83:
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Possession of medication could lead to bullying. Transfers from prison to secure beds in psychiatric hospitals in London were taking up to a year in 2019. In the UK women represent just 5% of the prison population, however 65% of them have depression. This is more than the male population at 37%. 23% of all prisoners who self-harm are women. In 2018 the UK Government published standards for the provision of services to improve the health and well-being of women in prison. The guidelines recognize that interventions must take account of gender as well as circumstances while inside prison and when they are released back into the community particularly with regard to their children. The UK Government estimates that 24% - 31% of women prisoners have one or more dependents.
393:, and he believed that the effects of aging consequently lead to a higher propensity for criminality, weak morality, and undesirable physical attributes. Stanley thus decided to test his theory that by transplanting testicles from younger men into older men, these older men's manhood would be restored. He began by using the testicles of younger executed prisoners—before moving onto using the testicles of livestock such as goats and deer—and
25:
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prisoners. Kligman, luring prisoners with compensation ranging from $ 10 to $ 300, used prisoners as subjects in wound healing studies by exposing them to unapproved products such as deodorants and foot powders. These prisoners were not fully informed about the potential side effects of these experiments and reported experiencing long-term pain, scars, blisters, cysts, and rashes from these experiments.
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428:; approximately 500,000 people were operated on between 1910 and 1995. By 1990, 44 states and eight federal prisons offered plastic surgery in some form. Many of these surgeries were considered "cosmetic" operations, and involved facelifts, blepharoplasties, chin augmentation, scar removal, and more, the goal being to reduce recidivism, based on psychological theories surrounding
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incarceration. However, upon release, inmates do not continue to receive the treatment they need and oftentimes their condition reverts to pre-incarceration level severity. Although US prisoners are entitled to medical care and receive more treatment than they do in the outside world, the marginal nature of prison healthcare and US
120:. Enclosed prison populations are particularly vulnerable to infectious diseases, including arthritis, asthma, hypertension, cervical cancer, hepatitis, tuberculosis, AIDS, and HIV, and mental health issues, such as Depression, mania, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These conditions link prison healthcare to issues of
512:
produced a report on prison healthcare in
November 2018. They found that difficulties in getting prescribed medication had led to prisoners being hospitalised. They had to make an appointment for medication which outside prison was freely available and they could only get one day's supply at a time.
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are major providers of prison healthcare. In the 21st century, little has been published on curricula for prison healthcare, and few textbooks exist. Prisons are a complicated, stigmatized environment to practice medicine, which makes it difficult to develop specific training programs for them. It is
420:
Protocol (it is important to note that Dow
Chemical paid Kligman to conduct these experiments in order to analyze the effects of this Vietnam War-era chemical warfare agent). While the records of these experiments were destroyed, there is proof that this was not the only time Kligman experimented on
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is a primary motivation. These partnerships are supported for the improvements they make to public health and the training opportunities they provide for medical students, although specialized medical training in prison settings is rare. The outsourcing of prison healthcare has led to controversies
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recommended that on admission there should be a health check with confidential testing for hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV. In 2016, there were more than 4,400 prisoners aged 60 or over in
England and Wales, and the number was increasingly rapidly. "They are sicker and more likely to have complex
160:
methods.Screening for STI's in prisons is prevalent and well-organized. Inmates infected with HIV have superior access to treatment and care than the general population. HIV infected prisoners typically see their condition improve while incarcerated and oftentimes reduce their HIV to the point that
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often aren't available for criminals; most prisoners have an untreated mental disorder and psychiatric care or treatment is expensive for the mentally ill. 64 percent of jail inmates, 54 percent of state prisoners, and 45 percent of federal prisoners in the US report having mental health concerns.
618:
Prison is often the first place that people in the USA are able to receive medical treatment that they couldn't afford outside. Inmates often receive more medical treatment in prison than they do in the outside world, largely because many ex-prisoners lose federal benefits such as
Medicaid after
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prisoners between 1963 and 1973, endocrinologist Carl Heller experimented on prisoners by designing a contraption that would radiate their testicles at varying amounts in order to test what effects radiation has on male reproduction. Prisoners were compensated for their participation, but it was
632:
often does not meet the needs of women prisoners, such as in the areas of pregnancy and prenatal care, menstrual hygiene and gynecological services, and mental health, especially associated with past trauma or sexual abuse. Despite offering quality medical assistance to certain prisoners with
353:
Andrea J. Pitts argues that the punitive purpose of prisons prevents most doctors from adequately treating and caring for prisoner patients.In addition, the press has recently become interested in uncovering the unequal treatment of prisoners, highlighting how some prisoners receive special
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treatment. As a result, any major and costly improvements to prison health initiatives may face backlash from the public, who see prisoners as undeserving of such advantages. Doctors' and medical centers' increased reliance on prisons for providing access to patients ultimately creates a
207:
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The separation of prison healthcare from other medical specialties and healthcare systems leads to its isolation and stigmatization as a field, despite some countries' promise for "equivalence" in healthcare between prison and non-prison patients.
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McLeod, Katherine E.; Butler, Amanda; Young, Jesse T.; Southalan, Louise; Borschmann, Rohan; Sturup-Toft, Sunita; Dirkzwager, Anja; Dolan, Kate; Acheampong, Lawrence Kofi; Topp, Stephanie M.; Martin, Ruth Elwood; Kinner, Stuart A. (March 2020).
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With increased care came increased costs. Compared to the UK, the US now uses more partnerships with universities and the private sector to provide healthcare to prison populations. Cutting costs from public health crises, like mental health,
82:
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cancer cells into them in order to learn about how people's immune systems would react when directly exposed to cancer cells. Some of the results include the growth of cancerous nodules in these individuals. Lastly, in a study involving
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Baffoe-Bonnie, Terrylyna; Ntow, Samuel Kojo; Awuah-Werekoh, Kwasi; Adomah-Afari, Augustine (5 December 2019). "Access to a quality healthcare among prisoners – perspectives of health providers of a prison infirmary, Ghana".
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is a non-profit physician organization founded in August, 1992 as national educational and scientific society for the advancement of correctional medicine, and became the
American College of Correctional Physicians in 2015.
1557:"Studying prison experiments Research: For 20 years, a dermatologist used the inmates of a Philadelphia prison as the willing subjects of tests on shampoo, foot powder, deodorant, and later, mind-altering drugs and dioxin"
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1821:
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Oftentimes, medical research and studies conducted by doctors on prisoners were unethical and led to detrimental health effects for these prisoners. A prime example occurred from 1913 to 1951 when Doctor
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and unethical medical research conducted on prisoners. Spates of prison uprisings and campaigns for prisoners' rights pressured the US prison system to change. In the 1970s, widespread intervention by
331:
in the United States, students believed they benefited from exposure to a diverse patient population although the prison's remote location and lack of organized schedule made the experience difficult.
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Another example of the unethical experimentation on prisoners is the case of Doctor Albert
Kligman, a famous dermatologist at the University of Pennsylvania who is more known for his discovery of
489:
Within the last several decades, the number of prisoners in
England and Wales has almost doubled. As a result, the prisons are overcrowded and the health of the prisoners is at a higher risk.
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that discriminated against people based on their appearance, which intersected with racism and poverty. These surgeries were supported by the government, and, to begin with, by the public.
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Rules for the
Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (2010) outline standards for care of women offenders and prisoners and are known as the '
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Prison populations create specific medical needs, based on the communal nature of prison life and differing rates of imprisonment for different demographics. For example, general
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also hard for prisoners to receive the best medical care because they are frequently relocated and often serve short sentences. In one pilot prison-healthcare
2325:"Prison health situation and health rights of young people incarcerated in sub-Saharan African prisons and detention centres: a scoping review of extant literature"
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were held. Historically, prison healthcare services have been designed for the majority male prison population and frequently fail to meet basic needs of women.
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discovered that they were not fully informed about the risks of the experiment—such as significant pain, inflammation, and a risk of acquiring testicular cancer.
2293:
Pitts, Andrea J. (2019). "Carceral
Medicine and Prison Abolition: Trust and Truth-telling in Correctional Healthcare". In Sherman, Ben; Goguen, Stacey (eds.).
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Healthcare policy and services in prisons recognise the differences in health needs between women and men. Women in prison have specific needs in relation to
2017:
Sufrin, Carolyn; Kolbi-Molinas, Alexa; Roth, Rachel (December 2015). "Reproductive
Justice, Health Disparities And Incarcerated Women in the United States".
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problem, as doctors are forced to balance the medical needs of their patients against the institutional needs of prisons and hospitals. These dilemmas, like
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these into the bodies of living San Quentin prisoners. By the end of his time at San Quentin, Stanley performed around 10,000 testicular procedures.
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Haley, Heather-Lyn; Ferguson, Warren; Brewer, Arthur; Hale, Janet (2009-10-26). "Correctional Health Curriculum Enhancement Through Focus Groups".
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232:
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Nweze, Victor Nnanna; Anosike, Udochukwu Godswill; Ogunwusi, Janet Folasayo; Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo; Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo (November 2021).
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Ashe, Michael Jr.; Conklin, Thomas. The Public Health Model of Correctional Health Care (Report). Ludlow, MA: Hampden County Correctional Center.
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The secondary status of healthcare in prisons and the marginalization and dependency most prisoners experience as a "captive population" pose
1624:
1582:"Tuskegee Syphilis Study not Americas only Medical Scandal Chester M. Southam, MD, Henrietta Lacks, and the Sloan-Kettering Research Scandal"
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Heidari, Raheleh; Wangmo, Tenzin; Galli, Serena; Shaw, David M.; Elger, Bernice S.; Handtkea, Violet; Bretschneider, Wiebke (November 2017).
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hold that prison healthcare should be provided by national health services and not by "prison authorities or judicial institutions".
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1968:
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won a contract for pharmacy services in the 15 Scottish prisons in May 2019. The contract for ÂŁ17 million runs until April 2022.
95:
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Before the 1960s, prisons determined what healthcare they would provide with little state or federal oversight, due to the US'
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and public health conditions, and stimulated investment in medical staff, equipment, and facilities to improve the quality of
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416:—a military herbicide and defoliant chemical. Kligman exposed these prisoners to a dosage 468 times greater than that in the
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and jails. Prison healthcare is a relatively new specialty that developed alongside the adaption of prisons into modern
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means that many prisoners also go untreated . Following the mass closure of mental health hospitals in the 1960s,
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DiZoglio, Joseph David; Telma, Kate (23 April 2021). "Proposing Abolition Theory for Carceral Medical Education".
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452:
440:
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Watson, Roger; Stimpson, Anne; Hostick, Tony (February 2004). "Prison health care: a review of the literature".
283:
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1491:"The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913-1951"
1460:"The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913-1951"
674:
386:
240:
117:
2372:; Packham, Chris (20 November 2020). "NHS Health Check Programme: a qualitative study of prison experience".
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specific illnesses, prison clinics do not meet the needs of all and often presume the continuation of the US
404:. Kligman experimented on prisoners for 20 years, starting in 1951. In 1965, Kligman exposed 75 prisoners at
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Glenn, Jason E.; Bennett, Alina M.; Hester, Rebecca J.; Tajuddin, Nadeem N.; Hashmi, Ahmar (December 2020).
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Carvalho, SĂ©rgio GarĂłfalo de; Santos, Andreia Beatriz Silva dos; Santos, Ivete Maria (September 2020).
725:"Mental Health of Prisoners: Identifying Barriers to Mental Health Treatment and Medication Continuity"
302:. The work of Villermé and other French hygienists was an inspiration to German, American, and British
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like HIV, and substance abuse are all important elements of prison healthcare, as well as knowledge of
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Pitts, Andrea J. (27 August 2018). "Examining Carceral Medicine through Critical Phenomenology".
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since 2013, yet it still remains a work in progress. Before that, it was locally commissioned by
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1057:""It's like heaven over there": medicine as discipline and the production of the carceral body"
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1719:"Gender Specific Standards to Improve Health and Wellbeing for Women in Prison in England"
1020:
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Kaufman, A.; Holbrook, J.; Collier, I.; Farabaugh, L.; Jackson, R.; Johnston, T. (1979).
439:
Another relevant case of the unethical experimentation on prisoners involves the case of
1985:
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Doctor Chester Southam, who recruited prisoners during the 1950s and 1960s and injected
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2209:"Global Prison Health Care Governance and Health Equity: A Critical Lack of Evidence"
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294:, was published in 1820. Doctors often had to pass judgment on whether patients were
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1229:"Improving the health and wellbeing for women in prison - UK Health Security Agency"
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917:"Infectious Diseases and the Criminal Justice System: A Public Health Perspective"
785:"Accessibility of prison healthcare for elderly inmates, a qualitative assessment"
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or Prison Health Services providing substandard or negligent care to prisoners.
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health needs than people of an equivalent age who are living in the community".
493:
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378:
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282:. Another early development in the history of prison healthcare was the work of
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from prison libraries. Modern US prison healthcare arose after events like the
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1522:"Experimentation on prisoners: persistent dilemmas in rights and regulations"
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Reading is my window : books and the art of reading in women's prisons
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243:. Aside from medical care, prisoners were often used by doctors to conduct
152:
in need of geriatric healthcare. In addition, treatment for mental health,
2119:
Hewson, Thomas; Shepherd, Andrew; Hard, Jake; Shaw, Jennifer (July 2020).
1598:
1203:
1182:"On Prisons as They Are and as They Should Be by Louis-René Villermé 1820"
3824:
3601:
2485:
2453:
2311:
Romero, MarĂa Luisa; Stalman, Luisa; Hidalgo SolĂ , Azul (14 April 2021).
2189:
1740:"Lloyds given ÂŁ17m contract to run pharmacy services in Scottish prisons"
1647:"Prisoners hospitalised because of lack of access to medicines, MPs find"
443:
433:
394:
382:
307:
2368:
Williams, Marie; Thomson, Louise; Butcher, Elizabeth; Morriss, Richard;
1349:
1325:
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Alemagno, Sonia A.; Wilkinson, Margaret; Levy, Leonard (February 2004).
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3763:
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1822:"As Health Care in Jails Goes Private, 10 Days Can Be a Death Sentence"
612:
521:
429:
401:
132:. Prisoner dependency on provided healthcare raises unique problems in
129:
87:
1960:
A Plague of Prisons: The Epidemiology of Mass Incarceration in America
974:"5 pads for 2 cellmates: Period inequity remains a problem in prisons"
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2554:
2295:
Overcoming Epistemic Injustice: Social and Psychological Perspectives
579:
409:
275:
113:
2121:"Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of prisoners"
2030:
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Reingle Gonzalez, Jennifer M.; Connell, Nadine M. (December 2014).
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dilemmas for doctors practicing in prisons. Feminist theorist and
228:
206:
81:
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Van Hout, Marie-Claire; Mhlanga-Gunda, Rosemary (December 2019).
1934:
Health in Prisons: A WHO Guide to the Essentials in Prison Health
16:
Medical treatment in prisons, jails, and other penal institutions
2400:
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IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics
599:
583:
447:
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2404:
1765:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 33.
3151:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
1625:"Prisoners 'should get same healthcare as general population'"
470:
469:
Like other countries, prisoners in Ghana are at high risk for
18:
538:
Incarceration of women in the United States § Healthcare
215:, 1791, showing the floor plan of a prison with a designated
1695:"Women in prison: standards to improve health and wellbeing"
3570:
2304:
Victorian Prison Lives: English Prison Biography, 1820-1914
306:
leaders and spurred an overhaul in the conditions in which
1903:"How Bad is Prison Health Care? Depends on Who's Watching"
550:, infamous for its overcrowding and poor health conditions
318:
Prison healthcare is not currently a primary component of
2052:
1254:"The Gender Divide: Tracking women's state prison growth"
685:
Mental health among female offenders in the United States
2313:
The Covid-19 Pandemic and Prison Policy in Latin America
2086:"A pandemia no cárcere: intervenções no superisolamento"
262:
Prison medicine began, in its most rudimentary form, in
999:"Female contraception policies at US prisons and jails"
43:
695:
Mentally ill people in United States jails and prisons
558:. Psychological treatment often included moral-uplift
2297:. New York: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 221–236.
360:
organ donation in the United States prison population
1673:"Prisoners face 'year-long' waits for hospital beds"
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1221:
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provides healthcare for people in about 30 prisons.
477:. The relationship between prisons and the national
90:
medical staff performing medical consultations at a
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Holmesburg Detention Center and House of Correction
1831:
1319:
1317:
910:
908:
424:In many instances, the incarcerated also received
2252:"Prison health during the COVID-19 era in Africa"
502:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
3491:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1409:
1407:
492:Health care in prisons has been commissioned by
235:have grown exponentially, creating the need for
213:An Account of the Principal Lazarettos in Europe
592:National Commission on Correctional Health Care
266:, under the health reforms promoted by wealthy
2199:American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions
2019:Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health
1326:"The Challenge of Providing Prison Healthcare"
1202:Goyau, Pierre-Louis-Théophile-Georges (1912).
574:improved conditions of confinement, including
3586:
2416:
2053:"American College of Correctional Physicians"
247:and conduct teaching, a practice amenable to
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2318:(Report). Peter D. Bell Rule of Law Program.
2201:. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith Publishing.
1812:
1810:
1808:
921:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
481:is also weak, leading to disorganized care.
1363:
1361:
1359:
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608:infectious diseases within American prisons
586:medical services. Guidelines issued by the
362:, make it difficult for doctors to provide
3875:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3620:
3593:
3579:
3571:
3173:International Network of Prison Ministries
2559:
2423:
2409:
2401:
1873:10.1001/virtualmentor.2008.10.2.msoc1-0802
432:. They also offered a way to subvert the "
389:. Stanley had an interest in the field of
4216:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
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2329:BMC International Health and Human Rights
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70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2999:Mentally ill people in the United States
1417:International Journal of Prisoner Health
1282:"Medical Education Goes to Prison: Why?"
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
831:International Journal of Nursing Studies
824:
822:
820:
520:for its prison healthcare. For example,
385:movement—served as the chief surgeon at
286:(1782–1863), a physician and pioneering
1932:. In Møller, Lars; et al. (eds.).
1820:; Plambeck, Joseph (27 February 2005).
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
864:
862:
860:
715:
630:Health care in American women's prisons
566:of 1968 revealed the corruption of the
298:to avoid labor—a practice continued on
3252:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
789:Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine
2164:"Prison Health and Medical Education"
1786:Woodward, Colin Edward (2018-03-22).
1675:. Health Service Journal. 28 May 2019
1619:
1617:
500:. Guidelines produced in 2016 by the
7:
4354:
4115:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3554:
1742:. Pharmaceutical Journal. 3 May 2019
1160:"Fothergill, John (1712-1780)"
625:Mental health services in US prisons
227:was rarely used as a punishment for
161:they have undetectable viral loads.
4364:
1963:. The New Press. pp. 115–116.
1857:"Why Prisoners Deserve Health Care"
655:Healthcare for LGBT prison patients
594:also improved prisoner healthcare.
412:, the main poisonous ingredient in
251:that prefer scientific analysis of
4251:Medical Scientist Training Program
1998:American Psychological Association
642:Society of Correctional Physicians
588:American Public Health Association
14:
2213:American Journal of Public Health
2103:10.1590/1413-81232020259.15682020
915:Nijhawan, Ank E. (October 2016).
871:Teaching and Learning in Medicine
729:American Journal of Public Health
408:in Pennsylvania to high doses of
274:and his collaborator, well-to-do
4383:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4344:
4343:
3553:
3542:
3541:
2181:10.1097/00001888-197912000-00003
1930:"Primary health care in prisons"
1299:10.1097/00001888-200402000-00005
1166:Dictionary of National Biography
249:evidence-based medical practices
96:Democratic Republic of the Congo
23:
4384:
3323:Countries by incarceration rate
3236:Prison Fellowship International
1984:Collier, Lorna (October 2014).
1586:Online Journal of Health Ethics
1169:. Vol. 20. pp. 66–68.
154:sexually transmitted infections
4241:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3675:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1936:. WHO Regional Office Europe.
1901:Matt York (26 February 2018).
1580:Vernon, Leonard (2020-05-29).
1520:Reiter, Keramet (April 2009).
1:
2137:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30241-8
1788:"The Arkansas prison scandal"
1370:Journal of Medical Humanities
1180:Villermé, Louis-René (1820).
997:Kronmeyer, Bob (2022-01-14).
843:10.1016/s0020-7489(03)00128-7
4221:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3988:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3215:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2090:CiĂŞncia & SaĂşde Coletiva
1537:(2): 501–566. Archived from
1330:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1252:Sawyer, Wendy (2018-01-09).
665:Experimentation on prisoners
231:. Since that year, however,
148:has increased the number of
2306:. London: Methuen & Co.
2268:10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100083
1627:. Guardian. 2 November 2016
1205:"Louis-René Villermé"
1003:Contemporary Ob/Gyn Journal
933:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.020
300:slave plantations in the US
46:, discuss the issue on the
4451:
3547:Imprisonment and detention
2475:Stanford prison experiment
1855:Paris JE (February 2008).
1651:The Pharmaceutical Journal
1489:Blue, Ethan (2009-05-01).
1458:Blue, Ethan (2009-05-01).
1382:10.1007/s10912-021-09695-1
1074:10.1186/s40352-020-00107-5
1025:Penal Reform International
802:10.1016/j.jflm.2017.10.001
680:Menopause in incarceration
535:
516:The UK has practiced some
338:
4339:
3536:
3208:Prison abolition movement
3166:Florida Justice Institute
2342:10.1186/s12914-019-0200-z
2256:Public Health in Practice
1507:10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210
1495:Pacific Historical Review
1476:10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210
1464:Pacific Historical Review
1429:10.1108/IJPH-02-2019-0014
883:10.1080/10401330903228513
635:prison–industrial complex
453:Oregon State Penitentiary
441:Sloan-Kettering Institute
255:, rather than relying on
241:correctional institutions
211:Print from John Howard's
118:disciplinary institutions
4175:Transplantation medicine
4066:Clinical neurophysiology
3983:Obstetric anesthesiology
3903:Interventional radiology
3663:Digestive system surgery
3259:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2703:Administrative detention
2374:Journal of Public Health
2225:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305465
1957:Drucker, Ernest (2011).
1133:10.3138/ijfab.2017.08.11
741:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302043
675:Incarceration and health
590:and the creation of the
387:San Quentin State Prison
324:academic medical centers
4046:Intensive care medicine
4020:Mass gathering medicine
3865:Maternal–fetal medicine
3337:Films featuring prisons
3194:Mount Tamalpais College
2848:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2578:Corrective labor colony
1928:Fraser, Andrew (2007).
1761:Sweeney, Megan (2010).
564:Arkansas prison scandal
510:Health Select Committee
3638:Cardiothoracic surgery
2971:Contemplative programs
2678:Youth detention center
2530:Prisoner of conscience
2386:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa189
2302:Priestley, P. (1985).
1986:"Incarceration nation"
1324:Ginn, Stephen (2012).
700:Prison plastic surgery
551:
426:prison plastic surgery
220:
98:
4289:Personalized medicine
4148:Reproductive medicine
4073:Occupational medicine
4027:Evolutionary medicine
3222:Prison-Ashram Project
2125:The Lancet Psychiatry
1990:Monitor on Psychology
1861:AMA Journal of Ethics
1726:Public Health England
1599:10.18785/ojhe.1602.03
1530:California Law Review
1211:Catholic Encyclopedia
545:
508:The House of Commons
364:patient-centered care
210:
126:preventive healthcare
85:
4309:Traditional medicine
4269:Alternative medicine
4136:Addiction psychiatry
3950:Transfusion medicine
3945:Medical microbiology
3860:Gynecologic oncology
3712:Reproductive surgery
3406:Ireland, Republic of
3096:Solitary confinement
2657:Prisoner-of-war camp
2197:McKelvey, B (1977).
1907:The Marshall Project
1544:on 8 September 2015.
1258:www.prisonpolicy.org
1061:Health & Justice
660:Correctional nursing
611:with companies like
576:health care services
556:"hands-off" doctrine
479:Ghana Health Service
371:Nelson Mandela Rules
110:healthcare providers
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
34:may not represent a
4331:History of medicine
4314:Veterinary medicine
4121:Preventive medicine
3973:Adolescent medicine
3815:Infectious diseases
3273:Prison Reform Trust
1836:on 19 November 2018
1818:Zielbauer, Paul von
1155:Payne, Joseph Frank
690:Mental health court
498:primary care trusts
351:prison abolitionist
284:Louis-René Villermé
270:and devout ascetic
233:incarceration rates
112:care for people in
4279:Molecular oncology
4236:Doctor of Medicine
4226:Master of Medicine
4143:Radiation oncology
4015:Emergency medicine
3968:Addiction medicine
3935:Clinical chemistry
3930:Clinical pathology
3722:Transplant surgery
3680:Orthopedic surgery
3658:Colorectal surgery
3280:WriteAPrisoner.com
3043:Protective custody
2592:Extermination camp
2523:Political prisoner
1909:. Associated Press
1827:The New York Times
1021:"UN Bangkok Rules"
621:mass incarceration
552:
259:patient accounts.
221:
99:
4410:Prison healthcare
4397:
4396:
4231:Master of Surgery
4195:
4194:
4180:Tropical medicine
4126:Prison healthcare
4041:Hospital medicine
4005:Disaster medicine
3995:Aviation medicine
3810:Hospital medicine
3717:Surgical oncology
3702:Pediatric surgery
3696:
3643:Endocrine surgery
3568:
3567:
3504:England and Wales
3244:Prison Legal News
3229:Prison Fellowship
3187:Justice Defenders
2857:
2856:
2461:Prison healthcare
2168:Academic Medicine
1653:. 5 November 2018
1555:Goodman, Howard.
1286:Academic Medicine
1233:ukhsa.blog.gov.uk
735:(12): 2328–2333.
381:—a member of the
341:Prisoners' rights
335:Ethics and rights
320:medical education
264:Victorian England
150:elderly prisoners
146:population ageing
106:medical specialty
102:Prison healthcare
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
4442:
4387:
4386:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4051:Medical genetics
4036:General practice
3913:Nuclear medicine
3788:Gastroenterology
3744:Vascular surgery
3694:
3621:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3529:
3520:
3513:
3511:Northern Ireland
3506:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3307:
3300:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3254:
3247:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3075:
3068:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2964:
2957:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2850:
2841:
2834:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2717:Maximum security
2712:
2705:
2698:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2560:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2402:
2397:
2364:
2354:
2344:
2319:
2317:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2279:
2246:
2236:
2202:
2193:
2183:
2158:
2148:
2115:
2105:
2096:(9): 3493–3502.
2080:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1830:. Archived from
1814:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1561:baltimoresun.com
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1116:
1097:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1052:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:. Vol 67 No 02.
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
969:
963:
962:
952:
912:
903:
902:
866:
855:
854:
826:
815:
814:
804:
780:
771:
770:
760:
720:
705:Prisoner suicide
670:Forensic nursing
546:The Confederate
245:medical research
92:Kabare Territory
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4425:Equality rights
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4335:
4324:Chief physician
4257:
4202:
4191:
4185:Travel medicine
4170:Sports medicine
4153:Sexual medicine
4093:Palliative care
4088:Pain management
4032:Family medicine
4010:Diving medicine
3956:
3884:
3846:
3839:
3755:
3748:
3707:Plastic surgery
3653:General surgery
3633:Cardiac surgery
3614:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3569:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3495:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3138:
3129:
3124:Women in prison
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3027:Private prisons
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2953:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2853:
2846:
2837:
2830:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2688:Security levels
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2549:
2542:
2537:Prisoner of war
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2434:
2429:
2370:Khunti, Kamlesh
2367:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2249:
2205:
2196:
2174:(12): 925–931.
2161:
2118:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2073:Further reading
2070:
2061:
2059:
2057:www.accpmed.org
2051:
2050:
2046:
2031:10.1363/47e3115
2016:
2015:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1336:(7875): 26–28.
1323:
1322:
1315:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1214:. Vol. 15.
1201:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1118:
1117:
1100:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1014:
996:
995:
991:
982:
980:
971:
970:
966:
914:
913:
906:
868:
867:
858:
828:
827:
818:
782:
781:
774:
722:
721:
717:
713:
651:
540:
534:
487:
467:
462:
343:
337:
316:
280:John Fothergill
205:
142:
76:
65:
59:
56:
41:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:Women's health
4417:
4412:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4371:
4361:
4351:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4262:Related topics
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4211:Medical school
4207:
4205:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:Sleep medicine
4162:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3978:Anesthesiology
3975:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:Neuroradiology
3905:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3845:Obstetrics and
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3729:
3727:Trauma surgery
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3690:Otolaryngology
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3616:subspecialties
3606:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3550:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3352:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3298:Rehabilitation
3293:
3291:
3290:Leaving prison
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3180:Justice Action
3176:
3169:
3162:
3159:Black and Pink
3155:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2880:
2873:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2832:Prison escapes
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2742:
2738:
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2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
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2706:
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2691:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2682:
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2674:
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2653:
2646:
2639:
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2630:
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2602:
2595:
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2557:
2551:
2550:
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2547:
2540:
2533:
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2519:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2365:
2320:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2247:
2219:(3): 303–308.
2203:
2194:
2159:
2131:(7): 568–570.
2116:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2044:
2025:(4): 213–219.
2009:
1976:
1969:
1949:
1942:
1920:
1893:
1867:(2): 113–115.
1847:
1804:
1792:Arkansas Times
1778:
1772:978-0807871003
1771:
1753:
1731:
1710:
1686:
1664:
1638:
1613:
1572:
1547:
1512:
1501:(2): 210–241.
1481:
1470:(2): 210–241.
1450:
1423:(4): 349–365.
1403:
1376:(2): 335–342.
1355:
1313:
1292:(2): 123–127.
1269:
1244:
1217:
1194:
1172:
1146:
1098:
1036:
1012:
989:
964:
927:(4): 399–407.
904:
877:(4): 310–317.
856:
837:(2): 119–128.
816:
772:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
650:
647:
572:federal courts
533:
530:
526:LloydsPharmacy
486:
485:United Kingdom
483:
466:
463:
461:
458:
347:medical ethics
336:
333:
315:
312:
268:philanthropist
219:at bottom left
204:
201:
193:United Nations
141:
140:Scope of field
138:
134:medical ethics
94:prison in the
78:
77:
38:of the subject
36:worldwide view
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4447:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Health policy
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4390:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4370:
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4352:
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4341:
4338:
4332:
4329:
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4321:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:Public health
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4274:Allied health
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
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4224:
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4108:
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4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Oral medicine
4081:
4079:
4078:Ophthalmology
4076:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
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4049:
4047:
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4039:
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3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Cytopathology
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3911:
3909:
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3880:Urogynecology
3878:
3876:
3873:
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3868:
3866:
3863:
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3783:Endocrinology
3781:
3779:
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3771:
3769:
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3527:United States
3524:
3519:
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3403:
3400:
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3319:
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3143:Organizations
3141:
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3121:
3118:
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3073:United States
3070:
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3034:United States
3031:
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3007:
3006:Mobile phones
3003:
3000:
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2962:United States
2959:
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2947:Social issues
2945:
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565:
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560:bibliotherapy
557:
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523:
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518:privatization
514:
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391:endocrinology
388:
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365:
361:
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352:
348:
342:
334:
332:
330:
325:
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313:
311:
309:
305:
304:public health
301:
297:
293:
290:whose study,
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
257:self-reported
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:Before 1775,
218:
214:
209:
202:
200:
198:
197:Bangkok Rules
194:
190:
186:
185:mental health
183:
182:contraception
179:
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162:
159:
158:public health
155:
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3766: /
3685:Hand surgery
3670:Neurosurgery
3462:Soviet Union
3305:Work release
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2696:House arrest
2650:Penal colony
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2001:. Retrieved
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1864:
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1833:the original
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1734:
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1667:
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1232:
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1175:
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1124:
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3648:Eye surgery
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2380:: 174–183.
1657:24 February
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795:: 223–228.
494:NHS England
475:hepatitis C
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322:, although
296:malingering
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272:John Howard
178:post-partum
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3805:Hematology
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3793:Hepatology
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3348:By country
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2606:Internment
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2062:2015-10-26
2003:2017-01-18
1704:2022-03-13
1631:3 December
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