022-3891
2863:1650-6073
2808:0025-7079
2754:1477-7525
2702:0003-9926
2604:0165-0327
2515:1544-1717
2451:0960-1643
2404:1873-7714
2354:0163-8343
2303:0163-8343
2117:1573-2517
2074:0003-9926
1728:0165-0327
1682:1075-2730
1631:0031-4005
1451:1520-6394
1394:0163-8343
1337:0884-8734
1273:1873-7714
1029:Adequate
881:Variable
781:Adequate
570:Adequate
291:(GAD-7).
179:sensitive
108:ary Care
78:screening
3204:19616305
3167:23965298
3110:19701924
3010:22024156
3002:12584064
2959:16959927
2918:19996228
2879:25918813
2871:21770844
2824:16052239
2816:18388841
2772:20089179
2710:16717171
2661:26077754
2612:15183601
2568:16248686
2533:19433840
2469:18186994
2412:25439733
2362:17888804
2311:12972222
2264:22830312
2256:15479995
2217:14706723
2176:34713999
2168:20633738
2125:18752852
2082:16717171
2030:24276929
1986:28701848
1978:11914441
1891:21863354
1842:11556941
1736:16857265
1690:16816282
1639:24446447
1560:20644190
1509:11869927
1467:40022177
1459:22753313
1410:34713999
1402:20633738
1355:11556941
1289:34713999
1281:20633738
1201:10568646
1124:See also
1061:Unknown
742:Measure
735:Validity
431:Measure
386:PHQ-SADS
382:Synonyms
308:Synonyms
265:Synonyms
218:Synonyms
199:Facebook
195:Facebook
191:Facebook
183:specific
147:Versions
122:PRIME-MD
39:Synonyms
3158:3936258
3101:6878243
2763:2831043
2652:4558333
2524:2682971
2460:2148236
2133:3568107
1943:9229283
1934:1497134
1882:3266445
1833:1495268
1647:7039662
1551:2906530
1346:1495268
1138:(SSS-8)
1132:(GAD-7)
397:69729-2
323:69728-4
280:69724-3
233:55757-9
94:alcohol
90:anxiety
69:) is a
54:69723-5
3202:
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1408:
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1353:
1343:
1335:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1199:
1002:PHQ-15
667:Norms
663:PHQ-15
594:Norms
521:Norms
450:Norms
244:and a
175:DSM-IV
116:ental
100:, and
98:eating
3049:S2CID
3006:S2CID
2875:S2CID
2820:S2CID
2738:: 8.
2260:S2CID
2172:S2CID
2129:S2CID
1982:S2CID
1643:S2CID
1588:(PDF)
1463:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1285:S2CID
1075:Good
1011:Good
982:Good
971:Good
942:Good
928:Good
919:GAD-7
909:Good
892:Good
855:Good
832:PHQ-9
823:Good
766:Good
715:Good
686:Good
643:Good
629:Good
613:Good
590:GAD-7
556:Good
540:Good
517:PHQ-9
485:Good
469:Good
410:panic
406:GAD-7
392:LOINC
318:LOINC
275:LOINC
269:PHQ-4
228:LOINC
222:PHQ-2
169:PHQ-9
49:LOINC
3336:MINI
3218:link
3200:PMID
3163:PMID
3145:ISSN
3106:PMID
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2998:PMID
2990:ISSN
2955:PMID
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2113:ISSN
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2026:PMID
1974:PMID
1939:PMID
1887:PMID
1838:PMID
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1351:PMID
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1197:PMID
1178:JAMA
1082:and
1016:SCID
181:and
106:Prim
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61:The
3192:doi
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