Knowledge (XXG)

1071:(1) Shree Ganesh, I pray to you. Please help us Shree Kalika. Please help us Shree 3 Shiva Gorakhnath. Now I start writing about Shree 5 Prithvi Narayan Shah. Shree Shree Shree 5 Old Maharaja, after the victory of three cities of Nepal and states of Hindupati (Sen Kings of Makwanpur, Chaudandi and Bijayapur), addressed Priests (Gurupurohit), six castes of people (tharghar) who helped secure the Kingdom of Dravya Shah in Gorkha, the first king of Gorkha Shah dynasty, brothers, courtiers, his Magar Dada Surathi Singh Rana Magar and all elderly who gathered in Nuwakot. (2) They say after old people die, their saying (sharing of experience) goes to the next generation. If I will tell all of you, you will tell your descendants and your descendants will tell our de- scendants, thus this state will be saved and ruled (in future). (3) Our mothers were three. We were the incarnation of Pancha Pandava (five brothers, sons of Kunti and Madri in Mahabharata epic) from three different Chambers. (4) My marriage was held in Makwanpur. But my bride (dola) was not handed over to me so I visited Makwanpur and in the meantime also wanted to see Nepal. There I told Digbandhan Sen by strongly persuading him-“if you give me ek danta Elephant (having one tooth only-a symbol of good omen) and Naulakha Haar (expensive necklace made of diamond and other jewels), I will take my bride”. (Otherwise....) I threatened him saying that I will take her by force by fighting with the sword. After that, I left (Makwanpur). (5) So that Nepal King would not recognise and arrest me, I wore a Syakhu (local thick woollen cloth worn covering head and back, generally put on by farmers and porters), I walked with Bhanu Jaisi (Aryal, Astrologer), Kulananda Jaisi (Dhakal, Astrologer), and other Tharghar along the banks of the river Rapti. After we arrived at Chandragiri, I asked them which one was Nepal and they showed me pointing to Patan, Bhaktapur and Kathmandu. In my mind, I was thinking that it would be excellent if I become the king of all three cities. At exactly the same time, both Jaisis said that Maharaj’s wishes would be fulfilled. I was surprised and asked them how did they know about my wishes in my mind. They replied that while You were watching at Nepal (Three cities of the valley), You put your hand at your mustache. Then we thought that You had a wish to become the King of Nepal and we said so. When I further asked whether these wishes would be fulfilled, they stated that as You have high respects for Cows, Brahmins, Guests, Fakirs (Yogis), and Gods and Goddesses, and we have blessings of Saraswoti (Goddess of Learning) on our hands, You would surely get the states of Nepal. (6) We walked through the big Pass of Thangkot and reached Dhading by crossing Kahlarighat trekking day and night. (7) I asked Jaisi to write an order (Rukka) to my three brave men, who were stationed in (Gautan ko Birhauto: new settlement at Gautan, northwest of Gorkha) Liglig Fort (Aadh) at the side Hill (Khawa) of Chepe (river). He asked their names. And I gave him their names: Ranajit Basnyat, Man Singh Rokaha and Birbhadra Pathak. I wrote them to come to Maidhi as soon as possible and they arrived. I consulted with them in private and told them that I had threat- ened Digbandhan Sen and I saw Nepal. I keep my inner desire to attack (Nepal), what do you 1078:(8) After we arrived, my maternal uncle (Crown Prince Udyot Sen, son of King Gandharva Sen of Palpa) who had gone to have a darshan (pilgrimage, seeing the image of deity) of Nilakan- tha (Gosaikunda) and Pashupati via Devghat, came to Gorkha for the darshan of Gorakhnath, where we met after his darshan. (9) I said “ Uncle, I had gone to Makwanpur and (on the way back) I saw Nepal, I have earnest desire to attack (Nepal), please tell me how my mission would be accomplished ? Give me your good counsel ?” He gave me his advice in the Pancharatra. He said “When we see, we think that there is an incarnation of Pancha Pandava (Five brothers including Prithvi Narayan Shah), Nepal can not be captured without any Kuruchhetra (place of decisive battle between Kauravas and Pandavas in Mahabharat), Lamjung is a ‘Garud’, Gorkha is a ‘Snake’ and Nepal is a ‘Frog’. So first we have to deceive ‘Garud’ to eat the ‘Frog’.” I said “ I have four castes of soldiers, on whom I should trust the most to mount an attack to get quick suc- cess ?” He asked “which are the castes ? I told him- Bahun, Khas, Magar and Thakuri”. He replied “ Bahun is like a bull, so it is a sin to send Bahun, Thakuri is like a Lion, later there will be a betrayal, Magar is like a Tagan Horse, it will be slow, Khas is like a Tazi Turki Horse, so it is better to depend on Khas for faster success”. He gave other important advice before he left which I took into consideration. (10) I went to see King of Lamjung Ripumardan Shah. We met at Chepe Ghat. We talked about peace. The key points which I had in mind from which there would be a peace agreement, ex- actly the same points were conveyed by Kalu Pandey. Thus the strong agreement was possible and established. I was surprised, and thought that he made me happy, but in the sacred car- dinal documents of Hinduism also, it is written that the Kazi post should be given to the per- son with whom general public are happy. I consulted with the public and found that they liked Kalu Pandey. They advised me if you give Kazi post to him, we feel protected. I also checked in Baisi Chaubisi about him and found that they liked him. Even though I wished to give the post of Kazi to Biraj Bakheti, I awarded this post to Kalu Pandey because he was considered to be wiser. (11) Then I thought I will make a bond between Pandey and Basnyat, I asked Kalu Pandey to give his daughter’s hand for marriage to Kehar Singh Basnyat, son of Shivaram (Singh) Basnyat. Thus through this family bond, I mounted an attack on Nepal (three city-states of Kathmandu Valley) and won it by the shields of Pandeys and swords of Basnyats. (12) I assigned Ranajit Basnyat, Man Singh Rokaha and Birbhadra Pathak in Gautanko Birhauto at Liglig Aadh and told them that I will come to Salyankot Devi for darshan on an auspicious day as the deity is believed to be giving blessings to the devotees (which becomes true in real life). I also reached there. We established Tharpu (temporary camp) in the barren land. I asked with Tharghar and Baraha-Umraos of Salyani whether I can have the darshan of the 1084:(13) Every morning and evening, I used to go to the door for darshan and worship at the temple reciting religious texts and mantras. One night I had a dream. I saw one seven-eight year old girl with Khadga (curved swords) in her both hands coming near me. Her face was partly cov- ered by a shawl. I asked her“ Who is your father ? She replied “ I am the daughter of Priest Rana (Magar)”. And she gave me both the swords. Something was shining which she took out from her bosom. She gave me something to swallow near my mouth and said “I have fulfilled your wishes, so you should also give something for me”. As she was leaving taking two steps forward, I was awake from the dream. I called Bhanu Jaisi, Kulananda Jaisi and Priest Rana Magar, and asked about the dream. They said that she was the Goddess and You had a darshan of her. I immediately arranged for incense, lamp, prayer cloth, and fruits and sweets for the daily worship. I also managed and dedicated seven male buffalos and seven male goats for sacrifice for a special worship and presented some lands near Borlang Ghat and the Ghat’s all income to the Goddess. And I left on the same auspicious moment. (14) Marching day and night, I arrived and established a temporary camp in Simalchaur Square. My intention was (to capture) Nuwakot but I pretended to remain in Khinchet for making canal for agricultural lands. I used to go to the temple of Beni Indrayani at Betravati crossing the river by boat for reciting religious texts. I used to meditate and concentrate my mind on Devi (Goddesses) of Salyankot, Indrayani and Bhairavi. (15) Mahamandal is like a rival wife of Nuwakot. In Mahamandal, there was a Gyami (Jayant Rana Magar). I sent him a message saying that you were our own man, leave Mahamandal and come to join me. He retorted “I was your own man but I had eaten the salt of Jaya Prakash Malla, so I would fight till death”. (16) One day I was sitting in the Council and I had a nap. I was actually daydreaming and I saw that I was at the temple of Indrayani. I overheard a voice saying that there was an auspicious moment for attack on Nuwakot after one week and Nuwakot can be conquered. I immediately asked astrologer to see the calendar. He told me that there was one big auspicious moment in the early morning of Saturday after one week. (17) At the same given auspicious moment we climbed up to Nuwakot and the battle broke out. (Bali) Panth, who was our staunch fighter and my brother Dalmardan Shah at the age of twelve only, made a decisive stroke of the sword (Jethi Tarwar) on the head of (Shankhamani) Rana Magar (Chief of Nuwakot). And we were victorious over Nuwakot and we celebrated this victo- ry. (18) We had established security posts (Thanas) at Kakani and Shivapuri as battlefront. (19) Parshuram Thapa was requesting me to come to attack Nepal assuring his support. (But...) in the mean time he had sent his brother to Baisi Chaubisi with financial support (a sum of one hundred twenty thousand rupees) to incite them to attack us from rear and I came to know 1098:(26) Do not award contracts in the country. Government itself should give works (on the basis of daily wages) under one office and keep accounts of each and every income and expenditure. Even if there are good soldiers and courtiers, stop them earning undue properties. Watch them closely and allow them to have properties only to maintain their conditions and posts. It is because the rich people can not have courage to fight with the swords and kill others and die in the battle. If not controlled, only bad people or enemy would shine (prevail). If soldiers, brothers and courtiers do not involve themselves in entertainments and recreational activities, my swords will prevail in all four directions. If not, there will be anarchy. (27) I conquered this country with no smaller hardships. Hence, it is a garden of all sorts (castes) of people. Everyone should be aware of this. All people, big and small, of four races and thirty six castes of this garden (country) should maintain (and develop) this garden. This is a real land of the Hindus. Do not abandon your own religion (being practiced for generations). (28) Everybody should be loyal to the master (King) and work for him. Do not take away the post of Kapardar (treasurer) from the descendants of Kalu (Khadka Magar) kapardar. Do not take away the responsibility of maintaining peace with the South (East India Company or India) from the descendants of Shivram (Singh) Basnyat. Do not take away the responsibility of maintaining peace with Tibet from the descendants of Kalu Pandey. (29) While extending compensation to Pandey, Basnyat, Pantha brothers and Magar, give them in rotational basis. They are all my good loyal servants (of salt and of gratefulness). If they had committed any grave wrong-doing even to the extent of equivalence of death penalty, do not kill them but send them to war. If they survive, it is well and good, but if they die in the battle, you do not have to take the blame of their deaths because they were killed by others. King should not kill his people in his own house. (30) King should see that the justice is done. Do not give any space to injustice in the state. People who give bribe and corrupt officials who take bribe are the big enemies of the king (state). There is no sin whatsoever if you confiscate their property and take even the life of these types of people. (31) The main thing is that King should give lands to the soldiers whose service is required to the state. They will better manage and irrigate the land, and make some incomes from such activ- ities (both tiller and owner will get economic benefits). Their families will be free of economic burden. Thus soldiers will feel confident whether they are at the gate of the palace (near) or in the forts (far). (32) While making administrative appointments, arrange for a Company with hundred guns and you should examine and appoint a Subedar of this Company who has been already a hero in 1105:(33) In each group, appoint people from four castes namely Khas, Magar, Gurung and Thakuri. In the battle this would be very strong. These are the only people who can hold the swords or weapons for battle. Thus we can even challenge the throne of Indra (king of heaven according to Hindu mythology), no matter any other enemy. (34) If we have with us thousands of bows, thousands of guns, thousands of curved swords and thousands of canons, we can even win over Indra. (35) In the wars, those who participate and those who attack and kill are equal. While giving job or lands, give them equally. If someone dies in the battle, his family should be given compen- sation till his son/sons are able to fight. After they are of the age to take swords, promote them to a job. If king has wisdom, best (fighters) soldiers would come to join us from other (foreign) states also, expecting a lot of good income. (36) Basic foundation of the king are soldiers and people. If the king is clever, he should keep them in good humour. Thus there will be no law and order problem. Keep soldiers always on their toes (sharpening them through training). Such well-trained soldiers do not involve themselves in unwarranted activities and we will accomplish our mission. (37) Among Gurung, Magar, Khanzyada (royal family members), brothers, courtiers, Mir Umrao, Tharghar, select veteran people to head the units in the palace and at the forts located far and wide. Do not give the entry to the Brahmin and Khas of the east and the west in the palace. Why ? Because they will bring about mismanagement in the palace (statecraft). (38) Keep all powers of the king to yourself. I had made three Baraha Umrao (Chiefs of hilltops or forts) strong like the Vajra (firmness of spirit) of Indra. I had also given them big drums and Nishans (special religious military flag), and (budget of) 240 rupees to each. They used to go for battle whether it is in Salyan, Liglig or Dhading. And they were always victorious. Thus I had earned unimaginable property (for the state). (39) Keep your house always strong by selecting experienced and loyal people around you. If you do this (check and balance), the palace (state) will be strong. If a King is clever, he should make soldiers and people happy, and keep them under his control. He should not believe in the false praise of some people but ask them to work on the basis of “salt eaten” (loyalty). (40) Operate the Mint (Coins) of the state also in a pure and clean manner. In the judicial Court (appoint Dittha) select among the Thakuris and appoint the best one. Likewise, clark of the Court (appoint Bichari) from among the Magars. Operate the courts as per the principles of justice appointing one Pandit (judge) in each place. (41) 1112:(42) If mineral resources are discovered in the village, evacuate the people of the village and oper- ate the Mines. (43) If a house is on the waterway in the terrace, move the house to another land and make the canal (for irrigation). (44) Once they gave me hand to make peace. I was called by them but when I went there, they lat- er betrayed me. I took a lot of hardships to clear the rear (Baisi Chaubisi) and was able to move ahead to capture Nepal. (45) (Armed) Naga soldiers were invited from the south to serve the interests of Jaya Parakash Malla. I killed them in Saatgaun before they could enter Nepal (Kathmandu valley). (46) Qasim Ali Khan attacked Makwanpur and I won them killing many by the strikes of 120 curved swords (Khunda), and by chasing their remaining soldiers across the border. (47) Handi Saheb attacked Sindhuli Gadhi with 3/4 Battalions and there also I killed many and seized many guns from them. (48) Three muslims came from Lukhnow to Nuwakot to meet me and ask for jobs. These muslims knew how to operate the seized guns and I gave the post of Adjutants to all three namely Sheikh Zorabar, Memtaki and Bhekharsing. They trained the soldiers. (49) When I studied the book of Nepal (Chronicles), it was written that Nepal would be a Turkana, Magarat and Muglana (territory of East India Company). It became already a Turkana. (Turk- ish invasion of Kathmandu Valley in 1347 AD by Bengal’s Turkish-origin Sultan Shamsuddin Ilias Shah). I myself is the King of Magarat. This has been also alright. But to save it from be- coming Muglana, I created (military) companies as that of Muglana by reducing the number of Thums (hill tops and forts) for austerity so as to pay for the half number of troops with guns and the other half with swords. (50) A company with hundred guns is swift and it is equivalent to one thousand soldiers. Keep one company with guns each in every fort. Territories should be divided and delineated. Give sol- diers additional cereals and other expenses for tending the fort. (51) I have one serious doubt about Muglana which is very near from us. There are all sorts of people like Chhokra (eunuchs) and Patriya (those women who do not have any shame). They play Drums (dholak), Sitar, Raag and Taan (Indian Classical music) in a room with fresco paintings. I am very much concerned that our youth might mingle with them and forget their duties. There is an obsession in Raagas and a lot of money is spent. They will take our secret information and our enemies might betray us. Nobody should practice Raagas. Do not open the route to the hills to these three types of people namely Chhokra, Patriya and Singers. (If you really want to see their performances), you can invite them during Faagu in a very few 1091:(20) This State is like a yam between two rocks. Establish enduring peace with Emperor of China. Establish peace with the Emperor from south-sea (East India Company, King of England) but he is very shrewd. He is controlling Hindushthana (India) and he has taken our territory in the plains which is at our border. If Hindusthana (India) will unite, they (East India Compa- ny) will be in difficulty and they will come searching for forts. Establish forts based on the prevailing situations in the potential routes and put obstacles and hurdles in them. One day that force will come. Do not go to attack them but only if they attack, start the war and many of them will be slain at the Chure Pass. We can also seize the treasure-trove of weaponry which can be used by our five to seven generations. Border will be fixed up to Ganga (Ganges) river. If they can not win the war, they will come through persuasion or using so many tactics and deceptions (against us). (21) These forts are like the throne of Nepal. If one can secure these forts, all four Emperors can be won. God has created these forts. There is no need to repair. Shivapuri-1, Phoolchoki-2, Chandragiri-3, Mahadevpokhari-4, Palung-5, Dapcha-6, Kahule-7. Make strong forts in these places. Keep canons in each Fort. Where there are Passes, keep one canon in each by making the iron gate and assign five soldiers in each place. After we do this, spies, rascals, murderers and the criminals who want to flee after committing crimes cannot do anything. If all the four emperors also come to attack, they can do nothing. (22) I already studied and examined the social norms made by King Ram Shah, King Jayasthiti Malla and King Mahindra Malla. I had the wish to make such norms for twelve thousand (for Gorkha) if God permitted. I wanted to open the routes of Nepal by closing the routes of the east and the west. I wished to make rules for each race and caste to practice their own rituals freely. (23) These three cities are like cold rock. The big thing here is only intrigues. The people who drink the water of wells do not have any wisdom. They are not also brave. Only conspiracies are common. My wish was to make a palace in Dahachowk including the houses of Priests, brothers, courtiers, mir umrao (chief officials of forts) in surrounding areas. And I wished to go to the three cities only for recreation purpose. (24) Do not give entry to the foreign merchants to climb above Godhparsa (Parsa Fort). If they come to our country, they will make the people bankrupt. (25) We won three cities of Nepal, nine lakh (nine hundred thousand) kirats and the state of Hindupati by wearing Chyanga Panga (garments made from coarse textile produced in the 901:, to proceed to Patna so that he might be in readiness to lead the expedition against Prithvi Narayan Shah. The considerations that weighted with the Selection Committee to decide in favour of sending military assistance to Jaya Prakash Malla can be gathered from their letters. The revival of the declining, almost dead, trade relations with Nepal and the opening up of Tibet trade through Nepali territory were two of the prime considerations. Under instructions from the Select Committee Capt. Kinloch proceeded to Patna where he was asked to await further instructions from Mr. Rumbold. Pursuant to the committee's decision to render the military assistance, Mr Rumbold and Capt. Kinloch was busy gathering all relevant information that was likely to help the expedition to success. In the meantime, Prithvi Narayan Shah was peremptorily asked to accept the East India Company mediation to which he sent an evasive reply. 699:, the Nawab of Bengal. Bikram Sen, the king of Makwanpur, was then taken prisoner by Prithvi Narayan Shah. Upon this Kanak Singh, another local Chief complained to Nawab Mir Qasim and requested his intervention. "In consequence of this complaint, the Nabab himself crossed over sending Gurgin Khan before him who arrived near Makwanpur where his whole army being destroyed the Nabab returned to Patna". The expedition of Qasim was also determined by Gurgin Khan's eagerness to test the strength and skill of the troops who he had disciplined and of the artillery which he had trained. Gurgin Khan's lust for the Nepalese gold was another cause of his earnestness to lead the expedition, although the Nawab had counselled against it. Gurgin Khan lost a great number of his men and had to leave many stands of arms. 1065: 579: 2103: 98: 717: 1179: 772: 1088: 528: 504: 984: 887:, on 6 April 1767. Golding had made a strong case for sending an expedition to the relief of Jaya Prakash Malla. According to him, if Malla was successfully relieved, the East India Company would earn his gratitude which would facilitate the opening of communication with Tibet through Nepal and this would be of great consequence to the company. Malla was offering to bear all costs of the expedition. 2366: 806:, the Chief of Kathmandu in a state of siege. All egress and ingress having been stopped, Kathmandu faced the danger of being starved into submission. The valley was completely cut off from the outside world and was controlled solely by Shah. Having understood that the Gorkhas cannot be defeated by his army alone, Jaya Prakash in this predicament sought military assistance from the 28: 826:. Shah entreated him to remain, but the recollection of the treachery of the servants was fresh in his memory and he would not be consent. Shah granted him the leave along with the expenses used for the journey. When Ranjit Malla reached the top of the Chandragiri Paa, he took a last view of Nepal, and with tears in his eyes exclaimed, " The 1138: 1101: 1094: 574: 918: 740: 668: 1150: 970: 940: 711: 1064: 949: 817: 543: 527: 1137: 1186: 1087: 1115: 1074: 716: 676: 957: 594: 1124: 864: 894:. Shah then sent a letter to Rumbold requesting his protection for a visit to Patna. Rumbold then communicated Shah's request to the president of the Select Committee. The Select Committee under the persuasion of Golding decided to instead send military assistance to Jaya Prakash Malla. 822:, and respectfully asked him to continue to rule as he had hitherto done, although Prithvi Narayan Shah had conquered the country. Ranjit Malla said that Prithvi Narayan Shah had obtained the sovereignty by the favor of God and that all that he now asked for was to be sent to 1108: 1051: 908: 613: 1279:, then it would easily be defeated and conquered in the event of a war with the company or any other foreign power. Expanding his kingdom ensured that Nepal would remain an independent state and be able to negotiate with a foreign power on equal terms. 724: 737:, due to which he fell senseless to the ground. Seeing this, the Chaukotiyas fled, and the village was set on fire. In this battle, the Gorkhalis lost 201 men, which, with the 131 killed on the former day, gives the total of 332 men. 814:. The officers in Patna of the East India Company sent the message to Bengal. The East India Company seized the opportunity and sent a warning to Prithvi Narayan Shah and decided to send an expedition to relieve Jaya Prakash. 1116: 1025: 941: 913: 653: 589: 1169: 1034: 1075: 511: 1262: 802: 1125: 1275:. Shah was convinced that the company would eventually conquer the regions bordering Nepal to the south and approach Nepal. He believed that if Nepal remained a collection of fifty 544: 531: 875: 1081: 2442: 2264: 1447: 2032: 787:. Prithvi Narayan Shah's conquest of the whole of Nepal was rendered easier by the internal dissensions among the Nepali rulers. Ranjit Malla, the chief of 2938: 937: 1759: 673: 49: 36: 1018: This is not the nation gained by my trifle efforts, this is the garden of all 4 main castes and 36 sub-castes, and may all be aware of this. 2893: 2435: 1389: 707: 2898: 2257: 1709: 1641: 1579: 1431: 1325: 818: 669: 2933: 1331: 1165: 2025: 1364: 578: 172: 127: 2918: 2428: 1743: 799: 2250: 1152: 695:, one of the gateways to Nepal from Bengal. The conquest of Makwanpur, however, brought Prithvi Narayan Shah in a collision with 2273: 1527: 849: 2878: 2018: 1356: 562: 2755: 2102: 1918: 2903: 2136: 890: 686: 202: 41: 2748: 2304: 1992: 1501: 2570: 1060:, however, he suggested maintaining friendliness but also to be wary of their shrewdness. Shah opined that "The 897: 637:. This done, Prithvi Narayan Shah sent an army against Nuwakot from three directions. The Chief of Nuwakot Kaji 2923: 2908: 1214: 831: 776: 2156: 1163:, Daapcha, and Kaahule and placing cannon in each of them in a ready state. Construction of iron doors at the 595: 2948: 2928: 2913: 2584: 2481: 2319: 2061: 1156: 324: 97: 2226: 1241: 1178: 771: 583: 228: 2741: 2943: 2849: 2556: 2383: 2073: 1291: 1057: 359: 779:. Shah is said to have planned to annex the Kathmandu valley after seeing it from the Chandragiri Hill. 2888: 2883: 2314: 2309: 2117: 1207: 1010:मेरा साना दुखले आर्ज्याको मुलुक होइन यो चार बर्ण छात्तिश जात सबैको साझा फूलबारी हो सबैलाइ चेतना भया । 835: 557: 473: 466: 1381: 2393: 2151: 2141: 1268: 762: 758: 958: 819: 720: 2398: 2375: 2354: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2161: 2146: 2131: 2091: 1441: 1264: 1061: 1053: 891: 858: 839: 811: 803: 766: 692: 663: 646: 645: 571: 545: 493: 863: 2842: 2670: 2577: 2467: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2299: 2294: 2121: 2067: 2055: 2002: 1739: 1705: 1637: 1575: 1427: 1360: 1321: 1315: 1287: 946: 807: 608: 353: 348: 302: 195: 945: 2126: 2085: 1961: 1461: 1235: 983: 830: 784: 713: 630: 626: 622: 532: 489: 458: 285: 140: 503: 2388: 2231: 2210: 1909: 1596: 1191: 1095: 942: 437: 260: 1182: 2663: 2420: 2193: 2188: 1251: 967: 880: 729: 634: 621: 567: 454: 255: 112: 2872: 2281: 2183: 2178: 1229: 1200: 963: 954: 950: 536: 497: 485: 251: 157: 2079: 1932: 1785: 1276: 792: 642: 638: 399: 363: 1829:"Nepalese Vakeels' and Faqir's deposition to Capt. Kinloch, Select Committee Pr". 1502:"Nepal marks 294th birth anniversary of founding father King Prithvi Narayan Shah" 1569: 1552: 1354: 2204: 2198: 1043: 1001: 989: 972: 791:, invoked the assistance of the Gorkha Chief due to his feud with the chiefs of 650: 563: 378: 1290:, succeeded him and his unification campaign was continued by his younger son, 1831: 1760:"Late king Prithvi Narayan Shah\'s statue unveiled in Chandragiri (In photos)" 1039: 951: 670: 625: 810: 696: 540: 27: 2242: 871: 1283: 898: 788: 591: 425: 281: 2010: 1223: 1142:(If the people are capable then the palace will also remain stronger). 823: 742: 734: 708: 596: 548:, which ignored Nepal and refused to open trade relations at the time. 516: 394: 1969: 1426:(Reprint ed.). Kathmandu: Shree Krishna Acharya. pp. 4, 5. 1272: 1160: 1126: 843: 749:, Nala, Khadpu, and Sanga, Prithvi Narayan Shah returned to Nuwakot. 746: 599: 1597:"King Prithvi Narayan Shah - The #1 Encyclopedia of Nepali History" 929: 795: 582: 2365: 1177: 987: 982: 959: 884: 862: 770: 615: 577: 502: 264: 919: 741: 1282: 453:; 11 January 1723 – 11 January 1775), was the last king of the 2424: 2246: 2014: 1187: 1102: 1818:: 244–245. 6 August 1767 – via Anglo-Nepalese Relations. 733: 21: 1008: 1786:"Install Prithvi Narayan's statue at Chandragiri hill: Oli" 1636:. Kathmandu: Navodit Haamro Pustak Bhandar. p. 180. 385: 1528:"PN Shah should be recognised founder of unified Nepal" 842:, and went to seek an asylum with Bisweswaranatha and 450: 1490:(in Nepali). Kathmandu: Sajha Prakashan. p. 215. 1738:. Delhi: Low Price Publications. pp. 172, 173. 1286:, Nuwakot on his birthday. Upon his death, his son, 1222: 448: 2374: 2280: 2219: 2171: 2110: 2048: 1634: 677:people and made the conquest easierr.and they won. 421: 413: 405: 393: 377: 347: 291: 271: 238: 234: 224: 216: 208: 201: 191: 181: 171: 163: 156: 146: 136: 126: 118: 111: 73: 1317:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 783:After this, he intended to take possession of the 535:, partially because his father had lost it to the 1704:]. Kathmandu: Pairavi Book House. p. 3. 1424:Badamaharaj Prithvi Narayan Shah ko Divya Upadesh 1219:Maharaja Prithvi Narayan Shah Memorial Foundation 1006: 570:. In the South-Eastern Terai, there were three 507:Idols of PrithviNarayan Shah with his two wives 1068:King Prithvi Narayan Shah’s Counsel (Upadesh) 712:blockaded Chaukot. Some of the people fled to 2436: 2258: 2026: 1462:"Prithvi Nārāyaṇ Shah | Gurkha king of Nepal" 1422:Acharya, Baburam, Naraharinath, Yogi (2014). 867:18th century painting of Prithvi Narayan Shah 8: 1446:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1309: 1307: 1850:Vide Bengal Past and Present, Serial No. 19 1680:. Calcutta: Modern Book Agency Private Ltd. 1621:(in Nepali). kathmandu: Nepal SahiSammelan. 442:श्री ५ बडामहाराजाधिराज पृथ्वीनारायण शाह देव 2443: 2429: 2421: 2265: 2251: 2243: 2033: 2019: 2011: 1923: 1557:. Regmi Research Project. 1968. p. 3. 1320:. Columbia University Press. p. 396. 96: 70: 1359:. Oxford University Press. p. 124. 975:revelry in which the Nepali were sunk". 488:on 7 January 1723 as the first child of 52:of all important aspects of the article. 1380:Subba, Sanghamitra (20 December 2019). 1303: 472:Prithvi Narayan Shah is considered the 1439: 374: 48:Please consider expanding the lead to 2848: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2588: 2583: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2555: 2529: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2480: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2462: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1334:from the original on 26 November 2020 1140:प्रजा मोटो भए दरबार पनि बलियो रहन्छ " 7: 2451:Family Tree of Shah Dynasty of Nepal 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1392:from the original on 31 January 2021 1314:Bowman, John S. (5 September 2000). 465:). Prithvi Narayan Shah started the 1734:Singh, Munshi Shew Shunker (1877). 1014: 167:25 September 1768 – 11 January 1775 2939:People of the Nepalese unification 1848:"Barwell's letter to his father". 1568:Śreshṭha, Buddhi Nārāyaṇa (2003). 14: 2364: 2101: 1595:Pokhrel, Aupson (8 April 2023). 962:and occupied the territories of 879:and Golding was communicated to 122:3 April 1743 – 25 September 1768 26: 1810:"Rumbold to Select Committee". 1382:"A future written in the stars" 1267:was already expanding into the 691:In 1763, the Gorkhas conquered 336: 311: 40:may be too short to adequately 1632:Adhikari, Bam Bahadur (2017). 484:Prithvi Narayan Shah was born 50:provide an accessible overview 1: 2894:18th-century monarchs in Asia 1250:Prithvi Narayan Shah Statue, 993: 649:, the king of Kantipur. Thus 103: 2899:18th-century Nepalese people 2756:Gorakshya Rajya Lakshmi Devi 2934:People from Gorkha District 2585:Rajendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi 2482:Narendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi 2062:Narendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi 1867:Chatterjee, Vide Nandalal. 449: 325:Narendra Rajya Lakshmi Devi 2965: 2571:Maiju Rani Maneshvari Devi 1702:Ranaashenko's announcement 1696:राणा, प्रमोदशमशेर (2009). 1574:. Bhumichitra. p. 6. 1571:Border Management of Nepal 999: 856: 756: 687:Battle of Makwanpur (1763) 684: 661: 606: 555: 2855: 2846: 2805: 2803: 2765: 2752: 2749:Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah 2745: 2716: 2714: 2667: 2634: 2632: 2594: 2592: 2581: 2574: 2560: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2527: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2487: 2478: 2471: 2456: 2407: 2361: 2355:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah 2335:Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah 2330:Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah 2325:Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah 2305:Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah 2099: 1999: 1990: 1987:Himself as King of Gorkha 1984: 1976: 1966: 1958: 1953: 1926: 1213:Prithvi Memorial statue, 1009: 904:In June 1767, The Nepali 883:, the company's chief at 552:Reign and military career 441: 384: 373: 95: 78: 2919:National heroes of Nepal 2350:Dipendra Bir Bikram Shah 2345:Birendra Bir Bikram Shah 2340:Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah 1979:Himself as King of Nepal 1897:Shah, Sardar Ikbal Ali. 19:King of Gorkha and Nepal 2320:Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah 2274:Heads of state of Nepal 1869:Verelst's Rule in India 1837:: 239 ff. 21 July 1767. 1678:Anglo-Nepalese Relation 1676:Chaudhari, K.C (1960). 1466:Encyclopædia Britannica 1353:Pradhan, Kumar (1991). 923:) all closely blockaded 2227:Prithvi Narayan Campus 1899:Nepal the Home of Gods 1554:Regmi Research Project 1242:Prithvi Narayan Campus 1232:: Quest for Boundaries 1183: 1022: 997: 868: 780: 651:Kaji Jayant Rana Magar 586: 584:Shivaram Singh Basnyat 508: 457:and first king of the 229:Shivaram Singh Basnyat 203:Chief of Nepalese Army 2850:Samrajya Lakshmi Devi 2384:Girija Prasad Koirala 1928:Prithvi Narayan Shah 1486:Manandhar, Triratna. 1181: 986: 866: 774: 581: 506: 102:Prithvi Narayan Shah 2879:Prithvi Narayan Shah 2843:Rajendra Bikram Shah 2475:Prithvi Narayan Shah 2411:acting head of state 2315:Surendra Bikram Shah 2310:Rajendra Bikram Shah 2290:Prithvi Narayan Shah 2118:Unification of Nepal 2042:Prithvi Narayan Shah 1812:Select Committee. Pr 1698:राणाशासनको वृत्तान्त 1208:Pashupatinath temple 1151:strong fort each on 722:gharis (12 o' clock) 558:Unification of Nepal 474:Father of the Nation 467:unification of Nepal 434:Prithvi Narayan Shah 186:Position established 74:Prithvi Narayan Shah 2742:Shidhi Lakshmi Devi 2394:Bidya Devi Bhandari 1619:PrithviNarayan Shah 1506:The Himalayan Times 1271:from their base in 1269:Indian subcontinent 763:Battle of Bhaktapur 759:Battle of Kathmandu 2557:Vidya Lakshmi Devi 2399:Ram Chandra Poudel 2092:Kaushalyavati Devi 1265:East India Company 1252:Sindhuli Gadi Fort 1184: 1159:, Mahadevpokhari, 1129:of the ancestors. 1062:East India Company 1054:East India Company 998: 892:East India Company 869: 859:Battle of Sindhuli 853:Kinloch expedition 812:East India Company 804:Jaya Prakash Malla 781: 775:Statue of Shah at 767:Battle of Lalitpur 664:Battle of Kirtipur 647:Jaya Prakash Malla 639:Jayanta Rana Magar 587: 546:East India Company 509: 494:Kaushalyavati Devi 151:Position abolished 2904:Founding monarchs 2866: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2671:Rana Bahadur Shah 2578:Pratap Singh Shah 2468:Indra Kumari Devi 2418: 2417: 2300:Rana Bahadur Shah 2295:Pratap Singh Shah 2240: 2239: 2068:Pratap Singh Shah 2056:Indra Kumari Devi 2009: 2008: 2003:Pratap Singh Shah 2000:Succeeded by 1977:Succeeded by 1764:kathmandupost.com 1711:978-11146-30-72-7 1643:978-9937-0-1568-4 1581:978-99933-57-42-1 1508:. 11 January 2016 1488:Nepal ko Ekikaran 1433:978-99933-912-1-0 1327:978-0-231-50004-3 1288:Pratap Singh Shah 808:Bengal Presidency 609:Battle of Nuwakot 463:Kingdom of Gorkha 461:(also called the 447: 431: 430: 389: 388: 354:Pratap Singh Shah 303:Indra Kumari Devi 196:Pratap Singh Shah 177:25 September 1768 67: 66: 2956: 2460: 2459: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2369: 2368: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2244: 2105: 2086:Nara Bhupal Shah 2035: 2028: 2021: 2012: 1985:Preceded by 1962:Nara Bhupal Shah 1959:Preceded by 1949: 1942: 1924: 1919:History of Nepal 1903: 1902: 1901:. pp. 38–9. 1894: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1736:History of Nepal 1731: 1716: 1715: 1693: 1682: 1681: 1673: 1648: 1647: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1437: 1419: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1311: 1258:Death and legacy 1206:Prithvi Statue ( 1199:Prithvi Statue ( 1028:bhardaari-sabha. 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 995: 785:Kathmandu Valley 777:Chandragiri Hill 753:Kathmandu Valley 490:Nara Bhupal Shah 459:Kingdom of Nepal 452: 446:romanized:  445: 443: 409:Nara Bhupal Shah 375: 340: 338: 315: 313: 286:Kingdom of Nepal 278: 248: 246: 141:Nara Bhupal Shah 105: 100: 71: 62: 59: 53: 30: 22: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2924:Nepalese Hindus 2909:Kings of Gorkha 2869: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2452: 2449: 2419: 2414: 2403: 2389:Ram Baran Yadav 2370: 2363: 2359: 2276: 2271: 2241: 2236: 2232:Prithvi Highway 2215: 2211:Prithvi Jayanti 2167: 2106: 2097: 2044: 2039: 2005: 1996: 1988: 1980: 1973: 1964: 1948:11 January 1775 1943: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1915: 1907: 1906: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1847: 1846: 1842: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1733: 1732: 1719: 1712: 1695: 1694: 1685: 1675: 1674: 1651: 1644: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1617:silwal, sujit. 1616: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1509: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1438: 1434: 1421: 1420: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1335: 1328: 1313: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1260: 1196:Prithvi Rajpath 1192:Prithvi Highway 1176: 1148: 1135: 1133:Economic policy 1122: 1110: 1103: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1076: 1069: 1049: 1023: 1017: 1004: 981: 861: 855: 769: 757:Main articles: 755: 705: 689: 683: 666: 660: 611: 605: 560: 554: 482: 368: 366: 362: 358: 356: 343: 342: 339: 1740) 334: 330: 327: 317: 314: 1738) 309: 305: 280: 276: 275:11 January 1775 261:Gorkha District 258: 250: 249:11 January 1723 244: 242: 107: 87: 85:Maharajadhiraja 83: 63: 57: 54: 47: 35:This article's 31: 20: 12: 11: 5: 2962: 2960: 2952: 2951: 2949:Flag designers 2946: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2929:Kings of Nepal 2926: 2921: 2916: 2914:Hindu monarchs 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664:Kantavati Devi 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2262: 2255: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2194:Chaubisi Rajya 2191: 2189:Gorkha Kingdom 2186: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2015: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1954:Regnal titles 1951: 1950: 1941:7 January 1723 1930: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1913:External links 1911: 1905: 1904: 1889: 1886:. p. 272. 1882:Levi, Vide S. 1874: 1859: 1840: 1821: 1802: 1776: 1751: 1744: 1717: 1710: 1683: 1649: 1642: 1624: 1609: 1587: 1580: 1560: 1544: 1519: 1493: 1478: 1453: 1432: 1403: 1372: 1366:978-0195627237 1365: 1345: 1326: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1277:principalities 1259: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1247:Prithvi Museum 1245: 1239: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1175: 1172: 1155:, Phulchowki, 1147: 1146:Defense policy 1144: 1134: 1131: 1121: 1118: 1107: 1100: 1093: 1086: 1080: 1073: 1067: 1048: 1047:Foreign policy 1045: 1005: 1000:Main article: 980: 977: 881:Thomas Rumbold 857:Main article: 854: 851: 754: 751: 704: 701: 685:Main article: 682: 679: 662:Main article: 659: 656: 607:Main article: 604: 601: 568:Chaubise Rajya 556:Main article: 553: 550: 481: 478: 455:Gorkha Kingdom 429: 428: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 397: 391: 390: 387: 386: 382: 381: 371: 370: 351: 345: 344: 332: 328: 323: 322: 321: 320: 307: 301: 300: 299: 298: 295: 293: 289: 288: 279:(aged 52) 273: 269: 268: 256:Gorkha Kingdom 240: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 175: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 130: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 113:King of Gorkha 109: 108: 101: 93: 92: 76: 75: 65: 64: 44:the key points 34: 32: 25: 18: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2961: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2854: 2851: 2844: 2812: 2810: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2723: 2721: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2672: 2665: 2641: 2639: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2515: 2507: 2505: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2427: 2426: 2423: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2245: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2184:King of Nepal 2182: 2180: 2179:Greater Nepal 2177: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2004: 1995: 1994: 1993:King of Nepal 1983: 1972: 1971: 1963: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1871:. p. 30. 1870: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1844: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1777: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1745:81-7536-347-9 1741: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1598: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1548: 1545: 1533: 1529: 1523: 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