40:
523:, representing the earth, fresh water and agriculture on irrigated lands, made his home. In the beginning, the entire space of the world was filled with an ocean that had neither beginning nor end. It was probably believed that he was eternal. In its bowels lurked the foremother Nammu. In her womb arose a cosmic mountain in the form of a hemisphere, which later became the earth. An arc of shiny tin, encircling the hemisphere vertically, later became the sky. In the Babylonian version, in the endless primordial Ocean there was nothing but two monsters – the forefather Apsu and foremother
799:, the original state of the universe is presented as the absence of existing and non-existent, airspace and sky above it, death and immortality, day and night, but the presence of water and disorderly movement. In the waters of the eternal ocean, there was a life-giving principle generated by the power of heat and giving birth to everything else. Another mandala of the Rigveda contains a different version: "Law and truths were born from the kindled heat...", hence the surging ocean. Out of the tumultuous ocean a year was born, distributing days and nights.
472:
identification of the sky with the oceans. But it was precisely the repetition of the act – first down, and then up – that led to the allocation of three spheres – earthly, heavenly and underground, which represents the transition from binary division to trinity. The middle sphere, the earth, opposes the watery world below and the heavenly world above. A trichotomous scheme of the cosmos arises, including the necessary space between earth and sky. This space is often represented as a
648:
663:. Oceanus is presented first of all as the greatest world river (Hom. Il. XIV 245), surrounding the earth and the sea, giving rise to rivers, springs, sea currents (XXI 196), shelter of the sun, moon and stars, which they rise from the ocean and enter it (VII 422; VIII 485). The Ocean River touches the sea, but does not mix with it. In the extreme west, the ocean washes the boundaries between the world of life and death.
1978:
818:, but trees and grasses emit their juices into the drying ocean. This motif echoes the Tungus myths about the creation of the earth by a celestial being, which, with the help of fire, dries up part of the primordial ocean, thus reclaiming a place for the earth. The motif of the struggle of water and fire in connection with the theme of the world ocean is also present in other traditions.
508:
291:
186:
551:
476:. Earth and sky are almost universally represented as feminine and masculine, a married couple standing at the beginning of a theogonic or theocosmogonic process. At the same time, the feminine principle is sometimes associated with the element of water and with chaos; usually it is conceived on the side of "nature" rather than "culture."
171:
emergence of the land. At the same time, the ability of the ocean to generate is realized in the appearance of the Earth from it and in the presence of a mythological creature in the ocean that promotes generation or, on the contrary, zealously defends the "old order" and prevents the beginning of the chain of births from the ocean.
284:, the role of the compactor of the ocean waters is played by the wind, which creates a milky substance out of them, which then becomes the Earth's firmament. According to the Kalmyks, plants, animals, people and gods were born from this milky liquid. Indian mythology has a similar myth about the churning of the
197:
Yu. E. Berezkin and E. N. Duvakin generalize the motif of primary waters as follows: "Waters are primary. The Earth is launched into the water, appears above the water, grows from a piece of solid substance placed on the surface of the water or liquid mud, from an island in the ocean, is exposed when
78:
enveloped by a vast primordial ocean. Found in many cultures and civilizations, the cosmic ocean exists before the creation of the Earth. From the primordial waters the Earth and the entire cosmos arose. The cosmic ocean represents or embodies chaos. The concept of a watery chaos also underlies the
802:
The
Rigveda repeatedly mentions the generative power of the ocean ("multiple," it roars at its first spread, giving rise to creations, the bearer of wealth), its thousands of streams flowing from the depths, it is said that the ocean is the spouse of rivers. The cosmic ocean forms the frame of the
263:
In the mythologies of many Asian countries, in which there is an image of an endless and eternal primordial ocean or sea, there is a motif of the creation of the Earth by a celestial being descending from the sky and interfering with the water of the ocean with an iron club, spear or other object.
336:
or serpent is widespread in terms of suppressing water and chaos. The serpent in most mythologies is associated with water, often as its abductor. He threatens either with a flood or a drought, that is, a violation of the measure, the water "balance". Since the cosmos is identified with order and
170:
can be personified as water or by the unorganized interaction of water and fire. The transformation of chaos into order is also the transition from water to land. In many ancient cosmogonic myths, the ocean and chaos are equivalent and inseparable. The ocean remains outside space even after the
471:
The transition from the formless water element to land is the most important act necessary for the transformation of chaos into space. The next step in the same direction is the separation of the sky from the earth, which, perhaps, essentially coincides with the first act, given the initial
963:, and is hence surrounded by it. "God said, “Let there be an expanse in the midst of the water, that it may separate water from water.” God made the expanse, and it separated the water which was below the expanse from the water which was above the expanse. And it was so." (
591:
with Benben, and this when it blossomed emerged Ra. There were many versions of the sun's emergence, and it was said to have emerged directly from the mound or from a lotus flower that grew from the mound, in the form of a heron, falcon, scarab beetle, or human child. In
204:
In North Asia and North
America, the Earth diver myth is found. In this myth, a creator god dives into the cosmic ocean to bring up and form the Earth. A diving bird, catching a lump of earth from the primordial ocean, often appears in
479:
Mythical creatures personifying chaos, defeated, shackled, and overthrown, often continue to exist on the outskirts of space, along the shores of the oceans, in the underground "lower" world, in some special parts of the sky. In
911:. This phenomenon was later interpreted as the coming and going of the tide. At the centre of Vourukasha was located the Harvisptokhm or "tree of all seeds", which contains the seeds of all plants in the world. There is a bird
321:, at first, the Earth was completely covered with water, then the water subsided and exposed the top of the Shaitan ridge Koika-mou. The first two people fall to this peak – a man and a woman. In the myth of creation of the
90:, it is common for the primordial ocean to be separated into upper and lower bounds of water (i.e. cosmic bodies of water located above the sky or below the earth) by the creation of a solid structure known as a
301:
Myths about the world's oceans are universally accompanied by myths about its containment when the earth was already created, and myths about the attempts of the ocean to regain its undivided dominance. In
201:
The idea of the primacy of the ocean as an element, from the bowels of which the Earth arises or is created, is universally prevalent. This representation is present in many mythologies of the world.
306:, there is the idea of a giant depression or pit that determines the direction of the ocean waters and takes away excess water. In many mythologies there are numerous narratives regarding the flood.
1553:
1551:
1549:
1434:
1432:
629:. Initially, the existing ocean is personified in the image of the "father of the gods" Nu. In the historical era, the ocean, which was placed underground, gave rise to the river Nile. In the
842:, also known as "Tortoise", is an avatar of Vishnu who is depicted as churning the cosmic ocean. Vishnu adopts the form of a tortoise to help hold the stick used to churn the cosmic ocean.
791:, there is an idea of darkness and the abyss, but also of the primary waters generated by night or chaos. Ancient Indian myths about the oceans contain both typical and original motifs. In
967:). It is not clear as to if this upper water refers to the clouds or a "sky ocean" beyond the stars. There are hints though that indicate the cosmic ocean was enveloped in thick clouds.
614:), but primarily, chaos in the form of the primary ocean (Nu) or, in the Germanic version, five divine pairs representing its different aspects. The primary hill is identified with the
757:
1376). Since that time, a tendency has been established to distinguish between a large outer sea – ocean – and inland seas. Later, Euripides begins to divide the ocean into parts: the
1881:
206:
164:
The ocean is boundless, unordered, unorganized, amorphous, formless, dangerous, and terrible. In some myths, its cacophony is opposed to the ordered rhythm of the sea.
161:. The act of creation is the establishment of an inhabitable space separate from the enveloping waters. The cosmic ocean is the shape of the universe before creation.
579:, portrayed as a cow with a sun disk between her horns, gives birth to the sun, said to have risen from the waters of creation and to have given birth to the sun god
1784:
1707:
1842:
1329:
807:, who is associated both with the destructive and uncontrolled power of the waters of the oceans and with fruitful waters that bring wealth to people.
571:
In
Ancient Egyptian mythology, in the beginning, the universe only consisted of a great, chaotic cosmic ocean, and the ocean itself was referred to as
329:, "Spilling Water", created the world in the waters of the lord of the waters, Pune, and invoked the light that initiated the creation of the Earth.
313:) – about the earth sinking in the ocean, and about the retreat of the ocean or sea. An example of the first type is the legend about the origin of
2276:
659:
about the ocean demonstrate a typologically more advanced stage, when the image of
Oceanus becomes the object of "pre-scientific" research and
1805:
1742:
1693:
1661:
1640:
603:
Some strands of
Egyptian cosmology appear to have also had the idea of a river-ocean encircling the earth, as one of the words used for sea,
814:
myth contains the motif of the confrontation between the elements of water and fire. As a result of the rapid rotation, a whorl lights up –
709:(Hom. Il. XIV 201, 246), but Oceanus also had parents. According to Hesiod, Oceanus is the son of the oldest of the titans Uranus and Gaia (
725:
367–370). The gods revere
Oceanus as an aged parent, take care of him, although he lives in solitude. Oceanus did not participate in the
621:. Water chaos is opposed by the first earthly mound protruding from it, with which Atum is associated in Heliopolis (as Ra-Atum), and in
1923:
1732:
2081:
1831:
1408:
79:
widespread motif of the worldwide flood that took place in early times. The emergence of earth from water and the curbing of the
907:
sent the clean waters of
Vourukasha down to the earth in order to cleanse the world and sent the water back to the heavenly sea
588:
741:(Apollod. I 2, 1). Known for his peacefulness and kindness (Euripides tried unsuccessfully to reconcile Prometheus with Zeus;
1776:
502:
138:
749:
contains criticism of the mythological concept of
Oceanus as a poetic invention (Herodot. II, 23, cf. also IV 8, 36, etc.).
39:
559:
1887:
488:, primordial giants, precede time and are located on the outskirts of the earth's circle in cold places near the oceans.
2266:
2025:
193:
creation myth, Kugu-Yumo and his brother Jõn (Kijamat) in the form of drakes create peace on the waters of the oceans
1756:
600:, a deity closely associated with Ra, who was said to have existed in the waters of Nu as an inert potential being.
2271:
2037:
593:
465:
157:, the primordial waters are often represented as having filled the entire universe and are the first source of the
1715:
2137:
362:
349:
2240:
2173:
1608:
417:
2261:
2074:
2054:
1916:
1613:
877:
449:
2020:
926:", considered to be the "king of healing plants". It is surrounded by ten thousand other healing plants.
481:
2059:
1890:
983:
851:
656:
397:
103:
99:
1313:
705:, where he was born". In Homer and Hesiod, the Ocean is a living being, the progenitor of all gods and
2233:
1468:
233:
1843:"Islamic and Christian heterodox water cosmogonies from the Ottoman period—paralleles and contrasts"
2222:
2064:
2006:
1703:
991:
964:
630:
180:
158:
118:
448:'s heroic struggle with the cosmic flood ends with the murder of the insidious owner of the water
2152:
1909:
1873:
1865:
1581:[Thematic classification and distribution of folklore and mythological motifs by areas].
1295:
1287:
994:, is said to have washed his weapons in the cosmic ocean. The cosmic ocean is mentioned again in
950:
714:
660:
540:
265:
245:
236:, Maui fishes islands out of the ocean. In Scandinavian mythology, the gods raise the earth, and
142:
110:
94:. Some cosmologies depict the world plain as being surrounded by a circular ocean-river, such as
1400:
1394:
717:, from whom he gave birth to all the rivers and sources – three thousand daughters – oceanids (
2087:
1827:
1801:
1738:
1689:
1657:
1636:
1603:
1404:
1279:
1025:
956:
915:
on the tree which causes the bough to break and seeds to sprinkle all around when it alights.
869:
734:
457:
303:
210:
167:
130:
126:
2217:
2093:
1857:
1772:
1271:
1075:
811:
742:
730:
281:
2069:
1932:
1065:
979:
788:
758:
611:
318:
241:
122:
114:
1579:"Тематическая классификация и распределение фольклорно-мифологических мотивов по ареалам"
2001:
1977:
1752:
1633:
Scripture and
Cosmology: Reading the Bible Between the Ancient World and Modern Science
971:
857:
762:
754:
679:
647:
622:
572:
563:
536:
154:
134:
2255:
1877:
1574:
1299:
1002:
815:
778:
382:, the personification of the dark waters of chaos, who has taken the form of a dragon
314:
295:
285:
272:
arose from foam raised by mixing the waters of the ocean with the spear of the gods (
87:
45:
1355:
583:
in some myths. The universe was enrapt by a vast mass of primordial waters, and the
550:
2189:
2166:
2159:
2144:
1030:
938:
930:
782:
766:
445:
431:
1788:
1523:
1233:
633:
version of the myth, an internal connection between the ocean and chaos is noted.
1651:
2046:
2014:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1894:
1619:
904:
861:
726:
615:
576:
190:
31:
17:
1861:
1590:
Buxton, Richard G.A.; Smith, Jonathan Z.; Bolle, Kees W. (November 11, 2022).
1070:
1015:
986:
was thrown into the "Sea of
Extinction." Yahweh rises Egypt up from this sea.
792:
473:
290:
185:
80:
1653:
Old Testament Cosmology and Divine Accommodation: A Relevance Theory Approach
1283:
83:
or underground waters are usually presented as a factor in cosmic ordering.
2121:
1085:
1045:
1040:
987:
750:
746:
507:
439:
257:
253:
226:
222:
91:
67:
485:
1764:
1234:"Nature worship | Rituals, Animism, Religions, & History | Britannica"
1005:, after forty days and nights of rain, the cosmic ocean floods the earth.
1623:
1050:
995:
975:
900:
722:
718:
710:
671:
453:
402:
322:
249:
214:
1591:
1869:
1578:
1291:
1259:
1060:
1055:
912:
885:
830:
796:
702:
642:
413:
389:
379:
341:
326:
310:
277:
273:
248:, the Earth itself comes to the surface in the form of a mound. In the
218:
95:
515:
In Sumerian mythology, there was an image of the original sea abyss –
2106:
1996:
1475:, 1959:80: "In the name Pegasos itself the connection with a spring,
833:
826:
822:
804:
706:
692:
675:
584:
524:
427:
406:
393:
375:
371:
358:
333:
229:
extracts silt from the waters, from which land is gradually created.
75:
1275:
821:
Indian mythology is characterized by the image of the creator god (
2111:
1330:"Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg"
1080:
1035:
1020:
960:
923:
839:
803:
cosmos, separating it from chaos. The ocean is personified by the
667:
646:
506:
435:
423:
410:
367:
354:
289:
269:
184:
71:
38:
610:
The concept of chaos is etymologically associated with darkness (
2194:
738:
626:
597:
520:
516:
385:
345:
237:
1905:
587:, a pyramid mound, emerged amid this primal chaos. There was a
309:
The opposition of two types of myths is known (for example, in
264:
This results in condensation which gives rise to the Earth. In
2199:
2116:
1992:
1121:
1119:
1166:
687:
50:(opaque watercolor and gold on paper, San Diego Museum, 1835)
1901:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
829:), floating on the primary waters in a lotus flower, on the
337:
measure, chaos is associated with the violation of measure.
618:
580:
575:. In some versions of this myth, at the beginning of time
729:
against Zeus and retained its power and the trust of the
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
959:
the world is created as a space inside of the water or
317:, recorded on this island. In the creation myth of the
1850:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1487:
1485:
868:
or the "tree of all seeds". Another cosmic ocean from
256:
took the Earth out of the water, taking the form of a
244:", which lives at the bottom of the ocean. In ancient
1798:
Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East
207:
mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
109:
The cosmic ocean is also present in the mythology of
721:
346–364) and the same number of sons – river flows (
468:
has a much-reduced description of Yahweh and Tehom.
430:
with dragons and sea monsters that represent chaos (
2210:
2182:
2130:
2045:
2036:
1985:
1940:
519:, on the site of which the most active of the gods
929:In later times, Vourukasha was connected with the
1781:Myths of the peoples of the world: Encyclopedia.
1396:The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
1315:The Complete Gods And Goddesses Of Ancient Egypt
1205:
1125:
998::4 and signified as a boundary of the universe.
1677:Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities
918:At the center of the Vourukasha also grows the
332:The motif of the cosmogonic struggle with the
1917:
1759:[Ocean]. In S. A. Tokarev. M. (ed.).
8:
856:Vourukasha is the name of a heavenly sea in
713:133). Oceanus is the brother and husband of
452:and his "close associate", –the nine-headed
396:contest the owner of the underworld, Kur in
1540:
1510:
2042:
1924:
1910:
1902:
1710:[CHAOS AND COSMOS| COSMOGENESIS].
1455:
1193:
1217:
1671:Korsh, M. (1894). A. S. Suvorina (ed.).
1110:
225:are a common theme in creation myths. A
1170:
1103:
1826:(in Swedish). Almquist & Wiksell.
1673:Краткий словарь мифологии и древностей
1577:; Duvakin, Evgeny Nikolaevich (2021).
1423:
566:. The vignette illustrates (left) Nu.
1763:. Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from
1761:Мифы народов мира : Энциклопедия
1686:Gods & Goddesses of Ancient India
1557:
1491:
1438:
1356:"Lotus - Sunnataram Forest Monastery"
1137:
978:and is mentioned in Exodus 15:4, the
217:, bird people are often presented as
7:
1228:
1226:
881:
670:, Oceanus is without beginning. In
294:Lithograpf showing the churning of
1800:. A&C Black. pp. 55–133.
1635:. InterVarsity Press. p. 63.
697:'spring, well', referring to "the
25:
957:first creation story in the Bible
596:, the creation was attributed to
1976:
1841:Stoyanov, Yuri (February 2001).
1399:. Thames & Hudson. pp.
761:, Eritrean ocean, Gallic ocean,
651:Reconstruction of Hecataeus' map
562:The mystical Spell 17, from the
549:
48:Reveals Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva
1824:Skapelsemyter från hela världen
137:. It plays a prominent role in
2277:Ancient near eastern cosmology
1393:Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003).
1126:Buxton, Smith & Bolle 2022
503:Ancient near eastern cosmology
1:
860:mythology. It was created by
812:churning of the ocean of milk
280:). In the mythologies of the
1714:(in Russian). Archived from
1688:. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
1609:The Sacred Books of the East
1206:Beryozkin & Duvakin 2021
864:and in its middle stood the
693:
1737:. Oxford University Press.
1734:The Religion of the Rigveda
1708:"ХАОС И КОСМОС. КОСМОГЕНЕЗ"
733:. Oceanus is the father of
607:, means "great encircler".
198:the waters subsided, etc."
2293:
974:, the cosmic ocean is the
948:
849:
776:
753:called the ocean the sea (
688:
640:
534:
511:Abzu (cuneiform scripture)
500:
466:Genesis creation narrative
426:describes the struggle of
178:
145:, and other cosmologies.
29:
1974:
1862:10.1017/S0041977X01000027
1731:Oberlies, Thomas (2023).
1583:B3A. Primary waters, A810
363:historical Vedic religion
350:ancient Egyptian religion
2241:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2174:Be fruitful and multiply
2082:Framework interpretation
1650:Hilber, John W. (2020).
1631:Greenwood, Kyle (2015).
1473:The Heroes of the Greeks
418:ancient Iranian religion
30:Not to be confused with
2075:Progressive creationism
2055:Young Earth creationism
1822:Stiessel, Lena (1995).
1796:Wyatt, Nicolas (2001).
1783:(in Russian). pp.
1779:[World Ocean].
1614:Oxford University Press
1596:Encyclopedia Britannica
1260:"The Yahweh-Tehom Myth"
1258:Whatham, A. E. (1910).
374:defeats the progenitor
242:serpent of middle earth
149:Primordial cosmic ocean
2148:(original translation)
652:
512:
482:Scandinavian mythology
298:
194:
51:
2160:According to its kind
2060:Old Earth creationism
1684:Laser, Tammy (2014).
1528:Encyclopaedia Iranica
852:Zoroastrian cosmology
846:Zoroastrian cosmology
657:early Greek cosmology
650:
510:
398:Mesopotamian religion
293:
188:
104:Zoroastrian cosmology
42:
2026:Christian conception
2007:Christian conception
1704:Meletinsky, Yeleazar
896:in Middle Persian).
727:battle of the titans
234:Polynesian mythology
139:ancient near eastern
70:that represents the
2065:Day-age creationism
1173:, pp. 751–752.
992:Neo-Assyrian Empire
737:, the wise wife of
361:the serpent in the
344:fights the serpent
219:phratrial ancestors
181:Snakes in mythology
2267:Water and religion
2153:Let there be light
1791:on March 13, 2013.
1604:Darmesteter, James
1360:www.sunnataram.org
1264:The Biblical World
1238:www.britannica.com
951:Biblical cosmology
945:Biblical cosmology
661:natural philosophy
653:
541:Egyptian cosmology
531:Egyptian cosmology
513:
497:Sumerian cosmology
299:
266:Japanese mythology
246:Egyptian mythology
195:
68:mythological motif
52:
27:Mythological motif
2272:Chaos (cosmogony)
2249:
2248:
2223:Parashat Bereshit
2102:
2101:
2088:Creatio ex nihilo
2021:Jewish conception
2002:Jewish conception
1807:978-0-567-04942-1
1773:Toporov, Vladimir
1767:on March 6, 2019.
1744:978-0-19-269432-4
1695:978-1-62275-391-8
1663:978-1-5326-7621-5
1656:. Cascade Books.
1642:978-0-8308-9870-1
1026:Danava (Hinduism)
899:According to the
870:Persian mythology
767:Hyperborean Ocean
492:In world cultures
458:Chinese mythology
304:Chinese mythology
268:, the islands of
252:it was said that
211:Samoyedic peoples
111:Ancient Egyptians
60:primordial waters
16:(Redirected from
2284:
2218:Primeval history
2138:In the beginning
2094:Special creation
2043:
1980:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1898:
1886:
1847:
1837:
1811:
1792:
1787:. Archived from
1768:
1748:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1718:on March 6, 2019
1699:
1680:
1667:
1646:
1627:
1599:
1586:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1541:Darmesteter 1880
1538:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1511:Darmesteter 1880
1508:
1495:
1489:
1480:
1479:, is expressed."
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1427:
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1414:
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1384:
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1371:
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1352:
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1345:
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1341:
1334:Glencairn Museum
1326:
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1303:
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1135:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1108:
883:
789:Indian cosmology
773:Indian cosmology
743:Prometheus Bound
696:
691:
690:
686:as derived from
553:
282:Mongolic peoples
127:Ancient Persians
21:
18:Primordial ocean
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2206:
2178:
2126:
2098:
2070:Gap creationism
2032:
1981:
1972:
1936:
1930:
1884:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1821:
1818:
1816:Further reading
1808:
1795:
1777:"Океан Мировой"
1771:
1753:Takho-Godi, Aza
1751:
1745:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1712:Poetics of myth
1702:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1630:
1620:The Zend Avesta
1602:
1589:
1575:Beryozkin, Yury
1573:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1543:, p. lxix.
1539:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1466:
1462:
1456:Takho-Godi 2008
1454:
1445:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1381:Middle Egyptian
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1336:. July 13, 2021
1328:
1327:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1194:Meletinsky 2006
1192:
1177:
1169:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1066:Sea (astronomy)
1011:
1001:In the myth of
990:, ruler of the
980:Song of the Sea
953:
947:
854:
848:
785:
775:
759:Ethiopian Ocean
645:
639:
637:Greek cosmology
569:
568:
567:
561:
556:
555:
554:
543:
535:Main articles:
533:
505:
499:
494:
319:Nganasan people
183:
177:
151:
123:Ancient Indians
100:Greek cosmology
64:celestial river
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2262:Creation myths
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1989:
1987:
1986:Divine figures
1983:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1838:
1832:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1793:
1769:
1749:
1743:
1728:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1668:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1600:
1587:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1545:
1533:
1515:
1496:
1481:
1460:
1458:, p. 751.
1443:
1428:
1416:
1409:
1385:
1372:
1347:
1321:
1305:
1276:10.1086/474395
1270:(5): 329–333.
1250:
1222:
1218:Greenwood 2015
1210:
1198:
1175:
1142:
1130:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1007:
982:. The army of
972:Book of Exodus
949:Main article:
946:
943:
892:; also called
878:Middle Persian
850:Main article:
847:
844:
774:
771:
763:Germanic Ocean
680:folk etymology
641:Main article:
638:
635:
564:Papyrus of Ani
558:
557:
548:
547:
546:
545:
544:
537:Nu (mythology)
532:
529:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
493:
490:
462:
461:
443:
420:
400:
383:
378:, the wife of
365:
352:
325:, the creator
179:Main article:
176:
173:
155:creation myths
150:
147:
115:Ancient Greeks
88:creation myths
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:Spirit of God
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1833:91-21-14467-2
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:(in Russian).
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1513:, p. 54.
1512:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:, p. 45.
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1426:, p. 67.
1425:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1410:0-500-05120-8
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:, p. 63.
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1113:, p. 65.
1112:
1111:Oberlies 2023
1107:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
927:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
835:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:Mount Mandara
813:
808:
806:
800:
798:
794:
790:
784:
780:
779:Kshira Sagara
772:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
655:The ideas of
649:
644:
636:
634:
632:
631:Heracleopolis
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
565:
560:
552:
542:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
509:
504:
496:
491:
489:
487:
483:
477:
475:
469:
467:
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
419:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
340:
339:
338:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
315:Easter Island
312:
307:
305:
297:
296:Ocean of Milk
292:
288:
287:
286:Ocean of Milk
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:catches the "
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:totemic myths
212:
208:
202:
199:
192:
187:
182:
175:Common themes
174:
172:
169:
165:
162:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
49:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2234:The Creation
2232:
2228:Cosmic ocean
2227:
2190:Adam and Eve
2167:Image of God
2145:Tohu wa-bohu
2143:
2086:
1941:Noted verses
1856:(1): 19–33.
1853:
1849:
1823:
1797:
1789:the original
1780:
1765:the original
1760:
1733:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:the original
1711:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1652:
1632:
1624:The Vendidad
1617:
1607:
1595:
1582:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1476:
1472:
1469:Karl Kerényi
1463:
1419:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1333:
1324:
1314:
1308:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1213:
1201:
1171:Toporov 2008
1133:
1106:
1031:Danu (Asura)
1000:
969:
954:
939:Gulf of Oman
934:
928:
919:
917:
908:
898:
893:
889:
873:
866:Harvisptokhm
865:
855:
838:
820:
809:
801:
786:
783:Causal Ocean
698:
683:
682:of the name
665:
654:
609:
604:
602:
589:lotus flower
570:
514:
478:
470:
463:
446:Yu the Great
331:
308:
300:
262:
231:
203:
200:
196:
166:
163:
152:
135:Zoroastrians
108:
102:or Raŋhā in
85:
81:global flood
63:
59:
56:cosmic ocean
55:
53:
46:Cosmic Ocean
43:
36:
2047:Creationism
1948:Genesis 1:1
1560:, p. .
1441:, p. .
1424:Hilber 2020
965:Genesis 1:6
931:Persian Sea
905:Ahura Mazda
862:Ahura Mazda
858:Zoroastrian
678:presents a
577:Mehet-Weret
474:cosmic tree
409:) with the
32:world ocean
2256:Categories
2183:Characters
1622:, Part I:
1558:Wyatt 2001
1524:"Fraxkard"
1492:Laser 2014
1439:Korsh 1894
1138:Wyatt 2001
1093:References
1071:Sea of Suf
1016:Ap (water)
1003:Noah's Ark
922:or "White
793:Mandala 10
777:See also:
745:284–396).
594:Heliopolis
223:World eggs
2122:Firmament
1895:214039469
1878:162583636
1467:Noted by
1383:, p. 144.
1300:144762059
1284:0190-3578
1243:April 18,
1098:Citations
1086:Unhcegila
1046:Heh (god)
1041:Firmament
988:Sargon II
937:with the
920:Gaokerena
890:Vourukaša
751:Euripides
747:Herodotus
731:Olympians
440:Leviathan
254:Prajapati
227:waterfowl
189:From the
131:Sumerians
119:Abrahamic
92:firmament
2038:Creation
1891:ProQuest
1775:(2008).
1755:(2008).
1722:March 6,
1706:(2006).
1606:(1880).
1051:Heryshaf
1009:See also
996:Joshua 1
976:Yam Suph
933:and the
901:Vendidad
882:plʾhwklt
874:Fraxkard
723:Theogony
719:Theogony
711:Theogony
672:Theogony
605:shen-wer
454:Xiangliu
403:Tishtrya
323:Tuamotus
250:Brahmana
143:biblical
2211:Related
2131:Phrases
1933:Genesis
1888:1157309
1870:3657539
1785:751–752
1757:"Океан"
1618:Vol 4:
1568:Sources
1401:206–207
1379:Allen,
1365:May 21,
1340:May 21,
1292:3141790
1061:Samudra
984:Pharaoh
970:In the
955:In the
935:Puitika
913:Sinamru
909:Puitika
886:Avestan
797:Rigveda
795:of the
769:, etc.
755:Orestes
703:Okeanos
684:Pegasus
643:Oceanus
623:Memphis
616:sun god
414:Apaosha
411:antigod
390:Ninurta
342:Ra-Atum
311:Oceania
278:Izanami
274:Izanagi
96:Oceanus
2107:Heaven
1997:Elohim
1893:
1885:
1876:
1868:
1830:
1804:
1741:
1692:
1679:].
1660:
1639:
1592:"myth"
1407:
1298:
1290:
1282:
894:Warkaš
834:Shesha
827:Vishnu
823:Brahma
805:Varuna
715:Tethys
707:titans
676:Hesiod
585:Benben
525:Tiamat
486:jǫtnar
484:, the
450:Gungun
428:Yahweh
407:Sirius
394:Inanna
376:Tiamat
372:Marduk
359:Vritra
334:dragon
133:, and
76:cosmos
2237:(art)
2112:Tehom
1882:INIST
1874:S2CID
1866:JSTOR
1846:(PDF)
1675:[
1296:S2CID
1288:JSTOR
1081:Tehom
1036:Erlik
1021:Arche
961:Tehom
924:Haoma
840:Kurma
735:Metis
699:pegai
674:282,
668:Homer
456:, in
436:Tehom
432:Rahab
424:Bible
392:, or
368:Enlil
357:with
355:Indra
270:Japan
213:. In
168:Chaos
72:world
66:is a
62:, or
2195:Adam
1828:ISBN
1802:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1724:2019
1690:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1477:pege
1405:ISBN
1367:2023
1342:2023
1280:ISSN
1245:2023
1076:Styx
1056:Rasā
831:nāga
810:The
781:and
739:Zeus
694:pēgē
689:πηγή
627:Ptah
598:Atum
539:and
521:Enki
517:Abzu
464:The
422:The
386:Enki
380:Apsû
346:Apep
327:Tāne
276:and
258:boar
238:Thor
209:and
191:Mari
159:gods
44:The
2200:Eve
2117:Yom
1993:God
1858:doi
1272:doi
872:is
825:or
787:In
701:of
666:In
612:kek
416:in
370:or
348:in
232:In
153:In
106:.
98:in
86:In
74:or
2258::
2017:"
1995:/
1880:.
1872:.
1864:.
1854:64
1852:.
1848:.
1616:.
1612:.
1594:.
1548:^
1526:.
1499:^
1484:^
1471:,
1446:^
1431:^
1403:.
1358:.
1332:.
1294:.
1286:.
1278:.
1268:36
1266:.
1262:.
1236:.
1225:^
1178:^
1145:^
1118:^
941:.
903:,
888::
884:,
880::
836:.
765:,
625:,
619:Ra
581:Ra
573:Nu
527:.
438:,
434:,
388:,
260:.
221:.
141:,
129:,
125:,
121:,
117:,
113:,
58:,
54:A
2176:"
2172:"
2169:"
2165:"
2162:"
2158:"
2155:"
2151:"
2140:"
2136:"
2013:"
1968:5
1963:4
1958:3
1953:2
1935:1
1925:e
1918:t
1911:v
1897:.
1860::
1836:.
1810:.
1747:.
1726:.
1698:.
1666:.
1645:.
1598:.
1530:.
1413:.
1369:.
1344:.
1318:.
1302:.
1274::
1247:.
1208:.
1196:.
1140:.
1128:.
876:(
460:.
442:)
405:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
