1631:, and many other national statistics offices are Lowe indices. Lowe indexes are sometimes called a "modified Laspeyres index", where the principal modification is to draw quantity weights less frequently than every period. For a consumer price index, the weights on various kinds of expenditure are generally computed from surveys of households asking about their budgets, and such surveys are less frequent than price data collection is. Another phrasings is that Laspeyres and Paasche indexes are special cases of Lowe indexes in which all price and quantity data are updated every period.
2955:
model with the only difference that hedonic characteristics are excluded as they assume propertiesâ characteristics remain unchanged in different periods. The hybrid method uses the features of hedonic and repeat-sales techniques to construct the real estate price indices. The idea was originalated by Case et al. and had a lot of changes since then. The invariant models include 1) the
Quigley model, 2) the Hill, Knight and Sirmans, and 3) the Englund, Quigley and Redfearn. Most commonly used real estate indices are mostly constructed based on the repeat sales method.
155:. These statutes set wages for certain tasks and provided a good record of the change in wage levels. Vaughan reasoned that the market for basic labor did not fluctuate much with time and that a basic laborer's salary would probably buy the same amount of goods in different time periods, so that a laborer's salary acted as a basket of goods. Vaughan's analysis indicated that price levels in England had risen six- to eight-fold over the preceding century.
6412:
3458:
2937:
2294:
index) for a new period requires both new price data and new quantity data (or alternatively, both new price data and new expenditure data) for each new period. Collecting only new price data is often easier than collecting both new price data and new quantity data, so calculating the
Laspeyres index for a new period tends to require less time and effort than calculating these other indices for a new period.
159:
171:
an interest in price change, had collected a large amount of price data going back hundreds of years. Fleetwood proposed an index consisting of averaged price relatives and used his methods to show that the value of five pounds had changed greatly over the course of 260 years. He argued on behalf of the Oxford students and published his findings anonymously in a volume entitled
3024:
2267:, number values that indicate relative change but not absolute values (i.e. one price index value can be compared to another or a base, but the number alone has no meaning). Price indices generally select a base year and make that index value equal to 100. Every other year is expressed as a percentage of that base year. In this example, let 2000 be the base year:
4708:
2544:
5810:
improve and a specific model may quickly become obsolete. Statisticians constructing matched-model price indices must decide how to compare the price of the obsolete item originally used in the index with the new and improved item that replaces it. Statistical agencies use several different methods to make such price comparisons.
5542:
3453:{\displaystyle P_{t_{n}}={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{1}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}}\times {\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{2}}\cdot q_{c,t_{1}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{1}}\cdot q_{c,t_{1}})}}\times \cdots \times {\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n-1}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{n-1}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n-1}})}}}
2293:
As can be seen from the definitions above, if one already has price and quantity data (or, alternatively, price and expenditure data) for the base period, then calculating the
Laspeyres index for a new period requires only new price data. In contrast, calculating many other indices (e.g., the Paasche
1579:
The
Laspeyres index tends to overstate inflation (in a cost of living framework), while the Paasche index tends to understate it, because the indices do not account for the fact that consumers typically react to price changes by changing the quantities that they buy. For example, if prices go up for
2954:
In the case of repeat-sales method, there are two approaches of calculation: the original repeat-sales and the weighted repeat-sales models. The repeat-sales method standardizes propertiesâ characteristics by analysing properties that have been sold at least two times. It is a variant of the hedonic
170:
created perhaps the first true price index. An Oxford student asked
Fleetwood to help show how prices had changed. The student stood to lose his fellowship since a 15th-century stipulation barred students with annual incomes over five pounds from receiving a fellowship. Fleetwood, who already had
1567:
When applied to bundles of individual consumers, a
Laspeyres index of 1 would state that an agent in the current period can afford to buy the same bundle as she consumed in the previous period, given that income has not changed; a Paasche index of 1 would state that an agent could have consumed the
1563:
Note that the only difference in the formulas is that the former uses period n quantities, whereas the latter uses base period (period 0) quantities. A helpful mnemonic device to remember which index uses which period is that L comes before P in the alphabet so the
Laspeyres index uses the earlier
5809:
price indices, where one model of a particular good is priced at the same store at regular time intervals. The matched-model method becomes problematic when statistical agencies try to use this method on goods and services with rapid turnover in quality features. For instance, computers rapidly
2950:
There are three methods which are commonly used for building the transaction based real estate indicies: 1) hedonic, 2) repeat-sales and 3) the hybrid, a combination of 1 and 2. The hedonic approach builds housing price indices, for example, by using the time variable hedonic and cross-sectional
1618:
procedure. In a Lowe price index, the expenditure or quantity weights associated with each item are not drawn from each indexed period. Usually they are inherited from an earlier period, which is sometimes called the expenditure base period. Generally, the expenditure weights are updated
5193:
2951:
hedonic models. In the hedonic model, housing (or other forms of property)'s prices are regressed according to properties' characteristics and are estimated on pooled property transaction data with time dummies as additional regressors or calculated based on a period-by-period basis.
2963:
The above price indices were calculated relative to a fixed base period. An alternative is to take the base period for each time period to be the immediately preceding time period. This can be done with any of the above indices. Here is an example with the
Laspeyres index, where
2932:{\displaystyle P_{L}={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}}={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot {\frac {E_{c,t_{0}}}{p_{c,t_{0}}}})}{\sum E_{c,t_{0}}}}={\frac {\sum ({\frac {p_{c,t_{n}}}{p_{c,t_{0}}}}\cdot E_{c,t_{0}})}{\sum E_{c,t_{0}}}}}
4442:
4175:
4428:
5215:
4931:
Reversing the order of the time periods should produce a reciprocal index value. If the index is calculated from the most recent time period to the earlier time period, it should be the reciprocal of the index found going from the earlier period to the more
4927:
4712:
The price index should not change if the prices in both periods are increased by a factor and the quantities in both periods are increased by another factor. In other words, the magnitude of the values of quantities and prices should not affect the price
5800:
Price indices often capture changes in price and quantities for goods and services, but they often fail to account for variation in the quality of goods and services. This could be overcome if the principal method for relating price and quality, namely
2284:
When an index has been normalized in this manner, the meaning of the number 112, for instance, is that the total cost for the basket of goods is 4% more in 2001 than in the base year (in this case, year 2000), 8% more in 2002, and 12% more in 2003.
3623:
1481:
1321:
917:
3757:
Price index formulas can be evaluated based on their relation to economic concepts (like cost of living) or on their mathematical properties. Several different tests of such properties have been proposed in index number theory literature.
1575:
is the bundle of goods using current year prices and current year quantities. Similarly, the
Laspeyres index can be thought of as a price index taking the bundle of goods using current prices and base period quantities as the numeraire.
2306:
Sometimes, especially for aggregate data, expenditure data are more readily available than quantity data. For these cases, the indices can be formulated in terms of relative prices and base year expenditures, rather than quantities.
754:
1646:
is of this type. Here the quantity data are updated each period from each of multiple countries, whereas the prices incorporated are kept the same for some period of time, e.g. the "average prices for the group of countries".
2297:
In practice, price indices regularly compiled and released by national statistical agencies are of the
Laspeyres type, due to the above-mentioned difficulties in obtaining current-period quantity or expenditure data.
6080:
simply leaves the price relative for the changing item out of the price index. This is equivalent to using the average of other price relatives in the index as the price relative for the changing item. Similarly,
4954:
2108:
4703:{\displaystyle I(\alpha \cdot p_{t_{m}},\alpha \cdot p_{t_{n}},\beta \cdot q_{t_{m}},\gamma \cdot q_{t_{n}})=I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}})~~\forall (\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )\in (0,\infty )^{3}}
2536:
6073:
assumes the opposite of the direct comparison method; it assumes that the entire difference between the two items is due to the change in quality. The price relative based on link-to-show-no-change is 1.
3863:
4010:
2443:
922:
This new index, however, does not do anything to distinguish growth or reduction in quantities sold from price changes. To see that this is so, consider what happens if all the prices double between
627:
326:
4229:
4179:
The identity test basically means that if prices remain the same and quantities remain in the same proportion to each other (each quantity of an item is multiplied by the same factor of either
2241:
5537:{\displaystyle I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}})\cdot I(p_{t_{n}},p_{t_{r}},q_{t_{n}},q_{t_{r}})=I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{r}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{r}})~~\Leftarrow ~~t_{m}\leq t_{n}\leq t_{r}}
4731:
6342:
6271:(on jstor). JahrbĂŒcher fĂŒr Nationalökonomie und Statistik / Journal of Economics and Statistics. 230:6, Themenheft: Index Number Theory and Price Statistics (Dec. 2010), pp. 726-740
3469:
1332:
1172:
5941:
1619:
occasionally, but the prices are updated in every period. Prices are drawn from the time period the index is supposed to summarize." Lowe indexes are named for economist
2351:
775:
6028:
5979:
5889:
3999:
3965:
3931:
3897:
441:
366:
6064:
5847:
4197:
3659:
4217:
766:
Of course, for any practical purpose, quantities purchased are rarely if ever identical across any two periods. As such, this is not a very practical index formula.
5787:
5760:
5733:
5706:
5679:
5652:
5625:
5598:
5571:
3740:
3713:
3686:
3016:
2989:
2181:
2154:
1558:
1531:
1052:
1025:
974:
947:
538:
511:
1598:
1504:
1116:
1096:
1076:
994:
763:
of the price of the set in one period relative to that in the other, and would provide an index measuring relative prices overall, weighted by quantities sold.
481:
461:
406:
386:
247:
227:
207:
638:
6319:
166:
While Vaughan can be considered a forerunner of price index research, his analysis did not actually involve calculating an index. In 1707, Englishman
1669:), tries to overcome the problems of over- and understatement by the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes by using the arithmetic means of the quantities:
6553:
73:. More narrow price indices can help producers with business plans and pricing. Sometimes, they can be useful in helping to guide investment.
5188:{\displaystyle I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}})\leq I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{r}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{r}})~~\Leftarrow ~~p_{t_{n}}\leq p_{t_{r}}}
5988:
assumes that the difference in the price of the two items is not due to quality change, so the entire price difference is used in the index.
6145:
105:
100:
6339:
1675:
5205:
The overall price relative implied by the price index should be between the smallest and largest price relatives for all commodities.
6296:
6085:
imputation uses the average price relative for items with similar characteristics (physical, geographic, economic, etc.) to M and N.
2448:
65:
Price indices have several potential uses. For particularly broad indices, the index can be said to measure the economy's general
4170:{\displaystyle I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{n}},\alpha \cdot q_{t_{m}},\beta \cdot q_{t_{n}})=1~~\forall (\alpha ,\beta )\in (0,\infty )^{2}}
1643:
3765:
62:
designed to help to compare how these price relatives, taken as a whole, differ between time periods or geographical locations.
4423:{\displaystyle I(p_{t_{m}},\alpha \cdot p_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}})=\alpha \cdot I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}})}
1628:
6518:
6200:
Peter Hill. 2010. "Lowe Indices", chapter 9, pp. 197-216 in W.E. Diewert, B.M. Balk, D. Fixler, K.J. Fox, and A.O. Nakamura's
2356:
546:
255:
5813:
The problem discussed above can be represented as attempting to bridge the gap between the price for the old item at time t,
6531:
Handbook on Hedonic Indexes and Quality Adjustments in Price Indexes: Special Application to Information Technology Products
121:
No clear consensus has emerged on who created the first price index. The earliest reported research in this area came from
6504:
5805:, could be reversed. Then quality change could be calculated from the price. Instead, statistical agencies generally use
1657:
6547:
6242:
6095:
184:
148:
6628:
6110:
2189:
6438:
6608:
6598:
6538:
4922:{\displaystyle I(p_{t_{n}},p_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}})={\frac {1}{I(p_{t_{m}},p_{t_{n}},q_{t_{m}},q_{t_{n}})}}}
6316:
1666:
1159:
1146:
1635:
1568:
same bundle in the base period as she is consuming in the current period, given that income has not changed.
6633:
6150:
4432:
If each price in the original period increases by a factor α then the index should increase by the factor α.
1620:
3688:". These are multiplied together to answer the question "by what factor have prices increased since period
6623:
5197:
A price index for lower later prices should be lower than a price index with higher later period prices.
3618:{\displaystyle {\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n-1}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{n-1}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n-1}})}}}
1476:{\displaystyle P_{L}={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}}}
1316:{\displaystyle P_{P}={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n}})}}}
95:
90:
6581:
3759:
85:
80:
6228:
912:{\displaystyle P={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c,t_{n}})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}})}}}
6100:
55:
5902:
3715:". The index is then the result of these multiplications, and gives the price relative to period
129:
6400:
5802:
2316:
5991:
5946:
5852:
3970:
3936:
3902:
3868:
412:
337:
135:
Vaughan wanted to separate the inflationary impact of the influx of precious metals brought by
6392:
6292:
6288:
6282:
6120:
6033:
5816:
4721:
The index should not be affected by the choice of units used to measure prices and quantities.
2264:
1624:
1155:
167:
4182:
3631:
6382:
6374:
4202:
51:
5765:
5738:
5711:
5684:
5657:
5630:
5603:
5576:
5549:
3718:
3691:
3664:
2994:
2967:
2159:
2132:
1536:
1509:
1030:
1003:
952:
925:
516:
489:
6416:
6411:
6346:
6323:
6255:
6125:
5899:
uses prices collected for both items in both time periods, t and t+1. The price relative
1662:
1602:
1142:
540:, the same quantities of each good or service were sold, but under different prices, then
6415: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
749:{\displaystyle P={\frac {\sum (p_{c,t_{n}}\cdot q_{c})}{\sum (p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c})}}}
6571:
3746:
2126:
1583:
1489:
1129:
Various indices have been constructed in an attempt to compensate for this difficulty.
1101:
1081:
1061:
979:
466:
446:
391:
371:
232:
212:
192:
70:
6576:
2280:
2003: original index value was $ 2.80; $ 2.80/$ 2.50 = 112%, so new index value is 112
2277:
2002: original index value was $ 2.70; $ 2.70/$ 2.50 = 108%, so new index value is 108
2274:
2001: original index value was $ 2.60; $ 2.60/$ 2.50 = 104%, so new index value is 104
2271:
2000: original index value was $ 2.50; $ 2.50/$ 2.50 = 100%, so new index value is 100
6617:
6404:
6140:
6130:
2118:
43:
6534:. OECD Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry working paper. October 2004.
4726:
Symmetric treatment of time (or, in parity measures, symmetric treatment of place):
2353:
be the total expenditure on good c in the base period, then (by definition) we have
6155:
6115:
4941:
125:
110:
6529:
6503:. eds W.E. Diewert and A.O. Nakamura. Vol 1. Elsevier Science Publishers: 1993. (
6202:
2247:
760:
66:
6256:
Post-Laspeyres: The Case for a New Formula for Compiling Consumer Price Indexes
158:
6378:
6135:
1639:
1634:
Comparisons of output between countries often use Lowe quantity indexes. The
152:
144:
6396:
6362:
6105:
1572:
140:
59:
6215:
17:
3628:
answers the question "by what factor have prices increased between period
3933:
are vectors giving prices for a base period and a reference period while
6387:
6269:
Lowe and Cobb-Douglas Consumer Price Indices and their Substitution Bias
6268:
3762:
summarized past research in a list of nine such tests for a price index
2538:. We can substitute these values into our Laspeyres formula as follows:
6494:
4940:
All commodities should have a symmetric effect on the index. Different
39:
6541:
2103:{\displaystyle P_{ME}={\frac {\sum }{\sum }}={\frac {\sum }{\sum }}}
1137:
The two most basic formulae used to calculate price indices are the
6361:
Yi, Rita; Song, Lingxi; Li, Bo; James, M.; Yue, Xiao-Guang (2022).
6203:
Price and Productivity Measurement: Volume 6 -- Index Number Theory
6519:"Economic Theory and BEA's Alternative Quantity and Price indices"
157:
136:
122:
47:
209:
of goods and services, the total market value of transactions in
6218:, citing International Labour Office (2004) paragraphs 1.17-1.23
6258:, IMF working paper WP/12/105 by Paul Armknecht and Mick Silver
2531:{\displaystyle {\frac {E_{c,t_{0}}}{p_{c,t_{0}}}}=q_{c,t_{0}}}
6363:"Predicting Carpark Prices Indices in Hong Kong Using AutoML"
58:
in a given region, during a given interval of time. It is a
6243:"Different ways of measuring the Consumer Price Index (CPI)"
3018:
is a reference period that anchors the value of the series:
1564:
base quantities and the Paasche index the final quantities.
5849:, with the price of the new item at the later time period,
2991:
is the period for which we wish to calculate the index and
1571:
Hence, one may think of the Paasche index as one where the
6604:
6594:
3858:{\displaystyle I(P_{t_{0}},P_{t_{m}},Q_{t_{0}},Q_{t_{m}})}
1506:
is the relative index of the price levels in two periods,
4219:, for the later period) then the index value will be one.
2438:{\displaystyle E_{c,t_{0}}=p_{c,t_{0}}\cdot q_{c,t_{0}}}
622:{\displaystyle q_{c,t_{n}}=q_{c}=q_{c,t_{0}}\,\forall c}
321:{\displaystyle \sum _{c\,\in \,C}(p_{c,t}\cdot q_{c,t})}
147:. Vaughan compared labor statutes from his own time to
6489:
Chance, W.A. "A Note on the Origins of Index Numbers",
4944:
of the same set of vectors should not change the index.
769:
One might be tempted to modify the formula slightly to
2250:
of relative prices between time periods or locations.
38:: "price indices" or "price indexes") is a normalized
6514:
2e, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich / Academic Press, 1982.
6036:
5994:
5949:
5905:
5855:
5819:
5768:
5741:
5714:
5687:
5660:
5633:
5606:
5579:
5552:
5218:
4957:
4734:
4445:
4232:
4205:
4185:
4013:
3973:
3939:
3905:
3871:
3768:
3721:
3694:
3667:
3634:
3472:
3027:
2997:
2970:
2547:
2451:
2359:
2319:
2192:
2162:
2135:
1678:
1586:
1539:
1512:
1492:
1335:
1175:
1104:
1084:
1064:
1033:
1006:
982:
955:
928:
778:
641:
549:
519:
492:
469:
449:
415:
394:
374:
340:
258:
235:
215:
195:
5735:
should be equivalent to the price index for periods
2942:
A similar transformation can be made for any index.
1606:, quantities demanded of that good should go down.
128:, who examined price level change in his 1675 book
6542:"Producer Price Index Frequently Asked Questions".
6058:
6022:
5973:
5935:
5883:
5841:
5781:
5754:
5727:
5700:
5673:
5646:
5619:
5592:
5565:
5536:
5187:
4921:
4702:
4422:
4211:
4191:
4169:
3993:
3959:
3925:
3891:
3857:
3734:
3707:
3680:
3653:
3617:
3452:
3010:
2983:
2931:
2530:
2437:
2345:
2235:
2175:
2148:
2102:
1592:
1552:
1525:
1498:
1475:
1315:
1110:
1090:
1070:
1046:
1019:
996:will double. Now consider what happens if all the
988:
968:
941:
911:
748:
621:
532:
505:
475:
455:
435:
400:
380:
360:
320:
241:
221:
201:
6493:, Vol. 48, No. 1. (Feb., 1966), pp. 108â10.
2310:Here is a reformulation for the Laspeyres index:
1533:is the base period (usually the first year), and
2289:Relative ease of calculating the Laspeyres index
2236:{\displaystyle P_{F}={\sqrt {P_{P}\cdot P_{L}}}}
6367:Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences
1623:. Most CPIs and employment cost indices from
6173:
6171:
8:
6499:Diewert, W.E. Chapter 5: "Index Numbers" in
6356:
6354:
1560:the period for which the index is computed.
1614:Many price indices are calculated with the
1078:will double. In either case, the change in
6512:Money and Inflation: A Monetarist Approach
6386:
6050:
6035:
6008:
5993:
5964:
5950:
5948:
5920:
5906:
5904:
5869:
5854:
5833:
5818:
5773:
5767:
5746:
5740:
5719:
5713:
5692:
5686:
5665:
5659:
5638:
5632:
5611:
5605:
5584:
5578:
5557:
5551:
5528:
5515:
5502:
5472:
5467:
5452:
5447:
5432:
5427:
5412:
5407:
5383:
5378:
5363:
5358:
5343:
5338:
5323:
5318:
5294:
5289:
5274:
5269:
5254:
5249:
5234:
5229:
5217:
5177:
5172:
5157:
5152:
5122:
5117:
5102:
5097:
5082:
5077:
5062:
5057:
5033:
5028:
5013:
5008:
4993:
4988:
4973:
4968:
4956:
4905:
4900:
4885:
4880:
4865:
4860:
4845:
4840:
4824:
4810:
4805:
4790:
4785:
4770:
4765:
4750:
4745:
4733:
4694:
4634:
4629:
4614:
4609:
4594:
4589:
4574:
4569:
4545:
4540:
4519:
4514:
4493:
4488:
4467:
4462:
4444:
4409:
4404:
4389:
4384:
4369:
4364:
4349:
4344:
4314:
4309:
4294:
4289:
4274:
4269:
4248:
4243:
4231:
4204:
4184:
4161:
4101:
4096:
4075:
4070:
4049:
4044:
4029:
4024:
4012:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3844:
3839:
3824:
3819:
3804:
3799:
3784:
3779:
3767:
3726:
3720:
3699:
3693:
3672:
3666:
3639:
3633:
3595:
3584:
3563:
3552:
3523:
3512:
3497:
3486:
3473:
3471:
3430:
3419:
3398:
3387:
3358:
3347:
3332:
3321:
3308:
3285:
3274:
3259:
3248:
3225:
3214:
3199:
3188:
3175:
3158:
3147:
3132:
3121:
3098:
3087:
3072:
3061:
3048:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3002:
2996:
2975:
2969:
2946:Calculating indices from real estate data
2918:
2907:
2887:
2876:
2859:
2848:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2796:
2785:
2763:
2752:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2712:
2701:
2688:
2671:
2660:
2645:
2634:
2611:
2600:
2585:
2574:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2520:
2509:
2492:
2481:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2427:
2416:
2401:
2390:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2302:Calculating indices from expenditure data
2225:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2140:
2134:
2083:
2072:
2057:
2046:
2028:
2017:
1991:
1980:
1965:
1954:
1936:
1925:
1912:
1892:
1881:
1866:
1855:
1835:
1824:
1813:
1787:
1776:
1761:
1750:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1651:Fisher index and MarshallâEdgeworth index
1585:
1544:
1538:
1517:
1511:
1491:
1459:
1448:
1433:
1422:
1399:
1388:
1373:
1362:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1326:while the Laspeyres index is computed as
1299:
1288:
1273:
1262:
1239:
1228:
1213:
1202:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1103:
1083:
1063:
1038:
1032:
1011:
1005:
981:
960:
954:
933:
927:
895:
884:
869:
858:
835:
824:
809:
798:
785:
777:
734:
719:
708:
687:
672:
661:
648:
640:
612:
604:
593:
580:
565:
554:
548:
524:
518:
497:
491:
468:
448:
432:
420:
414:
393:
373:
357:
345:
339:
303:
284:
271:
267:
263:
257:
234:
214:
194:
6216:https://www.bls.gov/pir/journal/gj14.pdf
6167:
2246:All these indices provide some overall
6491:The Review of Economics and Statistics
6196:
6194:
6192:
6284:Dictionary of Physics and Mathematics
6146:Real versus nominal value (economics)
4437:Invariance to changes in scale test:
1158:
1145:
7:
4937:Symmetric treatment of commodities:
2254:Practical measurement considerations
76:Some notable price indices include:
27:Type of normalized average of prices
4001:give quantities for these periods.
1133:Paasche and Laspeyres price indices
368:represents the prevailing price of
6439:Commercial Knowledge Delivers This
5681:times the price index for periods
4687:
4651:
4154:
4124:
976:, while quantities stay the same:
613:
25:
6572:IMF Export and Import price index
3749:just as it is for a price index.
2959:Chained vs unchained calculations
2263:Price indices are represented as
1166:The Paasche index is computed as
6410:
1644:International Comparison Program
6549:A Discourse of Coin and Coinage
1629:U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
131:A Discourse of Coin and Coinage
50:relatives for a given class of
6066:is used as the price relative.
6047:
6040:
6005:
5998:
5961:
5954:
5917:
5910:
5866:
5859:
5830:
5823:
5627:, the price index for periods
5489:
5480:
5400:
5391:
5311:
5302:
5222:
5139:
5130:
5050:
5041:
4961:
4913:
4833:
4818:
4738:
4691:
4678:
4672:
4654:
4642:
4562:
4553:
4449:
4417:
4337:
4322:
4236:
4158:
4145:
4139:
4127:
4109:
4017:
3852:
3772:
3609:
3545:
3537:
3479:
3444:
3380:
3372:
3314:
3293:
3241:
3233:
3181:
3166:
3114:
3106:
3054:
2895:
2816:
2773:
2694:
2679:
2627:
2619:
2567:
2094:
2091:
2039:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1947:
1918:
1903:
1900:
1848:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1743:
1701:
1467:
1415:
1407:
1355:
1307:
1255:
1247:
1195:
903:
851:
843:
791:
740:
701:
693:
654:
315:
277:
117:History of early price indices
1:
6501:Essays in Index Number Theory
6096:List of price index formulas
5936:{\displaystyle {P(N)_{t+1}}}
5546:Given three ordered periods
185:List of price index formulas
6603:Producer Price Index (PPI)
6593:Consumer Price Index (CPI)
6281:Lapedes, Daniel N. (1978).
6111:Chemical plant cost indexes
4199:, for the first period, or
2346:{\displaystyle E_{c,t_{0}}}
443:represents the quantity of
6650:
6523:Survey of Current Business
6023:{\displaystyle P(N)_{t+1}}
5974:{\displaystyle {P(N)_{t}}}
5884:{\displaystyle P(N)_{t+1}}
3745:Chaining is defined for a
182:
6537:U.S. Department of Labor
6510:McCulloch, James Huston.
6379:10.32604/cmes.2022.020930
3994:{\displaystyle Q_{t_{m}}}
3960:{\displaystyle Q_{t_{0}}}
3926:{\displaystyle P_{t_{m}}}
3892:{\displaystyle P_{t_{0}}}
2259:Normalizing index numbers
436:{\displaystyle q_{c,t}\,}
361:{\displaystyle p_{c,t}\,}
6336:Glossary of Common Terms
6334:Statistics New Zealand;
6313:Glossary of Common Terms
6311:Statistics New Zealand;
6059:{\displaystyle P(M)_{t}}
5986:direct comparison method
5842:{\displaystyle P(M)_{t}}
1667:Francis Ysidro Edgeworth
1658:MarshallâEdgeworth index
6287:. McGrowâHill. p.
6151:U.S. Import Price Index
4718:Commensurability test:
4192:{\displaystyle \alpha }
3654:{\displaystyle t_{n-1}}
2125:, is calculated as the
1098:is identical. As such,
486:If, across two periods
143:from the effect due to
6476:Triplett (2004), 24â6.
6429:Diewert (1993), 75-76.
6229:"Consumer Price Index"
6071:link-to-show-no-change
6060:
6024:
5975:
5937:
5885:
5843:
5783:
5756:
5729:
5702:
5675:
5648:
5621:
5594:
5567:
5538:
5189:
4923:
4704:
4424:
4224:Proportionality test:
4213:
4212:{\displaystyle \beta }
4193:
4171:
3995:
3961:
3927:
3893:
3859:
3736:
3709:
3682:
3655:
3619:
3454:
3012:
2985:
2933:
2532:
2439:
2347:
2237:
2177:
2150:
2117:, named for economist
2104:
1661:(named for economists
1594:
1554:
1527:
1500:
1477:
1317:
1112:
1092:
1072:
1048:
1021:
990:
970:
943:
913:
759:would be a reasonable
750:
623:
534:
507:
477:
457:
437:
402:
382:
362:
322:
243:
223:
203:
163:
6552:(1675). (Also online
6061:
6025:
5976:
5938:
5886:
5844:
5784:
5782:{\displaystyle t_{r}}
5757:
5755:{\displaystyle t_{m}}
5730:
5728:{\displaystyle t_{r}}
5703:
5701:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
5676:
5674:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
5649:
5647:{\displaystyle t_{m}}
5622:
5620:{\displaystyle t_{r}}
5595:
5593:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
5568:
5566:{\displaystyle t_{m}}
5539:
5190:
4924:
4705:
4425:
4214:
4194:
4172:
3996:
3962:
3928:
3894:
3860:
3737:
3735:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
3710:
3708:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
3683:
3681:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
3656:
3620:
3455:
3013:
3011:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
2986:
2984:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
2934:
2533:
2440:
2348:
2238:
2178:
2176:{\displaystyle P_{L}}
2151:
2149:{\displaystyle P_{P}}
2121:), also known as the
2105:
1595:
1555:
1553:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
1528:
1526:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
1501:
1478:
1318:
1154:(after the economist
1141:(after the economist
1113:
1093:
1073:
1049:
1047:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
1022:
1020:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
991:
971:
969:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
944:
942:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
914:
751:
624:
535:
533:{\displaystyle t_{n}}
508:
506:{\displaystyle t_{0}}
478:
458:
438:
403:
383:
363:
323:
244:
224:
204:
183:Further information:
161:
96:Employment cost index
91:Wholesale price index
6467:Triplett (2004), 34.
6458:Triplett (2004), 18.
6449:Triplett (2004), 12.
6034:
5992:
5947:
5903:
5853:
5817:
5766:
5739:
5712:
5685:
5658:
5631:
5604:
5577:
5550:
5216:
4955:
4732:
4443:
4230:
4203:
4183:
4011:
3971:
3937:
3903:
3869:
3766:
3719:
3692:
3665:
3632:
3470:
3025:
2995:
2968:
2545:
2449:
2357:
2317:
2190:
2160:
2133:
1676:
1584:
1537:
1510:
1490:
1333:
1173:
1160:[lasËpejres]
1102:
1082:
1062:
1031:
1004:
980:
953:
926:
776:
639:
547:
517:
490:
467:
447:
413:
392:
372:
338:
256:
233:
213:
193:
86:Producer price index
81:Consumer price index
6231:. 19 December 2014.
6101:Aggregation problem
4949:Monotonicity test:
3753:Index number theory
2445:and therefore also
1636:Geary-Khamis method
173:Chronicon Preciosum
145:currency debasement
6629:Price index theory
6528:Triplett, Jack E.
6517:Triplett, Jack E.
6345:2012-02-06 at the
6322:2017-05-18 at the
6056:
6020:
5971:
5933:
5881:
5839:
5803:hedonic regression
5779:
5752:
5725:
5698:
5671:
5644:
5617:
5590:
5563:
5534:
5210:Circularity test:
5185:
4919:
4700:
4420:
4209:
4189:
4167:
3991:
3957:
3923:
3889:
3855:
3732:
3705:
3678:
3651:
3615:
3450:
3008:
2981:
2929:
2528:
2435:
2343:
2233:
2173:
2146:
2123:Fisher ideal index
2100:
1590:
1550:
1523:
1496:
1473:
1313:
1108:
1088:
1068:
1044:
1017:
986:
966:
939:
909:
746:
619:
530:
503:
473:
453:
433:
398:
378:
358:
318:
276:
239:
219:
199:
179:Formal calculation
164:
106:Import price index
101:Export price index
6340:"Laspeyres Index"
6121:Etienne Laspeyres
5497:
5494:
5488:
5485:
5202:Mean value test:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5135:
4917:
4650:
4647:
4123:
4120:
3613:
3448:
3297:
3170:
2927:
2867:
2805:
2771:
2683:
2500:
2231:
2098:
1907:
1843:
1738:
1625:Statistics Canada
1593:{\displaystyle c}
1499:{\displaystyle P}
1471:
1311:
1156:Etienne Laspeyres
1122:index as it is a
1111:{\displaystyle P}
1091:{\displaystyle P}
1071:{\displaystyle P}
989:{\displaystyle P}
907:
744:
476:{\displaystyle t}
456:{\displaystyle c}
401:{\displaystyle t}
381:{\displaystyle c}
259:
242:{\displaystyle t}
222:{\displaystyle C}
202:{\displaystyle C}
168:William Fleetwood
162:William Fleetwood
16:(Redirected from
6641:
6495:Subscription URL
6477:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6459:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6421:
6414:
6408:
6390:
6373:(3): 2247â2282.
6358:
6349:
6332:
6326:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6278:
6272:
6265:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6225:
6219:
6213:
6207:
6206:. Trafford Press
6198:
6187:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6018:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5930:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5707:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5653:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5562:
5561:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5520:
5519:
5507:
5506:
5495:
5492:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5145:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4977:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4825:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4121:
4118:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3474:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3006:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2453:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2005:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1162:
1149:
1147:[ËpaËÊÉ]
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1015:
995:
993:
992:
987:
975:
973:
972:
967:
965:
964:
948:
946:
945:
940:
938:
937:
918:
916:
915:
910:
908:
906:
902:
901:
900:
899:
876:
875:
874:
873:
846:
842:
841:
840:
839:
816:
815:
814:
813:
786:
755:
753:
752:
747:
745:
743:
739:
738:
726:
725:
724:
723:
696:
692:
691:
679:
678:
677:
676:
649:
628:
626:
625:
620:
611:
610:
609:
608:
585:
584:
572:
571:
570:
569:
539:
537:
536:
531:
529:
528:
512:
510:
509:
504:
502:
501:
482:
480:
479:
474:
462:
460:
459:
454:
442:
440:
439:
434:
431:
430:
407:
405:
404:
399:
387:
385:
384:
379:
367:
365:
364:
359:
356:
355:
327:
325:
324:
319:
314:
313:
295:
294:
275:
248:
246:
245:
240:
228:
226:
225:
220:
208:
206:
205:
200:
149:similar statutes
44:weighted average
21:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6614:
6613:
6590:
6568:
6563:
6546:Vaughan, Rice.
6486:
6484:Further reading
6481:
6480:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6428:
6424:
6360:
6359:
6352:
6347:Wayback Machine
6333:
6329:
6324:Wayback Machine
6317:"Paasche Index"
6310:
6306:
6299:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6266:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6214:
6210:
6199:
6190:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6169:
6164:
6126:Hermann Paasche
6092:
6078:deletion method
6046:
6032:
6031:
6004:
5990:
5989:
5960:
5945:
5944:
5916:
5901:
5900:
5865:
5851:
5850:
5829:
5815:
5814:
5798:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5524:
5511:
5498:
5468:
5463:
5448:
5443:
5428:
5423:
5408:
5403:
5379:
5374:
5359:
5354:
5339:
5334:
5319:
5314:
5290:
5285:
5270:
5265:
5250:
5245:
5230:
5225:
5214:
5213:
5173:
5168:
5153:
5148:
5118:
5113:
5098:
5093:
5078:
5073:
5058:
5053:
5029:
5024:
5009:
5004:
4989:
4984:
4969:
4964:
4953:
4952:
4901:
4896:
4881:
4876:
4861:
4856:
4841:
4836:
4829:
4806:
4801:
4786:
4781:
4766:
4761:
4746:
4741:
4730:
4729:
4690:
4630:
4625:
4610:
4605:
4590:
4585:
4570:
4565:
4541:
4536:
4515:
4510:
4489:
4484:
4463:
4458:
4441:
4440:
4405:
4400:
4385:
4380:
4365:
4360:
4345:
4340:
4310:
4305:
4290:
4285:
4270:
4265:
4244:
4239:
4228:
4227:
4201:
4200:
4181:
4180:
4157:
4097:
4092:
4071:
4066:
4045:
4040:
4025:
4020:
4009:
4008:
4005:Identity test:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3934:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3840:
3835:
3820:
3815:
3800:
3795:
3780:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3591:
3580:
3559:
3548:
3541:
3519:
3508:
3493:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3467:
3426:
3415:
3394:
3383:
3376:
3354:
3343:
3328:
3317:
3310:
3281:
3270:
3255:
3244:
3237:
3221:
3210:
3195:
3184:
3177:
3154:
3143:
3128:
3117:
3110:
3094:
3083:
3068:
3057:
3050:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3022:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2948:
2914:
2903:
2899:
2883:
2872:
2855:
2844:
2832:
2821:
2812:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2759:
2748:
2736:
2725:
2708:
2697:
2690:
2667:
2656:
2641:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2596:
2581:
2570:
2563:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2516:
2505:
2488:
2477:
2465:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2423:
2412:
2397:
2386:
2371:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2331:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2291:
2261:
2256:
2221:
2208:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2079:
2068:
2053:
2042:
2024:
2013:
2006:
1987:
1976:
1961:
1950:
1932:
1921:
1914:
1888:
1877:
1862:
1851:
1820:
1809:
1802:
1783:
1772:
1757:
1746:
1715:
1704:
1697:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1663:Alfred Marshall
1653:
1612:
1603:ceteris paribus
1582:
1581:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1488:
1487:
1455:
1444:
1429:
1418:
1411:
1395:
1384:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1295:
1284:
1269:
1258:
1251:
1235:
1224:
1209:
1198:
1191:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1152:Laspeyres index
1143:Hermann Paasche
1135:
1100:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1060:
1059:
1058:stay the same:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1007:
1002:
1001:
1000:double between
978:
977:
956:
951:
950:
929:
924:
923:
891:
880:
865:
854:
847:
831:
820:
805:
794:
787:
774:
773:
730:
715:
704:
697:
683:
668:
657:
650:
637:
636:
600:
589:
576:
561:
550:
545:
544:
520:
515:
514:
493:
488:
487:
465:
464:
463:sold in period
445:
444:
416:
411:
410:
390:
389:
370:
369:
341:
336:
335:
299:
280:
254:
253:
231:
230:
229:in some period
211:
210:
191:
190:
187:
181:
151:dating back to
119:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6647:
6645:
6637:
6636:
6634:Macroeconomics
6631:
6626:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6601:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6582:ILO CPI manual
6579:
6577:IMF PPI manual
6574:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6561:External links
6559:
6558:
6557:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6515:
6508:
6497:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6431:
6422:
6350:
6327:
6304:
6297:
6273:
6267:Bert M. Balk.
6260:
6248:
6234:
6220:
6208:
6188:
6179:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6074:
6067:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6039:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5982:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5909:
5897:overlap method
5878:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5797:
5796:Quality change
5794:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5776:
5772:
5749:
5745:
5722:
5718:
5695:
5691:
5668:
5664:
5641:
5637:
5614:
5610:
5587:
5583:
5560:
5556:
5544:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5141:
5132:
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4915:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4820:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4749:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4644:
4637:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4522:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4317:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4208:
4188:
4177:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4016:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3754:
3751:
3747:quantity index
3729:
3725:
3702:
3698:
3675:
3671:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3005:
3001:
2978:
2974:
2960:
2957:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2303:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2170:
2166:
2143:
2139:
2127:geometric mean
2111:
2110:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1652:
1649:
1611:
1608:
1589:
1547:
1543:
1520:
1516:
1495:
1484:
1483:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1324:
1323:
1309:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1134:
1131:
1107:
1087:
1067:
1054:while all the
1041:
1037:
1014:
1010:
985:
963:
959:
936:
932:
920:
919:
905:
898:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
872:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
850:
845:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
790:
784:
781:
757:
756:
742:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
700:
695:
690:
686:
682:
675:
671:
667:
664:
660:
656:
653:
647:
644:
630:
629:
618:
615:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
583:
579:
575:
568:
564:
560:
557:
553:
527:
523:
500:
496:
484:
483:
472:
452:
429:
426:
423:
419:
408:
397:
377:
354:
351:
348:
344:
329:
328:
317:
312:
309:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
238:
218:
198:
180:
177:
118:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
71:cost of living
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6646:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:Price indices
6622:
6621:
6619:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6527:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6487:
6483:
6473:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6435:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6300:
6298:0-07-045480-9
6294:
6290:
6286:
6285:
6277:
6274:
6270:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6230:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6186:Chance, 108â9
6183:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:Irving Fisher
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:Hedonic index
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6051:
6043:
6037:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6001:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5965:
5957:
5951:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5913:
5907:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5862:
5856:
5834:
5826:
5820:
5811:
5808:
5807:matched-model
5804:
5795:
5774:
5770:
5747:
5743:
5720:
5716:
5693:
5689:
5666:
5662:
5639:
5635:
5612:
5608:
5585:
5581:
5558:
5554:
5545:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5473:
5469:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5397:
5394:
5384:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5305:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4873:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4711:
4695:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4546:
4542:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4206:
4186:
4178:
4162:
4151:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4115:
4112:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3727:
3723:
3700:
3696:
3673:
3669:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3636:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3172:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3003:
2999:
2976:
2972:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:index numbers
2258:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:Irving Fisher
2116:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1587:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1518:
1514:
1493:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Paasche index
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1118:is as much a
1105:
1085:
1065:
1057:
1039:
1035:
1012:
1008:
999:
983:
961:
957:
934:
930:
896:
892:
888:
885:
881:
877:
870:
866:
862:
859:
855:
848:
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
788:
782:
779:
772:
771:
770:
767:
764:
762:
735:
731:
727:
720:
716:
712:
709:
705:
698:
688:
684:
680:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
651:
645:
642:
635:
634:
633:
616:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
573:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
543:
542:
541:
525:
521:
498:
494:
470:
450:
427:
424:
421:
417:
409:
395:
375:
352:
349:
346:
342:
334:
333:
332:
310:
307:
304:
300:
296:
291:
288:
285:
281:
272:
268:
264:
260:
252:
251:
250:
236:
216:
196:
186:
178:
176:
174:
169:
160:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
132:
127:
124:
116:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
77:
74:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:(typically a
41:
37:
33:
19:
6548:
6530:
6522:
6511:
6500:
6490:
6472:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6434:
6425:
6409:
6388:10547/625439
6370:
6366:
6335:
6330:
6312:
6307:
6283:
6276:
6263:
6251:
6237:
6223:
6211:
6201:
6182:
6177:Chance, 108.
6156:Volume index
6116:GDP deflator
6082:
6077:
6070:
5985:
5896:
5812:
5806:
5799:
4942:permutations
3760:W.E. Diewert
3756:
3744:
3627:
3462:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2262:
2245:
2122:
2115:Fisher index
2114:
2112:
1656:
1654:
1638:used in the
1633:
1615:
1613:
1610:Lowe indices
1601:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1485:
1325:
1165:
1151:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1055:
997:
921:
768:
765:
758:
631:
485:
330:
189:Given a set
188:
172:
165:
130:
126:Rice Vaughan
120:
111:GDP deflator
75:
64:
35:
31:
29:
6554:by chapter.
6525:April 1992.
6505:Also online
3661:and period
2248:measurement
1621:Joseph Lowe
67:price level
32:price index
18:Price Index
6618:Categories
6162:References
6136:Indexation
6083:class mean
3463:Each term
1640:World Bank
1616:Lowe index
1150:) and the
998:quantities
388:in period
153:Edward III
6607:from the
6597:from the
6417:CC BY 4.0
6405:250364215
6397:1526-1492
6106:Inflation
5522:≤
5509:≤
5490:⇐
5306:⋅
5166:≤
5140:⇐
5045:≤
4688:∞
4676:∈
4670:γ
4664:β
4658:α
4652:∀
4534:⋅
4531:γ
4508:⋅
4505:β
4482:⋅
4479:α
4456:⋅
4453:α
4332:⋅
4329:α
4263:⋅
4260:α
4207:β
4187:α
4155:∞
4143:∈
4137:β
4131:α
4125:∀
4090:⋅
4087:β
4064:⋅
4061:α
3644:−
3600:−
3578:⋅
3568:−
3543:∑
3528:−
3506:⋅
3477:∑
3435:−
3413:⋅
3403:−
3378:∑
3363:−
3341:⋅
3312:∑
3306:×
3303:⋯
3300:×
3268:⋅
3239:∑
3208:⋅
3179:∑
3173:×
3141:⋅
3112:∑
3081:⋅
3052:∑
2901:∑
2870:⋅
2814:∑
2779:∑
2721:⋅
2692:∑
2654:⋅
2625:∑
2594:⋅
2565:∑
2410:⋅
2219:⋅
2037:⋅
2008:∑
1945:⋅
1916:∑
1846:⋅
1833:⋅
1804:∑
1741:⋅
1728:⋅
1699:∑
1573:numeraire
1442:⋅
1413:∑
1382:⋅
1353:∑
1282:⋅
1253:∑
1222:⋅
1193:∑
878:⋅
849:∑
818:⋅
789:∑
728:⋅
699:∑
681:⋅
652:∑
614:∀
297:⋅
269:∈
261:∑
249:would be
141:New World
139:from the
60:statistic
6419:license.
6343:Archived
6320:Archived
6090:See also
5981:is used.
3865:, where
3742:prices.
1120:quantity
123:Welshman
56:services
6566:Manuals
4932:recent.
1126:index.
761:measure
40:average
6403:
6395:
6295:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5146:
5143:
5137:
5134:
4713:index.
4649:
4646:
4122:
4119:
1627:, the
1600:then,
1486:where
1056:prices
331:where
36:plural
6401:S2CID
1580:good
1124:price
137:Spain
52:goods
48:price
46:) of
6605:data
6595:data
6588:Data
6393:ISSN
6293:ISBN
6076:The
6069:The
5984:The
5895:The
5762:and
5708:and
5654:and
3967:and
3899:and
2313:Let
2156:and
2113:The
1665:and
1655:The
1027:and
949:and
632:and
513:and
69:or
54:or
6609:BLS
6599:BLS
6539:BLS
6383:hdl
6375:doi
6371:134
6289:367
2129:of
1642:'s
1163:).
6620::
6521:,
6507:.)
6399:.
6391:.
6381:.
6369:.
6365:.
6353:^
6338:,
6315:,
6291:.
6191:^
6170:^
5891:.
5600:,
5573:,
2183::
175:.
30:A
6556:)
6407:.
6385::
6377::
6301:.
6245:.
6052:t
6048:)
6044:M
6041:(
6038:P
6030:/
6016:1
6013:+
6010:t
6006:)
6002:N
5999:(
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4959:I
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4887:m
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4854:,
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4834:(
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4812:m
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4682:0
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4563:(
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4557:=
4554:)
4547:n
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4358:,
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4338:(
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4326:=
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4316:n
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4276:n
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4163:2
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4152:,
4149:0
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4128:(
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4113:=
4110:)
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3603:1
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3480:(
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3381:(
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3319:p
3315:(
3294:)
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3242:(
3234:)
3227:1
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3119:p
3115:(
3107:)
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3089:c
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3074:1
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3059:p
3055:(
3046:=
3039:n
3035:t
3030:P
3004:0
3000:t
2977:n
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2909:c
2905:E
2896:)
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2838:n
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2823:p
2817:(
2808:=
2798:0
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2790:,
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2774:)
2765:0
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2727:E
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2699:p
2695:(
2686:=
2680:)
2673:0
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2384:=
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2362:E
2337:0
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2329:,
2326:c
2322:E
2227:L
2223:P
2214:P
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2204:=
2199:F
2195:P
2169:L
2165:P
2142:P
2138:P
2095:]
2092:)
2085:n
2081:t
2077:,
2074:c
2070:q
2066:+
2059:0
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2040:(
2030:0
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2022:,
2019:c
2015:p
2011:[
2003:]
2000:)
1993:n
1989:t
1985:,
1982:c
1978:q
1974:+
1967:0
1963:t
1959:,
1956:c
1952:q
1948:(
1938:n
1934:t
1930:,
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1919:[
1910:=
1904:]
1901:)
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1868:0
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1860:,
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1807:[
1799:]
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1706:p
1702:[
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