852:, explains that despite current fears about the end of print, the format will never be erased but only remediated. New forms of technology (new media) will be created which utilize features of old media, thus preventing old media's (aka print's) erasure. At the same time, there are also concerns over whether obsolescence and deterioration make digital media unsuitable for long-term archival purposes. Much of the early paper used for print is highly acidic, and will ultimately destroy itself.
528:
cultural movements that were far harder to destroy. Eisenstein points to prior renaissances (rebirths) of classical learning prior to the printing press that failed. In contrast, the
Renaissance was a permanent revival of classical learning because the printing of classical works put them into a permanent and widely read form. Similarly, Eisenstein points to a large number of prior attempts in Western Europe to assert doctrines contrary to the ruling Catholic Church. In contrast, the
684:. This increase was primarily due to the easing of the government's tight control of the press, and without the existence of a relatively free press, the American Revolution may have never taken place. The production of so many newspapers can mostly be attributed to the fact that newspapers had a huge demand; printing presses were writing the newspapers to complain about the policies of the British government, and how the British government was taking advantage of the colonists.
848:, also discusses our culture in what he calls "the late age of print." The current debate going on in the literary world is whether or not the computer will replace the printed book as the repository and definition of human knowledge. There is still a very large audience committed to printed texts, who are not interested in moving to a digital representation of the repository for human knowledge. Bolter, in his own scholarship and also along with Richard Grusin in
179:
2854:
774:, which were put to effect in 1778 and formed the first governing document of the United States of America. This document, however, was found to be unsuitable to outline the structure of the government, and thus showed an ineffectual use of print culture, and since printed texts were the most respected documents of the time, this called for an alteration in the document used to govern the confederation.
1589:
77:
36:
2878:
2866:
412:
504:(c. 1450) greatly reduced the amount of labor required to produce a book leading to an increase in the number of books produced. Early printers tried to keep their printed copies of a text as faithful as possible to the original manuscript. Even so, the earliest publications were still often different from the original, for a short time, in some ways
731:. Many newspaper companies worried that the British would punish them for printing papers without a British seal, so they were forced to temporarily discontinue their work or simply change the title of their paper. However, some patriotic publishers, particularly those in Boston, continued their papers without any alteration of their title.
802:. These were first published in New York City newspapers in 1788 and pushed for people to accept the idea of the United States Constitution by enumerating 85 different articles that justified its presence, adding to a series of texts designed to reinforce each other, and ultimately serving as a redefinition of the 18th century.
855:
The way that information is transferred has also changed with this new age of digital text and the shift towards electronic media. Gunkel states that information now takes the form of immaterial bits of digital data that are circulated at the speed of light. Consequently, what the printed book states
791:
was noted as saying, "The basis of our governments being the opinion of the people, the very first object should be to keep that right; and were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer
723:
Newspapers were printed during the revolution covering battle reports and propaganda. These reports were usually falsified by
Washington in order to keep morale up among American citizens and troops. Washington was not the only one to falsify these reports, as other generals (on both sides) used this
657:
was originally a scribal document of 1215, recording an oral transaction restricting the power of
English kings and defining rights of subjects. It was revitalized by being printed in the 16th century and widely read by the increasingly literate English and colonial population thereafter. Magna Carta
527:
Eisenstein has described how the high costs of copying scribal works often led to their abandonment and eventual destruction. Furthermore, the cost and time of copying led to the slow propagation of ideas. In contrast, the printing press allowed rapid propagation of ideas, resulting in knowledge and
382:
Ong suggests scribal culture is defined by an alphabet. McKenzie says that the key to scribal culture is non-verbal communication, which can be accomplished in more ways than using an alphabet. These two views give rise to the importance of print culture. In scribal culture, procuring documents was a
951:
have disagreed on the meaning of text. The point of the discussion at hand is to have a word that encompasses all forms of communication - that which is printed, that which is online media, even a building or notches on a stick. According to Ong, text did not come about until the development of the
918:
The advances made by technology in print also impact anyone using cell phones, laptops, and personal digital organizers. From novels being delivered via a cell phone, the ability to text message and send letters via e-mail clients, to having entire libraries stored on PDAs, print is being influenced
914:
The written word has made history recordable and accurate. The printing press, some may argue, is not a part of print culture, but had a substantial impact upon the development of print culture through the times. The printing press brought uniform copies and efficiency in print. It allowed a person
859:
In the article, "The First
Amendment, Print Culture, and the Electronic Environment", the author notes that expectations will change as information becomes less tied to specific locations, and as machines become networked and linked to other machines. This means that in the future certain goods will
562:
invention of the moveable type printing press provided a less expensive (though still costly) and more rapid way of filling the demand for books. Despite these advantages, printing had many critics, who were afraid that books could spread lies and subversion or corrupt unsuspecting readers . Also,
386:
Scribal culture also deals with large levels of inconsistency. In the process of copying documents, many times the meaning became changed, and the words different. Reliance on the written text of the time was never exceedingly strong. Over time, a greater need for reliable, quickly reproduced, and a
863:
The article "The First
Amendment, Print Culture, and the Electronic Environment" also mentions how the new electronic age will make print better. Placing information into electronic form not only liberates the information from its pages but removes the need for specialized spaces to hold particular
390:
Jack Goody, however, documents that the introduction of written language was transformative for finances, religion, law, and governance. Written language facilitated higher levels of organization, coherence and consistency of messages, extending reach of control, ownership and belief, creating rule
579:
was published in 1611, for example. Along with the religious tracts, the scientific revolution was largely due to the printing press and the new print culture. Scholarly books were more accessible, and the printing press provided more accurate diagrams and symbols. Along with scientific texts,
326:
Print culture is the conglomeration of effects on human society that is created by making printed forms of communication. Print culture encompasses many stages as it has evolved in response to technological advances. Print culture can first be studied from the period of time involving the gradual
872:
is helping to remove from the creation of text. Points of control that are present in print space are no longer present as distribution channels multiply, as copying becomes faster and cheaper, as more information is produced, as economic incentives for working with information increase, and as
843:
As David J. Gunkel states in his article "What's the Matter with Books?", society is currently in the late age of the text; the moment of transition from print to electronic culture where it is too late for printed books and yet too early for electronic texts. Jay David Bolter, author of
575:. Latin's importance as a language started languishing with the rise of texts written in national languages. The shift from scholarly Latin to everyday languages marked an important turning point in print culture. The vernacular Bibles were important to other nations, as well. The
796:. Not only were they one of the few methods in the 18th century to voice the opinion of the people, they also allowed for the ideas to be disseminated to a wide audience, a primary goal of printed text. A famous example of the newspaper being used as a medium to convey ideas were
500:. Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing which was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's". East metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th century. The invention of
536:. Eisenstein equally examined the impact of print on the development of science with the rapid and extensive dissemination of observations and data, the exact reproductions of charts and figures that allowed for comparison, and the impulse towards aggregation taxonomy.
724:
technique as well. The newspapers also covered some of the battles in great detail, especially the ones that the
American forces won, in order to gain support from other countries in hopes that they would join the American forces in the fight against the British.
697:, a pamphlet that introduced many ideas of freedom to the Colonial citizens. Allegedly, half a million copies were produced during the pre-revolution era. This number of pamphlets produced is significant as there were only a few million freed men in the colonies.
785:. In the form of written word, the new document was used to grant more power to the central government, by expanding into branches. After it was ratified by all of the states in the union, the Constitution served as a redefinition of the modern government.
792:
the latter." This serves as an excellent example of how newspapers were highly regarded by the colonial people. In fact, much like other forms of 18th century print culture, newspapers played a very important role in the government following the
931:. Print has given rise to a wider distribution of pictures in society in conjunction with the printed word. Incorporation of printed pictures in magazines, newspapers, and books gave printed material a wider mass appeal through the ease of
1054:
Vanstiphout, H. L. J. (1995). On the old
Babylonian Eduba curriculum. In J. W. Drijvers & A. A. MacDonald (Eds.), Centres of learning: Learning and location in pre-modern Europe and the Near East (pp. 3–16). Leiden, Netherlands:
893:, and businesses than ever before. While this brings society closer, and makes publications more convenient and accessible, ordering a product online reduces contact with others. Many online articles are anonymous, making the '
750:, as a form of print culture that would declare their independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained the justifications for doing so. While it was explicitly documented on July 4, 1776, it was not recognized by
617:, had to publish outside France. Censored books became a valuable commodity within this environment, and an underground network of book smugglers started operating within France. Diderot and Jean d'Alembert created the
644:
was a major historical conflict fought after print culture brought the rise of literacy. Furthermore, print culture's ability to shape and guide society was a critical component before, during, and after the
Revolution.
383:
difficult task, and documentation would then be limited to the rich only. Ideas are difficult to spread amongst large groups of people over large distances of land, not allowing for effective dissemination of knowledge.
673:
than were printed in all of New
England in 1754, showing that the existence of the conflict developed a need for print culture. This onslaught of printed text was brought about by the anonymous writings of men such as
600:
With the rise of literacy, books and other texts became more entrenched in the culture of the West. Along with literacy and more printed words also came censorship, especially from governments. In France,
1422:
927:
Symbols, logos and printed images are forms of printed media that do not rely on text. They are ubiquitous in modern urban life. Analyzing these cultural products is an important part of the field of
992:
2475:
864:
kinds of information. People have become increasingly accustomed to acquiring information from our homes that used to be only accessible from an office or library. Once computers are all
952:
first alphabet, well after humanity existed. According to
Mckenzie primitive humans did have a form of text they used to communicate with their cave drawings. This is discussed in
1482:
831:
Currently, there are still approximately 2.3 billion books still sold each year worldwide. However, this number is steadily decreasing due to the ever-growing popularity of the
391:
of law, critical comparison of statements, among other effects. Extensive scribal cultures with corresponding social consequences emerged in the ancient Middle East, the
331:. The era of physical print has had a lasting effect on human culture, but with the advent of digital text, some scholars believe the printed word may become obsolete.
856:
about the exciting new culture and economy of bits is abraded by the fact that this information has been delivered in the slow and outdated form of physical paper.
820:
Every copy of a printed book is identical (at least in the important aspects) to every other copy, no matter how far apart the locations are in which they are sold.
387:
relatively inexpensive means of distributing written text arose. Scribal culture, transforming into print culture, was only replicated in manners of written text.
189:
669:
Additionally, during the 18th century, the production of printed newspapers in the colonies greatly increased. In 1775, more copies of newspapers were issued in
327:
movement from oration to script as it is the basis for print culture. As the printing became commonplace, script became insufficient and printed documents were
2889:
943:
There is a common miscommunication that occurs when discussing that which is print and that which is text. In the literary world, notable scholars such as
1032:
Renfrew, C., & Scarre, C. (Eds.). (1999). Cognition and material culture: The archaeology of symbolic storage. Cambridge, England: McDonald Institute.
897:' even more apparent. Anyone can post articles and journals online anonymously. In effect, the individual becomes separated from the rest of society.
735:
663:
956:. Print, however, is a representation of that which is printed, and does not encompass all forms of communication (e.g. a riot at a football game).
868:, all information should, at least in theory, be accessible from all places. Print itself contained a set of invisible and inherent censors, which
592:, atlases and cartography started taking off within the new print culture, mostly due to the exploration of different nations around the world.
312:
itself, had profound effects on human societies and knowledge. "Print culture" refers to the cultural products of the printing transformation.
255:
1251:
743:
711:
2465:
810:
Today, print has matured to a state where the majority of modern society has come to have certain expectations regarding the printed book:
1112:
Makdisi, G. (1981). The rise of colleges: Institutions of learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press.
315:
In terms of image-based communication, a similar transformation came in Europe from the fifteenth century on with the introduction of the
392:
1172:
Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp.15-23, 61-73.
1569:
1139:
1094:
Lee, T. H. C. (2000). Education in traditional China: A history (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Vol. 13). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
241:
223:
160:
63:
1184:
Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit
623:, which was published in 1751 in seventeen folio volumes with eleven volumes of engravings. This work embodied the essence of the
1345:
1064:
Havelock, E. (1982). The literate revolution in Greece and its cultural consequences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2677:
1499:
1367:
375:
argues that scribal culture cannot exist until an alphabet is created, and a form of writing standardized. On the other hand,
2116:
98:
94:
49:
141:
359:, including formulaic story telling supported by mnemonic techniques, as well as architectural and material artifacts. the
576:
501:
113:
2682:
1921:
1667:
1198:
781:
to reform the document, but they soon discovered that an entirely new text was needed in its place. The result was the
2764:
120:
474:. Printing was regulated by the state and largely served the interests of the educated bureaucracy. Only during the
2207:
2024:
1874:
1275:
Eisenstein, E. L. (1979). The printing press as an agent of change. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
793:
782:
701:
was not the only manuscript that influenced people and the tide of the revolution. Among the most influential were
1284:
Johns, A. (1998). The nature of the book: Print and knowledge in the making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
379:
argues that even communicative notches on a stick, or structure, represent “text”, and therefore scribal culture.
2921:
2819:
2252:
1682:
1677:
1672:
771:
706:
2779:
2769:
2672:
2470:
2171:
1454:
770:, a cluster of free states in need of a government was created. The basis for this government was known as the
670:
259:
205:
127:
1394:
Writing Space: The Computer, Hypertext, and the History of Writing. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990.
551:. To build confidence in the knowledge arising from their presses, publishers fostered communities of trust.
2590:
1850:
1820:
1754:
1739:
824:
Copyright laws help to protect these standards. However, a few regions do exist in the world where literary
778:
693:
87:
399:, and the Islamic world. The complexity of cultural change in the ancient Middle East is documented in the
2911:
2525:
2272:
2141:
1989:
1982:
1947:
1734:
1662:
1533:
1312:
1218:
825:
767:
755:
572:
544:
529:
109:
828:
has become a standard commercial practice. In such regions, the preceding expectations are not the norm.
2794:
2585:
2409:
2287:
2232:
2222:
2212:
2086:
1942:
1894:
1784:
1749:
1626:
1606:
1562:
798:
2712:
1435:
304:
in 1040 had very different consequences for the formation of print culture in Asia. The development of
1150:
Luo, S. (1998). An illustrated history of printing in ancient China. Hong Kong: City University Press.
2789:
2759:
2667:
2657:
2595:
2575:
2504:
2297:
2282:
2242:
2136:
1769:
1764:
1414:
1103:
Berdan, F. (2005). The Aztecs of central Mexico: An imperial society. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
965:
680:
624:
323:, both of which were actually much quicker in reaching the mass of the population than printed text.
285:
281:
948:
376:
2870:
2650:
2640:
2635:
2565:
2455:
2440:
2327:
2317:
2292:
2227:
2217:
2202:
2156:
2096:
2004:
1904:
1884:
1800:
1779:
1719:
1538:
986:
894:
865:
641:
548:
547:) became for a time the center of print culture as authors considered themselves as belonging to a
539:
Because of the transformative consequences of the printing press, printing houses such as that of
2799:
2732:
2580:
2540:
2460:
2322:
2302:
2257:
2247:
2237:
2197:
2126:
2101:
2071:
2051:
2046:
2014:
1916:
1714:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1621:
1611:
1592:
1471:
559:
540:
489:
471:
441:
368:
360:
297:
267:
201:
55:
1542:
2916:
2882:
2727:
2620:
2610:
2445:
2382:
2377:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2056:
2041:
2036:
2019:
2009:
1994:
1967:
1957:
1869:
1862:
1845:
1431:
1247:
1135:
1073:
Mookerji, K. R. (1969). Ancient Indian education: Brahmanical and Buddhist. London: Macmillan.
747:
739:
675:
288:, who contrasted the print culture of Europe in the centuries after the advent of the Western
817:
The cited author of a printed book does indeed exist and is actually the person who wrote it.
563:
they were afraid that the printed texts would spread heresy and sow religious discord. The
2858:
2744:
2697:
2645:
2625:
2600:
2535:
2492:
2450:
2414:
2397:
2387:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2176:
2131:
2121:
1977:
1962:
1899:
1840:
1805:
1744:
1709:
1704:
1631:
1616:
1555:
1485:
1463:
1425:
1397:
1391:
1235:
980:
970:
928:
882:
869:
788:
335:
316:
134:
2834:
2829:
2754:
2615:
2570:
2560:
2487:
2482:
2419:
2392:
2367:
2337:
2332:
2312:
2307:
2091:
2066:
1999:
1857:
1445:
953:
702:
659:
564:
328:
271:
1428:. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 151-173.
1023:
Rubin, D. C. (1995). Memory in oral traditions. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
640:
Numerous eras throughout history have been defined through the use of print culture. The
715:. Both of these played a key role in persuading the people and igniting the revolution.
2630:
2555:
2550:
2520:
2499:
2424:
2357:
2181:
2161:
1724:
1641:
1488:. David Finkelstein and Alistair McCleery. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. 59-76.
1401:
1134:
A Hyatt Mayor, Prints and People, Metropolitan Museum of Art/Princeton, 1971, nos 1-4.
932:
727:
Before the Revolution, the British placed multiple acts upon the colonies, such as the
532:
spread rapidly and permanently due to the printing of non-conformist works such as the
497:
429:
356:
339:
320:
289:
254:
1521:
The perils of print culture: book, print and publishing history in theory and practice
2905:
2839:
2824:
2809:
2784:
2774:
2702:
2662:
2530:
2402:
2166:
2111:
2031:
1972:
1952:
1937:
1911:
1825:
1774:
1475:
1449:
1353:
1243:
975:
915:
to make a living from writing. Most importantly, it spread print throughout society.
751:
450:
417:
301:
1423:
Eisenstein, Elizabeth. “Defining the Initial Shift: Some features of print culture.”
1085:
Connery, C. L. (1998). The empire of the text. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
300:
in China almost a thousand years prior and then the consequent Chinese invention of
2804:
2749:
2737:
2722:
2692:
2605:
2545:
2151:
1835:
1815:
1810:
1759:
1375:
688:
619:
568:
479:
475:
422:
263:
900:
The advances of technology in print culture can be separated into three shifts:
2814:
2717:
2687:
2372:
1830:
1729:
1636:
654:
610:
589:
467:
396:
76:
17:
1491:
Katsh, Ethan. "Digital Lawyers: Orienting the Legal Profession to Cyberspace."
496:
began appearing in Europe. Chinese movable type was spread to Korea during the
1879:
1657:
1513:
1504:
1302:
Lyons, Martyn. Books: A Living History. Paul Getty Museum, 2011. Chapter 3.
1293:
Lyons, Martyn. Books: A Living History. Paul Getty Museum, 2011. Chapter 2.
944:
581:
505:
372:
873:
barriers and boundaries that inhibited working with information are crossed.
653:
Many different printed documents influenced the beginning of the revolution.
2707:
2106:
890:
886:
728:
678:, who was noted for his many contributions to the newspapers, including the
533:
516:
459:
1467:
519:
that could be duplicated precisely, revolutionizing technical literature.
1409:
Interacting with print elements of reading in the era of print saturation
832:
606:
602:
523:
Print culture, the Renaissance, the Reformation, and Early Modern Science
305:
1199:"Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?"
411:
1578:
1507:
1500:
III. The First Amendment, Print Culture, and the Electronic Environment
1438:
1417:
1404:. Remediation: Understanding New Media. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
1313:"Amendment I (Speech and Press): Thomas Jefferson to Edward Carrington"
614:
585:
512:
492:
were introduced into Europe in the 15th century, and the first printed
463:
309:
1889:
1161:
Writing and the ancient state: Early China in comparative perspective
454:) produced the world's first print culture. Hundreds of thousands of
364:
1368:"The First Amendment, Print Culture, and the Electronic Environment"
1346:"The First Amendment, Print Culture, and the Electronic Environment"
814:
The knowledge contained by printed books is believed to be accurate.
485:
455:
437:
425:
410:
253:
482:
dynasties did the publication of vernacular texts become common.
658:
was used as a basis for the development of English liberties by
493:
445:
1551:
1483:
Johns, Adrian. “The Book of Nature and the Nature of the Book.”
280:
embodies all forms of printed text and other printed forms of
172:
70:
29:
993:
Society for the History of Authorship, Reading and Publishing
738:
is a very important written document that was drafted by the
609:
were both imprisoned for their works. Other authors, like
1547:
1223:
The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward
567:
was the first book produced with moveable type in Europe.
371:. Scholars disagree over when scribal culture developed.
197:
1186:(in German). New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH.
284:. One prominent scholar of print culture in Europe is
1240:
A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century
1043:
The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society.
877:
Changes in technology and its effect on print culture
571:, which was published in German in 1522, started the
1508:
Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word
2513:
2433:
2190:
1930:
1793:
1650:
1599:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
508:still remaining more accurate than printed books.
355:Prior to print, knowledge was transmitted through
1407:Multigraph Collective (Scholarly group). (2018).
511:Hand-copied illustrations were replaced by first
1242:(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
1225:, The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178
342:, can be seen as an outgrowth of print culture.
1510:. London and New York: Routledge, 1982. 78-116.
1418:The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe
395:world, Classic Greece and Rome, India, China,
1563:
1121:Radner, K. & Robson, E. (Eds.). (2011). T
186:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1014:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960).
910:the printing press to the computer/internet.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1570:
1556:
1548:
1519:Patten, E., McElligott, J. (Eds). (2014).
631:Print culture and the American Revolution
346:The development of print culture in china
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1516:Ramus, Method and the Decay of Dialogue.
1163:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
705:' "Rights of the British Colonies" and
1123:he Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture
1003:
444:, at some point before the first dated
860:not be associated with their origins.
712:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
7:
2865:
2466:Role of Christianity in civilization
1543:A History of Central Florida Podcast
1493:University of Pittsburgh Law Review.
1081:
1079:
904:spoken language to the written word,
881:There are more online publications,
401:Oxford Handbook of Cuneiform Culture
99:adding citations to reliable sources
2877:
1201:. Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear)
907:the written word to Printing press,
662:and became a basis for writing the
502:Johannes Gutenberg's printing press
1534:Centre for the History of the Book
1411:. The University of Chicago Press.
1125:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
923:Non-textual forms of print culture
835:and other forms of digital media.
415:The intricate frontispiece of the
25:
363:brought with it the emergence of
45:This article has multiple issues.
2876:
2864:
2853:
2852:
1587:
754:until September 3, 1783, by the
177:
75:
34:
2678:Culture and positive psychology
1588:
1450:"What's the Matter with Books?"
1439:An Introduction to Book History
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2117:High- and low-context cultures
1:
839:Transition to the digital era
577:King James Authorized Version
2683:Culture and social cognition
1668:Cross-cultural communication
2765:Intercultural communication
1495:v. 55, No. 4 (Summer 1994).
1197:Thomas Christensen (2007).
1182:Polenz, Peter von. (1991).
1045:Cambridge University Press.
736:Declaration of Independence
664:Declaration of Independence
458:, on subjects ranging from
200:, discuss the issue on the
2938:
2208:Cross cultural sensitivity
1875:Resistance through culture
783:United States Constitution
746:representing the original
308:, like the development of
2848:
2820:Transformation of culture
2253:Cultural environmentalism
1683:Cross-cultural psychology
1678:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1673:Cross-cultural leadership
1585:
779:Constitutional Convention
772:Articles of Confederation
766:After the signing of the
436:The Chinese invention of
27:Culture of printing texts
2780:Living things in culture
2770:Intercultural competence
2673:Culture and menstruation
2172:Trans-cultural diffusion
806:The state of print today
671:Worcester, Massachusetts
260:communication technology
2591:Cultural homogenization
1821:Individualistic culture
1755:Popular culture studies
1740:Intercultural relations
1486:The Book History Reader
1426:The Book History Reader
1317:press-pubs.uchicago.edu
2526:Archaeological culture
2273:Cultural globalization
2142:Organizational culture
1990:Cultural communication
1948:Cultural appropriation
1735:Intercultural learning
1663:Cross-cultural studies
1372:www-unix.oit.umass.edu
1350:www-unix.oit.umass.edu
1219:Thomas Franklin Carter
777:It was the job of the
573:Protestant Reformation
545:Plantin-Moretus Museum
530:Protestant Reformation
433:
274:
2795:Participatory culture
2586:Cultural evolutionism
2410:Multiracial democracy
2288:Cultural intelligence
2233:Cultural conservatism
2223:Cultural backwardness
2213:Cultural assimilation
2087:Cultural reproduction
1943:Cultural appreciation
1895:Far-right subcultures
1785:Transcultural nursing
1750:Philosophy of culture
1627:Cultural neuroscience
1607:Cultural anthropology
1523:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1468:10.1353/CON.2004.0026
1415:Eisenstein, Elizabeth
799:The Federalist Papers
719:During the Revolution
569:Martin Luther's Bible
470:, were printed using
414:
319:and, slightly later,
270:, print culture, and
257:
2790:Oppositional culture
2760:Emotions and culture
2668:Cultural sensibility
2658:Cultural translation
2596:Cultural institution
2576:Cultural determinism
2298:Cultural nationalism
2283:Cultural imperialism
2243:Cultural deprivation
2137:Non-material culture
1770:Sociology of culture
1765:Semiotics of culture
966:Elizabeth Eisenstein
933:visual communication
681:Pennsylvania Gazette
625:Age of Enlightenment
543:in Antwerp (now the
407:Development of print
361:invention of writing
286:Elizabeth Eisenstein
282:visual communication
206:create a new article
198:improve this article
188:may not represent a
95:improve this article
2641:Culture speculation
2636:Cultural relativism
2566:Cultural competence
2456:Cultural Christians
2328:Cultural Revolution
2318:Cultural radicalism
2293:Cultural liberalism
2228:Cultural Bolshevism
2203:Consumer capitalism
2157:Relational mobility
2097:Cultural technology
2005:Cultural dissonance
1922:Culture by location
1885:Alternative culture
1801:Constructed culture
1780:Theology of culture
1720:Cultural psychology
1700:Cultural entomology
1012:The singer of tales
987:Understanding Media
895:death of the author
691:wrote the pamphlet
642:American Revolution
549:Republic of Letters
296:. The invention of
2800:Permission culture
2733:Disability culture
2713:Children's culture
2581:Cultural diversity
2541:Circuit of culture
2323:Cultural retention
2303:Cultural pessimism
2258:Cultural exception
2248:Cultural diplomacy
2238:Cultural contracts
2198:Colonial mentality
2127:Manuscript culture
2102:Cultural universal
2072:Cultural pluralism
2052:Cultural landscape
2047:Cultural invention
2015:Cultural framework
1917:Vernacular culture
1715:Cultural mediation
1695:Cultural economics
1690:Cultural analytics
1622:Cultural geography
1612:Cultural astronomy
1441:. Routledge, 2005.
1432:Finkelstein, David
1392:Bolter, Jay David.
1041:Goody, J. (1986).
580:like the works of
560:Johannes Gutenberg
541:Christophe Moretus
490:woodblock printing
472:woodblock printing
460:Confucian Classics
442:woodblock printing
434:
369:manuscript culture
298:woodblock printing
275:
268:manuscript culture
258:The transition of
2899:
2898:
2728:Death and culture
2621:Cultural movement
2611:Cultural literacy
2471:Eastern Orthodoxy
2383:Dominator culture
2378:Deculturalization
2278:Cultural hegemony
2268:Cultural genocide
2263:Cultural feminism
2082:Cultural property
2077:Cultural practice
2062:Cultural leveling
2057:Cultural learning
2042:Cultural industry
2037:Cultural identity
2020:Cultural heritage
2010:Cultural emphasis
1995:Cultural conflict
1968:Cultural behavior
1958:Cultural artifact
1870:Primitive culture
1846:Political culture
1436:Alistair McCleery
1398:Bolter, Jay David
1253:978-0-13-923897-0
1159:Wang, H. (2014).
794:Revolutionary War
748:Thirteen Colonies
740:Committee of Five
676:Benjamin Franklin
636:A profound impact
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
208:, as appropriate.
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2929:
2922:History of books
2880:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2745:Drinking culture
2698:Culture industry
2646:Cultural tourism
2626:Cultural mulatto
2601:Cultural jet lag
2536:Cannabis culture
2493:Cultural Muslims
2415:Pluriculturalism
2398:Multiculturalism
2388:Interculturalism
2363:Culture minister
2353:Cultural Zionism
2348:Cultural subsidy
2343:Cultural silence
2218:Cultural attaché
2177:Transculturation
2132:Material culture
2122:Interculturality
1978:Cultural capital
1963:Cultural baggage
1900:Youth subculture
1841:Official culture
1806:Dominant culture
1745:Internet culture
1710:Cultural mapping
1705:Cultural history
1632:Cultural studies
1617:Cultural ecology
1591:
1590:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1479:
1446:Gunkel, David J.
1380:
1379:
1374:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:. Archived from
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1236:L. S. Stavrianos
1232:
1226:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1010:Albert B. Lord,
1008:
981:Jay David Bolter
971:Johann Gutenberg
929:cultural studies
870:electronic media
789:Thomas Jefferson
744:Founding Fathers
338:, including the
336:electronic media
317:old master print
247:
240:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Printing culture
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2844:
2835:Western culture
2830:Welfare culture
2755:Eastern culture
2616:Cultural mosaic
2571:Cultural critic
2561:Cultural center
2509:
2483:Cultural Hindus
2429:
2420:Polyculturalism
2393:Monoculturalism
2368:Culture of fear
2338:Cultural safety
2333:Cultural rights
2313:Cultural racism
2308:Cultural policy
2186:
2092:Cultural system
2067:Cultural memory
2000:Cultural cringe
1926:
1858:Popular culture
1789:
1725:Cultural values
1646:
1595:
1581:
1576:
1530:
1444:
1388:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1001:
962:
954:literary theory
941:
925:
879:
841:
808:
768:Treaty of Paris
764:
762:Post-Revolution
756:Treaty of Paris
721:
660:Sir Edward Coke
651:
638:
633:
598:
565:Gutenberg Bible
557:
525:
409:
365:scribal culture
357:oral traditions
353:
348:
294:scribal culture
272:Information Age
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
213:
210:
195:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
110:"Print culture"
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2874:
2862:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2631:Cultural probe
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Cross-cultural
2553:
2551:Coffee culture
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Animal culture
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2425:Transculturism
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2358:Culture change
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2182:Visual culture
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Safety culture
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1983:Cross-cultural
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1642:Culture theory
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1528:External links
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1514:Ong, Walter J.
1511:
1505:Ong, Walter J.
1502:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1462:(3): 277–303.
1455:Configurations
1442:
1429:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1402:Richard Grusin
1395:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1378:on 2006-06-19.
1359:
1356:on 2006-06-19.
1337:
1328:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1266:Eisenstein 155
1259:
1252:
1227:
1211:
1189:
1174:
1165:
1152:
1143:
1127:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1047:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
990:
983:
978:
973:
968:
961:
958:
949:D. F. McKenzie
940:
939:Text and print
937:
924:
921:
912:
911:
908:
905:
878:
875:
840:
837:
822:
821:
818:
815:
807:
804:
763:
760:
720:
717:
707:John Dickinson
650:
649:Pre-Revolution
647:
637:
634:
632:
629:
597:
594:
556:
553:
524:
521:
498:Goryeo dynasty
430:British Museum
408:
405:
393:Ancient Hebrew
377:D. F. McKenzie
352:
351:Prior to print
349:
347:
344:
340:World Wide Web
321:popular prints
290:printing-press
250:
249:
232:
231:
192:of the subject
190:worldwide view
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Media studies
2910:
2909:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2840:Youth culture
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Urban culture
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Remix culture
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2785:Media culture
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Languaculture
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Culture shock
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Cultural turn
2661:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Bennett scale
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Protestantism
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:Biculturalism
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:Technoculture
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Print culture
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Enculturation
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2032:Cultural icon
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Cultural bias
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Cultural area
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Acculturation
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Super culture
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Legal culture
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:Sound culture
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1540:
1539:Print Culture
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:Prentice Hall
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:0-691-00326-2
1137:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
991:
989:
988:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Walter J. Ong
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
959:
957:
955:
950:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
922:
920:
916:
909:
906:
903:
902:
901:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
876:
874:
871:
867:
861:
857:
853:
851:
847:
846:Writing Space
838:
836:
834:
829:
827:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
805:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
786:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
752:Great Britain
749:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
725:
718:
716:
714:
713:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:
690:
685:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
665:
661:
656:
648:
646:
643:
635:
630:
628:
626:
622:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:Enlightenment
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
522:
520:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
451:Diamond Sutra
447:
443:
439:
431:
427:
424:
420:
419:
418:Diamond Sutra
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
345:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:mass-produced
324:
322:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
302:moveable type
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Print culture
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
246:
243:
228:
225:
217:
207:
203:
199:
193:
191:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
2888:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2805:Rape culture
2750:Drug culture
2738:Deaf culture
2723:Cyberculture
2693:Culture hero
2606:Cultural lag
2546:Civilization
2446:Christianity
2152:Protoculture
2146:
1836:Microculture
1816:High culture
1811:Folk culture
1760:Postcritique
1520:
1492:
1459:
1453:
1408:
1376:the original
1371:
1362:
1354:the original
1349:
1340:
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1239:
1230:
1222:
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1042:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1011:
1006:
985:
942:
926:
919:by devices.
917:
913:
899:
880:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
842:
830:
823:
809:
797:
787:
776:
765:
733:
726:
722:
710:
699:Common Sense
698:
694:Common Sense
692:
689:Thomas Paine
686:
679:
668:
652:
639:
620:Encyclopedie
618:
599:
558:
538:
526:
510:
484:
449:
448:in 594 (the
435:
423:Tang dynasty
416:
400:
389:
385:
381:
354:
333:
325:
314:
293:
292:to European
277:
276:
264:oral culture
238:
220:
211:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2883:WikiProject
2815:Tea culture
2718:Culturalism
2688:Culture gap
2651:Pop-culture
2451:Catholicism
2373:Culture war
1831:Low culture
1730:Culturomics
1637:Culturology
850:Remediation
709:'s 1767-68
655:Magna Carta
611:Montesquieu
590:Tycho Brahe
555:Renaissance
506:manuscripts
468:mathematics
397:Mesoamerica
151:August 2010
2906:Categories
1880:Subculture
1658:Bioculture
1386:References
1322:2023-07-30
1205:2006-10-18
945:Walter Ong
887:newspapers
742:and other
703:James Otis
582:Copernicus
517:engravings
428:, 594 AD (
373:Walter Ong
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2708:Culturgen
2476:Mormonism
2434:Religions
2107:Cultureme
2025:Destroyed
1651:Subfields
1476:143294278
1238:(1998) .
891:magazines
866:networked
729:stamp act
687:In 1775,
534:95 Theses
202:talk page
56:talk page
2917:Printing
2859:Category
2441:Buddhism
2191:Politics
1600:Sciences
1448:(2003).
1335:Johns 61
960:See also
883:journals
833:Internet
607:Rousseau
603:Voltaire
515:, later
513:woodcuts
306:printing
214:May 2022
196:You may
2890:Changes
2871:Commons
2514:Related
2505:Sikhism
2500:Judaism
1931:Aspects
1593:Outline
1579:Culture
615:Diderot
586:Galileo
464:science
310:writing
135:scholar
1890:Fandom
1474:
1400:, and
1250:
1138:
1055:Brill.
826:piracy
588:, and
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
2488:Islam
1863:Urban
1851:Civic
1794:Types
1472:S2CID
999:Notes
494:books
486:Paper
456:books
438:paper
426:China
421:from
204:, or
142:JSTOR
128:books
1905:list
1434:and
1248:ISBN
1136:ISBN
947:and
734:The
613:and
605:and
488:and
480:Qing
478:and
476:Ming
466:and
446:book
440:and
334:The
114:news
1541:at
1498:--
1464:doi
584:,
462:to
367:or
97:by
2908::
1470:.
1460:11
1458:.
1452:.
1370:.
1348:.
1315:.
1246:.
1221:,
1078:^
935:.
889:,
885:,
758:.
666:.
627:.
403:.
266:,
262::
59:.
1571:e
1564:t
1557:v
1478:.
1466::
1325:.
1256:.
1208:.
432:)
245:)
239:(
227:)
221:(
216:)
212:(
194:.
164:)
158:(
153:)
149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
