38:
273:
1239:
450:
leading a more senior one. Promotion usually came with experience, or at least length of service, but many still never made it as far as leading a first cohort. Yet for centurions who showed, say, particularly conspicuous bravery during battle, there was the opportunity to be promoted several grades at once. For example, Julius Caesar's reward for a centurion who had greatly pleased him was to advance him eight grades.
301:
725:
717:
709:
691:
402:, or promoted from the ranks for a variety of reasons. Julius Caesar is said to have promoted his centurions for displays of valour. Historians cite examples of them being the first over the enemy's wall or through the breach. The various centurion grades may be loosely compared to modern junior and middle officer grades. Below the centurions were the
437:(dagger) on the right, as the sidearm. Centurions wore transverse crests on their helmets that would distinguish them from other legionaries. Centurions often had important social status and held powerful positions in society. They seem to have received their status according to their rank. On retirement, they could be eligible for employment as
449:
Each century had a precedence within the cohort. Centurions' seniority within the cohort and legion depended on the position within the legion of the century they were in charge of, which often took their name from their centurion. Centurions began by leading junior centuries before being promoted to
494:
For the
Imperial and late Republican legion (post 107 BC) the first centuria of every cohors was its senior, with the first cohors following suit for the entire legion. There were five centuriae in the first cohors as opposed to the normal number of six, with each centuria having twice the number of
421:
of a centurion known as "Cedo
Alteram", which roughly translates to "Fetch Me Another". "The mutinous soldiers thrust out the tribunes and the camp-prefect; they plundered the baggage of the fugitives, and then killed a centurion, Lucilius, to whom, with soldier's humour, they had given the nickname
582:
The centurion in the infantry is chosen for his size, strength and dexterity in throwing his missile weapons and for his skill in the use of his sword and shield; in short for his expertness in all the exercises. He is to be vigilant, temperate, active and readier to execute the orders he receives
205:
A centurion was promoted for being an exemplary soldier and was then expected to become a strict commander of his subordinates, to lead his troops by example, and coordinate his century's actions. They were also responsible for handling logistics and supplies, as well as any discipline that was
663:, with whom association was not permitted under Jewish law. The encounter leads Simon Peter to understand that God accepts non-Jews who believe in God and repent. After this revelation, the message of Jesus was evangelized to the Gentiles. Another centurion, Julius, is given custody of the
600:
Centurions had to be at least 30 years of age, literate (to read written orders), have letters of recommendation, and have at least several years of military service. As a commander, a centurion had to be able to maintain his troops’ morale in peace and inspire his men in battle.
340:
During the
Imperial era, centurions gradually rose in seniority in their cohort, commanding centuries with higher precedence, until commanding the senior century and therefore the whole cohort. The best centurions were then promoted to the first cohort and known as the
1116:
Justin R. Howell, The
Imperial Authority and Benefaction of Centurions and Acts 10.34-43: A Response to C. Kavin Rowe., Page numbers of article p25-51, 27p, Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Vol. 31 Issue 1,
628:
was in the locality, he asked the Jewish elders to request healing for his servant. In the Gospel of
Matthew, the centurion makes direct contact with Jesus. The stories report that Jesus marveled at his faith and
457:
legion had each centurio command a centuria of sixty men within a manipulus (maniple) of two centuriae which was commanded by the senior centurio. Their order in decreasing seniority but opposite battle order;
986:
Rich, John. "Military
Organization and Social Change." War and Society in the Roman World. Ed. Graham Shipley. Vol. 5. N.p.: n.p., 1993. N. pag. Print. Leicester-Notthingham Studies in Ancient Society
583:
than to talk; Strict in exercising and keeping up proper discipline among his soldiers, in obliging them to appear clean and well-dressed and to have their weapons constantly rubbed and bright.
349:
who commanded the first century of the first cohort. All centurions, however senior, had their own allocated century. There was little difference between the ranks of centurions except for the
644:
said that Jesus was "God's Son". Accordingly, this centurion is considered by many to be the first
Christian. In Luke's Gospel, the centurion at the cross said that Jesus was "innocent".
1439:
411:
Centurions were held personally responsible for the training and discipline of the legionaries under their command, and they had a reputation for dealing out harsh punishment.
620:
was ill. In the Gospel of Luke, the centurion concerned had a good relationship with the elders of the local Jewish population and had funded the development of the
3281:
1289:
1326:
570:
Note that the Primi
Ordines of the first cohors were senior to every centurio except for their Primus Pilus and the Pili Priori of the other first centuries.
1868:
521:
The titles of the centuriae and thus their respective centuriones are remnants from the manipular system of the
Republic. In order of decreasing seniority;
1910:
1898:
1259:
1957:
825:
1873:
3276:
3245:
1883:
953:"centurion." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 17 Sep. 2012. <
214:
and commanded by a senior centurion. The prestigious first cohort (a formation of five double-strength centuries of 160 men each) was led by the
3190:
1878:
1612:
3160:
1985:
1512:
913:
857:
3250:
3125:
2278:
1151:
1092:
1831:
1502:
630:
3170:
1930:
1497:
1492:
1468:
1319:
975:
883:
3185:
1858:
1507:
1434:
1451:
1384:
2205:
2130:
1888:
904:
289:
1299:
345:, commanding one of the cohort's five centuries and taking on a staff role. The most senior centurion of the legion was the
3271:
2701:
820:
1271:
2541:
2145:
1597:
1312:
398:. Veteran legionaries often worked as tenants of their former centurions. Centurions could be elected, appointed by the
3240:
1286:
3286:
3165:
2924:
1980:
1863:
1409:
3200:
2864:
2756:
2526:
2298:
2120:
2028:
1893:
1836:
1071:
1045:
31:
1243:
3220:
2313:
2268:
2195:
2115:
2063:
2053:
2005:
1352:
237:
433:
Unlike legionaries, centurions carried their swords on their left side as a sign of distinction and carried the
426:
across a soldier's back, he would call in a loud voice for another… and another...and another!" The vine-stick (
2821:
2731:
2240:
2220:
2215:
2200:
2153:
2093:
2048:
1850:
578:
According to a 5th century text on the Roman military, a centurion was required to have numerous elite traits:
245:
929:
3230:
3210:
3150:
3140:
3130:
2536:
2225:
2125:
2105:
2020:
2010:
1715:
1655:
1347:
753:
652:
454:
387:
322:
3235:
3225:
3175:
3155:
2969:
2944:
2909:
2791:
2516:
2163:
1925:
1456:
773:
330:
211:
3205:
3135:
2959:
2711:
2511:
2506:
2303:
2210:
2135:
2098:
2083:
2058:
2038:
1940:
788:
366:
191:
162:
142:
1211:
333:. Later, generals and emperors further manipulated these numbers with double and half-strength units.
3215:
3180:
2869:
2859:
2736:
2636:
2561:
2426:
2389:
1765:
1429:
783:
738:
648:
641:
381:
375:
42:
37:
3145:
2994:
2796:
2666:
2616:
1935:
1532:
1222:
696:
62:
430:) was a symbol of the centurion's authority and the implement with which he meted out punishment.
3195:
2919:
2726:
2581:
2521:
2441:
2384:
2248:
1484:
1463:
798:
2834:
1155:
1096:
361:
of the first (rightmost) cohort. Only eight officers in a fully officered legion outranked the
2829:
2681:
2436:
2396:
2374:
1582:
1301:"The Election of Centurions during the Republican Period." Ancient Society 48 (2018), 147-167.
1152:"Digital | Attic - Warfare : De Re Militari Book II: The Organization of the Legion"
1093:"Digital | Attic - Warfare : De Re Militari Book II: The Organization of the Legion"
971:
954:
909:
899:
879:
854:
793:
668:
609:
233:
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2854:
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2721:
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2641:
2413:
2336:
2283:
2078:
2073:
1962:
1821:
1770:
1730:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1602:
1549:
1542:
1527:
1522:
1446:
1374:
664:
417:
272:
72:
2989:
2801:
2781:
2741:
2676:
2626:
2621:
2496:
2446:
2354:
2188:
2168:
2088:
1537:
1362:
1293:
1275:
808:
758:
748:
1253:
321:
or "century". During the Mid-Republic these centuries were grouped in pairs to make up a
198:. The size of the century changed over time; from the 1st century BC through most of the
329:", a century was typically composed of around 80 men, with six such centuries forming a
3044:
2686:
2421:
2369:
2341:
2288:
2273:
2253:
2068:
2043:
2000:
1990:
1816:
1790:
1720:
1705:
1670:
1630:
1391:
968:
The New
Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, Vol. 1; Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2006,
778:
768:
637:
613:
592:
326:
281:
257:
249:
183:
131:
116:
108:
1238:
300:
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1995:
1972:
1785:
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1379:
334:
3054:
2914:
2359:
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2263:
2258:
2110:
1920:
1806:
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1745:
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1517:
1401:
1335:
743:
399:
305:
216:
207:
199:
724:
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873:
2849:
2471:
2293:
2183:
1577:
803:
656:
285:
253:
50:
1026:
Hoffman, B. (1995) The quarters of the legionary centurions of the Principate.
3074:
3014:
2979:
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2706:
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1947:
1915:
1660:
1587:
1419:
1414:
1268:
686:
498:
The six centuriae of a normal cohors, were, in order of decreasing seniority;
423:
293:
241:
229:
58:
304:
A Roman Centurio on a portrait medaillon of his grave, 2nd century A.D. from
3104:
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1564:
621:
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395:
195:
175:
46:
1066:
1040:
17:
3064:
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2556:
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2466:
2456:
2451:
2431:
2230:
1811:
1775:
1665:
1592:
1424:
830:
733:
588:
337:, for instance, made the first cohort of five double strength centuries.
317:
312:
277:
179:
3084:
3079:
3069:
3034:
3029:
3019:
2964:
2949:
2766:
2761:
2746:
2716:
2671:
2651:
2631:
2586:
2318:
2173:
1952:
1760:
1755:
1645:
763:
676:
660:
412:
236:, who were otherwise legally protected from corporal punishment by the
1304:
3094:
2974:
2904:
2844:
2839:
2806:
2566:
2551:
2501:
2481:
1903:
1780:
1675:
438:
167:
147:
655:
whose righteous and generous acts find favor with God. The apostle
2879:
2601:
2328:
1620:
723:
715:
707:
625:
434:
404:
299:
271:
36:
30:
This article is about the Roman army officer. For other uses, see
3089:
2656:
2596:
2178:
1554:
1252:
672:
1308:
394:
Centurions received a much higher rate of pay than the average
1650:
851:
The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D.
616:
relate an incident in which a servant of a centurion based in
90:
325:, each century consisting of 30–60 men. After the so-called "
155:
135:
955:
https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/102946/centurion
96:
93:
87:
78:
248:
in terms of pay-grade, prestige, and responsibilities. In
244:. They were professional officers, analogous to modern
1141:, Stephen Dando-Collins, pp40, Quercus (December 2010)
1129:, Stephen Dando-Collins, pp41, Quercus (December 2010)
379:), second-in-command of the legion; the camp prefect (
391:) who served as senior staff officers to the legate.
99:
81:
75:
3113:
3007:
2820:
2412:
2405:
2327:
2239:
2144:
2019:
1971:
1849:
1799:
1738:
1729:
1611:
1563:
1483:
1400:
1361:
524:1st Cohors, Centuriones known as the Primi Ordines
84:
453:The precedence during the times of the Republican
640:and Matthew, the centurion who is present at the
908:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1120–1121.
580:
422:'Cedo Alteram', because when he had broken one
511:The forward principes (forward principal line)
472:Of the centuriae of a manipulus of Principes;
373:), commanding the legion; the senior tribune (
357:was so called because his own century was the
225:who were the centurions of the first cohort.
1320:
878:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
353:, who also participated in war councils. The
8:
483:Of the centuriae of a manipulus of Hastati;
461:Of the centuriae of a manipulus of Triarii;
1287:Called to the Eagle: Some Sullan Centurions
125:
2409:
1735:
1367:
1327:
1313:
1305:
826:Military establishment of the Roman Empire
659:is told in a vision to visit Cornelius, a
45:in Roman centurion costume. Note that the
508:The rear principes (rear principal line)
505:The forward triarii (forward third line)
842:
228:A centurion's symbol of office was the
3282:New Testament Latin words and phrases
624:in Capernaum, and when he heard that
260:'s centurions were known by the name
115:
7:
1263:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.
517:The forward hastati (forward spears)
292:. Note the prominent display of the
966:Earl S. Johnson, Jr., "Centurion,"
408:, seconds-in-command of centuries.
232:, with which they disciplined even
49:used in this reconstruction are an
728:Artifacts from a centurion's tomb.
720:Artifacts from a centurion's tomb.
712:Artifacts from a centurion's tomb.
502:The rear triarii (rear third line)
495:legionaries of a normal centuria.
25:
1237:
689:
385:); and the five other tribunes (
240:. Centurions also served in the
71:
563:6th Centuria Hastatus Posterior
557:4th Centuria Princeps Posterior
540:5th Centuria Hastatus Posterior
534:3rd Centuria Princeps Posterior
3277:Military ranks of ancient Rome
905:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
853:University of Oklahoma Press.
631:restored his servant to health
514:The rear hastati (rear spears)
290:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
210:, centuries were grouped into
121:
1:
1242:The dictionary definition of
821:List of Roman army unit types
315:, the centurions commanded a
194:originally consisting of 100
27:Army officer in Imperial Rome
1899:Frontiers and fortifications
1225:and verses 6, 11, 31, and 43
551:2nd Centuria Pilus Posterior
168:
148:
1958:Decorations and punishments
1175:Matthew 8:5-13; Luke 7:1-10
651:tells of a centurion named
560:5th Centuria Hastatus Prior
554:3rd Centuria Princeps Prior
537:4th Centuria Hastatus Prior
531:2nd Centuria Princeps Prior
3303:
2865:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1440:historiography of the fall
1072:World History Encyclopedia
1046:World History Encyclopedia
528:1st Centuria Primus Pilus
202:it was reduced to 80 men.
156:
136:
32:Centurion (disambiguation)
29:
3246:External wars and battles
1370:
1343:
246:non-commissioned officers
849:Webster, Graham (1998).
548:1st Centuria Pilus Prior
3241:Roman–Iranian relations
1716:Optimates and populares
1260:Encyclopædia Britannica
1013:Goldsworthy, A. (2003)
1004:The Complete Roman Army
875:Luke's portrait of Paul
872:Lentz, John C. (1993).
636:In both the Gospels of
3251:Civil wars and revolts
2517:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2164:Conflict of the Orders
1523:Legislative assemblies
774:Lucius Artorius Castus
729:
721:
713:
598:
308:
297:
187:
126:
117:[kɛn̪ˈt̪ʊrioː]
112:
54:
2960:Simplicius of Cilicia
2712:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1941:Siege in Ancient Rome
1550:Executive magistrates
995:The Roman War Machine
727:
719:
711:
704:Historical centurions
667:for his journey from
388:tribuni angusticlavii
303:
296:, his sign of office.
275:
40:
3272:Ancient Roman titles
2970:Stephanus Byzantinus
2875:Eusebius of Caesaria
2737:Sidonius Apollinaris
2427:Ammianus Marcellinus
1766:Tribune of the plebs
1280:Military Illustrated
833:, related Roman rank
605:In the New Testament
382:praefectus castrorum
376:tribunus laticlavius
43:historical reenactor
3146:Distinguished women
2797:Velleius Paterculus
2637:Nicolaus Damascenus
2617:Marcellus Empiricus
2006:Republican currency
1298:Michael J. Taylor,
1139:The Legions of Rome
1127:The Legions of Rome
1015:Complete Roman Army
697:Ancient Rome portal
63:classical antiquity
3287:Combat occupations
2920:Phlegon of Tralles
2727:Seneca the Younger
2201:Naming conventions
1931:Personal equipment
1464:Later Roman Empire
1292:2021-04-19 at the
1274:2021-10-03 at the
900:Kazhdan, Alexander
799:Spurius Ligustinus
730:
722:
714:
490:Hastatus Posterior
479:Princeps Posterior
309:
298:
221:who commanded the
55:
3259:
3258:
3221:Pontifices maximi
3003:
3002:
2860:Diogenes Laërtius
2682:Pliny the Younger
2437:Asconius Pedianus
2397:Romance languages
2269:Civil engineering
2011:Imperial currency
1884:Political control
1845:
1844:
1479:
1478:
1254:"Centurion"
915:978-0-19-504652-6
859:978-080-613-000-2
794:Sempronius Densus
415:tells a story in
284:, a centurion of
178:, nominally of a
165:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3294:
3211:Magistri equitum
3126:Cities and towns
3119:
3045:Constantinopolis
2855:Diodorus Siculus
2787:Valerius Maximus
2722:Seneca the Elder
2642:Nonius Marcellus
2410:
1963:Hippika gymnasia
1926:Infantry tactics
1832:Consular tribune
1822:Magister equitum
1771:Military tribune
1736:
1696:Pontifex maximus
1691:Princeps senatus
1681:Magister militum
1447:Byzantine Empire
1368:
1329:
1322:
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1154:. Archived from
1148:
1142:
1136:
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1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1095:. Archived from
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1031:
1024:
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926:
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610:Matthew's Gospel
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371:legatus legionis
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2999:
2835:Aëtius of Amida
2816:
2802:Verrius Flaccus
2782:Valerius Antias
2742:Silius Italicus
2677:Pliny the Elder
2622:Marcus Aurelius
2497:Cornelius Nepos
2447:Aurelius Victor
2401:
2323:
2235:
2169:Secessio plebis
2140:
2015:
1967:
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1276:Wayback Machine
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1234:
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759:Gaius Crastinus
749:Cassius Chaerea
706:
695:
690:
688:
685:
607:
597:
587:
576:
468:Pilus Posterior
447:
270:
206:required. In a
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70:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3298:
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250:late antiquity
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1573:Twelve Tables
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1248:at Wiktionary
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1196:
1193:Matthew 27:54
1190:
1187:
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1172:
1169:
1158:on 2009-04-10
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1099:on 2009-04-10
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885:0-521-43316-9
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614:Luke's Gospel
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343:primi ordines
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335:Julius Caesar
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311:In the Roman
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19:
3191:Institutions
3055:Leptis Magna
3008:Major cities
2915:Philostratus
2702:Quadrigarius
2522:Rufus Festus
2385:Contemporary
2106:Romanization
2029:Architecture
1636:Collegiality
1485:Constitution
1336:Ancient Rome
1285:Ross Cowan,
1279:
1267:Ross Cowan,
1258:
1244:
1218:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
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1156:the original
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933:
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867:
850:
845:
784:St Marcellus
754:St Cornelius
744:Aulus Pudens
739:St Alexander
665:apostle Paul
649:Book of Acts
646:
635:
608:
599:
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238:Porcian laws
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208:Roman legion
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200:imperial era
169:
157:ἑκατόνταρχος
154:, or Greek:
149:
66:
56:
3186:Geographers
2870:Dioscorides
2850:Cassius Dio
2472:Cassiodorus
2375:Renaissance
1981:Agriculture
1953:Auxiliaries
1894:Engineering
1731:Magistrates
1583:Citizenship
1578:Mos maiorum
1513:Late Empire
1269:'Centurion'
1223:Acts 27:1–3
1067:"Centurion"
1041:"Centurion"
1030:26; 107-151
939:3 September
930:"manipulus"
804:Titus Pullo
769:St Longinus
734:St Agathius
657:Simon Peter
642:Crucifixion
567:and so on.
544:2nd Cohors
465:Pilus Prior
286:Legio XVIII
254:Middle Ages
196:legionaries
127:centuriones
51:anachronism
3266:Categories
3075:Mediolanum
3015:Alexandria
2980:Themistius
2945:Porphyrius
2772:Tertullian
2707:Quintilian
2697:Propertius
2592:Lactantius
2542:Fulgentius
2477:Censorinus
2299:Sanitation
2284:Metallurgy
2241:Technology
2206:Demography
2154:Patricians
2121:Spectacles
2079:Literature
2074:Hairstyles
1911:Technology
1661:Praefectus
1613:Government
1603:Litigation
1588:Auctoritas
1533:Centuriate
1420:Principate
1415:Pax Romana
1375:Foundation
1282:271 (2010)
1202:Luke 23:47
1184:Mark 15:39
1162:2009-05-10
1103:2009-05-10
1078:2019-10-21
1052:2019-10-21
838:References
424:vine-stick
418:The Annals
359:first file
294:vine staff
242:Roman navy
230:vine staff
59:Roman army
18:Primipilus
3231:Quaestors
3161:Empresses
3151:Dynasties
3141:Dictators
3116:and other
3105:Volubilis
3100:Vindobona
3060:Londinium
2985:Theodoret
2955:Procopius
2935:Polyaenus
2910:Pausanias
2812:Vitruvius
2757:Symmachus
2752:Suetonius
2662:Petronius
2647:Obsequens
2612:Macrobius
2607:Lucretius
2532:Frontinus
2507:Eutropius
2492:Columella
2442:Augustine
2432:Appuleius
2380:Neo-Latin
2355:Classical
2346:Versions
2254:Aqueducts
2196:Patronage
2116:Sexuality
2089:Mythology
2064:Education
2054:Cosmetics
1879:Campaigns
1874:Structure
1827:Decemviri
1686:Imperator
1385:overthrow
1245:centurion
1028:Britannia
789:Petronius
653:Cornelius
622:synagogue
618:Capernaum
574:Qualities
455:manipular
445:Seniority
396:legionary
176:commander
174:), was a
163:translit.
150:kentyríōn
143:translit.
137:κεντυρίων
67:centurion
47:vambraces
3236:Tribunes
3226:Praetors
3176:Generals
3156:Emperors
3065:Lugdunum
3050:Eboracum
3040:Carthage
3025:Aquileia
2940:Polybius
2930:Plutarch
2900:Libanius
2890:Josephus
2885:Herodian
2777:Tibullus
2692:Priscian
2667:Phaedrus
2627:Manilius
2572:Jordanes
2557:Hydatius
2487:Claudian
2467:Catullus
2457:Boëthius
2452:Ausonius
2370:Medieval
2342:Alphabet
2314:Theatres
2289:Numerals
2274:Concrete
2264:Circuses
2231:Bagaudae
2221:Adoption
2216:Marriage
2189:Assembly
2094:Religion
2069:Folklore
2049:Clothing
2044:Calendar
2001:Currency
1991:Commerce
1889:Strategy
1851:Military
1837:Triumvir
1817:Dictator
1812:Interrex
1791:Governor
1776:Quaestor
1739:Ordinary
1721:Province
1711:Tetrarch
1701:Augustus
1666:Vicarius
1656:Officium
1593:Imperium
1543:Plebeian
1503:Republic
1425:Dominate
1392:Republic
1353:Timeline
1290:Archived
1272:Archived
1017:pp.68–73
970:p. 580.
831:Evocatus
683:See also
669:Caesarea
595:, II, 14
589:Vegetius
586:—
405:optiones
318:centuria
313:infantry
278:cenotaph
262:kentarch
252:and the
188:centuria
113:centurio
3206:Legions
3166:Fiction
3136:Consuls
3131:Climate
3085:Ravenna
3080:Pompeii
3070:Lutetia
3035:Bononia
3030:Berytus
3020:Antioch
2995:Zosimus
2990:Zonaras
2965:Sozomen
2950:Priscus
2925:Photius
2767:Terence
2762:Tacitus
2747:Statius
2732:Servius
2717:Sallust
2672:Plautus
2652:Orosius
2632:Martial
2587:Juvenal
2562:Hyginus
2547:Gellius
2406:Writers
2337:History
2319:Thermae
2309:Temples
2259:Bridges
2226:Slavery
2174:Equites
2146:Society
2126:Theatre
2099:Deities
2059:Cuisine
2039:Bathing
2021:Culture
1996:Finance
1973:Economy
1864:Borders
1859:History
1761:Tribune
1756:Praetor
1646:Legatus
1641:Emperor
1528:Curiate
1498:Kingdom
1493:History
1469:History
1452:decline
1410:History
1380:Kingdom
1363:History
1348:Outline
1117:Sep2008
815:Related
764:Gordius
677:Acts 27
661:Gentile
439:lictors
413:Tacitus
323:maniple
212:cohorts
180:century
61:during
57:In the
3216:Nomina
3201:Legacy
3181:Gentes
3118:topics
3114:Lists
3095:Smyrna
2975:Strabo
2905:Lucian
2895:Julian
2845:Arrian
2840:Appian
2830:Aelian
2807:Vergil
2582:Justin
2567:Jerome
2552:Horace
2537:Fronto
2527:Florus
2502:Ennius
2482:Cicero
2462:Caesar
2360:Vulgar
2184:Tribes
2111:Romans
1921:Legion
1904:castra
1781:Aedile
1751:Censor
1746:Consul
1706:Caesar
1676:Lictor
1598:Status
1538:Tribal
1518:Senate
1508:Empire
1402:Empire
1338:topics
974:
912:
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400:Senate
367:legate
365:: the
331:cohort
256:, the
166:
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2880:Galen
2822:Greek
2792:Varro
2602:Lucan
2414:Latin
2329:Latin
2304:Ships
2294:Roads
2279:Domes
2211:Women
2159:Plebs
2084:Music
1626:Forum
1621:Curia
957:>.
809:Verus
626:Jesus
435:pugio
428:vitis
190:), a
184:Latin
132:Greek
109:Latin
3196:Laws
3171:Film
3090:Roma
2657:Ovid
2597:Livy
2365:Late
2179:Gens
2136:Wine
1948:Navy
1916:Army
1555:SPQR
1457:fall
1435:fall
972:ISBN
941:2020
910:ISBN
880:ISBN
855:ISBN
673:Rome
647:The
638:Mark
612:and
268:Role
65:, a
2350:Old
2034:Art
1807:Rex
1651:Dux
1565:Law
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