20:
187:
were altered with the oversight by the officials, as they now had to "bring all his catch or his purchase to the town in proper season, submit his furs to the tsar's agents for sorting, appraisal, and taxation (usually, as we noted, 10 per cent). He must not trade with natives except in the town and
176:' and a promyshlennik 'your orphan'. These people were often called Cossacks, because they did not pay any personal taxes to the state. They paid only the trading tariff, and were required to participate in wars with their weapons and ammunition, food and fodder, similarly to American rangers.
390:
were trained at a young age to hunt sea otters. The
Russians took the women and children hostage and forced the men to hunt for them to ensure the safety of their families. The offspring of Russian men and Native women gave rise to a small but influential population of
196:
led to the overexploitation of sable populations, continually forcing them to go further east. With the decline of
European demand for sable furs at the end of the 17th century, so did its price; making many promyshlenniki partake in caravans headed to the
443:
and nauseous food, adopting the same fashion, and using the same materials for their apparel, and differing from them in their exterior appearance only by the want of paint on their faces, and by their not wearing any of the Indian
297:
were visited by
Russian trappers. As these early trappers had "no knowledge of navigation", they consequently "took no observations, made no surveys..." and greatly limited geographical information for outsiders.
153:), a person who is not bound by constant obligations with any guild, principality, city, monastery, diocese or boyar. Their region of activity was Perm, the Irtysh River, and Northwestern Siberia.
217:
by the 1730s to pursue sable populations residing there. Russian officials were aware of these operations, but "tolerated any breach of the
Russian-Chinese treaties which might occur."
168:
that arrived, rarely able to receive a stable salary from the state. Merchants began to visit the
Russian settlements, interested in selling the gathered furs at various markets. The
506:
321:
and Yukon rivers. Ivanov reported on the extensive fish and game resources and the many people inhabiting the region. At first the traders returned to
526:
523:', now chiefly used in the context of 19th and pre-revolutionary 20th century Russia. Nowadays hunter or fur trapper in Siberia would be called
183:
expanded its bureaucratic network into
Siberia, Russian colonists were able to be placed under Imperial regulations. Fur operations ran by
819:
695:
764:
679:
759:. Volume 5 of Rasmuson Library Historical Translation Series. Translated by Bisk, John. University of Alaska Press. p. 203.
786:
671:
623:
Maier, Lother (1981). "Gerhard
Friedrich MΓΌller's Memoranda on Russian Relations with China and the Reconquest of the Amur".
568:
348:
performed tasks such as hunting, supervision of sea otter hunting parties, carpentry, shipbuilding, farming and ranching at
411:. In 1794, with direct authorization from Catherine II, the Siberian governor Ivan Pil sent instructions that managers of
172:
were free men who made their living any way they could. When petitioning the tsar, a service-man would call himself 'your
58:
894:
19:
214:
412:
226:
428:
302:
899:
282:
116:
722:
Trade and commerce in Alaska's past: papers presented at the annual meeting of the Alaska
Historical Society
735:
293:
to extinction. The Sea otters of the
Aleutians were progressively exploited by Russians, until by 1759 the
468:
392:
361:
349:
188:
then only in certain seasons; he must not ply natives with liquor; he must return his remaining furs to
138:
344:
became employees of the
Russian-American Company (RAC) after it was established in 1799. Under the RAC
512:
420:
294:
286:
165:
329:
were established in the territory. These posts began in the Aleutians and moved eastward toward the
119:, and their duties and activities became less involved in the company's fur-gathering activities.
889:
602:
157:
128:
77:
73:
463:
823:
757:
The Khlebnikov Archive: Unpublished Journal (1800-1837) and Travel Notes (1820, 1822, and 1824)
699:
192:
along approved routes and submit them to continual inspection." The fierce competition between
867:
760:
675:
290:
134:
69:
562:
863:
665:
594:
494:
449:
408:
330:
238:
230:
146:
38:
407:
took Aleut partners, had children, and adopted a native lifestyle during their time in the
189:
88:
872:
Vol. 3. London: J. Edwards Pall Mall and G. Robinson Paternoster Row. p. 122.
432:
424:
262:
180:
161:
883:
606:
585:
Foust, C. M. (1961). "Russian Expansion to the East Through the Eighteenth Century".
520:
423:
was exploring the northern Pacific, the explorers visited several Russian fur posts.
416:
387:
334:
326:
270:
242:
798:
314:
370:
were adept at hunting on land but they lacked the skills to hunt on water, where
310:
258:
198:
249:
populations along these lands quickly drew the attention of many Siberia-based
696:"Alaska History and Cultural Studies: 1800-1869 The Russians and English Meet"
598:
254:
206:
95:
fur-hunters, river-merchants, and mercenaries, although many later worked as
371:
322:
318:
246:
210:
100:
92:
81:
285:, made provisions for their yearly operations in the Aleutians by killing
164:
drew many Russians eager to make a profit in newly conquered territories.
115:. Some of them worked on preliminary request contracts, including for the
54:
844:
Wheeler, Mary E. (1966). "The Origins of the Russian-American Company".
820:"Alaska History and Cultural Studies: 1743-1867 Era of Russian Violence"
720:
Gross, Nancy (1994-11-03). "From Promyshlenniki to Pollock and Beyond".
419:
should "encourage" single Russian men to marry native women. While the
383:
278:
202:
104:
65:
234:
173:
112:
96:
664:
Haycox, Stephen W.; Barnett, James K.; Liburd, Caedmon A. (1997).
653:(5th ed.). Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers. pp. 31β34.
379:
61:
18:
736:"Alaska Regional Profiles : Yukon Region : The People"
493:
in this meaning is dated in the modern Russian language: since
64:
members, or self-employed workers drawn largely from the state
16:
Professional hunters in historical Siberia and Russian America
667:
Enlightenment and exploration in the North Pacific, 1741-1805
111:
formed the backbone of Russian trading-operations in Russian
313:
in 1790. The party, led by the hunter Ivanov, traveled from
253:. Few had naval experience, though many began to travel the
156:
Following the Russian conquest of Siberia, as a part of the
755:
Khlebnikov, Kiril Timofeevich (1990). Shut, Leonid (ed.).
205:. Promyshlovik began to gather sable pelts located in the
229:
expanded Russian geographical knowledge to many of the
209:
during the early 17th century. Trappers based out of
160:, the opportunities offered by this newly available
869:
A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific Ocean...
213:regularly crossed the Qing border into what became
780:
778:
776:
269:to travel east was Emelian Basov, who sailed to
441:
532:
524:
504:
498:
488:
8:
352:, guard duty, and a variety of other work.
201:, or selling their furs the border town of
309:to investigate the resources of the lower
644:
642:
640:
638:
333:rather than north to the Yukon delta and
625:The Slavonic and Eastern European Review
556:
554:
386:men to do their hunting for them. These
618:
616:
580:
578:
550:
480:
356:Relations with Aleut and Alutiiq people
133:Initially, the phenomenon arose in the
46:
7:
846:JahrbΓΌcher fΓΌr Geschichte Osteuropas
403:As time passed many of the Russian
325:after every season but eventually
14:
261:made from timber adjacent to the
724:. Kodiak, Alaska. pp. 6β19.
564:The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700
435:, with Vancouver describing the
587:The Journal of Economic History
672:University of Washington Press
569:University of California Press
1:
561:Fisher, Raymound H. (1943).
511:) as a purist equivalent of
533:
519:has been reinterpreted as '
499:
87:Initially, the Russians in
916:
429:Lebedev-Lastochkin Company
378:then turned to the native
359:
303:Lebedev-Lastochkin Company
241:to near the later site of
126:
785:Miller, Gwenn A. (2005).
599:10.1017/S002205070010899X
525:
505:
497:introduced the neologism
489:
413:Shelikhov-Golikov Company
227:Great Northern Expedition
150:
72:class who engaged in the
42:
117:Russian-American Company
649:Andrews, C. L. (1942).
305:sent the first Russian
455:
28:
469:Mednyj Aleut language
362:Alaskan Creole people
360:Further information:
350:Fort Ross, California
107:, and craftsmen. The
22:
421:Vancouver Expedition
265:. The first Russian
233:and the mainland of
797:(2). Archived from
651:The story of Alaska
245:. News of the many
59:Indigenous Siberian
895:History of Siberia
439:located there as:
158:regional fur trade
141:, they are called
129:Siberian fur trade
29:
864:Vancouver, George
571:. pp. 29β30.
291:Commander Islands
215:Russian Manchuria
135:Novgorod Republic
907:
874:
873:
860:
854:
853:
841:
835:
834:
832:
831:
822:. Archived from
816:
810:
809:
807:
806:
787:"Russian Routes"
782:
771:
770:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
732:
726:
725:
717:
711:
710:
708:
707:
698:. Archived from
692:
686:
685:
661:
655:
654:
646:
633:
632:
620:
611:
610:
582:
573:
572:
558:
538:
536:
530:
529:
510:
509:
502:
492:
491:
485:
453:
450:George Vancouver
409:Aleutian Islands
331:Alaska Peninsula
239:Alaska Peninsula
231:Aleutian Islands
152:
139:Novgorod dialect
48:
44:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:
906:
905:
904:
900:Russian America
880:
879:
878:
877:
862:
861:
857:
843:
842:
838:
829:
827:
818:
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813:
804:
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749:
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734:
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729:
719:
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714:
705:
703:
694:
693:
689:
682:
663:
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658:
648:
647:
636:
622:
621:
614:
584:
583:
576:
560:
559:
552:
547:
542:
541:
486:
482:
477:
464:Awa'uq Massacre
460:
454:
448:
401:
393:Alaskan Creoles
364:
358:
223:
221:Russian America
190:European Russia
131:
125:
89:Russian America
23:Advance of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
913:
911:
903:
902:
897:
892:
882:
881:
876:
875:
855:
848:. Neue Folge.
836:
811:
772:
765:
747:
727:
712:
687:
680:
656:
634:
612:
593:(4): 469β482.
574:
549:
548:
546:
543:
540:
539:
507:ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
500:promyshlennost
479:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
466:
459:
456:
446:
437:promyshlenniki
425:Joseph Whidbey
405:promyshlenniki
400:
397:
388:Alaska Natives
376:promyshlenniki
368:promyshlenniki
357:
354:
346:promyshlenniki
342:promyshlenniki
275:Promyshlenniki
263:Sea of Okhotsk
251:promyshlenniki
222:
219:
194:promyshlenniki
185:promyshlenniki
181:Russian Empire
170:promyshlenniki
162:luxury product
124:
121:
109:promyshlenniki
49:ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ,
34:promyshlenniki
25:promyshlenniki
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
912:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
885:
871:
870:
865:
859:
856:
852:(4): 485β494.
851:
847:
840:
837:
826:on 2007-09-28
825:
821:
815:
812:
801:on 2007-10-06
800:
796:
792:
788:
781:
779:
777:
773:
768:
766:9780912006420
762:
758:
751:
748:
737:
731:
728:
723:
716:
713:
702:on 2012-02-08
701:
697:
691:
688:
683:
681:9780295975832
677:
674:. p. 6.
673:
669:
668:
660:
657:
652:
645:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:(2): 219β240.
630:
626:
619:
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588:
581:
579:
575:
570:
566:
565:
557:
555:
551:
544:
535:
528:
522:
521:industrialist
518:
517:promyshlennik
514:
508:
501:
496:
484:
481:
474:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
451:
445:
440:
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418:
417:Kodiak Island
414:
410:
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396:
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389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
335:Bering Strait
332:
328:
327:trading posts
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:promyshlennik
304:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Petropavlovsk
280:
277:based out of
276:
272:
271:Bering Island
268:
267:promyshlennik
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:New Archangel
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
218:
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212:
208:
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102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
51:promyshlennik
43:ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
40:
36:
35:
26:
21:
868:
858:
849:
845:
839:
828:. Retrieved
824:the original
814:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
794:
791:Common-Place
790:
756:
750:
739:. Retrieved
730:
721:
715:
704:. Retrieved
700:the original
690:
666:
659:
650:
628:
624:
590:
586:
567:. Berkeley:
563:
516:
490:ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ
483:
442:
436:
404:
402:
375:
367:
365:
345:
341:
339:
315:Iliamna Lake
306:
300:
274:
266:
250:
224:
193:
184:
178:
169:
155:
142:
132:
108:
86:
80:, and later
50:
33:
32:
30:
24:
670:. Seattle:
534:promyslovik
527:ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΊ
515:, the word
431:station at
374:lived. The
311:Yukon River
295:Fox Islands
199:Qing Empire
166:Service-men
27:to the East
884:Categories
830:2007-11-18
805:2007-11-18
741:2008-01-07
706:2007-11-18
545:References
444:ornaments.
427:visited a
372:sea otters
255:Bering Sea
207:Amur basin
127:See also:
101:carpenters
82:fur trades
890:Fur trade
607:154462103
487:The word
399:Lifestyle
323:Kamchatka
319:Kuskokwim
273:in 1743.
247:Sea otter
237:from the
211:Nerchinsk
151:ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
137:. In the
866:(1798).
513:industry
495:Karamzin
458:See also
447:β
287:sea cows
143:povolnik
105:artisans
93:Siberian
78:maritime
74:Siberian
70:townsman
384:Alutiiq
317:to the
289:of the
279:Okhotsk
203:Kyakhta
179:As the
147:Russian
123:Siberia
97:sailors
55:Russian
53:) were
39:Russian
763:
678:
605:
433:Tyonek
235:Alaska
174:Kholop
113:Alaska
603:S2CID
475:Notes
380:Aleut
340:Many
259:kochs
91:were
62:artel
761:ISBN
676:ISBN
452:1794
382:and
366:The
301:The
225:The
68:and
66:serf
57:and
31:The
595:doi
415:at
281:or
257:on
84:.
47:sg.
886::
850:14
795:05
793:.
789:.
775:^
637:^
629:59
627:.
615:^
601:.
591:21
589:.
577:^
553:^
537:).
395:.
337:.
149::
103:,
99:,
76:,
45:,
41::
833:.
808:.
769:.
744:.
709:.
684:.
609:.
597::
531:(
503:(
145:(
37:(
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