548:(which occupies a status similar to The Arabian Nights or The Panchatantra in Tamil culture) is a blend of the oral tradition of Tamil folklore and the European story form, wrapped in the author's imaginative faculty. Although Beschi had completed its composition (along with a preface) by 1776, the book was not published singularly until 1822 in London. Records show that Beschi wrote the Tamil version first and later translated it into Latin. Although Beschi claimed that the sole purpose of the book was to disseminate amusement and humour among both locals and missionaries, Blackburn mentions that the author was most probably yearning for something more than that – “this was a plea for a Jesuit patron, somewhere outside India, to underwrite the publication of his dictionary and folktale”, as print was a more reliable medium to “demonstrate correct spelling” than local
464:(Viramãmunivar; Constantine Joseph Beschi 1680–1747) was equally significant in revolutionizing the face of Tamil print and literature. The difference in the Christian beliefs of the respective cults gave rise to rigorous disputes and theological debates, which on many occasions even led to violent conflicts resulting in injuries and death. These disputes were carried on by the Lutherans through "printed books and pamphlets", whereas Beschi (due to lack of a Jesuit-owned printing press) mainly concentrated on writing influential pieces of literature. Although printing in Tamil was introduced by the Jesuits, by the eighteenth century the scenario had changed and the domain of the press came to be majority controlled and cultivated by the Protestants. Beschi's efforts in a place populated with thousands of
22:
108:
81:
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766:(SPCK) was set up at Vepery (situated just outside Madras) in 1726 by Benjamin Schultz. This new venture (Vepery mission) was just an extension of the Tranquebar mission. Earlier in 1712, a printing press enabled with Tamil and Telugu typefaces was provided by the SPCK for publishing activities at Tranquebar, on repeated appeals by Ziegenbalg. This press mostly dealt with smaller publications like
727:
printed books, with introductory notices. Though reading books of the Madras School Book society were prepared with special reference to the government schools, the committee was not restricted to non–Christian publications. The Rev. A.R. Symonds suggested that the society should make an effort to provide wholesome and attractive literature. Prizes were also offered for the best translation of
476:), grew to become an "alarming", "arrogant" and "formidable" rival to the already sprawling missionary activities of the Protestant fathers. One particular reason for Beschi's popularity was, as Blackburn observes, his "Romanish compromises with local customs". In the books of Muttusami Pillai (Beschi's Tamil biographer), he is frequently portrayed as a traditional Eastern or
755:
726:
The publications of the Madras School Book
Society being chiefly used in Government Schools such that religious sentiments were adapted accordingly. The committee of the Madras Tract Society issued some books with Christian elements intended specially for mission schools Classified catalogue of Tamil
418:
College
Library. From 1715 onwards with the completion of the New Testament, printing activity in Tamil commenced in full swing. In 1715 Ziegenbalg wrote a concise grammar of the Malabar language for use by Europeans and had it printed by 1716. A copy of this book also exists at the Serampore College
258:
was printed in Goa. The book was the first book printed with Indian type. Although some scholars refuse to consider this as a historical fact, Graham Shaw seems convinced that it was printed. The second printed Tamil book was only 16 pages long, but a third
Catechism of 127 pages, a Tamil translation
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in 1817. Soon after a similar society was set up in Madras. The association in South India soon languished, and for many years it virtually ceased to exist. It was revived around 1850, when prizes were offered for the best school book on specified subjects. Several new publications were thus secured
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which were usually antagonistic to Hindu beliefs and principles. It also printed the translated version of the New
Testament in 1715. When the English army under Sir Eyre Coote attacked the French colony of Pondicherry in 1761 they seized the printing press from the governor's house along with its
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Malabar characters were obtained from Europe. A letter dated April 7, 1713, contains a list of 32 books in the
Malabar language, original works as well as translations, and 22 books in Portuguese prepared by the missionaries. It is stated that the books in the Malabar language included a vocabulary
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which comprised meanings, synonyms, rhymes, etc. This book was not printed before 1824. Although it cannot be assumed that his works were well accepted and appreciated by the
Protestants, as Blackburn comments, the rival camp unbiasedly “admired Beschi’s literary skills - they printed one of his
480:
king, adorned with ornate jewellery and chandan on his forehead. Beschi was reportedly favoured by the local rulers, especially Chanda Sahib whom he had served diwan to, thereby making it easier for him to master the language. He was intelligent enough to adopt such means which would undoubtedly
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at Madras. In South India the printing press had been established as early as 1578, but printing activities came to an end owing to a gradual decline in the religious zeal of successive generations of missionaries. Tamil printing stopped after 1612, as the numerous writings of Nobili and Manoel
705:
Arumuga
Navalar apparently introduced few novel features in the area of Tamil editing. He was probably the first to use punctuation marks like the semicolon, the question mark and the exclamation mark. He produced the first “split” complex sandhi forms to facilitate reading and comprehension.
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The rise of the pundit - presses saw growth during the 1830s with Kalvi
Vilakkam, the joint venture of Charavanaperumal Aiyar and Vichakaperumal Aiyar in 1834. The press functioned till the 1850s producing more than 50 books. This was followed by the Sarasvati Press (1835) of Tiruvenkatachala
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faith, were initially written in
Portuguese and then translated into the “Malabarick Language” with the help of Indian assistants. In the absence of a printing press the books that had been prepared up until then had to be transcribed by hand. This proved to be a slow, laborious and expensive
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A number of early Tamil print publishing houses were set up by the pundits in the 1830s in Madras. These establishments played a significant role in the consolidation of the commercial printing world. They were also involved in public–politics, the anti–missionary movement in
Georgetown, for
484:
Contrary to this image, Beschi has also been examined as a magical Indian "poet-saint" with extraordinary literary skills and persuasion prowess. Beschi's written works constituted the substructure of modern Tamil literary acculturation. According to sources, Beschi wrote more than twenty
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process. With the objective of facilitating a wider and faster dissemination of Christian literature, Ziegenbalg in his letter of August 22, 1708, put forth a demand for a “Malabarick and Portuguese printing press”. In the meantime, Ziegenbalg devoted considerable attention to collecting
832:(the American Board Mission or ABM) in Çintadaripet in the mid 19th century. When the ABM left India in 1886 the press was reacquired by the SPCK–Diocesan committee and renamed the Diocesan Press that still exists today, almost 250 years later, as the CLS Press.
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Mutaliar, and Kalvi Kalanchiyam set up in 1839 by Umapati Mutaliar and his three brothers. These presses quickly became associated with movements in deflecting the missionaries as they started voicing the sentiments of certain sections of the Hindu community.
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Martin lay unpublished in 1649 and 1660. There were some attempts to revive printing, but they proved short-lived. For instance, there is a reference to a Latin–Tamil grammar by Father Beschi, a Sanskrit scholar, having been printed at Ziegenbalg’s press.
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settlements on the west coast. He also compiled a Tamil Grammar and a Tamil Dictionary, which, though never printed, were widely used by other Europeans. Graham Shaw speaks of Henriques as, "the first great European Scholar of any Indian language"
150:. Once the immigrants realized the importance of the local language, they began to disseminate their religious teachings through that medium, in effect ushering in the vernacular print culture in India. The first
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with type made in Rome. Only five in number and printed within a space of two years, these books might be called the second phase of Tamil printing. There were five books but only two texts. The first was
628:
instance. Pundits who were educated at the College Fort of St George and some who were not, used the text-making skills they learned from the Europeans in setting up of their own presses at Madras.
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and two vocabularies of Malabar language prepared by him. The first consisted of 26,000 words in common use, and had three columns, the first giving the word in Malabar characters, the second its
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were still confined to the use of copper plates and stone inscriptions. This book was printed earlier than the first printed and dated books of Russia (1563), Africa (1624) and Greece (1821).
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would be given maximum importance. In 1762 itself, the SPCK press published a calendar and several Tamil books, “pre-dating the books printed in Calcutta and Bombay at least by a decade”.
564:, especially folktales published. Between 1800 and 1835 most printed books in Tamil(dictionaries and grammars aside) were collections of oral tales. Well known literary texts, such as
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were printed with three sets of type, at three different locations on the west coast over the following three years. Henriques’ two other books printed at Cochin were:
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In the context of printing, Arumuka Navalar or Arumuga Navalar was an editor of old Tamil texts. Among his editions the most important are Mantalapurutar's lexicon
391:. The printing press reached India in 1712 unaccompanied by its operator. The press, however, started functioning with the help of a German printer–cum–compositor.
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Library. Ziegenbalg and his collaborators aimed at spreading their printed work all over India. Consequently, their marketing strategies cajoled them to produce
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and in Tamil Nadu. He was the guardian of pure and pristine Saiva tradition. He established a number of schools for Tamil and Saivism and printing presses at
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Ziegenbalg was keenly aware that to attain his object he needed a printing press. He made repeated demands for a press in his letters of April–June 1709. The
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368:. The second contained words used in poetry. For this work Ziegenbalg was assisted by Indian scholars and poets who remained at his house for four months.
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were returned to Fort St George, which led to the establishment of the Government Press in Mount Road. The Vepery Press was renamed as the SPCK Press;
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659:. He was the most fluent Tamil speaker and writer of his generation. At the age of 27, Arumugam was conferred the title of “Navalar”, the eloquent.
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did not translate a Portuguese text into Tamil, instead he wrote his own manual, so that he might emphasize the hidden truths of the new faith.
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802:). By the next decade typecases were produced by the SPCK Press itself and they lasted until the 1870s. Books printed included Fabricius's
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310:, printed posthumously in three volumes: Volume 1 in 1677 followed by Volumes 2 and 3 in 1678. The second text was Antem De Proenca’s
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The appearance of Tamil in print, both in Roman transliteration and in its native script was the result of the convergence between
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Ziegenbalg explained in a number of letters that the books prepared in the Malabar language, to help in the propagation of the
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in 1562. The stage was finally set when Tamil types were cast in Goa by João Gonçalves (perfected by Father João de Faria in
414:" was already printed. Reportedly, this is the oldest Tamil book printed at Tranquebar, a copy of which is available at the
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217:) in 1547. During his stay Henriques produced five different books in the Tamil script and language, printed at various
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375:, set up in the 1690s, came forward to help under the recommendation of the Rev. A. W. Boehme (the German chaplain to
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of Indian literature, as this would help him to understand the old beliefs of the Hindus which he proposed to refute.
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By 1766, Vepery got its own press supplemented with its own print equipment. Therefore, the presses confiscated from
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being its managerial head, who composed and printed a Tamil book on Catechism (1766) with typefaces cut in Germany (
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typefaces (which were a “prize catch” for them ) and the printer, Delon and transferred it to Madras. Nonetheless
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Tamil grammar printed in India is also credited to Beschi. He composed various interlingual dictionaries:
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where he began to prepare his texts. Henriques was there assisted by Father Pedro Luis, a local Brahman
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In the history of print in early nineteenth-century India there were an enormous number of books of
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524:, A Manual for Catechists) became standard reading for them by the nineteenth century…”. Beschi's
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and other accessories along with a printer to operate it. The ship was held up by the French near
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in Romanized Tamil script by Vincente de Nazareth, Jorge Carvalho and Thoma da Cruz, all from the
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in Tamil had already begun. Another letter of September 27, 1714, states that, "The
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of the popular Portuguese text by Marcos Jorge, was printed again with new type in
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Madras was the foremost seat of printing among the “colonial metropolises”. The
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First Tamil book was printed in Lisbon on 1554 AD with Romanized Tamil script.
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138:. Among the pioneers in this arena, maximum attention is claimed by the
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of which, The History of India by H. Morris Esq., was very successful.
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with commentary (first printed in 1849), the standard medieval grammar
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Muslim Identity, Print Culture and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu
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These developments took place at a time when other locations such as
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1045:
Classified Catalogue of Tamil Printed books, with introductory notes
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According to a letter of January 3, 1714, the work of printing the
1413:
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489:, prose collections, grammar, folklore. His major prose essay was
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expansion and local politics, coupled with the beginnings of the
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Parallel to printing efforts by the Protestant missionaries at
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Doctrina Christam en Lingua Malauar Tamul (Thambiran Vanakkam)
234:
15:
758:
Catechism book printed in Pondicherry Mission Press. 1841 A.D
619:
by the 1850s. Some of these books are still available today.
1000:
India's Literary History: Essays on the Nineteenth Century
814:(1779) which came out 100 years after Antão da Proença's
1034:"Outlines of a Discipline : Book History in India"
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Print Folklore and Nationalism in Colonial South India
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or Tarangampãdi, the growth of the Jesuit missionary
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with a commentary (1851), the early devotional poem
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In a letter written in 1708, Ziegenbalg speaks of 26
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American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
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742:from Beruwala who published his work 'Mizan Malai'
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Doctrina Christam - Kirisithiyaani Vanakkam.1579 AD
293:In the 17th century, Tamil books were printed at
252:In 1577 the first of the Henriques’ five books,
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289:Roberto De Nobili and the seventeenth century
154:booklet was printed in 1554 (11 February) in
8:
768:A General Description Of Malabar Heathendom
718:was established under the patronage of the
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1074:
1060:
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954:S.H.M. Jameel (1994). 'Suwadi Aatruppadai'
423:which were quite scarce in the country. A
229:Around 1575 Henriques was relieved of his
201:'Madurai Mission' led, among others, by a
122:The introduction and early development of
1037:Paradise: new worlds of books and readers
764:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
373:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
1330:Commentaries in Tamil literary tradition
395:written on paper and another written on
29:This article includes a list of general
841:
233:duties on the east coast and moved to
1282:World Classical Tamil Conference 2010
643:spearheaded the Saivism cult both in
427:was printed and sold on the coast of
325:Ziegenbalg and printing in Tranquebar
134:propaganda and the endeavours of the
7:
532:was the first printed book of Tamil
160:Cartilha em lingoa Tamul e Portugues
828:(1793). This press was sold to the
520:grammars and another of his books (
481:benefit him in ways more than one.
181:Henriques and the sixteenth century
509:and most importantly the four-way
493:which ran to 250 pages. The first
431:as well as in Malabar and Bengal.
356:delivered by him at the church of
332:was the pioneer in the setup of a
213:who arrived on the Fishery Coast (
35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1745:Ancient manuscript digitalisation
918:Stuart Blackburn (2004), Page 122
936:Stuart Blackburn(2006). Page 125
909:Stuart Blackburn (2006), Page 66
900:Stuart Blackburn (2006), Page 49
880:Stuart Blackburn (2006), Page 48
871:Stuart Blackburn (2006), Page 45
804:Translation of the New Testament
249:), with the assistance of Luis.
106:
92:
20:
1725:Standardisation of Tamil script
808:Dictionary of Tamil and English
607:) in 1822 (in London); a Tamil
1776:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu
972:Stuart Blackburn(2006) Page 58
1:
364:and the third its meaning in
996:"The Burden of Authenticity"
820:Oru Paratecyin Punyacaritram
716:Calcutta School-Book Society
485:books :– dictionaries,
263:on November 14, 1579. Three
1599:Megalithic graffiti symbols
1358:Nālāyira Tivviya Pirapantam
1021:J.B. Prashant More (2004).
1017:The Printing Press in India
963:J.B. Prashant More, Page 80
822:(a translation of Bunyan's
816:Tamil-Portuguese Dictionary
702:’s detailed gloss in 1861.
682:’s great devotional poems
556:Printed oral tales in Tamil
312:Tamil-Portuguese Dictionary
1812:
1740:Printing in Tamil language
1006:"Beschi and the Lutherans"
812:Malabar English Dictionary
710:Madras School Book Society
136:British East India Company
1004:Stuart Blackburn (2006).
994:Stuart Blackburn (2004).
593:Pururava Cakravarti Katai
526:Parramarta Kuruvin Kattai
1487:Tamil Lexicon dictionary
1167:Bangalore Tamil dialects
853:Blog on Tamil Literature
810:, based on Ziegenbalg's
796:Johann Philipp Fabricius
781:Johann Phillip Fabricius
601:Paramartta Kuruvin Katai
589:Tamilariyum Mantai Katai
377:Prince George of Denmark
1735:Simplified Tamil script
1383:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
581:Catamuka Ravanan Katai
330:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
114:Kirisithiyaani Vanakkam
50:more precise citations.
1472:Purapporul Venbamaalai
1277:World Tamil Conference
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503:Latin-Tamil-Portuguese
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85:
1796:Economy of Tamil Nadu
1503:Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai
1172:Central Tamil dialect
1122:Proto-South Dravidian
772:Four Gospels And Acts
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735:Printing in Sri Lanka
585:Mariyatai Raman Katai
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83:
1791:Jesuit Asia missions
1568:Indo-Aryan languages
1393:Tamil Ganaptya texts
1325:List of Sangam poets
1270:Global organizations
1786:History of printing
1573:Dravidian languages
1373:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
776:Accursed Heathendom
746:poem book in 1868.
720:Marquis of Hastings
675:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
623:Printing by Pundits
449:Printed in 1715 at
435:Constanzo G. Beschi
284:), 1586 (669 pages)
140:Jesuit missionaries
1730:Tanittamil Iyakkam
1683:Tamil onomatopoeia
1310:Tamil books of Law
1030:Rimi B. Chatterjee
945:John Murdoch, 1865
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317:Unlike Henriques,
275:) 1580 (214 pages)
241:, who entered the
211:Henrique Henriques
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146:Fathers and Hindu
142:, followed by the
100:Thambiran Vanakkam
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1781:Printing in India
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1750:Formation of CICT
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1521:Asthana Kolahalam
1305:Sangam literature
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927:Rimi B. Chaterjee
825:Pilgrims Progress
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389:Cape of Good Hope
319:Roberto de Nobili
300:Roberto De Nobili
278:Lives of Saints (
271:A Confessionary (
130:is attributed to
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1560:
1554:
1552:
1546:
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1533:
1531:Kaṇita Tīpikai
1528:
1526:Kaṇakkatikāram
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
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1505:
1499:
1497:
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1232:
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1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
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1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:Tamil language
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1027:
1019:
1013:
1002:
990:
987:
984:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
929:
920:
911:
902:
893:
882:
873:
864:
855:
840:
839:
837:
834:
751:
748:
740:Sheikh Mustafa
736:
733:
711:
708:
700:Parimelazhagar
692:, the text of
680:Manikkavacakar
637:
634:
624:
621:
605:Guru Simpleton
557:
554:
552:and copyists.
546:Guru Simpleton
541:
540:Guru Simpleton
538:
530:Guru Simpleton
436:
433:
334:printing press
326:
323:
290:
287:
286:
285:
281:Flos Sanctorum
276:
273:Confessionairo
182:
179:
112:
105:
104:
98:
91:
90:
89:
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74:
73:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1808:
1797:
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1722:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1688:Tamil prosody
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Tamil grammar
1650:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Tamil Braille
1627:
1625:
1624:Modern script
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
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1519:
1518:
1516:
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1475:
1473:
1470:
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1394:
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1381:
1379:
1376:
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1337:
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1328:
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1323:
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1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Brahmin Tamil
1250:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Madurai Tamil
1185:
1183:
1182:Madras Bashai
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Second Sangam
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:Tamil Sangams
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1072:
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1065:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
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993:
992:
988:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
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924:
921:
915:
912:
906:
903:
897:
894:
891:
886:
883:
877:
874:
868:
865:
862:A.K. Priolkar
859:
856:
852:
851:
845:
842:
835:
833:
831:
827:
826:
821:
818:of 1679; and
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
756:
749:
747:
745:
741:
734:
732:
730:
724:
721:
717:
709:
707:
703:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:tirukkovaiyar
687:
686:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
633:
629:
622:
620:
618:
614:
613:Katacintamani
611:in 1826; the
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Katamantacari
595:in 1819; the
594:
591:in 1812; the
590:
586:
583:in 1808; the
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
517:Catur-Agarati
515:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:Veta Vilakkam
488:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
452:
451:Tharangambadi
448:
445:
441:
434:
432:
430:
426:
425:Sheet Almanac
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:New Testament
400:
398:
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390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
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348:
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324:
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225:
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200:
196:
187:
180:
178:
176:
171:
169:
166:community of
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
115:
109:
101:
95:
82:
78:
70:
67:
59:
49:
45:
39:
38:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1739:
1604:Tamil-Brahmi
1482:Caturakarāti
1455:dictionaries
1453:Grammars and
1348:Cīrappurānam
1192:Nellai Tamil
1142:Third Sangam
1132:First Sangam
1112:Manipravalam
1107:Modern Tamil
1102:Middle Tamil
1043:
1042:J. Murdoch.
1036:
1023:
1016:
1009:
999:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
885:
876:
867:
858:
848:
844:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
806:(1772); his
803:
789:
775:
771:
767:
761:
750:Vepery Press
738:
725:
713:
704:
693:
689:
683:
673:
667:
663:
661:
639:
630:
626:
612:
608:
604:
600:
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592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
559:
545:
543:
529:
525:
521:
516:
513:
507:Tamil-French
506:
502:
498:
490:
483:
455:
424:
401:
393:
370:
351:
339:
328:
316:
311:
307:
292:
279:
272:
253:
251:
243:Jesuit order
228:
192:
172:
159:
121:
113:
99:
77:
62:
53:
34:
1477:Tolkāppiyam
1378:Thiruppugal
1177:Kongu Tamil
792:Pondicherry
685:Tiruvacakam
653:Chidambaram
609:Pancatantra
566:Tirrukkural
514:Tamil-Tamil
499:Tamil-Latin
487:epic poetry
397:palm leaves
347:manuscripts
308:Nanopatecam
128:South India
48:introducing
1770:Categories
1614:Vatteluttu
1341:literature
1339:Devotional
1291:Literature
1245:Sociolects
1215:Batticaloa
1202:Sri Lankan
989:References
695:Tirukkuṛaḷ
474:Travancore
458:Tranquebar
429:Coromandel
381:pica types
358:Tranquebar
265:Catechisms
231:missionary
203:Portuguese
144:Protestant
132:missionary
31:references
1671:Phonology
1643:Lexis and
1609:Koleḻuttu
1549:Tamil and
1462:Agattiyam
1419:Iraichchi
1368:Tirumurai
1363:Tēmpāvaṉi
1097:Old Tamil
645:Sri Lanka
570:Nalatiyar
544:Beschi's
495:bilingual
416:Serampore
342:Christian
314:of 1679.
304:Catechism
295:Ambalakad
215:Tuticorin
168:Tuticorin
56:July 2020
1536:Yerambam
1298:Classics
1153:Dialects
981:A. Raman
890:A. Raman
534:folktale
478:Oriental
466:Lutheran
421:almanacs
412:Apostles
195:colonial
124:printing
1645:grammar
1592:Scripts
1563:Sinhala
1558:English
1496:History
1439:Ullurai
1210:Negombo
1090:History
550:scribes
511:lexicon
470:Tanjore
354:sermons
239:convert
205:Jesuit
175:Madurai
164:Paravar
148:Pandits
44:improve
1718:Events
1583:Korean
1467:Nannūl
1434:Thinai
1402:Poetry
1220:Jaffna
1160:Indian
1048:(1865)
1039:(2007)
774:, and
669:Nannūl
657:Madras
649:Jaffna
505:, and
385:Brazil
366:German
261:Cochin
247:Kollam
219:Jesuit
207:priest
199:Jesuit
156:Lisbon
33:, but
1578:Malay
1429:Puram
1414:Venpa
1409:Kural
836:Notes
800:Halle
698:with
617:Aesop
577:Katai
447:Bible
444:Tamil
152:Tamil
1709:Moḻi
1634:Arwi
1424:Akam
1257:Arwi
744:Arwi
714:The
688:and
655:and
587:and
568:and
472:and
1704:ISO
1444:Ulā
528:or
302:’s
235:Goa
226:).
126:in
1772::
1032:.
1008:,
770:,
731:.
678:,
651:,
536:.
501:,
399:.
306:,
209:,
170:.
158:-
1075:e
1068:t
1061:v
1012:]
998:,
603:(
222:(
69:)
63:(
58:)
54:(
40:.
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