241:, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In Paris, there were not many membership openings, to fill positions there were contentious elections. The election process was at least a 6-stage process with rules and regulations that allowed for chosen candidates to canvas other members and for current members to consider postponing certain stages of the process if the need would arise. Elections in the early days of the academy were important activities, and as such made up a large part of the proceedings at the academy, with many meetings being held regarding the election to fill a single vacancy within the academy. That is not to say that discussion of candidates and the election process as a whole was relegated to the meetings. Members that belonged to the vacancy's respective field would continue discussion of potential candidates for the vacancy in private. Being elected into the academy did not necessarily guarantee being a full member, in some cases, one would enter the academy as an associate or correspondent before being appointed as a full member of the academy.
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regime, few objections were raised. Moreover, these nominated members were then completely free to nominate the remaining members of the institute. Members expected to remain such for life, but interference occurred in a few cases where the government suddenly terminated membership for political reasons. The other main interference came when the government refused to accept the result of academy elections. The academies control by the government was apparent in 1803, when
Bonaparte decided on a general reorganization. His principal concern was not the First class but the Second, which included political scientists who were potential critics of his government. Bonaparte abolished the second class completely and, after a few expulsions, redistributed its remaining members, together with those of the Third class, into a new Second class concerned with literature and a new Third class devoted to the fine arts. Still this relationship between the academy and the government was not a one-way affair, as members expected to receive their payment of an honorarium.
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598:, Geological and Medical sciences and their applications. The academy currently has five missions that it pursues. These being the encouraging of the scientific life, promoting the teaching of science, transmitting knowledge between scientific communities, fostering international collaborations, and ensuring a dual role of expertise and advise. The French Academy of Science originally focused its development efforts into creating a true co-development Euro-African program beginning in 1997. Since then they have broadened their scope of action to other regions of the world. The standing committee COPED is in charge of the international development projects undertaken by the French Academy of Science and their associates. The current president of COPED is
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610:. All of which are current members of the French Academy of Science. COPED has hosted several workshops or colloquia in Paris, involving representatives from African academies, universities or research centers, addressing a variety of themes and challenges dealing with African development and covering a large field spectrum. Specifically higher education in sciences, and research practices in basic and applied sciences that deal with various aspects relevant to development (renewable energy, infectious diseases, animal pathologies, food resources, access to safe water, agriculture, urban health, etc.).
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550:: a shift from those with demonstrated scientific ability leading the academy to instead favoring those with seniority. It became known as a sort of "hall of fame" that lost control, real and symbolic, of the professional scientific diversity in France at the time. Another factor was that in the span of five years, 1909 to 1914, funding to science faculties considerably dropped, eventually leading to a financial crisis in France.
463:, one of the members of the judging committee, studied Fresnel's theory in detail. Being a supporter of the particle-theory of light, he looked for a way to disprove it. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he demonstrate that Fresnel's theory predicts that an on-axis bright spot would exist in the shadow of a circular obstacle, where there should be complete darkness according to the particle-theory of light. The
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The most direct involvement of the government in the affairs of the institute came in the initial nomination of members in 1795, but as its members nominated constituted only one third of the membership and most of these had previously been elected as members of the respective academies under the old
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The reform also added new groups not previously recognized, such as Vétéran. Some of these role's member limits were expanded and some roles even removed or combined throughout the course of academy's history. The
Honoraires group establish by this reform in 1699 whose members were directly appointed
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The needed reform came late in the 20th century, in 1987, when the academy decided against the practice and to begin filling vacancies with people with new disciplines. This reform was not only aimed at further diversifying the disciplines under the academy, but also to help combat the internal aging
472:, and who incidentally later became Prime Minister of France, decided to perform the experiment in more detail. He molded a 2-mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax. To everyone's surprise he succeeded in observing the predicted spot, which convinced most scientists of the wave-nature of light.
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experiments, could not get his study into its own category. Despite
Magendie being one of the leading innovators of his time, it was still a battle for him to become an official member of the academy, a feat he would later accomplish in 1821. He further improved the reverence of the academy when he
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Membership in the academy the exceeded 100 officially-recognised full members only in 1976, 310 years after the academy's inception in 1666. The membership increase came with a large-scale reorganization in 1976. Under this reorganization, 130 resident members, 160 correspondents, and 80 foreign
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The overwhelming majority of members leave the academy posthumously, with a few exceptions of removals, transfers, and resignations. The last member to be removed from the academy was in 1944. Removal from the academy was often for not performing to standards, not performing at all, leaving the
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The
Academic Standing Committees and Working Parties prepare the advice notes, policy statements and the Academic Reports. Some have a statutory remit, such as the Select Committee, the Committee for International Affairs and the Committee for Scientists' Rights, some are created ad hoc by the
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The election process was originally only to replace members from a specific section. For example, if someone whose study was mathematics was either removed or resigned from his position, the following election process nominated only those whose focus was also mathematics in order to fill that
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in Paris. Following this reform, the academy began publishing a volume each year with information on all the work done by its members and obituaries for members who had died. This reform also codified the method by which members of the academy could receive pensions for their work.
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From 1795 until 1914, the first world war, the French
Academy of Science was the most prevalent organization of French science. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and retook their ancient seats. Among the exceptions was
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A vacancy opens only upon the death of members, as they serve for life. During elections, half of the vacancies are reserved for people less than 55 years old. This was created as an attempt to encourage younger members to join the academy.
234:, and thereafter held twice-weekly working meetings there in the two rooms assigned to the group. The first 30 years of the academy's existence were relatively informal, since no statutes had as yet been laid down for the institution.
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discipline's vacancy. That led to some periods of time in which no specialists for specific fields of study could be found, which left positions in those fields vacant since they could not be filled with people in other disciplines.
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is not easily observed in every-day situations and so it was only natural for
Poisson to interpret it as an absurd result and that it should disprove Fresnel's theory. However, the head of the committee,
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Stéphane
Schmitt, "Studies on animals and the rise of comparative anatomy at and around the Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences in the eighteenth century," Science in Context 29 (1), 2016, pp. 11â54.
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The
Academy of Sciences traces its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on 22 December 1666 in the King's library, near the present-day
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Although the academy still exists today, after World War I, the reputation and status of the academy was largely questioned. One factor behind its decline was the development from a
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had made stellar advancements in their selected fields of study, that warranted a possible addition of new fields. However, even someone like
Magendie that had made breakthroughs in
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582:. Its members are elected for life. Currently, there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the
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1975:"Creation of a new Polish-French scientific prize Marie SkĆodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie | International awards | Bilateral cooperation | Fostering International Collaboration"
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The last two sections are bundled since there were many good candidates fit to be elected for those practices, and the competition was stiff. Some individuals like
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Also in 1795, The academy determined these 10 titles (first 4 in
Division 1 and the others in Division 2) to be their newly accepted branches of scientific study:
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For three centuries women were not allowed as members of the academy. This meant that many women scientists were excluded, including two-time Nobel Prize winner
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Shinn, Terry (1979). "The French Science Faculty System, 1808 to 1914: Institutional Change and Research Potential in Mathematics and the Physical Sciences".
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517:. French population increases and changes in the early 21st century led to the academy expanding reference population sizes by reform in the early 2002.
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The academy was originally organized by the royal reform hierarchically into the following groups: Pensionaires, Pupils, Honoraires, and Associés.
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country, or political reasons. In some rare occasions, a member has been elected twice and subsequently removed twice. This is the case for
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2000:"Prix Louis Bachelier de la Fondation Natixis pour la recherche quantitative et de la SMAI â les grands Prix de l'AcadĂ©mie des sciences"
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418:, which had a scientific component. In 1816, the again renamed "Royal Academy of Sciences" became autonomous, while forming part of the
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Crosland, Maurice (April 2007). "The French Academy of Sciences As a Patron of the Medical Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century".
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of the academy itself. The academy was expected to remain apolitical, and to avoid discussion of religious and social issues.
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Henri, Leridon (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Watson, E. (1939). "The Early Days of the Académie des Sciences as Portrayed in the Engravings of Sébastien Le Clerc".
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In 1818 the French Academy of Sciences launched a competition to explain the properties of light. The civil engineer
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Search the Proceedings of the Académie des sciences in the French National Library (search item: Comptes Rendus)
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Moak, David, ed. (2007). "The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project".
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was put in place, bringing together the old academies of the sciences, literature and arts, among them the
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Publications of the French Academy of Sciences "Histoire de l'AcadĂ©mie royale des sciences" (1700â1790)
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the other, Division 2, covers the applications of chemical, natural, biological, and medical sciences.
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1809:"Accomplishments of Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat: The first woman member of the French Academy of Sciences"
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dominated technological activities in France. The academy proceedings were published under the name
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The Academic Standing Committee for Scientific and Technological International Relations (CARIST)
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On 20 January 1699, Louis XIV gave the Company its first rules. The academy received the name of
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The Measure of All Things â The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World
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was elected a member of the academy and three years later a president in connection with his
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The Academic Standing Committee in charge of the Biennial Report on Science and Technology
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is now a journal series with seven titles. The publications can be found on site of the
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One division, Division 1, covers the applications of mathematics and physical sciences,
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Marie SkĆodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie Polish-French Science Award, created in 2022.
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Colbert Presenting the Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences to Louis XIV in 1667
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Alter, Peter (June 1995). "Science under Control. The French Academy of Sciences".
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1961:"Academic Standing Committees and Working Parties - French Academie des sciences"
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The Anatomy of a Scientific Institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666â1803
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Each year, the Academy of Sciences distributes about 80 prizes. These include:
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The Academic Standing Committee for the Defense of Scientists' Rights (CODHOS)
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Science and Social Status: The Members of the Academie Des Sciences 1666â1750
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Anatomy of a Scientific Institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666â1803
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The following are incomplete lists of the officers of the academy. See also
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Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project
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Royal Funding of the Parisian Académie Royale Des Sciences During the 1690s
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Visiting the Royal Academy of Sciences, (SĂ©bastien Leclerc I, France, 1671)
713:, awarded from 1802 through 1970, for outstanding achievement in astronomy
1534:. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library: 54â55.
371:
1904:
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The Inter-academic Group for Development (GID) â Cf. for further reading
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The Academic Standing Committee for the Science History and Epistemology
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Notes on the Académie des Sciences from the Scholarly Societies project
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The Special Academic Working Party on Material Sciences and Engineering
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Membership in the academy is highly geared towards representing common
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petit for computer science and applied mathematics, awarded since 1977
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Today the academies standing committees and working parties include:
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190:
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Machines et inventions approuvées par l'Academie Royale des Sciences
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The Academic Standing Committee for Prospects in Energy Procurement
204:(President of the academy), it is one of the five Academies of the
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science Education and Training
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The French Committee for International Scientific Unions (COFUSI)
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academy and approved formally by vote in a members-only session.
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Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 1, Mathématique
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Science Under Control: The French Academy of Sciences, 1795â1914
720:, awarded from 1877 through 1970, to honor advances in astronomy
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The Academic Standing Committee for Developing Countries (COPED)
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The Academic Standing Committee for International Affairs (CORI)
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science, Ethics and Society
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The Academic Standing Committee for Terminology and Neologisms
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The reorganization also divided the academy into 2 divisions:
36:
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science and Safety Issues
225:
A heroic depiction of the activities of the Academy from 1698
1919:"Five basic missions in the Academy's remit | About us"
2064:"Présidents de l'Académie des sciences de 1666 à nos jours"
747:
for major contributions to mathematical modeling in finance
193:
in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest
784:
For a list of the academy's members past and present, see
683:
The Special Academic Working Party on Scientific Computing
574:
Today the academy is one of five academies comprising the
279:
by the King was recognized until its abolishment in 1793.
638:
The Academic Standing Committee for Science and Metrology
2189:
189:. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in
1933:"Actions targeted towards development | Overview"
1748:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
1554:"Academy of Sciences | French History & Research"
1505:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
671:
The Academic Standing Commission for Sealed Deposits
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779:
Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
632:
The Academic Standing Committee for the Environment
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1700:
786:Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
635:The Academic Standing Committee for Space Research
303:abolished all the academies. On 22 August 1795, a
3461:Educational institutions established in the 1660s
1234:"More about the Academie des Sciences | About us"
650:The Academic Standing La main Ă la pĂąte Committee
3471:Members of the International Council for Science
185:, to encourage and protect the spirit of French
2186:(includes information on the society journals)
422:; the head of State became its patron. In the
2226:
506:, in 1962. The first female full member was
8:
3476:Members of the International Science Council
3466:Scientific organizations established in 1666
575:
563:
455:entered the competition by submitting a new
389:and impressed the academy with his hands-on
308:
205:
1885:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
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2219:
2211:
1796:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, p. 369
30:For The National Academy of Medicine, see
1824:
437:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1870:
1858:
1730:
677:The Antoine Lavoisier Standing Committee
590:sciences and their applications and the
557:
1614:
1612:
1225:
305:National Institute of Sciences and Arts
897:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
614:Current committees and working parties
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959:Nicolas Caritat, marquis de Condorcet
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7:
1320:
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1314:
1214:Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
570:in Paris where the academy is housed
152:; in the background appears the new
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2242:International Science Council (ISC)
2179:Complete listing of current members
2053:" is found in Academy publications.
740:the Prix Paul Pascal, for chemistry
1647:Crosland, Maurice (30 July 2007).
25:
606:, and the honorary president is
41:
27:Learned society, founded in 1666
1194:French art salons and academies
942:(nominated by king in Jan 1699)
940:Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle
315:and the Académie des sciences.
52:needs additional citations for
3446:National academies of sciences
2098:, Cambridge University Press,
947:Jean-Jacques Dortous de Mairan
428:Ministry of Public Instruction
32:Académie Nationale de Médecine
1:
3456:1666 establishments in France
2203:, the digital library of the
2094:Crosland, Maurice P. (1992),
1779:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale
1682:The English Historical Review
974:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
953:Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy
737:, for mathematics and physics
470:Dominique-François-Jean Arago
283:associates could be elected.
729:National Academy of Sciences
515:French populace demographics
76:"French Academy of Sciences"
1046:Bernard Germain de LacépÚde
483:(1737) where was published
408:Dominique, comte de Cassini
398:produced the widely known "
3492:
3441:French Academy of Sciences
1826:10.1016/j.crci.2016.09.005
797:French Academy of Sciences
161:French Academy of Sciences
29:
2137:Sturdy, David J. (1995),
1540:2027/spo.did2222.0000.874
768:(Tchihatchef; Chikhachev)
691:Medals, awards and prizes
576:
564:
309:
267:and was installed in the
265:Royal Academy of Sciences
206:
2318:Bosnia & Herzegovina
2174:English-language version
2141:, Boydell & Brewer,
2034:2 September 2011 at the
2025:French wikipedia article
1979:www.academie-sciences.fr
1238:www.academie-sciences.fr
602:, the vice president is
170:[akademidesjÉÌs]
2049:14 January 2015 at the
1807:Fechete, Ioana (2016).
1627:: 86 – via JSTOR.
1586:: 84 – via JSTOR.
1199:French Geodesic Mission
992:LĂ©once Ălie de Beaumont
725:Richard Lounsbery Award
529:Government interference
446:French National Library
239:its British counterpart
2115:Stroup, Alice (1987),
1790:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
1773:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
1020:1975â1996 Paul Germain
934:Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
922:Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
571:
487:
299:On 8 August 1793, the
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232:BibliothĂšque Nationale
227:
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1813:Comptes Rendus Chimie
1649:"Academy of Sciences"
1125:Chemistry and Biology
966:Mathematical Sciences
909:Permanent secretaries
829:Ătienne-Ămile Baulieu
745:Louis Bachelier Prize
561:
508:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
478:
453:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
255:
223:
195:Academies of Sciences
183:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
181:at the suggestion of
177:, founded in 1666 by
165:Académie des sciences
144:
18:Prix Michel Montpetit
2123:, Diane Publishing,
1819:(11â12): 1382â1387.
1742:Hahn, Roger (1971).
1499:Hahn, Roger (1971).
1204:History of the metre
1163:Catherine Bréchignac
1112:Philippe van Tieghem
957:Aug 1777 â Aug 1793
951:Sep 1743 â Jul 1776
945:Jan 1741 â Aug 1743
938:Jan 1697 â Dec 1740
932:Jan 1670 â Jan 1697
926:Apr 1668 â Dec 1669
920:Dec 1666 â Apr 1668
523:Marie-Adolphe Carnot
461:Siméon Denis Poisson
457:wave theory of light
200:Currently headed by
61:improve this article
2070:on 12 November 2014
1793:OEuvres Completes 1
1776:OEuvres Completes 1
1699:Alder, Ken (2002),
1100:Albert de Lapparent
1070:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
1058:Pierre-Louis Dulong
750:the Prix Michel Mon
727:, jointly with the
420:Institute of France
416:Egyptian expedition
301:National Convention
187:scientific research
3451:Institut de France
2421:Dominican Republic
2006:on 26 October 2014
1558:www.britannica.com
1459:10.1007/BF01102182
1424:10.1007/BF01102182
1399:– via JSTOR.
1389:10.1007/BF01102182
1364:– via JSTOR.
1354:10.1007/BF01102182
1263:Institut de France
1157:Jean-François Bach
1094:Marcelin Berthelot
805:Napoleon Bonaparte
578:Institut de France
572:
566:Institut de France
496:IrĂšne Joliot-Curie
488:
479:Illustration from
412:Napoleon Bonaparte
311:Académie française
261:
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208:Institut de France
157:
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1327:Annals of Science
1151:Nicole Le Douarin
1038:Physical Sciences
440:(1835â1965). The
400:Bell-Magendie Law
383:Francois Magendie
154:Paris Observatory
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72:Find sources:
66:
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50:This article
48:
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38:
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19:
3045:associations
2949:Vatican City
2811:South Africa
2776:Saudi Arabia
2455:
2352:Burkina Faso
2195:
2138:
2118:
2095:
2072:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2058:
2041:
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2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
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1982:. Retrieved
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1561:. Retrieved
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1284:
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:
1253:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
1228:
1176:Publications
1031:Odile Macchi
1010:Ămile Picard
928:Jean Gallois
794:
783:
776:
766:Tchihatcheff
694:
621:
617:
600:Pierre Auger
584:Mathematical
573:
548:gerontocracy
541:
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512:
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465:Poisson spot
450:
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432:academicians
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2855:Switzerland
2850:Switzerland
2739:Philippines
2692:New Zealand
2687:Netherlands
2568:South Korea
2563:North Korea
2431:El Salvador
2170:(in French)
2074:12 February
1984:6 September
1891:: 271â332.
1563:6 September
1291:: 556â587.
1243:6 September
1139:Alfred Jost
1076:Jules Jamin
1029:Currently:
1023:Currently:
554:Present use
544:meritocracy
492:Marie Curie
391:vivisection
358:Agriculture
323:Mathematics
3435:Categories
3261:Affiliated
3043:Unions and
2944:Uzbekistan
2865:Tajikistan
2791:Seychelles
2672:Mozambique
2662:Montenegro
2615:Madagascar
2610:Luxembourg
2553:Kazakhstan
2396:Costa Rica
2293:Bangladesh
2288:Azerbaijan
2087:References
1842:Population
1653:britannica
1621:Population
1599:Population
1580:Population
1482:Population
1169:Ilan Marek
1167:currently
1161:currently
1155:2006â2011
1149:2001â2006
1143:1991â2001
1137:1986â1991
1131:1948â1986
1116:1914â1948
1110:1908â1914
1092:1889â1907
1086:1887â1889
1080:1886â1887
1074:1884â1886
1068:1868â1884
1062:1833â1868
1056:1832â1833
1050:1803â1832
1044:1795â1803
1014:1942â1975
1008:1917â1942
1002:1900â1917
996:1874â1900
990:1853â1874
984:1830â1853
978:1822â1830
972:1801â1822
901:1788â1791
890:Treasurers
881:2021â2022
875:2019â2020
869:2017â2018
863:2015â2016
857:2013â2014
851:2011â2012
845:2009â2010
839:2007â2008
833:2005â2006
827:2003â2004
821:2001â2002
791:Presidents
718:Valz Prize
596:Biological
387:Physiology
348:Mineralogy
87:newspapers
2954:Venezuela
2828:Sri Lanka
2796:Singapore
2630:Mauritius
2605:Lithuania
2508:Indonesia
2481:Guatemala
2278:Australia
2268:Argentina
2010:13 August
1467:143905211
1432:143905211
1397:143905211
1362:143905211
1348:: 78â79.
1305:143371098
764:the Prix
733:the Prix
510:in 1979.
343:Chemistry
333:Astronomy
328:Mechanics
257:Louis XIV
179:Louis XIV
163:(French:
3014:CODESRIA
2969:Zimbabwe
2875:Thailand
2870:Tanzania
2806:Slovenia
2756:Portugal
2724:Pakistan
2657:Mongolia
2625:Malaysia
2486:Honduras
2446:Ethiopia
2441:Eswatini
2391:Colombia
2357:Cameroon
2347:Bulgaria
2330:Botswana
2249:National
2047:Archived
2032:Archived
2029:Monpetit
2027:; both "
1905:27757392
1188:See also
795:Source:
592:Chemical
588:Physical
372:Medicine
3263:members
2999:AASSREC
2987:members
2959:Vietnam
2939:Uruguay
2912:Ukraine
2900:TĂBÄ°TAK
2885:Tunisia
2781:Senegal
2761:Romania
2697:Nigeria
2677:Namibia
2667:Morocco
2647:Moldova
2640:COMECSO
2600:Lesotho
2595:Lebanon
2538:Jamaica
2523:Ireland
2491:Hungary
2466:Germany
2461:Georgia
2451:Finland
2436:Estonia
2416:Denmark
2313:Bolivia
2303:Belgium
2298:Belarus
2283:Austria
2273:Armenia
2258:Albania
2251:members
2201:Gallica
2038:" and "
1750:187-189
1447:Minerva
1412:Minerva
1377:Minerva
1342:Minerva
1268:4 March
914:General
895:?â1788
538:Decline
376:Surgery
367:Zoology
363:Anatomy
338:Physics
216:History
173:) is a
101:scholar
3390:IUVSTA
3217:IUPsyS
3207:IUPHAR
3202:IUPESM
3162:IUHPST
3142:IUFoST
3029:OSSREA
3019:FLACSO
3009:CLACSO
2964:Zambia
2907:Uganda
2890:Turkey
2860:Taiwan
2845:Sweden
2786:Serbia
2771:Rwanda
2766:Russia
2751:Poland
2729:Panama
2707:Norway
2652:Monaco
2635:Mexico
2620:Malawi
2590:Latvia
2548:Jordan
2528:Israel
2476:Greece
2456:France
2362:Canada
2340:ANPOCS
2335:Brazil
2263:Angola
2145:
2127:
2102:
1903:
1756:
1715:
1688:: 783.
1513:
1465:
1453:: 80.
1430:
1418:: 83.
1395:
1383:: 78.
1360:
1303:
1285:Osiris
773:People
353:Botany
269:Louvre
191:Europe
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3375:IIASA
3350:ICSTI
3340:ICLAS
3335:ICIAM
3275:AASSA
3247:WAPOR
3237:IUTOX
3232:IUTAM
3227:IUSSP
3197:IUPAP
3192:IUPAC
3187:IUPAB
3172:IUMRS
3147:IUFRO
3127:IUBMB
3122:ISPRS
3097:INQUA
3062:IASSA
2833:Sudan
2823:Spain
2682:Nepal
2573:KSSRC
2558:Kenya
2543:Japan
2533:Italy
2501:ICSSR
2496:India
2471:Ghana
2426:Egypt
2379:China
2374:Chile
2367:SSHRC
2308:Benin
2044:petit
1901:JSTOR
1848:: 90.
1658:7 May
1605:: 96.
1488:: 86.
1463:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1393:S2CID
1358:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1220:Notes
1104:1908
1098:1907
815:1952
809:1906
803:1800
148:, by
108:JSTOR
94:books
3415:TWAS
3405:SSRC
3385:ISDE
3365:IFLA
3360:IFIP
3355:IFDO
3325:IASC
3320:IAHR
3315:IAAP
3300:ECPR
3295:EADI
3285:ASTC
3280:ACSS
3242:URSI
3222:IUSS
3212:IUPS
3182:IUNS
3177:IUMS
3167:IUIS
3157:IUGS
3152:IUGG
3137:IUCr
3132:IUBS
3117:ISEE
3107:IPSA
3102:IPRA
3082:IFSM
3057:IALS
3004:CASS
2994:ACSS
2927:ESRC
2880:Togo
2838:SNAS
2816:HSRC
2744:PSSC
2734:Peru
2719:Oman
2585:Laos
2578:KAST
2518:Iraq
2513:Iran
2406:Cuba
2384:CASS
2143:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2076:2015
2012:2014
1986:2023
1754:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1660:2020
1565:2023
1511:ISBN
1507:1-34
1270:2019
1245:2023
757:the
743:the
723:the
716:the
709:the
702:the
586:and
562:The
374:and
365:and
159:The
80:news
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3330:ICA
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3305:FIG
3290:CIE
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3252:WAU
3112:ISA
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3087:IGU
3077:IEA
3072:ICA
3067:IAU
3034:USP
3024:UAI
2974:RCZ
2205:BnF
2199:in
2040:Mon
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