1266:, p. 53: "Biblical texts from all historical periods and a variety of literary genres demonstrate that in Yahwistic circles, that is, among people who worshipped Yahweh as the chief god, God was always understood as the one who alone created heaven, Earth, and all that is in them. Yahweh, the Israelite god, had no rivals, and in a world where nations claimed that their gods were the supreme beings in the universe and that all others were subject to them, the Israelites' claim for the superiority of Yahweh enabled them to imagine that no other nation could rival her . Phrases such as 'Yahweh, God Most High, Creator of heaven and earth' and related phrases for Yahweh as creator and almighty master of the cosmos have parallels in earlier Canaanite terminology for the god El. In fact, the Israelites did not create these phrases but inherited them from earlier Canaanite civilizations. Moreover, later editors of the Hebrew Bible used them to serve their particular monotheistic theology: their god is the supreme god, and he alone created the universe."
1167:, p. 134: "The canon of the Hebrew Bible was formed of diverse writings composed by many men or women over a long period of time, under many different circumstances, and in the light of shifting patterns of religious belief and practice. Indeed, the questions under investigation in this book concerning the end of an individual's life, the nature of death, the possibility of divine judgment, and the resultant reward or punishment are simply too crucial to have attracted a single solution unanimously accepted over the near millennium of biblical composition."
671:- Sun, Moon, and stars) were worshiped as deities, a practice which the bible disapproves and of which righteous Job protests his innocence: "If I have looked at the sun when it shone, or the moon ... and my mouth has kissed my hand, this also would be an iniquity..." Belief in the divinity of the heavenly bodies explains a passage in Joshua 10:12, usually translated as Joshua asking the Sun and Moon to stand still, but in fact Joshua utters an incantation to ensure that the sun-god and moon-god, who supported his enemies, would not provide them with oracles.
382:
365:, existed before creation and was used by God to create the universe: "Present from the beginning, Wisdom assumes the role of master builder while God establishes the heavens, restricts the chaotic waters, and shapes the mountains and fields." Borrowing ideas from Greek philosophers who held that reason bound the universe together, the Wisdom tradition taught that God's Wisdom, Word and Spirit were the ground of cosmic unity. Christianity in turn adopted these ideas and applied them to Jesus: the
530:
200:
908:(shades), although it is not entirely clear whether all who died became shades, or only the "mighty dead" (compare Psalm 88:10 with Isaiah 14:9 and 26:14). Some biblical passages state that God has no presence in the underworld: "In death there is no remembrance of Thee, in Sheol who shall give Thee thanks?" (Psalm 6). Others imply that the dead themselves are in some sense semi-divine, like the shade of the prophet
5514:
5502:
1194:, p. 52: "The religious ideology promoted in a majority of the texts that now form the Hebrew Bible represent the beliefs of only a small portion of the ancient Israelite community: the late Judean individuals who collected, edited, and transmitted the biblical materials were, for the most part, members of a religious tradition centered in Jerusalem that worshipped the god Yahweh exclusively."
5550:
38:
5474:
725:
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5526:
459::6ff) but fled from the dry land at his rebuke; he has now set a boundary or bar for it which it cannot pass (Jeremiah 5:22 and Job 38:8–10). The cosmic sea is the home of monsters which God conquers: "By his power he stilled the sea, by his understanding he smote Rahab!" (Job 26:12f). (Rahab is an exclusively Hebrew sea-monster; others, including
864:
5538:
1579:, pp. 36–37: The wavy lines at the bottom of this scene indicate water, and beneath the waters is a solid base in which four stars are inscribed. These waters, then, are the celestial waters above the sky. This tablet depicts the god Shamash enthroned as king in the heavenly realm above the stars and the celestial ocean.
585:(Exodus 24:9–10), and (Ezekiel 1:26). Below that was a layer of water, the source of rain, which was separated from us by an impenetrable barrier, the firmament (Genesis 1:6–8). The rain may also be stored in heavenly cisterns (Job: 38:37) or storehouses (Deut 28:12) alongside the storehouses for wind, hail and snow.
626:
244:
evokes the agon model: it opens with a lament over God's desertion of his people and their tribulations, then asks him to remember his past deeds: "You it was who smashed Sea with your might, who battered the heads of the monsters in the waters; You it was who crushed the heads of
Leviathan, who left
699:
There is no concept of a human soul, or of eternal life, in the oldest parts of the Old
Testament. Death is the going-out of the breath which God once breathed into the dust, all men face the same fate in Sheol, a shadowy existence without knowledge or feeling (Job 14:13; Qoheloth 9:5), and there is
592:
can be either dual (two) or plural (more than two), without ruling out the singular (one). As a result, it is not clear whether there were one, two, or more heavens in the Old
Testament, but most likely there was only one, and phrases such as "heaven of heavens" were meant to stress the vastness of
344:
In the ancient world, things did not exist until they were named: "The name of a living being or an object was ... the very essence of what was defined, and the pronouncing of a name was to create what was spoken." The pre-Exilic (before 586 BCE) Old
Testament allowed no equals to Yahweh in heaven,
854:
from salt to fresh. Yet the underground waters are ambiguous: they are the source of life-giving rivers, but they are also associated with death (Jeremiah 2:6 and Job 38:16-17 describe how the way to Sheol is through water, and its gates are located at the foot of the mountain at the bottom of the
761:
imagines the cosmos as a vast tent, with the Earth as its floor and the sky as the tent itself; from the edges of the sky God hangs the Earth over "nothing", meaning the vast Ocean, securely supported by being tied to the sky (Job 26:7). If the technical means by which Yahweh keeps the earth from
744:
period, the Earth was most commonly thought of as a flat disc floating on water. The concept was apparently quite similar to that depicted in a
Babylonian world-map from about 600 BCE: a single circular continent bounded by a circular sea, and beyond the sea a number of equally spaced triangles
999:
does not inhabit or supervise the underworld – his sphere of activity is the human world – and is only to be thrown into the fire at the end of time. He appears throughout the Old
Testament not as God's enemy but as his minister, "a sort of Attorney-General with investigative and disciplinary
1206:, p. 119: "The archaic cosmology conceived of the world in terms of a three-tiered cosmos consisting of the earth as a flat disc in the middle, surrounded by the river Ocean (the Greek version) or floating on water (the Israelite version), with heaven above and the underworld beneath "
580:
entered when the "windows of heaven" were opened. Heaven extended down to and was coterminous with (i.e. it touched) the farthest edges of the Earth (e.g. Deuteronomy 4:32); humans looking up from Earth saw the floor of heaven, which they saw also as God's throne, as made of clear blue
830:
was decorated with motifs of the cosmos and the Garden, and, like other ancient near eastern temples, its three sections made up a symbolic microcosm, from the outer court (the visible world of land and sea), through the Holy Place (the visible heaven and the garden of God) to the
757:, the extreme edge of Job's circular horizon (Job 26:10) where the vault of heaven is supported on mountains. Other OT passages suggest that the sky rests on pillars (Psalm 75:3, 1 Samuel 2:8, Job 9:6), on foundations (Psalms 18:7 and 82:5), or on "supports" (Psalm 104:5). The
942:, dating from the period between the Old and New Testaments, separates the dead into a well-lit cavern for the righteous and dark caverns for the wicked, and provides the former with a spring, perhaps signifying that these are the "living" (i.e. a spring) waters of life.
649:, but over time Yahweh replaced him as the national god and the two merged. The remaining gods were now subject to Yahweh: "Who in the sky is comparable to Yahweh, like Yahweh among the divine beings? A god dreaded in the Council of holy beings...?" (Psalm 89:6–9). In the
1254:, p. 119: "During the Hellenistic period a geocentric model of the universe largely replaced the older three-tiered universe model, for Greek thinkers (such as Aristotle and Eratosthenes) proposed that the earth was a sphere suspended freely in space."
471:
texts; it is not entirely clear whether they are identical with Sea or are Sea's helpers). The "bronze sea" which stood in the forecourt of the Temple in
Jerusalem probably corresponds to the "sea" in Babylonian temples, representing the
769:
assumed a flat Earth in
Revelation 7:1. The idea that the Earth was a sphere was developed by the Greeks in the 6th century BCE, and by the 3rd century BCE this was generally accepted by educated Romans and Greeks and even by some Jews.
331:
is an act of "making into"; the word of
Egyptian creator-god, by contrast, is an almost magical activation of something inherent in pre-creation: as such, it goes beyond the concept of fiat (divine act) to something more like the
616:
is to be found. The reference to the "third heaven" may refer to one of two cosmological systems present in antiquity: one where the cosmos was divided into seven heavens, and the other where the cosmos was divided into three.
825:
on the mountain of the gods; in
Genesis 2–3 Eden's location is more vague, simply far away "in the east", but there is a strong suggestion in both that the garden is attached to a temple or palace. In Jerusalem the earthly
916:, the same word used for God and gods. Still other passages state God's power over Sheol as over the rest of his creation: "Tho they (the wicked) dig into Sheol, from there shall my hand take them..." (Amos 9:2).
690:
orders of Christianity and Judaism. Thus the gods and goddesses who had once been the superiors or equals of Yahweh were first made his peers, then subordinate gods, and finally ended as angels in his service.
323:. God initiates each creative act with a spoken word ("God said, Let there be..."), and finalises it with the giving of a name. Creation by speech is not unique to the Old Testament: it is prominent in some
159:, the God of Israel, was solely responsible for creation and had no rivals, implying Israel's superiority over all other nations. Later Jewish thinkers, adopting ideas from Greek philosophy, concluded that
664:", literally "the accuser", who travels over the Earth much like a Persian imperial spy, (Job dates from the period of the Persian empire), reporting on, and testing, the loyalty of men to God.
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prophesied that it would become a "valley of slaughter" and burial place; in later literature it thus became identified with a new idea of Hell as a place where the wicked would be punished.
5158:
846:
A stream from underground (a subterranean ocean of fresh water?) fertilises Eden before dividing into four rivers that go out to the entire earth (Genesis 2:5–6); in Ezekiel 47:1–12 (see
731:(c. 600 BCE). The Old Testament concept of the Earth was very similar: a flat circular Earth ringed by a world-ocean, with fabulous islands or mountains beyond at the "ends of the earth".
2431:
236:: "By the word of YHWH the heavens were made, and by the breath of his mouth all their hosts; he gathers up the waters like a mound, stores the Deep in vaults"); in the second, or "
778:
In the cosmology of the ancient Near East, the cosmic warrior-god, after defeating the powers of chaos, would create the world and build his earthly house, the temple. Just as the
3640:
570:– the visible sky – was a solid inverted bowl over the Earth, coloured blue from the heavenly ocean above it. Rain, snow, wind and hail were kept in storehouses outside the
245:
them for food for the denizens of the desert..." In this world-view the seas are primordial forces of disorder, and the work of creation is preceded by a divine combat (or "
113:
below. Humans inhabited Earth during life and the underworld after death; there was no way that mortals could enter heaven, and the underworld was morally neutral; only in
3244:
2557:
782:, the deepest deep, was the place for Chaos and Death, so God's temple belonged on the high mountain. In ancient Judah the mountain and the location of the Temple was
682:), whom Jacob sees going up and down a "ladder" (actually a celestial mountain) between heaven and Earth. In earlier works the messengers were anonymous, but in the
448:
to divide it into upper and lower portions and reveal the dry land; the world has been protected from the cosmic ocean ever since by the solid dome of the firmament.
3399:
2452:
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over the Flood (the cosmic sea) in his heavenly palace (Psalm 29:10), the eternal king who "lays the beams of his upper chambers in the waters" (Psalm 104:3). The
3378:
3243:
Roberts, Alexander (2019). "A Re-Translation of Basil's Hexaemeral Homilies by ʿAbdallāh ibn al-Faḍl of Antioch". In Barbara, Roggema; Treiger, Alexander (eds.).
934:, perhaps under the influence of Greek thought, came to believe that the good would go directly to God, while the wicked would really die and go to the realm of
3020:
1101:
4439:
424:) below. After the 4th century BCE this was gradually replaced by a Greek scientific cosmology of a spherical Earth surrounded by multiple concentric heavens.
90:
in particular represent the beliefs of only a small segment of the ancient Israelite community, the members of a late Judean religious tradition centered in
3446:
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600:(6th century BCE) the influence of Babylonian cosmology led to the idea of a plurality of heavens among Jews. This continued into the New Testament:
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In the New Testament Jesus' conquest of the stormy sea shows the conquering deity overwhelming the forces of chaos: a mere word of command from the
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183:). Interpreting and producing expositions of biblical cosmology was formalized into a genre of writing among Christians and Jews called the
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4089:
3043:
2974:
240:" (struggle) model, God does battle with the monsters of the sea at the beginning of the world in order to mark his sovereignty and power.
155:(Genesis 1:1–26) sum up the biblical editors' view of how the cosmos originated: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth";
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The point where heavenly and earthly realms join is depicted as an earthly "garden of God", associated with the temple and royal palace.
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4532:
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867:
Valley of Hinnom (or Gehenna), c. 1900. The former site of child-sacrifice and a dumping-ground for the bodies of executed criminals,
749:, "distant regions", apparently islands although possibly mountains. The Old Testament likewise locates islands alongside the Earth; (
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2776:
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on a divine mountain, surrounded by lesser deities; (4) He speaks, and nature brings forth the created world, or for the Greeks, the
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67:
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187:. The genre entered into vogue in the second half of the fourth century, after it was introduced into Christian circles by the
843:, its walls adorned with precious stones, the "river of the water of life" flowing from under its throne (Revelation 22:1–2).
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identifies him with the creative word ("In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God").
5492:
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327:. There is, however, a difference between the Egyptian and Hebrew logos mythologies: in Genesis 1 the divine word of the
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5239:
4647:
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931:
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835:(the invisible heaven of God). The imagery of the cosmic mountain and garden of Ezekiel reappears in the New Testament
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and the epistles to the Colossians and the Ephesians have more than one, although they don't specify how many, and the
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sinking into the chaos-waters are unclear, it is nevertheless clear that he does so by virtue of his personal power.
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This article is about the cosmology of the Bible. For an overview of approaches to the cosmos in its totality, see
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Creation in the "agon" model takes the following storyline: (1) God as the divine warrior battles the monsters of
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in heaven. In this period too the older three-level cosmology in large measure gave way to the Greek concept of a
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The Old Testament Sheol was simply the home of all the dead, good and bad alike. In the Hellenistic period the
798:, which the New Testament also implicitly acknowledges (John 4:20). This imagery recalls the Mesopotamian god
381:
3283:
Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper; Duriez, Colin; Penney, Douglas; Reid, Daniel G., eds. (1998).
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tells of his visit to the third heaven, the place, according to contemporary thought, where the garden of
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Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible
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168:
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232:" (speech) model, God speaks and shapes unresisting dormant matter into effective existence and order (
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kingdoms, originally had a full pantheon of gods. The chief of the old Canaanite pantheon was the god
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and came to be seen as an active rebel against God, seeking to thwart the divine plan for humankind.
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850:) and other prophets the stream issues from the Temple itself, makes the desert bloom, and turns the
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as having his palace on a cosmic mountain which is the source of the primordial ocean/water springs.
791:
708:. At much the same time the Bible was translated into Greek, and the translators used the Greek word
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depicting a scene in heaven, with celestial waters below, supported by a solid base, with four stars.
176:
509:) from heaven ("And war broke out in heaven, with Michael and his angels attacking the dragon..." –
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penetrated all things and gave them unity. Christianity in turn adopted these ideas and identified
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meet in heaven to review events on Earth and decide the fate of Job. One of their number is "the
601:
498:
324:
293:
292:, so that the cosmic battle becomes the decisive act at the end of the world's history: thus the
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Things revealed: studies in early Jewish and Christian literature in honor of Michael E. Stone
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The Meaning of the Bible: What the Jewish Scriptures and Christian Old Testament Can Teach Us
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is not always consistent. Nor do the biblical texts necessarily represent the beliefs of all
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786:(Jerusalem), the navel and center of the world (Ezekiel 5:5 and 38:12). The Psalms describe
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597:
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who helped make decisions about matters on heaven and earth. The post-Exilic writers of the
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296:(end of the 1st century CE) tells how, after the God's final victory over the sea-monsters,
27:
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that it would be a place of punishment for misdeeds, and that the righteous would enjoy an
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518:
517:, the chaos-ocean, in Babylonian myth, identified with Satan via an interpretation of the
199:
133:
991:(Revelation 20:10–14). This lake is either underground, or will go underground when the "
577:
210:
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272:; (2) The world of nature joins in the battle and the chaos-monsters are defeated; (3)
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Paradise interpreted: representations of biblical paradise in Judaism and Christianity
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Paradise interpreted: representations of biblical paradise in Judaism and Christianity
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Paradise interpreted: representations of biblical paradise in Judaism and Christianity
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Bremmer, J.N. (1999). "Paradise in the Septuagint". In Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. (ed.).
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The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds
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calls Jesus "...image of the invisible God, first-born of all creation...", while the
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period (539 BCE–100 CE) they began to be given names, and eventually became the vast
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179:: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (
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Lucas, E.L. (2003). "Cosmology". In Alexander, T. Desmond; Baker, David W. (eds.).
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Two different models of the process of creation existed in ancient Israel. In the "
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at the time they were put into writing: the majority of the texts making up the
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444:, the mythological cosmic ocean, which covered the Earth until God created the
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3534:"Paul's Cosmology: The Witness of Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, and Galatians"
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is, or was, hostile to God: it confronted him at the beginning of the world (
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633:, a member of the host of divine beings who attend God in heaven, defeating
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269:
257:
246:
218:
205:
129:
91:
19:
724:
3607:
2496:
Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature
2263:
Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature
4822:
4652:
4267:
4252:
4165:
4104:
3886:
3694:
868:
851:
713:
613:
554:
410:
333:
241:
233:
180:
558:
represented both the sky/atmosphere, and the dwelling place of God. The
5211:
5140:
4852:
4747:
4742:
4572:
4504:
4479:
4387:
3928:
3781:
3265:
In the Path of the Moon: Babylonian Celestial Divination and Its Legacy
984:
904:
876:
300:
shall be inaugurated in a cosmos in which there will be "no more sea" (
3421:
Walton, John H.; Matthews, Victor H.; Chavalas, Mark W., eds. (2000).
938:, god of the underworld, where they would perhaps suffer torment. The
863:
704:, a belief in afterlife and post-death retribution appeared in Jewish
4362:
4230:
3618:
909:
806:, the primeval fresh waters beneath the Earth, and the Canaanite god
642:
514:
494:
486:
468:
350:
328:
277:
156:
106:
95:
625:
5537:
716:) for the garden of God and Paradise came to be located in heaven.
4737:
4242:
996:
972:
955:
935:
899:
884:
723:
687:
678:
were gods, but subsequently they became angels, the "messengers" (
661:
634:
596:
The Babylonians had a more complex idea of heaven, and during the
528:
506:
440:
433:
420:
380:
362:
315:. Like the "agon" model it begins with darkness and the uncreated
229:
198:
172:
164:
137:
125:
55:
700:
no way that mortals can enter heaven. In the centuries after the
438:
The three-part world of heavens, Earth and underworld floated in
4128:
2823:
Hell and Its Afterlife: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
2412:
Cosmology and Eschatology in Jewish and Christian Apocalypticism
880:
803:
799:
783:
513::7), the motif can be traced back to Leviathan in Israel and to
474:
281:
237:
75:
4929:
4879:
4779:
4604:
3622:
22:. For the cosmology of the ancient near east more broadly, see
3559:. In Chazon, Esther G.; Satran, David; Clements, Ruth (eds.).
3021:"Gan-Eden in the context of the mythology of the Hebrew bible"
2715:
The Holy City: Jerusalem in the theology of the Old Testament
954:
reflects the idea that the wicked began their punishment in
361:, etc.) develop the idea that Wisdom, later identified with
3201:. In Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael David (eds.).
3179:
Wisdom in Revolt: Metaphorical Theology in the Book of Job
2909:"The Concept Of The Cosmos According To Basil The Great's
319:: God separates and restrains the waters, but he does not
2671:
Israelite Religions: An Archeological and Biblical Survey
979:
is a temporary holding place, to be used only until the
576:, which had "windows" to allow them in – the waters for
3224:. In Botterweck, G. Johannes; Ringgren, Helmer (eds.).
2778:
Creational theology and the history of physical science
1289:
1287:
983:, when its inhabitants will be thrown into the pit of
5490:
3581:
Space and Time in the Religious Life of the Near East
2210:
2075:
1560:
1558:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1340:
1338:
2194:
2192:
5380:
5337:
5304:
5263:
5230:
5167:
5139:
5096:
4942:
4591:
4518:
4420:
4276:
4179:
4119:
3895:
3847:
3780:
3713:
3665:
3656:
3536:. In Pennington, Jonathan; McDonough, Sean (eds.).
3203:
The Oxford guide to ideas & issues of the Bible
1317:
101:The ancient Israelites envisaged the universe as a
54:is the account of the universe and its laws in the
3493:The Sermon on the Mount in the light of the Temple
3424:The IVP Bible background commentary: Old Testament
2840:Kittel, Gerhard; Friedrich, Gerhard, eds. (1985).
2475:The material culture of the Bible: an introduction
1509:
1507:
1406:
1404:
3069:. In Dunn, James; Rogerson, John William (eds.).
2562:The Westminster theological wordbook of the Bible
2391:Where is God?: divine absence in the Hebrew Bible
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1623:
1621:
1274:
1272:
1175:
1173:
753:) these are the "ends of the earth" according to
3002:Mercer Commentary on the Bible: Pentateuch/Torah
2821:. In Moreira, Isabel; Toscano, Margaret (eds.).
2693:. In O'Day, Gail R.; Petersen, David L. (eds.).
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
1951:
1949:
1768:
1766:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
2430:Dahl, Edward H.; Gauvin, Jean-Francois (2003).
1710:
1708:
1367:
1365:
408:depicted a three-part world, with the heavens (
377:Cosmography (shape and structure of the cosmos)
2628:. In Habel, Norman C.; Wurst, Shirley (eds.).
1247:
1245:
3634:
2886:Knight, Douglas A.; Levine, Amy-Jill (2011).
2327:. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.).
1102:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
8:
2329:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
1808:
950:In the New Testament, Jesus' parable of the
571:
560:
489::35–41), who then tramples over his enemy, (
3246:Patristic Literature in Arabic Translations
3226:Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament
3046:. In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter (eds.).
2977:. In Longman, Tremper; Enns, Peter (eds.).
2955:Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch
2846:Theological Dictionary of the New Testament
2493:Delumeau, Jean; O'Connell, Matthew (2000).
1499:
284:was taken up in later Jewish and Christian
4939:
4926:
4876:
4776:
4601:
4597:
3901:
3719:
3662:
3641:
3627:
3619:
2039:
2015:
1940:
1663:
1600:
1588:
311:(Genesis 1) is the quintessential "logos"
26:. For post-biblical Jewish cosmology, see
3158:Heaven and earth in the Gospel of Matthew
2284:A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17-19
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2123:
1164:
1868:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1487:
1451:
1356:
1344:
1329:
862:
624:
604:apparently has only one heaven, but the
94:and devoted to the exclusive worship of
36:
5497:
2626:"Earth First: Inverse Cosmology in Job"
2003:
1904:
1832:
1699:
1687:
1675:
1463:
1305:
1293:
1133:
674:In the earlier Old Testament texts the
347:assembly of subordinate servant-deities
5071:Conditional preservation of the saints
3315:Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs
2907:Kochańczyk-Bonińska, Karolina (2016).
2582:The image, the depths, and the surface
2222:
2111:
2099:
2087:
1928:
1820:
1757:
1745:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1612:
1576:
1475:
1439:
1422:
1410:
1278:
1263:
1215:
1191:
1179:
1152:
1027:Allegorical interpretations of Genesis
774:Temples, mountains, gardens and rivers
345:despite the continued existence of an
2538:Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking
2243:
2198:
2135:
2063:
2051:
2027:
1991:
1979:
1955:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1726:
1564:
1549:
1395:
1383:
1140:
418:) in the middle, and the underworld (
340:Naming: God, Wisdom, Torah and Christ
68:shifting patterns of religious belief
7:
3538:Cosmology and New Testament Theology
3402:. In Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. (ed.).
3317:. New York: NYU Press. p. 560.
3023:. In Luttikhuizen, Gerard P. (ed.).
2819:"Hell with Purgatory and two Limbos"
2630:The Earth Story in Wisdom Traditions
2454:The Territorial Dimension of Judaism
2260:Aune, David E. (2003). "Cosmology".
1967:
1916:
1892:
1880:
1856:
1844:
1371:
1251:
1203:
4957:Christian views on the Old Covenant
2799:The symbolism of the biblical world
2305:The Temple and the Church's mission
1714:
1236:
3359:The Origins of Biblical Monotheism
2457:. University of California Press.
14:
5388:Attributes of God in Christianity
3311:"The Mists of Time: Genesis I-II"
195:Cosmogony (origins of the cosmos)
30:. For for Quranic cosmology, see
5548:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5500:
5472:
3606:
3398:Tigghelaar, Eibert J.C. (1999).
3155:Pennington, Jonathan T. (2007).
3071:Eerdmans commentary on the Bible
2564:. Westminster University Press.
2499:. University of Illinois Press.
2281:Bautch, Kelley Coblentz (2003).
1008:that he was identified with the
3048:Dictionary of the Old Testament
2979:Dictionary of the Old Testament
2775:Kaiser, Christopher B. (1997).
2697:. Westminster John Knox Press.
2436:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
2266:. Westminster John Knox Press.
224:Divine battle and divine speech
189:Hexaemeron of Basil of Caesarea
5461:Lists of Christian theologians
5159:Separation of church and state
3584:. Sheffield University Press.
3289:Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
3117:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
3094:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
2869:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
2609:. Cambridge University Press.
2451:Davies, William David (1982).
2409:Collins, Adela Yarbro (2000).
821:28:12–19 places the garden in
552:In the Old Testament the word
400:Heavens, Earth, and underworld
124:) did Jews begin to adopt the
24:Ancient near eastern cosmology
1:
5466:Outline of Christian theology
4430:History of Christian theology
3490:Welch, John Woodland (2009).
2934:The Cosmic Drama of Salvation
2736:Mesopotamian cosmic geography
2560:. In Gowan, Donald E. (ed.).
2556:Fretheim, Terence E. (2003).
2211:Delumeau & O'Connell 2000
2076:Delumeau & O'Connell 2000
1004:. It was only with the early
641:Israel and Judah, like other
118:
5240:Baptism with the Holy Spirit
3262:Rochberg, Francesca (2010).
3182:. Sheffield Academic Press.
3115:. In Watson E. Mills (ed.).
3092:. In Watson E. Mills (ed.).
2867:. In Watson E. Mills (ed.).
2695:Theological Bible Commentary
2632:. Sheffield Academic Press.
2478:. Sheffield Academic Press.
2472:Deist, Ferdinand E. (2000).
2352:. Cornell University Press.
932:Greek-speaking Jews of Egypt
794:identifies this mountain as
5408:Love of God in Christianity
5276:Christian reconstructionism
5044:Priesthood of all believers
3965:extra Ecclesiam nulla salus
3517:. Oxford University Press.
3514:The Early History of Heaven
3362:. Oxford University Press.
3249:. Brill. pp. 198–240.
3205:. Oxford University Press.
3119:. Mercer University Press.
3111:Parrish, V. Steven (1990).
3096:. Mercer University Press.
3004:. Mercer University Press.
2871:. Mercer University Press.
2863:Knight, Douglas A. (1990).
2541:. Oxford University Press.
2346:Bernstein, Alan E. (1996).
2331:. Oxford University Press.
894:Sheol and the Old Testament
729:Babylonian Map of the World
695:Paradise and the human soul
653:the Council of Heaven, the
621:God and the heavenly beings
572:
561:
467:, or dragons, are found in
334:Logos of the Gospel of John
5602:
3555:Wright, J. Edward (2004).
3511:Wright, J. Edward (2002).
3313:. In Feyerick, Ada (ed.).
2689:Hiebert, Theodore (2009).
2579:Gillingham, Susan (2002).
2535:Fishbane, Michael (2003).
2514:Farmer, Ronald L. (2005).
1082:Genesis creation narrative
965:
923:
874:
545:
431:
388:
309:Genesis creation narrative
216:
153:Genesis creation narrative
60:formed over many centuries
17:
5456:
4938:
4925:
4888:
4875:
4788:
4775:
4613:
4600:
4440:Calvinist–Arminian debate
3904:
3722:
3377:Stordalen, Terje (2000).
3255:10.1163/9789004415041_009
3220:Ringgren, Helmer (1990).
3065:Olson, Daniel C. (2003).
2996:Mills, Watson E. (1998).
2712:Hoppe, Leslie J. (2000).
2668:Hess, Richard S. (2007).
2647:Hartley, John E. (1988).
2624:Habel, Norman C. (2001).
2388:Burnett, Joel S. (2010).
962:Satan and the end of time
802:who places his throne in
667:The heavenly bodies (the
385:The Old Testament cosmos.
367:Epistle to the Colossians
298:New Heavens and New Earth
290:projected into the future
151:The opening words of the
41:God creating the cosmos (
5177:Confessional Lutheranism
3134:Parsons, Mikeal (2008).
2931:Lee, Sang Meyng (2010).
2817:Kelly, Henry A. (2010).
2733:Horowitz, Wayne (1998).
2674:. Baker Academic Press.
2325:"Cosmology and creation"
1809:Knight & Levine 2011
1318:Kochańczyk-Bonińska 2016
321:create them from nothing
5039:Protestant ecclesiology
4782:Eastern Orthodox Church
3332:Seybold, Klaus (1990).
3176:Perdue, Leo G. (1991).
2757:Four Paths to Jerusalem
1072:Creationist cosmologies
1052:Chronology of the Bible
1047:Biblical names of stars
926:Intertestamental period
920:Intertestamental period
588:Grammatically the word
47:, French, 13th century)
5393:Christian universalism
5329:Wesleyan Quadrilateral
5319:Imparted righteousness
5202:Lutheran scholasticism
5056:Protestant Soteriology
3427:. InterVarsity Press.
3335:Introducing the Psalms
3291:. InterVarsity Press.
3050:. InterVarsity Press.
2981:. InterVarsity Press.
2958:. InterVarsity Press.
2825:. Ashgate Publishing.
2323:Berlin, Adele (2011).
2308:. InterVarsity Press.
1941:Dahl & Gauvin 2003
1218:, pp. 117, 124–25
958:immediately on dying.
872:
732:
706:apocalyptic literature
638:
637:, the dragon of chaos.
606:Epistle to the Hebrews
538:
491:Jesus walking on water
386:
286:apocalyptic literature
214:
103:flat disc-shaped Earth
48:
5581:Religious cosmologies
5403:Grace in Christianity
5217:Theology of the Cross
4658:Immaculate Conception
4353:New Covenant theology
3772:Social trinitarianism
3088:Page Lee, H. (1990).
2796:Keel, Othmar (1997).
1729:, pp. 93–94, n14
1067:Cosmological argument
898:Beneath the earth is
889:Hades in Christianity
866:
788:God sitting enthroned
727:
628:
546:Further information:
532:
432:Further information:
384:
202:
40:
5324:Second work of grace
5314:Christian perfection
5182:Evangelical Catholic
5066:Conditional election
4984:Evangelical theology
4623:Apostolic succession
3939:Conditional Security
3615:at Wikimedia Commons
3578:Wyatt, Nick (2001).
3532:White, Poel (2008).
2754:Janin, Hunt (2002).
2718:. Liturgical Press.
2302:Beale, G.K. (2004).
1042:Babylonian cosmology
1037:Babylonian astronomy
952:rich man and Lazarus
792:Samaritan Pentateuch
478:, the cosmic ocean.
353:tradition (e.g. the
70:; consequently, its
5586:Christian cosmology
5479:Christianity portal
5448:Unlimited atonement
5255:Prosperity theology
5086:Unlimited atonement
4798:Cataphatic theology
4703:Papal infallibility
4648:Ecumenical Councils
4500:Counter-Reformation
3400:"Eden and Paradise"
3090:"Council, Heavenly"
3042:O'Dowd, R. (2008).
2973:Mabie, F.J (2008).
1117:Religious cosmology
1092:Hellenistic Judaism
1000:powers", as in the
912:, who is called an
902:, the abode of the
841:messianic Jerusalem
810:, described in the
505:expels the dragon (
395:Christian mythology
325:Egyptian traditions
204:The Destruction of
185:Hexaemal literature
105:floating on water,
5571:Biblical cosmology
5291:Lordship salvation
5197:Lutheran orthodoxy
5149:Believer's baptism
4882:Oriental Orthodoxy
4793:Apophatic theology
4753:Transubstantiation
4638:Christian humanism
4628:Assumption of Mary
3650:Christian theology
3613:Biblical cosmology
3451:. Baker Academic.
3338:. T&T Clarke.
3197:Reike, Bo (2001).
3140:. Baker Academic.
3044:"Creation imagery"
3019:Noort, Ed (1999).
2920:Studia Pelplinskie
2394:. Fortress Press.
1320:, p. 161–162.
1308:, p. 199–200.
1107:Mandaean cosmology
1097:Jewish eschatology
873:
837:Book of Revelation
733:
639:
542:Form and structure
539:
387:
294:Book of Revelation
215:
146:concentric heavens
52:Biblical cosmology
49:
5488:
5487:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5355:Messianic Judaism
5154:Immersion baptism
5106:Anglo-Catholicism
4967:Dispensationalism
4962:Covenant theology
4921:
4920:
4913:Aphthartodocetism
4871:
4870:
4771:
4770:
4416:
4415:
4296:Dispensationalism
4263:Church discipline
4115:
4114:
4095:Union with Christ
3867:Angelic hierarchy
3843:
3842:
3611:Media related to
3557:"Whither Elijah?"
3540:. T&T Clark.
2975:"Chaos and Death"
2911:On The Hexaemeron
2892:. HarperCollins.
2520:. Chalice Press.
2201:, pp. 121–22
2162:, pp. 138–39
2126:, pp. 141–42
1859:, pp. 20–22.
1787:, pp. 120–21
1567:, pp. 106–07
1552:, pp. 105–06
1454:, pp. 176–77
1296:, pp. 183–84
839:, applied to the
631:Archangel Michael
535:Tablet of Shamash
503:Archangel Michael
32:Quranic cosmology
5593:
5553:
5552:
5541:
5540:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5496:
5476:
5268:
5076:Prevenient grace
4940:
4927:
4877:
4808:Essence–energies
4777:
4718:Quartodecimanism
4602:
4598:
4510:Great Awakenings
4145:Incurvatus in se
3902:
3799:Hypostatic union
3720:
3690:Biblical studies
3663:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3610:
3595:
3574:
3551:
3528:
3507:
3486:
3462:
3438:
3417:
3394:
3373:
3349:
3328:
3302:
3279:
3258:
3239:
3216:
3193:
3172:
3151:
3130:
3107:
3084:
3061:
3038:
3015:
2992:
2969:
2948:
2937:. Mohr Siebeck.
2927:
2917:
2903:
2882:
2859:
2836:
2813:
2792:
2771:
2750:
2729:
2708:
2685:
2664:
2643:
2620:
2601:Habel, Norman C.
2596:
2575:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2489:
2468:
2447:
2426:
2405:
2384:
2363:
2342:
2319:
2298:
2277:
2247:
2241:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:, pp. 72–73
2097:
2091:
2090:, pp. 71–72
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2066:, pp. 58–59
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:, pp. 1, 19
1830:
1824:
1823:, pp. 61–62
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1760:, pp. 63–64
1755:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1678:, pp. 23–24
1673:
1667:
1666:, pp. 40–41
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1502:
1500:Ryken et al 1998
1497:
1491:
1490:, pp. 91–92
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1398:, pp. 47–48
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:, pp. 34–35
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1239:, pp. 77–78
1234:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1112:Mormon cosmology
1057:Classical planet
848:Ezekiel's Temple
736:Cosmic geography
702:Babylonian exile
598:Babylonian exile
575:
564:
497::45, 47–51). In
485:stills the foe (
428:The cosmic ocean
414:) above, Earth (
355:Book of Proverbs
317:primordial ocean
274:God is enthroned
123:
120:
58:. The Bible was
28:Jewish cosmology
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5576:Biblical topics
5561:
5560:
5559:
5547:
5535:
5525:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5499:
5491:
5489:
5484:
5452:
5443:Problem of Hell
5438:Problem of evil
5418:Omnibenevolence
5364:
5333:
5300:
5266:
5259:
5226:
5207:Neo-Lutheranism
5192:Loci Theologici
5163:
5135:
5092:
5081:Total depravity
5049:Church covenant
5020:Soli Deo gloria
4972:Supersessionism
4934:
4917:
4884:
4867:
4784:
4767:
4609:
4607:Catholic Church
4587:
4514:
4465:Semipelagianism
4412:
4323:A-millennialism
4272:
4175:
4171:Total depravity
4151:Occasion of sin
4111:
3891:
3839:
3776:
3752:Theology proper
3709:
3652:
3647:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3554:
3548:
3531:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3467:Walton, John H.
3465:
3459:
3443:Walton, John H.
3441:
3435:
3420:
3414:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3352:
3346:
3331:
3325:
3307:Sarna, Nahum M.
3305:
3299:
3282:
3276:
3261:
3242:
3236:
3219:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3175:
3169:
3154:
3148:
3133:
3127:
3110:
3104:
3087:
3081:
3064:
3058:
3041:
3035:
3018:
3012:
2995:
2989:
2972:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2930:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2862:
2856:
2839:
2833:
2816:
2810:
2802:. Eisenbrauns.
2795:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2739:. Eisenbrauns.
2732:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2688:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2650:The Book of Job
2646:
2640:
2623:
2617:
2606:The Book of Job
2599:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2555:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2513:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2381:
2366:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2040:Gillingham 2002
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2016:Tigghelaar 1999
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1871:, pp. 30ff
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1664:Pennington 2007
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1601:Pennington 2007
1599:
1595:
1589:Pennington 2007
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1022:
995:" emerges. The
970:
964:
948:
928:
922:
896:
891:
861:
776:
738:
722:
697:
623:
550:
544:
527:
519:serpent in Eden
436:
430:
402:
397:
379:
342:
226:
221:
197:
144:of a number of
134:spherical Earth
121:
66:, and reflects
44:Bible moralisée
35:
12:
11:
5:
5599:
5597:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5521:
5509:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5360:Restorationism
5357:
5352:
5347:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5310:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5296:Predestination
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5232:Pentecostalist
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5173:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5034:Fundamentalism
5031:
5027:Solus Christus
5023:
5016:
5013:Sola scriptura
5009:
5002:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4979:Evangelicalism
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4758:Ultramontanism
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:Infant baptism
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:Traditionalism
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4346:
4344:Apocalypticism
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4311:Millenarianism
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:Full communion
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4222:
4217:
4215:Congregational
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4196:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4080:Sanctification
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Reconciliation
4047:
4045:Recapitulation
4042:
4040:Predestination
4037:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4013:Means of grace
4010:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:Christocentric
3811:
3806:
3801:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Theocentricism
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3700:Law and Gospel
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3602:
3601:External links
3599:
3597:
3596:
3590:
3575:
3569:
3552:
3546:
3529:
3523:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3463:
3457:
3439:
3433:
3418:
3412:
3395:
3389:
3380:Echoes of Eden
3374:
3368:
3354:Smith, Mark S.
3350:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3303:
3297:
3280:
3275:978-9004183896
3274:
3259:
3240:
3234:
3217:
3211:
3194:
3188:
3173:
3168:978-9004162051
3167:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3125:
3108:
3102:
3085:
3079:
3062:
3056:
3039:
3033:
3016:
3010:
2998:"Introduction"
2993:
2987:
2970:
2964:
2949:
2943:
2928:
2904:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2860:
2854:
2837:
2831:
2814:
2808:
2793:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2686:
2680:
2665:
2659:
2644:
2638:
2621:
2615:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2511:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2433:Sphaerae Mundi
2427:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2385:
2379:
2364:
2358:
2343:
2337:
2320:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2278:
2272:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2188:
2184:Bernstein 1996
2176:
2172:Bernstein 1996
2164:
2160:Bernstein 1996
2152:
2148:Bernstein 1996
2140:
2128:
2124:Bernstein 1996
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1907:, p. 366.
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1811:, p. none
1801:
1789:
1777:
1762:
1750:
1731:
1719:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1503:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1427:
1425:, p. 190.
1415:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1283:
1268:
1256:
1241:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1169:
1165:Bernstein 1996
1157:
1145:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:Garden of Eden
1006:Church Fathers
963:
960:
947:
944:
921:
918:
895:
892:
860:
857:
833:Holy of Holies
775:
772:
765:The author of
737:
734:
721:
718:
696:
693:
622:
619:
543:
540:
526:
523:
429:
426:
401:
398:
378:
375:
371:Gospel of John
341:
338:
256:, who include
225:
222:
196:
193:
122: 330 BCE
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5598:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5481:
5480:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5262:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Faith healing
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5121:Center church
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Branch theory
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4932:Protestantism
4928:
4924:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:Monothelitism
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Monophysitism
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Sacerdotalism
4726:
4724:
4723:Real presence
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4475:Scholasticism
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:Caesaropapism
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Apostolic Age
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4408:War in Heaven
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Second Coming
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:New Jerusalem
4381:
4379:
4378:Millennialism
4376:
4374:
4373:Last Judgment
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:Mortification
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Justification
4006:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3981:Glorification
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3877:Fallen angels
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Impassibility
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3591:9781841272887
3587:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3547:9780199730049
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3524:9780195348491
3520:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3503:9780754651642
3499:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3482:9780310866206
3478:
3475:. Zondervan.
3474:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3458:0-8010-2750-0
3454:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3434:9780830814190
3430:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3390:9789042908543
3386:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3369:9780198030812
3365:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3345:9780567054234
3341:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3324:0-8147-2668-2
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3298:9780830867332
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3235:9780802823304
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3212:9780195149173
3208:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3189:9780567649010
3185:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3147:9781585588213
3143:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3126:9780865543737
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3103:9780865543737
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3080:9780802837110
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3057:9780830817832
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3011:9780865545069
3007:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2988:9780830817832
2984:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2965:9780830817818
2961:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2944:9783161503160
2940:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2899:9780062098597
2895:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2878:9780865543737
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2855:9780802824042
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2832:9780754667292
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2809:9781575060149
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2767:9780786412648
2763:
2760:. McFarland.
2759:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2746:9780931464997
2742:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2727:
2725:9780814650813
2721:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2704:9781611640304
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2681:9781441201126
2677:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2660:9780802825285
2656:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2639:9781841270869
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2616:9780521099431
2612:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:9781841272979
2588:
2585:. Continuum.
2584:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2571:9780664223946
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2548:0-19-826733-9
2544:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2527:9780827232907
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2506:9780252068805
2502:
2498:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2485:9781841270982
2481:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2464:9780520043312
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2443:9780773521667
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2401:9781451411072
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2338:9780199730049
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2315:9780830826186
2311:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2294:9789004131033
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2273:9780664219178
2269:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2246:, p. 122
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:, p. 139
2185:
2180:
2177:
2174:, p. 144
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2150:, p. 143
2149:
2144:
2141:
2138:, p. 136
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2114:, p. 285
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2054:, p. 169
2053:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1970:, p. 114
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1943:, p. 17.
1942:
1937:
1934:
1931:, p. 33.
1930:
1925:
1922:
1919:, p. 40.
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:Horowitz 1998
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:, p. 121
1798:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:, p. 147
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:, p. 57=
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 56=
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:Ringgren 1990
1534:
1531:
1527:
1526:Ringgren 1990
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:Ringgren 1990
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:Ringgren 1990
1484:
1481:
1478:, p. 54.
1477:
1472:
1469:
1466:, p. 183
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:Page Lee 1990
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1413:, p. 189
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1374:, p. 118
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:Fishbane 2003
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:Fishbane 2003
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Fishbane 2003
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1182:, p. 188
1181:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:, p. 175
1154:
1149:
1146:
1143:, p. 130
1142:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1122:Seven Heavens
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:New Testament
974:
969:
968:War in Heaven
961:
959:
957:
953:
946:New Testament
945:
943:
941:
940:Book of Enoch
937:
933:
927:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
906:
901:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
870:
865:
858:
856:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Mount Gerizim
793:
789:
785:
781:
773:
771:
768:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
742:Old Testament
735:
730:
726:
719:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
694:
692:
689:
685:
684:Second Temple
681:
677:
672:
670:
669:heavenly host
665:
663:
659:
658:(bene elohim)
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
632:
627:
620:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
593:God's realm.
591:
586:
584:
579:
574:
569:
565:
563:
557:
556:
549:
541:
536:
531:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:Revelation 12
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
476:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
442:
435:
427:
425:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
407:
399:
396:
392:
383:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Song of Songs
356:
352:
348:
339:
337:
335:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:creation myth
310:
305:
303:
302:Revelation 21
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
220:
212:
208:
207:
201:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
136:suspended in
135:
131:
127:
117:times (after
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
97:
93:
89:
88:Old Testament
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
45:
39:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
5477:
5428:Omnipresence
5398:Divine mercy
5222:Two kingdoms
5116:Broad church
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4992:
4903:Monoenergism
4893:Miaphysitism
4593:By tradition
4533:Biblical law
4485:Conciliarism
4351: /
4321: /
4317: /
4248:Conciliarity
4225:Presbyterian
4181:Ecclesiology
4156:Original sin
4143:
4134:Anthropology
4121:Hamartiology
4070:Resurrection
4060:Regeneration
4035:Perseverance
4029:Ordo salutis
4027:
3991:Irresistible
3963:
3959:Eternal life
3949:Divinization
3848:
3824:Resurrection
3767:Perichoresis
3757:Immutability
3742:Pneumatology
3705:Hermeneutics
3680:Preservation
3580:
3560:
3537:
3513:
3492:
3471:
3447:
3423:
3403:
3379:
3358:
3334:
3314:
3288:
3264:
3245:
3228:. Eerdmans.
3225:
3202:
3178:
3157:
3136:
3116:
3093:
3073:. Eerdmans.
3070:
3047:
3024:
3001:
2978:
2954:
2933:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2888:
2868:
2848:. Eerdmans.
2845:
2822:
2798:
2777:
2756:
2735:
2714:
2694:
2670:
2653:. Eerdmans.
2649:
2629:
2605:
2581:
2561:
2537:
2516:
2495:
2474:
2453:
2432:
2411:
2390:
2369:
2348:
2328:
2304:
2283:
2262:
2253:Bibliography
2225:, p. 74
2218:
2213:, p. 24
2206:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2042:, p. 19
2035:
2030:, p. 28
2023:
2018:, p. 37
2011:
2006:, p. 71
2004:Burnett 2010
1999:
1994:, p. 44
1987:
1982:, p. xi
1975:
1963:
1958:, p. 24
1936:
1924:
1912:
1905:Hartley 1988
1900:
1895:, p. 40
1888:
1883:, p. 22
1876:
1864:
1852:
1847:, p. 20
1840:
1833:Bremmer 1999
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1775:, p. 67
1753:
1748:, p. 63
1722:
1702:, p. 68
1700:Collins 2000
1695:
1690:, p. 24
1688:Collins 2000
1683:
1676:Collins 2000
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1630:, p. 54
1615:, p. 57
1608:
1603:, p. 42
1596:
1591:, p. 41
1584:
1572:
1545:
1540:, p. 98
1533:
1528:, p. 93
1521:
1516:, p. 92
1495:
1483:
1471:
1464:Parrish 1990
1459:
1447:
1418:
1391:
1386:, p. 50
1379:
1359:, p. 39
1352:
1332:, p. 34
1325:
1313:
1306:Roberts 2019
1301:
1294:Parrish 1990
1281:, p. 28
1259:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1032:Antediluvian
989:Lake of Fire
971:
949:
929:
913:
903:
897:
845:
816:
777:
764:
746:
739:
709:
698:
679:
675:
673:
666:
657:
640:
610:apostle Paul
595:
589:
587:
583:lapis lazuli
578:Noah's flood
559:
553:
551:
501:, where the
480:
473:
464:
452:
450:
439:
437:
419:
415:
409:
406:Hebrew Bible
403:
343:
306:
251:
227:
211:Gustave Doré
203:
177:Logos (Word)
161:God's Wisdom
150:
100:
84:Hebrew Bible
64:many authors
62:, involving
51:
50:
42:
15:
5433:Omniscience
5423:Omnipotence
5413:Love of God
5267:(Calvinist)
5250:Glossolalia
5126:High church
5006:Sola gratia
4848:Tabor Light
4833:Proskynesis
4818:Metousiosis
4813:Gnomic will
4698:Natural law
4673:Josephology
4663:Indulgences
4528:Apologetics
4495:Reformation
4490:Renaissance
4403:Tribulation
4286:Historicism
4278:Eschatology
3976:Forgiveness
3897:Soteriology
3835:Holy Spirit
3819:Incarnation
3737:Christology
3675:Inspiration
3496:. Ashgate.
3383:. Peeters.
3285:"Cosmology"
2865:"Cosmology"
2558:"Heaven(s)"
2223:Bautch 2003
2112:Berlin 2011
2100:Bautch 2003
2088:Bautch 2003
2078:, p. 5
1929:Farmer 2005
1821:Wright 2002
1758:Wright 2002
1746:Wright 2002
1652:Wright 2002
1640:Wright 2002
1628:Wright 2002
1613:Wright 2002
1577:Wright 2002
1476:Wright 2002
1440:Walton 2011
1423:Walton 2006
1411:Berlin 2011
1279:Kaiser 1997
1264:Wright 2002
1216:Wright 2002
1192:Wright 2002
1180:Berlin 2011
1153:Knight 1990
1087:Geocentrism
1002:Book of Job
981:end of time
759:Book of Job
755:Isaiah 41:5
676:bene elohim
655:Sons of God
651:Book of Job
391:Cosmography
115:Hellenistic
5565:Categories
5350:Anabaptism
5286:Free Grace
5131:Low church
4763:Veneration
4708:Priesthood
4618:Absolution
4558:Missiology
4548:Homiletics
4470:Iconoclasm
4455:Patristics
4422:Historical
4398:Soul sleep
4339:Apocalypse
4334:Antichrist
4236:Historical
4206:Missiology
4194:Confession
4065:Repentance
4055:Redemption
4003:Imputation
3996:Prevenient
3944:Conversion
3909:Absolution
3732:Paterology
3727:Attributes
3658:Systematic
3570:9004138854
3413:9004113312
3113:"Creation"
3034:9004113312
2926:: 161–169.
2788:9004106693
2517:Revelation
2422:9004119272
2380:9004113312
2359:0801481317
2244:Kelly 2010
2199:Kelly 2010
2136:Habel 1975
2064:Beale 2004
2052:Smith 2003
2028:Noort 1999
1992:Mabie 2008
1980:Mills 1998
1956:Hoppe 2000
1797:Deist 2000
1785:Deist 2000
1773:Habel 2001
1727:White 2008
1565:Wyatt 2001
1550:Wyatt 2001
1396:Mabie 2008
1384:Mabie 2008
1141:Lucas 2003
1129:References
1077:Flat Earth
966:See also:
924:See also:
875:See also:
859:Underworld
812:Baal cycle
767:Revelation
751:Psalm 97:1
710:paradaisos
602:Revelation
499:Revelation
483:Son of God
389:See also:
217:See also:
126:Greek idea
111:underworld
80:Christians
5531:Astronomy
5345:Adventism
5265:Reformed
5061:Assurance
4999:Sola fide
4952:Adiaphora
4863:Theotokos
4843:Symphonia
4838:Sobornost
4828:Phyletism
4738:Sainthood
4733:Sacrament
4713:Purgatory
4693:Modernism
4683:Mariology
4578:Political
4553:Liturgics
4538:Education
4520:Practical
4435:Orthodoxy
4358:End times
4329:Adventism
4306:Preterism
4220:Episcopal
4199:Eucharist
4189:Sacrament
4085:Synergism
4075:Salvation
4018:Monergism
3924:Atonement
3919:Assurance
3849:Cosmology
3829:Ascension
3667:Scripture
3563:. Brill.
3406:. Brill.
3268:. Brill.
3161:. Brill.
3067:"1 Enoch"
3027:. Brill.
2781:. Brill.
2691:"Genesis"
2415:. Brill.
2373:. Brill.
2287:. Brill.
1968:Keel 1997
1917:Keel 1997
1893:Keel 1997
1881:Keel 1997
1857:Keel 1997
1845:Keel 1997
1372:Aune 2003
1252:Aune 2003
1204:Aune 2003
1062:Cosmogony
993:new earth
643:Canaanite
568:firmament
548:Firmament
461:Leviathan
457:Psalm 104
446:firmament
270:Leviathan
247:theomachy
219:Cosmogony
206:Leviathan
175:with the
130:afterlife
92:Jerusalem
72:cosmology
20:Cosmology
5507:Religion
5381:See also
5306:Wesleyan
5169:Lutheran
5098:Anglican
4823:Phronema
4653:Filioque
4633:Dogmatic
4573:Polemics
4568:Pastoral
4349:Covenant
4301:Futurism
4291:Idealism
4268:Shunning
4253:Koinonia
4166:Theodicy
4139:The Fall
4105:Blessing
3954:Election
3914:Adoption
3887:Theodicy
3872:Humanity
3857:Creation
3695:Exegesis
3685:Canonics
3469:(2011).
3445:(2006).
3356:(2003).
3309:(1997).
2842:"Kosmos"
2603:(1975).
1715:Lee 2010
1237:Lee 2010
1020:See also
869:Jeremiah
852:Dead Sea
714:Paradise
614:Paradise
590:shamayim
555:shamayim
469:Ugaritic
463:and the
411:shamayim
242:Psalm 74
234:Psalm 33
181:John 1:1
5555:Society
5493:Portals
5212:Pietism
5187:Haugean
5141:Baptist
4996: (
4944:General
4858:Theosis
4853:Theoria
4803:Economy
4748:Thomism
4743:Scotism
4678:Liturgy
4505:Pietism
4480:Thomism
4388:Rapture
4313: (
4213: (
4100:Worship
4090:Theosis
3934:Calling
3929:Baptism
3797: (
3782:Trinity
3472:Genesis
1012:in the
1010:serpent
987:or the
985:Gehenna
975:in the
905:rephaim
877:Gehenna
855:seas).
819:Ezekiel
745:called
740:In the
688:angelic
680:malakim
525:Heavens
280:. This
213:, 1865)
140:at the
109:above,
4583:Public
4543:Ethics
4363:Heaven
4231:Bishop
4211:Polity
3862:Angels
3790:Father
3588:
3567:
3544:
3521:
3500:
3479:
3455:
3431:
3410:
3387:
3366:
3342:
3321:
3295:
3272:
3232:
3209:
3199:"Hell"
3186:
3165:
3144:
3123:
3100:
3077:
3054:
3031:
3008:
2985:
2962:
2941:
2896:
2875:
2852:
2829:
2806:
2785:
2764:
2743:
2722:
2701:
2678:
2657:
2636:
2613:
2589:
2568:
2545:
2524:
2503:
2482:
2461:
2440:
2419:
2398:
2377:
2356:
2335:
2312:
2291:
2270:
914:elohim
910:Samuel
887:, and
828:Temple
515:Tiamat
495:Mark 6
487:Mark 4
465:tannin
351:Wisdom
329:Elohim
278:cosmos
266:Tannin
169:Spirit
157:Yahweh
142:center
107:heaven
96:Yahweh
5543:Stars
5519:Bible
5338:Other
5281:TULIP
4993:solae
4991:Five
4563:Moral
4450:Canon
4319:Post-
4243:Synod
3986:Grace
3971:Faith
3882:Satan
3809:Logos
3804:Jesus
3222:"Yam"
2916:(PDF)
997:Satan
973:Hades
956:Hades
936:Hades
900:Sheol
885:Sheol
780:abyss
720:Earth
662:Satan
635:Satan
573:raqia
562:raqia
507:Satan
453:tehom
441:Tehom
434:Tehom
421:sheol
363:Torah
304::1).
262:Death
254:chaos
230:logos
173:Jesus
138:space
56:Bible
4688:Mass
4368:Hell
4315:Pre-
4129:Adam
3586:ISBN
3565:ISBN
3542:ISBN
3519:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3453:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3385:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3230:ISBN
3207:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3142:ISBN
3137:Acts
3121:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3075:ISBN
3052:ISBN
3029:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2983:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2804:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2762:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2655:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2611:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2501:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2289:ISBN
2268:ISBN
881:Hell
823:Eden
804:Apsu
784:Zion
747:nagu
629:The
533:The
475:apsu
451:The
416:eres
404:The
393:and
307:The
288:and
282:myth
268:and
249:").
238:agon
167:and
165:Word
76:Jews
4161:Sin
3795:Son
3715:God
3251:doi
566:or
258:Sea
86:or
78:or
5567::
3287:.
3000:.
2924:48
2922:.
2918:.
2844:.
2230:^
2191:^
1948:^
1765:^
1734:^
1707:^
1620:^
1557:^
1506:^
1430:^
1403:^
1364:^
1337:^
1286:^
1271:^
1244:^
1223:^
1172:^
883:,
879:,
808:El
800:Ea
647:El
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493:-
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264:,
260:,
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119:c.
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2835:.
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2791:.
2770:.
2749:.
2728:.
2707:.
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2642:.
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2595:.
2574:.
2551:.
2530:.
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