490:: in 2007, 456,000 deaths among incident TB cases were HIV-positive, a third of all TB deaths and nearly a quarter of the estimated 2 million HIV deaths in that year. Even though its incidence has declined because of the use of directly observed therapy and other improved practices in Western countries, this is not the case in developing countries where HIV is most prevalent. In early-stage HIV infection (CD4 count >300 cells per μL), TB typically presents as a pulmonary disease. In advanced HIV infection, TB often presents atypically with extrapulmonary (systemic) disease a common feature. Symptoms are usually constitutional and are not localized to one particular site, often affecting
86:
30:
766:
370:
378:
356:
carry most of the proviral load. A small percentage of HIV-1 infected individuals retain high levels of CD4+ T-cells without antiretroviral therapy. However, most have detectable viral loads and will eventually progress to AIDS without treatment. These individuals are classified as HIV controllers or
164:
with the same symptoms. As a consequence, these primary symptoms are not used to diagnose HIV infection, as they do not develop in all cases and because many are caused by other more common diseases. However, recognizing the syndrome can be important because the patient is much more infectious during
748:
Prevalence is 10–20% in
Western countries but only 1–2% of HIV infections in India. This difference is possibly due to the HIV subtype in India. AIDS-related mania is sometimes seen in patients with advanced HIV illness; it presents with more irritability and cognitive impairment and less euphoria
1994:
Gray F, Adle-Biassette H, Chretien F, Lorin de la
Grandmaison G, Force G, Keohane C (2001). "Neuropathology and neurodegeneration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pathogenesis of HIV-induced lesions of the brain, correlations with HIV-associated disorders and modifications according to
889:
is extensively used to treat AIDS, the incidence of many AIDS-related malignancies has decreased, but at the same time malignant cancers overall have become the most common cause of death of HIV-infected patients. In recent years, an increasing proportion of these deaths have been from
343:
A strong immune defense reduces the number of viral particles in the bloodstream, marking the start of secondary or chronic HIV infection. The secondary stage of HIV infection can vary between two weeks and 10 years. During the secondary phase of infection, HIV is active within
1094:
Seventy-five percent experienced symptoms consistent with acute retroviral syndrome; although 83% sought medical care for these symptoms, only 15% were appropriately diagnosed at that initial medical visit, suggesting opportunities to diagnose these individuals earlier were
69:, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+ T cell counts (fewer than 200 per
471:
in
Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, it is still one of the first indications of AIDS in untested individuals, although it does not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 cells per μL of blood.
832:(EBV) or KSHV cause many of these lymphomas. In HIV-infected patients, lymphoma often arises in extranodal sites such as the gastrointestinal tract. When they occur in an HIV-infected patient, KS and aggressive B cell lymphomas confer a diagnosis of AIDS.
2559:
744:
of both host and viral origin. Specific neurological impairments are manifested by cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that occur after years of HIV infection and are associated with low CD4 T cell levels and high plasma viral loads.
352:(FDC) network. The surrounding tissues that are rich in CD4 T cells may also become infected, and viral particles accumulate both in infected cells and as free virus. Individuals who are in this phase are still infectious. During this time,
159:
Because of the nonspecific nature of these symptoms, they are often not recognized as signs of HIV infection. Even if patients go to their doctors or a hospital, they will often be misdiagnosed as having one of the more common
1520:
Huang, L; Cattamanchi, A; Davis, JL; den Boon, S; Kovacs, J; Meshnick, S; Miller, RF; Walzer, PD; Worodria, W; Masur, H; International HIV-associated
Opportunistic Pneumonias (IHOP) Study; Lung HIV, Study (June 2011).
156:, night sweats and diarrhea and neurological symptoms. Infected individuals may experience all, some, or none of these symptoms. The duration of symptoms varies, averaging 28 days and usually lasting at least a week.
2554:
2314:
Karrakchou, J., Rachik, M., & Gourari, S. (2006). Optimal control and infectiology: Application to an HIV/AIDS model. Applied
Mathematics and Computation, 177(2), 807–818. doi: 10.1016/j.amc.2005.11.092
617:
In some cases, diarrhea may be a side effect of several drugs used to treat HIV, or it may simply accompany HIV infection, particularly during primary HIV infection. It may also be a side effect of
2866:
361:(LTNP). People who maintain CD4+ T cell counts and also have low or clinically undetectable viral load without antiretroviral treatment are known as elite controllers or elite suppressors (ES).
2830:
2549:
722:
form, causing disease only when the immune system has been severely weakened, as is the case for AIDS patients. It progresses rapidly, usually causing death within months of diagnosis.
2921:
3517:
478:(TB) is unique among infections associated with HIV because it is transmissible to immunocompetent people via the respiratory route, and it is not easily treatable once identified.
329:
1889:
Gazzard, B; Balkin, A; Hill, A (2010). "Analysis of neuropsychiatric adverse events during clinical trials of efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: a systematic review".
866:, and lung cancer. Some of these are caused by viruses, such as Hodgkin's disease (EBV), anal/rectal cancers (HPV), head and neck cancers (HPV), and hepatocellular carcinoma (
3512:
2566:
439:. The specific opportunistic infections that AIDS patients develop depend in part on the prevalence of these infections in the geographic area in which the patient lives.
2072:
Satishchandra P, Nalini A, Gourie-Devi M, et al. (January 2000). "Profile of neurologic disorders associated with HIV/AIDS from
Bangalore, south India (1989–96)".
3027:
1337:
1032:
2500:
1615:"Dose adjustment of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors during concurrent rifampicin-containing tuberculosis therapy: one size does not fit all"
2901:
911:
590:
2773:
2592:
2542:
2490:
806:
2886:
699:
787:
1662:
1048:"Identifying People with Acute HIV Infection: Demographic Features, Risk Factors, and Use of Health Care among Individuals with AHI in North Carolina"
1159:
Daar ES, Little S, Pitt J, et al. (2001). "Diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection. Los
Angeles County Primary HIV Infection Recruitment Network".
2700:
893:
In line with the treatment of cancer, chemotherapy has shown promise in increasing the number of uninfected T-cells and diminishing the viral load.
1695:
825:
874:). Other contributing factors include exposure to carcinogens (cigarette smoke for lung cancer), or living for years with subtle immune defects.
2612:
2442:
1020:
It is now known that 50 to 90 percent of patients acutely infected with HIV experience at least some symptoms of the acute retroviral syndrome.
757:. Unlike the latter condition, it may have a more chronic course. This syndrome is less frequently seen with the advent of multi-drug therapy.
2861:
2042:
1816:
975:
3292:
1290:"Prevalence and comparative characteristics of long-term nonprogressors and HIV controller patients in the French Hospital Database on HIV"
2268:"Malignancy-related causes of death in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy"
1752:
Zaidi SA, Cervia JS (2002). "Diagnosis and management of infectious esophagitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection".
2980:
3417:
2657:
2023:
2840:
2730:
775:
People with HIV infections have substantially increased incidence of several cancers. This is primarily due to co-infection with an
846:
In addition to the AIDS-defining tumors listed above, HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of certain other tumors, notably
2587:
331:(meaning that they are more likely without HIV than with it), and are therefore slight evidence against rather than for HIV, per
108:
During this period (usually days to weeks post-exposure) fifty to ninety percent of infected individuals develop an influenza or
3320:
1202:
Burton GF, Keele BF, Estes JD, Thacker TC, Gartner S (2002). "Follicular dendritic cell contributions to HIV pathogenesis".
1107:
647:, either by infection of the now susceptible nervous system by organisms, or as a direct consequence of the illness itself.
3382:
2896:
2876:
2607:
2495:
623:
405:
that are normally controlled by the elements of the immune system that HIV damages. These infections affect nearly every
3495:
2768:
2756:
2637:
2597:
628:
499:
382:
2963:
3267:
2891:
2820:
2778:
2522:
2480:
389:
The symptoms of AIDS are primarily the result of conditions that do not normally develop in individuals with healthy
2957:
2881:
2871:
2602:
2435:
1916:
Luft BJ, Chua A (August 2000). "Central
Nervous System Toxoplasmosis in HIV Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy".
349:
1046:
Lisa B. Hightow-Weidman; Carol E. Golin; Kelly Green; Eva N. P. Shaw; Pia D. M. MacDonald; Peter A. Leone (2009).
3431:
3399:
3387:
3340:
2916:
920:
487:
2171:"Therapy insight: AIDS-related malignancies – the influence of antiviral therapy on pathogenesis and management"
348:, which typically become persistently swollen, in response to large amounts of virus that become trapped in the
3272:
3122:
2995:
2683:
2642:
859:
797:
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young
479:
394:
358:
813:
on the skin, but can affect other organs, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. High-grade
1669:
3490:
3362:
3237:
3155:
3057:
2622:
2617:
1485:
Guss DA (1994). "The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 2".
1450:
Guss DA (1994). "The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an overview for the emergency physician, Part 1".
725:
680:
306:
74:
3202:
3175:
3165:
3087:
3072:
2970:
2790:
2720:
2527:
2517:
1211:
627:). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is thought to be a reflection of changes in the way the
511:
460:
447:
112:-like illness called acute HIV infection (or HIV prodrome), the most common symptoms of which may include
828:
present more often in HIV-infected patients. These particular cancers often foreshadow a poor prognosis.
3485:
3439:
3377:
3367:
3277:
3212:
2783:
2751:
2688:
2512:
2428:
2099:
Wadia RS, Pujari SN, Kothari S, et al. (March 2001). "Neurological manifestations of HIV disease".
1731:
1331:
1026:
991:
BARBARA LEE PERLMUTTER, M.D., PH.D., JORDAN B. GLASER, M.D., and SAMWEL O. OYUGI, M.D. (1 August 1999).
950:, which is difficult to distinguish from the effects of antiretroviral drugs used to treat AIDS itself.
931:
703:
821:
1380:"Review of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related opportunistic infections in sub-Saharan Africa"
3454:
3372:
3287:
3262:
3247:
3185:
3137:
3117:
3042:
3037:
3022:
2763:
2695:
902:
863:
847:
840:
538:
1216:
3469:
3444:
3412:
3330:
3302:
3252:
3170:
3160:
3112:
3102:
3092:
3067:
2678:
2652:
2030:
886:
769:
468:
420:
181:
176:
85:
3459:
3449:
3357:
3352:
3325:
3312:
3297:
3282:
3232:
3195:
3180:
3132:
3127:
3107:
3077:
3052:
3012:
3004:
2936:
2931:
2800:
2725:
2627:
2297:
2198:
2151:
1941:
1777:
1723:
1595:
1319:
1184:
829:
802:
783:
161:
29:
1288:
Grabar, S., Selinger-Leneman, H., Abgrall, S., Pialoux, G., Weiss, L., Costagliola, D. (2009).
413:
3538:
3407:
3257:
3227:
3207:
3190:
3097:
3062:
3047:
3032:
3017:
2795:
2705:
2662:
2532:
2355:
2289:
2248:
2190:
2143:
2108:
2081:
2038:
2004:
1976:
1933:
1898:
1871:
1822:
1812:
1769:
1715:
1644:
1587:
1552:
1502:
1467:
1432:
1401:
1360:
1311:
1270:
1229:
1176:
1138:
1085:
1067:
1004:
971:
882:
855:
810:
693:
685:
658:
581:
406:
332:
2374:
2217:
1842:"Diarrhea in developed and developing countries: magnitude, special settings, and etiologies"
385:. There is increased white (opacity) in the lower lungs on both sides, characteristic of PCP.
101:
infection. It occurs after the incubation stage, before the latency stage, and the potential
3464:
3242:
3222:
3217:
3147:
3082:
2825:
2345:
2337:
2279:
2182:
2135:
1968:
1925:
1861:
1853:
1804:
1761:
1707:
1634:
1626:
1579:
1542:
1534:
1494:
1459:
1391:
1301:
1260:
1221:
1172:
1168:
1130:
1075:
1059:
935:
is now the third most common opportunistic infection (after extrapulmonary tuberculosis and
791:
754:
585:
455:
345:
303:
Some of those symptoms (nasal congestion, sore throat) have a sensitivity that is less than
38:
2048:
2975:
2715:
2485:
1857:
1121:
Kahn, J. O.; Walker, B. D. (1998). "Acute Human
Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 infection".
916:
836:
714:
of nerve cells impairs the transmission of nerve impulses. It is caused by a virus called
607:
542:
424:
117:
50:
431:. Additionally, people with AIDS often have systemic symptoms of infection like fevers,
2926:
2710:
2350:
2325:
1866:
1841:
1639:
1614:
1583:
1547:
1522:
1080:
1047:
943:
936:
798:
729:
94:
1959:
Sadler M, Nelson MR (June 1997). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV".
1225:
3532:
2906:
2815:
1498:
1463:
1420:
926:
878:
719:
650:
618:
576:
546:
390:
353:
109:
17:
2301:
2202:
2155:
1945:
1781:
1599:
1323:
1188:
2941:
2632:
663:
599:
483:
475:
432:
419:
People with AIDS also have an increased risk of developing various cancers such as
1727:
765:
1696:"Tuberculosis and HIV infection. How to safely treat both disorders concurrently"
1306:
2845:
2746:
2537:
1134:
871:
867:
851:
675:
534:
522:
491:
486:
with HIV co-infection (TB/HIV) is a major world health problem according to the
436:
153:
149:
121:
54:
2341:
1765:
732:
induced by HIV infection and fueled by immune activation of HIV-infected brain
369:
2805:
2647:
2475:
1929:
1630:
1538:
1063:
992:
741:
733:
654:
595:
558:
507:
402:
278:
2239:
Palefsky J (2007). "Human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected persons".
1972:
1711:
1351:
Blankson, J. N. (2010). "Control of HIV-1 replication in elite suppressors".
1071:
556:
in HIV infection is due to many possible causes, including common bacterial (
1808:
779:
737:
667:
603:
526:
2359:
2293:
2252:
2194:
2147:
2112:
2085:
2008:
1937:
1902:
1826:
1773:
1719:
1648:
1591:
1556:
1436:
1405:
1364:
1315:
1274:
1233:
1180:
1089:
1008:
45:. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as
1980:
1875:
1506:
1471:
1265:
1248:
1142:
901:
People with AIDS often develop opportunistic infections that present with
580:) and parasitic infections; and uncommon opportunistic infections such as
148:, fatigue, ulcers in the mouth or on the genitals, enlarged liver/spleen,
2911:
2810:
2507:
2455:
939:) in HIV-positive individuals within the endemic area of Southeast Asia.
817:
776:
715:
671:
570:
564:
553:
428:
145:
137:
42:
839:
in HIV-infected women is also considered AIDS-defining; it is caused by
2835:
2284:
2267:
2186:
2037:(2nd ed.). London, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 357–373.
801:
in 1981 was one of the first signals of the AIDS epidemic. Caused by a
644:
632:
611:
530:
210:
136:, mouth and esophageal sores, and may also include, but less commonly,
133:
129:
66:
62:
1378:
Holmes CB, Losina E, Walensky RP, Yazdanpanah Y, Freedberg KA (2003).
824:, Burkitt's-like lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and
2951:
947:
814:
707:
689:
398:
141:
2170:
2139:
1754:
Journal of the
International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care
1396:
1379:
1289:
631:
absorbs nutrients and may be an important component of HIV-related
458:
people, but common among HIV-infected individuals. It is caused by
377:
2420:
906:
764:
750:
503:
376:
113:
84:
70:
46:
28:
942:
An infection that often goes unrecognized in people with AIDS is
467:
Before the advent of effective diagnosis, treatment, and routine
2985:
2946:
711:
533:). In HIV-infected individuals, this is normally due to fungal (
495:
125:
102:
58:
2424:
2373:
Silvero AM; Acevedo-Gadea CR; Pantanowitz L "" (June 4, 2009).
435:(particularly at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and
2470:
2451:
98:
2867:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1570:
Feldman C (2005). "Pneumonia associated with HIV infection".
885:, does not increase in HIV-infected patients. In areas where
2414:
Absence of symptom as a predictor of no acute HIV infection.
2375:"Unsuspected Parvovirus B19 Infection in a Person With AIDS"
2033:, I. Grant, I. Everall, S. A. Lipton, S. Swindells. (eds.).
909:
and weight loss. These include opportunistic infection with
2405:
Presence of symptoms as a predictor of acute HIV infection.
740:. These cells are productively infected by HIV and secrete
670:
and lungs. Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the
525:
is an inflammation of the lining of the lower end of the
2550:
WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease
2126:
Boshoff C, Weiss R (2002). "AIDS-related malignancies".
643:
HIV infection may lead to a variety of neuropsychiatric
1613:
Kwara A, Ramachandran G, Swaminathan S (January 2010).
621:
used to treat bacterial causes of diarrhea (common for
3518:
List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region
1795:
Pollok RC (2001). "Viruses causing diarrhea in AIDS".
919:(CMV). CMV can cause colitis, as described above, and
2324:
Skoulidis, F; Morgan, MS; MacLeod, KM (August 2004).
2101:
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
309:
2326:"Penicillium marneffei: a pathogen on our doorstep?"
93:
Acute HIV infection, primary HIV infection or acute
3513:
List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate
3478:
3430:
3398:
3339:
3311:
3146:
3003:
2994:
2902:
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)
2887:
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
2854:
2739:
2671:
2575:
2463:
968:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
662:; it usually infects the brain, causing toxoplasma
1619:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
666:, but it can also infect and cause disease in the
323:
1840:Guerrant RL, Hughes JM, Lima NL, Crane J (1990).
1419:Bruno G, Saracino A, Monno L, Angarano G (2017).
790:(KSHV) (also known as human herpesvirus-8 ), and
696:and confusion; left untreated, it can be lethal.
416:is predictive of the progression of HIV to AIDS.
545:) infections. In rare cases, it could be due to
41:(also known as primary infection), latency, and
2501:National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program
2266:Bonnet F, Lewden C, May T, et al. (2004).
1421:"The Revival of an "Old" Marker: CD4/CD8 Ratio"
993:"How to Recognize and Treat Acute HIV Syndrome"
1154:
1152:
966:James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006).
2436:
877:The incidence of many common tumors, such as
173:Symptoms and signs of primary HIV infections
8:
1527:Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society
1336:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1031:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
427:, and cancers of the immune system known as
2593:Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome
2218:"Gastrointestinal Malignancies in HIV/AIDS"
3345:
3000:
2826:People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement
2443:
2429:
2421:
706:, in which the gradual destruction of the
700:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
692:, and vomiting. Patients may also develop
529:(gullet or swallowing tube leading to the
454:pneumonia) is relatively rare in healthy,
167:
2349:
2283:
1865:
1638:
1546:
1395:
1305:
1264:
1215:
1079:
718:which occurs in 70% of the population in
653:is a disease caused by the single-celled
316:
308:
2330:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2169:Yarchoan R, Tosato G, Little RF (2005).
807:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus
368:
2398:
2022:Grant I, Sacktor H, McArthur J (2005).
1961:International Journal of STD & AIDS
1523:"HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia"
1173:10.7326/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00010
1108:"Early signs of HIV in men & women"
958:
826:primary central nervous system lymphoma
788:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
2074:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
1572:Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
1329:
1024:
324:{\displaystyle 1-{\text{specificity}}}
2862:Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories
809:(KSHV), it often appears as purplish
674:(the membrane covering the brain and
7:
1694:Decker CF, Lazarus A (August 2000).
89:Main symptoms of acute HIV infection
2981:The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert
1858:10.1093/clinids/12.Supplement_1.S41
2216:Ho-Yen C, Chang F (June 1, 2008).
1918:Current Infectious Disease Reports
1663:"Global Tuberculosis Control 2009"
1584:10.1097/01.qco.0000160907.79437.5a
1249:"HIV-1 receptors and cell tropism"
912:Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
25:
2567:Countries by AIDS prevalence rate
684:. It can cause fevers, headache,
77:, cancers, and other conditions.
3028:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2588:AIDS-defining clinical condition
1799:. Novartis Foundation Symposia.
37:The stages of HIV infection are
1247:Clapham PR, McKnight A (2001).
393:. Most of these conditions are
97:syndrome is the first stage of
33:Figure 1. Early Symptoms of HIV
2024:"HIV neurocognitive disorders"
1846:Reviews of Infectious Diseases
105:succeeding the latency stage.
1:
2897:Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS
2877:International AIDS Conference
2831:HIV/AIDS in the porn industry
2774:Discrimination against people
1797:Novartis Foundation Symposium
1226:10.1016/S1044-5323(02)00060-X
610:, (the latter as a course of
397:caused by bacteria, viruses,
2757:Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS
2638:HIV Drug Resistance Database
1803:: 276–83, discussion 283–8.
1499:10.1016/0736-4679(94)90346-8
1464:10.1016/0736-4679(94)90281-X
1307:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b44c8
639:Neurological and psychiatric
383:pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
3058:Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
2892:Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
2821:List of HIV-positive people
1161:Annals of Internal Medicine
1135:10.1056/NEJM199807023390107
890:non-AIDS-defining cancers.
594:complex (MAC) and viruses,
450:(PCP) (originally known as
3555:
2958:Reports from the Holocaust
2882:International AIDS Society
2872:Elton John AIDS Foundation
2342:10.1177/014107680409700811
1766:10.1177/154510970200100204
946:. Its main consequence is
350:follicular dendritic cells
55:inflammation of the throat
3508:
3348:
2917:Treatment Action Campaign
2633:Tuberculosis co-infection
2496:disease progression rates
1930:10.1007/s11908-000-0016-x
1631:10.1517/17425250903393752
1539:10.1513/pats.201009-062WR
1064:10.1007/s10461-008-9519-5
997:American Family Physician
860:hepatocellular carcinomas
488:World Health Organization
180:
175:
172:
2643:Innate resistance to HIV
2613:Neurocognitive disorders
1973:10.1258/0956462971920181
1712:10.3810/pgm.2000.08.1181
395:opportunistic infections
359:long-term nonprogressors
75:opportunistic infections
2964:AIDS–Holocaust metaphor
2947:Gay Men's Health Crisis
2623:Opportunistic infection
2175:Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol
1997:Clinical Neuropathology
1809:10.1002/0470846534.ch17
726:HIV-associated dementia
681:Cryptococcus neoformans
500:gastrointestinal tracts
2791:HIV-affected community
2731:HIV and homosexual men
772:
512:central nervous system
482:is a serious problem.
461:Pneumocystis jirovecii
448:Pneumocystis pneumonia
386:
374:
325:
90:
34:
2971:Silence=Death Project
2769:Criminal transmission
2689:Multiple sex partners
2128:Nature Reviews Cancer
2035:The Neurology of AIDS
1700:Postgraduate Medicine
970:. Saunders Elsevier.
932:Talaromyces marneffei
923:can cause blindness.
903:non-specific symptoms
864:head and neck cancers
768:
753:associated with true
728:(HAD) is a metabolic
704:demyelinating disease
624:Clostridium difficile
380:
373:Main symptoms of AIDS
372:
326:
88:
32:
18:Primary HIV infection
3293:United Arab Emirates
2764:Circumcision and HIV
2721:City of Hope Patient
2481:structure and genome
841:human papillomavirus
792:human papillomavirus
710:sheath covering the
552:Unexplained chronic
480:Multidrug resistance
452:Pneumocystis carinii
307:
2841:AIDS Memorial Quilt
2653:HIV-positive people
1852:(Suppl 1): S41–50.
1675:on January 27, 2012
1266:10.1093/bmb/58.1.43
591:Mycobacterium avium
169:
162:infectious diseases
51:swollen lymph nodes
3418:Dominican Republic
2801:HIV/AIDS denialism
2726:Women and HIV/AIDS
2716:The London Patient
2583:Signs and symptoms
2491:CDC classification
2285:10.1002/cncr.20354
2187:10.1038/ncponc0253
1706:(2): 57–60, 65–8.
1353:Discovery Medicine
830:Epstein-Barr virus
822:Burkitt's lymphoma
784:Epstein-Barr virus
773:
387:
375:
354:CD4 CD45RO T cells
321:
168:
91:
35:
3526:
3525:
3504:
3503:
3426:
3425:
2907:The SING Campaign
2796:HIV/AIDS activism
2784:Cost of treatment
2706:Timothy Ray Brown
2701:World AIDS Museum
2044:978-0-19-852610-0
1818:978-0-470-84653-7
1384:Clin. Infect. Dis
1052:AIDS and Behavior
977:978-0-7216-2921-6
856:rectal carcinomas
848:Hodgkin's disease
659:Toxoplasma gondii
582:cryptosporidiosis
319:
301:
300:
291:Nasal congestion
16:(Redirected from
3546:
3496:Papua New Guinea
3346:
3001:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2387:
2386:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2287:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2047:. Archived from
2028:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1730:. Archived from
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1668:. Archived from
1667:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1327:
1309:
1300:(9): 1163–1169.
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1219:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1058:(6): 1075–1083.
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1015:
988:
982:
981:
963:
907:low-grade fevers
897:Other infections
770:Kaposi's sarcoma
755:bipolar disorder
678:) by the fungus
629:intestinal tract
586:microsporidiosis
539:herpes simplex-1
518:Gastrointestinal
421:Kaposi's sarcoma
330:
328:
327:
322:
320:
317:
267:Lymphadenopathy
170:
21:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3500:
3474:
3422:
3394:
3335:
3307:
3253:Myanmar (Burma)
3142:
2990:
2976:Day Without Art
2922:The Global Fund
2850:
2779:Economic impact
2735:
2667:
2571:
2523:pathophysiology
2459:
2449:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2379:The AIDS Reader
2372:
2371:
2367:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2222:The AIDS Reader
2215:
2214:
2210:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1819:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1359:(46): 261–266.
1350:
1349:
1345:
1328:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1217:10.1.1.364.8696
1201:
1200:
1196:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1123:N. Engl. J. Med
1120:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1023:
1013:
1011:
990:
989:
985:
978:
965:
964:
960:
956:
917:cytomegalovirus
899:
837:cervical cancer
763:
641:
608:cytomegalovirus
543:cytomegalovirus
520:
456:immunocompetent
445:
425:cervical cancer
414:CD4+/CD8+ ratio
367:
341:
305:
304:
118:lymphadenopathy
83:
81:Acute infection
39:acute infection
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3552:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3321:United Kingdom
3317:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2934:
2932:YAA/Youthforce
2929:
2927:World AIDS Day
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Berlin Patient
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Superinfection
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Cardiomyopathy
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:Teens / Adults
2557:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2365:
2316:
2307:
2278:(2): 317–324.
2258:
2231:
2208:
2181:(8): 406–415.
2161:
2140:10.1038/nrc797
2134:(5): 373–382.
2118:
2091:
2064:
2043:
2031:H.E. Gendelman
2014:
1986:
1951:
1924:(4): 358–362.
1908:
1881:
1832:
1817:
1787:
1744:
1686:
1654:
1605:
1578:(2): 165–170.
1562:
1533:(3): 294–300.
1512:
1493:(4): 491–497.
1477:
1458:(3): 375–384.
1442:
1411:
1397:10.1086/367655
1390:(5): 656–662.
1370:
1343:
1280:
1239:
1210:(4): 275–284.
1204:Semin. Immunol
1194:
1148:
1113:
1099:
1038:
1003:(2): 535–542.
983:
976:
957:
955:
952:
944:Parvovirus B19
937:cryptococcosis
898:
895:
799:homosexual men
762:
759:
730:encephalopathy
640:
637:
519:
516:
498:, urinary and
444:
441:
391:immune systems
366:
363:
340:
337:
333:Bayes' theorem
315:
312:
299:
298:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
281:
275:
274:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
235:
231:
230:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
213:
207:
206:
203:
200:
196:
195:
192:
189:
185:
184:
179:
174:
95:seroconversion
82:
79:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3551:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3432:South America
3429:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3388:New York City
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:United States
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:North America
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Sex education
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Lipodystrophy
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2054:on 2009-09-23
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:(4): 146–55.
2002:
1998:
1995:treatments".
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1734:on 2011-01-05
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
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2747:AIDS orphan
2603:Nephropathy
2538:vaccination
2241:Top HIV Med
1679:November 1,
1167:(1): 25–9.
868:hepatitis B
803:gammaherpes
742:neurotoxins
734:macrophages
702:(PML) is a
676:spinal cord
619:antibiotics
535:candidiasis
523:Esophagitis
508:lymph nodes
506:, regional
492:bone marrow
469:prophylaxis
437:weight loss
346:lymph nodes
318:specificity
211:Muscle pain
182:Specificity
177:Sensitivity
150:weight loss
122:pharyngitis
73:), various
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3176:Bangladesh
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2528:prevention
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1738:2012-06-07
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600:adenovirus
596:astrovirus
559:Salmonella
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279:Joint pain
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3440:Argentina
3400:Caribbean
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3278:Sri Lanka
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2996:Locations
2937:"Free Me"
2663:Pregnancy
2658:Nutrition
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2107:: 343–8.
2080:: 14–23.
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1014:30 August
835:Invasive
818:lymphomas
780:DNA virus
777:oncogenic
738:microglia
604:rotavirus
527:esophagus
443:Pulmonary
429:lymphomas
403:parasites
381:X-ray of
314:−
234:Headache
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3248:Malaysia
3186:Cambodia
3138:Zimbabwe
3118:Tanzania
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3038:Eswatini
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2811:Safe sex
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655:parasite
645:sequelae
571:Listeria
565:Shigella
554:diarrhea
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3445:Bolivia
3413:Jamaica
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3303:Vietnam
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3161:Armenia
3113:Senegal
3103:Nigeria
3093:Namibia
3068:Lesotho
2855:Culture
2836:HIV.gov
2679:History
2672:History
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2199:S2CID
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