Citizenship - Knowledge (XXG)

689: 1533:" is the philosophy that citizens should work towards the betterment of their community through economic participation, public, volunteer work, and other such efforts to improve life for all citizens. In this vein, citizenship education is taught in schools, as an academic subject in some countries. By the time children reach secondary education there is an emphasis on such unconventional subjects to be included in an academic curriculum. While the diagram on citizenship to the right is rather facile and depthless, it is simplified to explain the general model of citizenship that is taught to many secondary school pupils. The idea behind this model within education is to instill in young pupils that their actions (i.e. their 1167:. According to this viewpoint, citizens are sovereign, morally autonomous beings with duties to pay taxes, obey the law, engage in business transactions, and defend the nation if it comes under attack, but are essentially passive politically, and their primary focus is on economic betterment. This idea began to appear around the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and became stronger over time, according to one view. According to this formulation, the state exists for the benefit of citizens and has an obligation to respect and protect the rights of citizens, including civil rights and political rights. It was later that so-called social rights became part of the obligation for the state. 1326: 876: 837:, people transitioned from being subjects of a king or queen to being citizens of a city and later to a nation. Each city had its own law, courts, and independent administration. And being a citizen often meant being subject to the city's law in addition to having power in some instances to help choose officials. City dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles to defend their cities were no longer content with having a subordinate social status but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship. Membership in 1216:. Another is a question about what is the proper balance between political citizenship versus social citizenship. Some thinkers see benefits with people being absent from public affairs, since too much participation such as revolution can be destructive, yet too little participation such as total apathy can be problematic as well. Citizenship can be seen as a special elite status, and it can also be seen as a democratizing force and something that everybody has; the concept can include both senses. According to 742:, civic participation in government, and notions that "no one citizen should have too much power for too long", but Rome offered relatively generous terms to its captives, including chances for lesser forms of citizenship. If Greek citizenship was an "emancipation from the world of things", the Roman sense increasingly reflected the fact that citizens could act upon material things as well as other citizens, in the sense of buying or selling property, possessions, titles, goods. One historian explained: 1223:, citizenship is based on the extent that a person can control one's own destiny within the group in the sense of being able to influence the government of the group. One last distinction within citizenship is the so-called consent descent distinction, and this issue addresses whether citizenship is a fundamental matter determined by a person choosing to belong to a particular nation––by their consent––or is citizenship a matter of where a person was born––that is, by their descent. 1124:

elements but they vary considerably as well. As a bond, citizenship extends beyond basic kinship ties to unite people of different genetic backgrounds. It usually signifies membership in a political body. It is often based on or was a result of, some form of military service or expectation of future service. It usually involves some form of political participation, but this can vary from token acts to active service in government.

4131: 1451: 1177:. Citizenship means being active in government affairs. According to one view, most people today live as citizens according to the liberal-individualist conception but wished they lived more according to the civic-republican ideal. An ideal citizen is one who exhibits "good civic behavior". Free citizens and a republic government are "mutually interrelated." Citizenship suggested a commitment to "duty and civic virtue". 738:, citizenship expanded from small-scale communities to the entirety of the empire. Romans realized that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Roman citizenship was no longer a status of political agency, as it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law. Rome carried forth Greek ideas of citizenship such as the principles of 720:

had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honor and respect. In Athens, citizens were both rulers and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly.

5485: 1116:. In this sense, citizenship was described as "a bundle of rights -- primarily, political participation in the life of the community, the right to vote, and the right to receive certain protection from the community, as well as obligations." Citizenship is seen by most scholars as culture-specific, in the sense that the meaning of the term varies considerably from culture to culture, and over time. In 469: 4119: 454:

centuries, it was typical for only a certain percentage of people who belonged to the state to be considered as full citizens. In the past, a number of people were excluded from citizenship on the basis of sex, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, religion, and other factors. However, they held a legal relationship with their government akin to the modern concept of nationality.

4145: 1036:, the German variant of twentieth-century fascism, classified inhabitants of the country into three main hierarchical categories, each of which would have different rights in relation to the state: citizens, subjects, and aliens. The first category, citizens, were to possess full civic rights and responsibilities. Citizenship was conferred only on males of 1013:, so long as they were "engaged in work and to the working class." It recognized "the equal rights of all citizens, irrespective of their racial or national connections" and declared oppression of any minority group or race "to be contrary to the fundamental laws of the Republic." The 1918 constitution also established the right to vote and be elected to 1152:, and patterns for how a person should behave in society. When there are many different groups within a nation, citizenship may be the only real bond that unites everybody as equals without discrimination—it is a "broad bond" linking "a person with the state" and gives people a universal identity as a legal member of a specific nation. 581:(1992), Article 41, obligates citizens to promote the prestige and good name of Ghana and respect the symbols of Ghana. Examples of national symbols includes the Ghanaian flag, coat of arms, money, and state sword. These national symbols must be treated with respect and high esteem by citizens since they best represent Ghanaians. 845:, according to one account, since independent citizens meant that kings had less power. Citizenship became an idealized, almost abstract, concept, and did not signify a submissive relation with a lord or count, but rather indicated the bond between a person and the state in the rather abstract sense of having 1055:

The second category, subjects, referred to all others who were born within the nation's boundaries who did not fit the racial criteria for citizenship. Subjects would have no voting rights, could not hold any position within the state, and possessed none of the other rights and civic responsibilities

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class. A citizen came to be understood as a person "free to act by law, free to ask and expect the law's protection, a citizen of such and such a legal community, of such and such a legal standing in that community". Citizenship meant having rights to have possessions, immunities, expectations, which

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famously expressed: "To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!" This form of citizenship was based on the obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all

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faith in order to receive citizenship. The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, and internationally adopted children born after February 27, 1983. Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before February 27, 1983, even

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Scholars suggest that the concept of citizenship contains many unresolved issues, sometimes called tensions, existing within the relation, that continue to reflect uncertainty about what citizenship is supposed to mean. Some unresolved issues regarding citizenship include questions about what is the

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that the racial and gender restrictions for naturalization were explicitly abolished. However, the act still contained restrictions regarding who was eligible for US citizenship and retained a national quota system which limited the number of visas given to immigrants based on their national origin,

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meant both the political assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society. Citizenship concept has generally been identified as a western phenomenon. There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has come

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It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom. After all, any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might become a slave, at almost any time ... When the Greeks fought together, they fought in order to avoid being enslaved

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made reforms in the early Athenian state. Citizenship was also contingent on a variety of biopolitical assemblages, such as the bioethics of emerging Theo-Philosophical traditions. It was necessary to fit Aristotle's definition of the besouled (the animate) to obtain citizenship: neither the sacred

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Every citizen has obligations that are required by law and some responsibilities that benefit the community. Obeying the laws of a country and paying taxes are some of the obligations required of citizens by law. Voting and community services form part of responsibilities of a citizen that benefits

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It generally describes a person with legal rights within a given political order. It almost always has an element of exclusion, meaning that some people are not citizens and that this distinction can sometimes be very important, or not important, depending on a particular society. Citizenship as a

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times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected to one's everyday life in the polis. These small-scale organic communities were generally seen as a new development in world history, in contrast to the established ancient civilizations of

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or otherwise, which permit citizens to participate in the political life of that entity or to enjoy benefits provided by the government of that entity. But in such cases, those eligible are also sometimes seen as "citizens" of the relevant state, province, or region. An example of this is how the

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established certain minimal rights for European Union citizens. Article 12 of the amended EC Treaty guaranteed a general right of non-discrimination within the scope of the Treaty. Article 18 provided a limited right to free movement and residence in the Member States other than that of which the

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How citizenship is understood depends on the person making the determination. The relation of citizenship has never been fixed or static, but constantly changes within each society. While citizenship has varied considerably throughout history, and within societies over time, there are some common

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The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things; in the course of time, the term property came to mean, first, the defining characteristic of a human or other being; second, the relation which a person had with a thing; and third, the thing defined as the possession of some

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or Persia, or the hunter-gatherer bands elsewhere. From the viewpoint of the ancient Greeks, a person's public life could not be separated from their private life, and Greeks did not distinguish between the two worlds according to the modern western conception. The obligations of citizenship were

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The civic-republican or sometimes classical or civic humanist conception of citizenship emphasizes man's political nature and sees citizenship as an active process, not a passive state or legal marker. It is relatively more concerned that government will interfere with popular places to practice

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was excluded from the Commonwealth in 1949 because it declared itself a republic, Ireland is generally treated as if it were still a member. Legislation often specifically provides for equal treatment between Commonwealth countries and Ireland and refers to "Commonwealth countries and Ireland".

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Today the terms citizenship and nationality both refer to the national state. In a technical legal sense, while essentially the same concept, each term reflects a different legal framework. Both identify the legal status of an individual in terms of state membership. But citizenship is largely

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Historically, the most significant difference between a national and a citizen is that the citizen has the right to vote for elected officials, and the right to be elected. This distinction between full citizenship and other, lesser relationships goes back to antiquity. Until the 19th and 20th

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have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level, where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined. Citizenship at this level is a secondary concept, with rights deriving from national citizenship.

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and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to

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under scrutiny. The relation of citizenship has not been a fixed or static relation but constantly changed within each society, and that according to one view, citizenship might "really have worked" only at select periods during certain times, such as when the Athenian politician

897:, the first law in U.S. history to establish rules for citizenship and naturalization, barred citizenship to all people who were not of European descent, stating that "any alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the 861:. Modern citizenship is much more passive; action is delegated to others; citizenship is often a constraint on acting, not an impetus to act. Nevertheless, citizens are usually aware of their obligations to authorities and are aware that these bonds often limit what they can do. 1661:

argued that "citizenship in Western liberal democracies is the modern equivalent of feudal privilege—an inherited status that greatly enhances one's life chances. Like feudal birthright privileges, restrictive citizenship is hard to justify when one thinks about it closely".

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were "available in many kinds and degrees, available or unavailable to many kinds of person for many kinds of reason". The law itself was a kind of bond uniting people. Roman citizenship was more impersonal, universal, multiform, having different degrees and applications.

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Violaine Hacker, "Citoyenneté culturelle et politique européenne des médias : entre compétitivité et promotion des valeurs", NATIONS, CULTURES ET ENTREPRISES EN EUROPE, sous la direction de Gilles Rouet, Collection Local et Global, L'Harmattan, Paris, pp.

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Excluded categories. In most countries, minors are not considered as full citizens. In the past, there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color, ethnicity, sex, land ownership status, and free status (not being a

3422: 968:(1923), would later clarify the meaning of the phrase "free white persons," ruling that ethnically Japanese, Indian, and other non-European people were not "white persons", and were therefore ineligible for naturalization under U.S. law. 801:

denoted political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular locality, as well as membership in a mercantile or trading class; thus, individuals of respectable means and socioeconomic status were interchangeable with citizens.

925:, ratified on July 9, 1868, stated that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside." Two years later, the 1612:

schools, but is a cross-curricular strand of the Curriculum for Excellence. However they do teach a subject called "Modern Studies" which covers the social, political and economic study of local, national and international

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as an exam subject for the Junior Certificate. It is known as Civic, Social and Political Education (CSPE). A new Leaving Certificate exam subject with the working title 'Politics & Society' is being developed by the

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Apart from responsibilities, citizens also have rights. Some of the rights are the right to pursue life, liberty and happiness, the right to worship, right to run for elected office and right to express oneself.

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Conceptually citizenship and nationality are different dimensions of state membership. Citizenship is focused on the internal political life of the state and nationality is the dimension of state membership in

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Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national

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Slavery permitted slave-owners to have substantial free time and enabled participation in public life. Polis citizenship was marked by exclusivity. Inequality of status was widespread; citizens (πολίτης

1337:. As with the EU, one holds Commonwealth citizenship only by being a citizen of a Commonwealth member state. This form of citizenship offers certain privileges within some Commonwealth countries: 692:

Geoffrey Hosking suggests that fear of being enslaved was a central motivating force for the development of the Greek sense of citizenship. Sculpture: a Greek woman being served by a slave-child.

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conferred on citizens. All women were to be conferred "subject" status upon birth, and could only obtain "citizen" status if they worked independently or if they married a German citizen (see

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to reflect a status under law rather than to indicate an individual orientation but has argued that the attribution on the part of the cxitizen to the state has increasingly become intended.

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for both men and women "irrespective of religion, nationality, domicile, etc. who shall have completed their eighteenth year by the day of the election." The later constitutions of the

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The modern idea of citizenship still respects the idea of political participation, but it is usually done through "elaborate systems of political representation at a distance" such as

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states that everyone has the right to nationality. As such nationality in international law can be called and understood as citizenship, or more generally as subject or belonging to a

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of citizens of other Commonwealth countries or allow some Commonwealth citizens to stay in the country for tourism purposes without a visa for longer than citizens of other countries.

922: 1416:, automatically conferred upon most individuals born in Canada, with some exceptions, and defined the conditions under which one could become a naturalized citizen. The concept of 4561: 975:

in 1924. However, even well into the 1960s, some state laws prevented Native Americans from exercising their full rights as citizens, such as the right to vote. In 1962,

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and the UK's relations with the wider world, students participate in active citizenship, often involving a social action or social enterprise in their local community.

631:, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years and, for humanity, that the concept of citizenship arose with the first 1859: 3536: 2254: 5521: 2377:. Chapter 5 -- David Burchell -- Ancient Citizenship and its Inheritors; Chapter 6 -- Rogers M. Smith -- Modern Citizenship. London: Sage. pp. 89–104, 105. 885:

case at the Supreme Court of the United States, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1888

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concept is generally hard to isolate intellectually and compare with related political notions since it relates to many other aspects of society such as the

1010: 956:, would include clauses that denied immigration and naturalization rights to people based on broadly defined racial categories. Supreme Court cases such as 678:

by warfare, to avoid being defeated by those who might take them into slavery. And they also arranged their political institutions so as to remain free men.

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to be fixed "at a rate of one-sixth of one percent of each nationality's population in the United States in 1920". It was not until the passage of the

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In 2021, the German government passed a law that entitled victims of Nazi persecution and their descendants to become naturalised German citizens.

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Many theorists suggest that there are two opposing conceptions of citizenship: an economic one, and a political one. For further information, see

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was an indirect form of citizenship in that it helped their members succeed financially. The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of

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explicitly denied naturalization rights to all people of Chinese origin, while subsequent acts passed by the US Congress, such as laws in

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confined to the national dimension, while nationality refers to the international legal dimension in the context of an interstate system.

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Umpierrez de Reguero, Sebastián; Finn, Victoria (2 July 2024). "Migrants' intention to vote in two countries, one country, or neither".

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system in which people are assigned dramatically different opportunities based on the accident of birth. It is also criticized by some

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The liberal-individualist or sometimes liberal conception of citizenship suggests that citizens should have entitlements necessary for

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Nationality. Nationality and citizenship are generally indissociable, citizenship being in most cases a consequence of nationality.

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would extend the right to become a naturalized citizen to include "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent".

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In the United Kingdom, all Commonwealth citizens legally residing in the country can vote and stand for office at all elections.

6140: 5991: 3111: 3010:"Citizenship and Nationality in Democratic Systems: Approaches to Defining and Acquiring Membership in the Political Community" 1524: 65: 1120:, for example, there is a cultural politics of citizenship which could be called "peopleship", argued by an academic article. 7341: 7194: 6080: 5149: 3783:

Beaven, Brad, and John Griffiths. "Creating the Exemplary Citizen: The Changing Notion of Citizenship in Britain 1870–1939,"

1408: 1286: 1265: 1238: 490: 366:, while citizenship was a particular status which originated in the rights of urban populations, like the rights of the male 4192: 2143: 2058: 2012: 2719: 2480:. chapters by Veronica Strong-Boag, Yvonne Hebert, Lori Wilkinson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3, 4, 5. 1922: 1052:, and because of this law Jews and others who could not "prove German racial heritage" were stripped of their citizenship. 7381: 7254: 6476: 5507: 5442: 5214: 5209: 4693: 3645: 1867: 1617: 1602: 1458:

Citizenship most usually relates to membership of the nation-state, but the term can also apply at the subnational level.

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The United States has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as

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used racial criteria to establish citizenship rights and regulate who was eligible to become a naturalized citizen.

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Under early U.S. laws, African Americans were not eligible for citizenship. In 1857, these laws were upheld in the

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must take note of in the interest of a common good. These responsibilities can be categorised into personal and

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deeply connected with everyday life. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which

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Canada departed from the principle of nationality being defined in terms of allegiance in 1921. In 1935 the

1334: 1075: 953: 949: 940:, and others not considered "free white persons" were still denied the ability to become citizens. The 1882 4149: 1406:, and they are still not regarded as foreign, even though Ireland is not a member of the Commonwealth. The 1025:

in concord with the principles of non-discrimination laid out in the original 1918 constitution of Russia.

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The final category, aliens, referred to those who were citizens of another state, who also had no rights.

1000: 972: 910: 881: 739: 701:< πόλις 'city') had a higher status than non-citizens, such as women, slaves, and resident foreigners ( 589: 391: 6391: 2940: 2693: 6625: 6580: 5986: 5401: 5376: 5366: 5356: 5351: 5204: 4272: 4224: 3843: 3472:

Ochoa Espejo, Paulina (2018). "Why borders do matter morally: The role of place in immigrants' rights".

3309: 3053:. In Cairns, Alan C.; Courtney, John C.; MacKinnon, Peter; Michelmann, Hans J.; Smith, David E. (eds.). 2811: 1706: 1057: 1045: 991:

that these immigration quota systems were drastically altered in favor of a less discriminatory system.

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The concept of "Commonwealth Citizenship" has been in place ever since the establishment of the

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European Union citizen is a national. Articles 18-21 and 225 provide certain political rights.

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Citizenship, and ethnicity: the growth and development of a democratic multiethnic institution

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Today, the concept of full citizenship encompasses not only active political rights, but full

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Culture, Citizenship, and Community: A Contextual Exploration of Justice as Evenhandedness

1403: 1342: 1105: 937: 786: 752: 612: 608: 433: 297: 252: 222: 150: 3504:"Ending the passport apartheid. The alternative to citizenship is no citizenship—A reply" 1363:) is granted, except for certain specific positions, such as in the defense departments, 551:). Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most places. Modern examples include some 559:

is known for granting citizenship to foreign athletes, but they all have to profess the

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Xiao, Y (2013). "China's peopleship education: Conceptual issues and policy analysis".

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The concept of 'citizenship' has long acquired the connotation of a bundle of rights...

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in local and national elections and in some cases even the right to stand for election.

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Citizenship in Transnational Perspective: Australia, Canada, and Aotearoa New Zealand

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Imagining the People: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920

3035: 1834:"Citizenship and Participation — Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people" 1658: 1399: 1360: 1353: 1352:

citizens of other Commonwealth countries are entitled to political rights, e.g., the

1174: 1160: 1082: 898: 842: 790: 448: 437: 111: 86: 73: 4061: 3346:"Leaving Certificate Politics and Society : Report on the consultation process" 1803: 17: 7264: 6948: 6938: 6928: 6793: 6788: 6728: 6703: 6673: 6668: 6575: 6570: 6416: 6296: 6030: 5966: 5836: 5826: 5821: 5740: 5730: 5674: 5564: 5028: 4955: 4734: 4724: 4643: 4393: 4300: 4250: 1799: 1740: 1686: 1681: 1634: 1582:

Citizenship is a compulsory subject of the National Curriculum in state schools in

1575: 1507: 1018: 735: 444: 387: 40: 4174: 4102: 2207: 1775: 4070: 3907: 3850:. Pennsylvania Studies in Human Rights Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. 3724: 3583: 3562: 3054: 2305: 2168: 2127: 2038: 1992: 1586:

for all pupils aged 11–16. Some schools offer a qualification in this subject at

1289:

in any of the Member States which predate the introduction of Union citizenship.

6963: 6958: 6893: 6888: 6738: 6610: 6565: 6555: 6348: 6343: 6281: 6218: 6001: 5976: 5901: 5861: 5831: 5806: 5786: 5765: 5745: 5725: 5715: 5684: 5192: 5023: 5013: 4963: 4945: 4856: 4817: 4611: 4505: 3982:

Genealogies of Citizenship: Markets, Statelessness, and the Right to Have Rights

3772: 3207: 1701: 1650: 1468: 1429: 834: 818: 798: 778: 468: 416: 395: 320: 316: 304: 190: 185: 176: 97: 3624: 3026: 3009: 1554:(NCCA) and is expected to be introduced to the curriculum sometime after 2012. 1155:

Modern citizenship has often been looked at as two competing underlying ideas:

971:

Native Americans were not granted full US citizenship until the passage of the

821:), though political upheavals and reforms, beginning most prominently with the 7346: 7154: 7054: 6903: 6823: 6595: 6486: 6328: 6271: 6248: 6213: 6162: 6152: 6120: 6065: 5891: 5871: 5796: 5760: 5664: 5649: 5574: 5038: 4378: 4199: 3935: 3792: 3234: 2230: 1499: 976: 650: 624: 359: 207: 51: 3655: 2215: 1939: 543:. This type of citizenship is conferred to an individual as a sign of honour. 7044: 6983: 6540: 6183: 6110: 6095: 6016: 5936: 5931: 5856: 5811: 5791: 5770: 5755: 5735: 5720: 5584: 5544: 5084: 5079: 5046: 5018: 4906: 4901: 4837: 4812: 4759: 4673: 4388: 4320: 4118: 3485: 3056:

Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism: Canadian and Comparative Perspectives

1646: 1571: 1278: 1217: 1149: 716: 3567:. Chapter 3. Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. pp. 43–49. 3520: 3503: 1808:. Elgar Studies in Legal Theory. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. pp. 436:, and not as ethnicity. This notwithstanding, around 10 million people are 4144: 3917: 3694: 901:

for the term of two years, maybe admitted to becoming a citizen thereof."

825:, abolished privileges and created an egalitarian concept of citizenship. 705:). The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the 648:

An essential part of the framework of Greco-Roman ethics is the figure of

7319: 6898: 6635: 6228: 6193: 6167: 6147: 6100: 5911: 5866: 5750: 5654: 5644: 5609: 5579: 5093: 5065: 5051: 4918: 4884: 4842: 4827: 4787: 4532: 3182:. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total, source: 3096: 1609: 1534: 1480: 1425: 1304: 1141: 1088: 814: 806: 375: 363: 339: 338:

in the polity, as well as identify with the polity, possibly acquiring a

335: 133: 80: 3647:

Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000

2793: 7356: 7269: 6157: 6125: 6115: 5886: 5846: 5679: 5604: 5589: 5569: 5499: 5089: 5074: 5070: 4832: 4782: 4774: 4764: 4668: 4656: 4515: 4411: 4405: 4053: 2848:"The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (The McCarran-Walter Act)" 1711: 1591: 1583: 1484: 1197: 1037: 560: 493: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 383: 232: 3963:

Stories of Peoplehood: The Politics and Morals of Political Membership

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99, no. 1). Minneapolis, MN: The University of Minnesota. p. 31.

3376: 6105: 5906: 5694: 5669: 5659: 5629: 5614: 5061: 4874: 4807: 4747: 4742: 4549: 4077:(Fall 2023 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Standford University. 4001:

Limits of Citizenship. Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe

3423:"Personal and Social Education Framework: Key Stages 1 to 4 in Wales" 3116:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. xi, xii, xiii, 4. 1642: 1213: 1209: 1145: 1129: 1113: 1033: 846: 399: 367: 44: 4167: 3236:"The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy" 2966:"The Nuremberg Laws: The Reich Citizenship Law (September 15, 1935)" 2446:. Lecture 3: Ancient Greece. United Kingdom: The Modern Scholar via 1510:

may grant certain rights above and beyond what is granted under the

4045: 3379:. British Government, Department for Children, Schools and Families 1359:

In some instances the right to work in any position (including the

6135: 5624: 5559: 4869: 4797: 4348: 3755:

The Global Commonwealth of Citizens. Toward Cosmopolitan Democracy

3602:

Lawrance, Benjamin N.; Stevens, Jacqueline, eds. (February 2017).

1897: 1638: 1621: 1598: 1449: 1387:

Ireland's citizens are not classified as foreign nationals in the

1324: 1117: 1041: 874: 838: 765: 711: 702: 687: 641: 602: 556: 548: 379: 3605:

Citizenship in Question: Evidentiary Birthright and Statelessness

3582:

Zarrow, Peter (1997), Fogel, Joshua A.; Zarrow, Peter G. (eds.),

3451: 2621:. United States and Canada: Routledge. pp. 476 pages total. 1009:

granted citizenship to any foreigners who were living within the

932:

Despite the gains made by African Americans after the Civil War,

6130: 5554: 4879: 4421: 3176:

Oldfield, Adrian (1994). Turner, Bryan; Hamilton, Peter (eds.).

1620:

and most other schools in some forms from year 8 to 10 prior to

1587: 1483:

where the residents enjoy special provincial citizenship within

1021:

would grant universal Soviet citizenship to the citizens of all

781:, citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns (see 371: 5503: 5123: 4480: 4220: 4216: 760:

Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the upper-class

326:

Generally citizenships have no expiration and allow persons to

5699: 5594: 3870:

Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights

3676:

The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership

2985:"Restoration of German citizenship (Article 116 II Basic Law)" 1890:

Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians

764:

interests against the lower-order working groups known as the

632: 521:

A person can be recognized as a citizen on a number of bases.

462: 2615:

Taylor, David (1994). Turner, Bryan; Hamilton, Peter (eds.).

1454:

Diagram of relationship between; Citizens, Politicians + Laws

1329:

Citizenship ceremony on beach near Cooktown, Queensland. 2012

623:, point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early 2310:. Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics. Stanford University Press. 1923:"International Migration Law No. 34 - Glossary on Migration" 1805:

Allegiance, Citizenship and the Law: The Enigma of Belonging

534:

citizens residing outside of country of citizenship can vote

1616:

Citizenship is taught as a standalone subject in all state

785:), and applied mainly to middle-class folk. Titles such as 4073:. In Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri; et al. (eds.). 3909:

Citizenship in Dalit and Indigenous Australian Literatures

3679:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press. 2035:"17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship" 1989:"17. Towards Post-National and Denationalized Citizenship" 4168:

The Life in the UK Citizenship Test Report by Thom Brooks

3400:. Welsh Assembly Government. 15 June 2003. Archived from 2774:. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 1868 2533:

Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance

2444:

Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance

1955:"Citizenship and Nationality: Terms, Concepts and Rights" 1398:

was the first to introduce its own citizenship. However,

2117: 2115: 2113: 1434:

British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948

921:

that African Americans were granted citizenship rights.

917:

It was not until the abolition of slavery following the

3708:. MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series. The MIT Press. 3266:"Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union" 2593: 2591: 2578: 2576: 1537:) affect collective citizenship and thus in turn them. 979:

became the last state to enfranchise Native Americans.

2640: 2638: 879:

Portrait of Dred Scott, the plaintiff in the infamous

3186:, 1990 vol.61, pp. 177–187, in the book, pages 188+. 1287:

rights to move in order to exercise economic activity

611:

in his work extending the biopolitical framework of

555:

which rarely grant citizenship to non-Muslims, e.g.

7227: 6996: 6644: 6377: 6257: 6176: 6088: 6079: 5945: 5779: 5708: 5537: 5420: 5312: 5280: 5247: 5173: 5136: 5037: 4994: 4954: 4936: 4855: 4773: 4733: 4642: 4635: 4590: 4493: 4339: 4293: 2083: 2081: 2079: 1838:

Manual for Human Rights Education with Young people

1608:Citizenship is not taught as a discrete subject in 1050:

racial criteria for citizenship in the German Reich

3848:The Human Right to Citizenship: A Slippery Concept 3821: 2768:"Constitution of the United States: Amendment XIV" 2255:"ROLES, RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES OF CITIZENS" 1769: 1767: 1192:Responsibility is an action that individuals of a 3650:. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 3059:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 247–264. 1080:The primary principles of Israeli citizenship is 669:arose from an appreciation for the importance of 3723:Pocock, J. G. A. (1998). Shafir, Gershon (ed.). 2196:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 2371:Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S., eds. (2002). 744: 675: 564:though their parents meet citizenship criteria. 3171: 3169: 3167: 2132:. Berlin: De Gruyter Recht. pp. 547–548. 2037:. In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). 1991:. In Isin, Engin F.; Turner, Bryan S. (eds.). 1574:, parliament, government, the justice system, 1552:National Council for Curriculum and Assessment 1471:citizenship is a citizenship of an individual 30:"Citizen" redirects here. For other uses, see 5515: 4232: 3945:Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays 1479:and of the Confederation. Another example is 665:lecture course suggested that citizenship in 645:olive tree nor spring would have any rights. 274: 8: 6021: 4916: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2093:International Justice Resource Center (IJRC) 1637:advocates, who argue that it functions as a 1633:The concept of citizenship is criticized by 1092:(citizenship by place of birth) for others. 1011:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 417:Nationality § Nationality versus citizenship 5957: 3508:International Journal of Constitutional Law 3425:. Welsh Assembly Government. Archived from 2818:. University of Washington-Bothell Library. 2437: 2435: 2433: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 1341:Some such countries do not require tourist 1163:. It assumes people act for the purpose of 923:The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 889:From 1790 until the mid-twentieth century, 303:Though citizenship is often conflated with 6085: 5522: 5508: 5500: 5142: 5133: 5120: 4639: 4490: 4477: 4290: 4239: 4225: 4217: 3564:Citizenship in Ancient and Medieval Cities 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3051:"Citizenship. Human rights, and Diversity" 2610: 2608: 2606: 2469: 2467: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 1866:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from 1564:General Certificate of Secondary Education 281: 267: 36: 3777:Becoming British: UK Citizenship Examined 3519: 3025: 2307:Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life 2173:(in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. 1007:1918 constitution of revolutionary Russia 509:Learn how and when to remove this message 4069:Leydet, Dominique (September 5, 2023) . 3623:Mann, Jatinder, ed. (October 12, 2023). 2279:"Know your duties as a citizen of Ghana" 2129:European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms 1931:International Organization for Migration 7105:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3702:Kochenov, Dimitry (November 12, 2019). 3588:, Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, p. 3, 3260: 3258: 2941:"1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I" 2916:"1936 Constitution of the USSR, Part I" 2477:Citizenship in transformation in Canada 2304:Agamben, G.; Heller-Roazen, D. (1998). 2283:National Commission for Civic Education 2231:"TYPES OF CITIZENSHIP — Civic Keypoint" 1763: 1733: 1418:Commonwealth citizenship was introduced 1307:is granted to eligible citizens of the 995:Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics 989:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 984:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 528:Place of residence. In some countries, 319:, these two notions being conceptually 175: 96: 50: 39: 3014:International Political Science Review 2680: 2597: 2582: 2567: 2555: 2500: 2424: 2349: 2337: 2124:"Part V: Citizenship Rights in Europe" 1570:. As well as teaching knowledge about 1475:, from which follows citizenship of a 1086:(citizenship by descent) for Jews and 3673:Bosniak, Linda (September 28, 2023). 3644:Parker, Kunal M. (5 September 2015). 2891:"Article 4 (R.S.F.S.R. Constitution)" 2866:"Article 2 (R.S.F.S.R. Constitution)" 2748:. Cornell University Law School. 1857 2668: 2656: 2644: 2162: 2160: 1747:came to be employed as a synonym for 1566:(GCSE) course in many schools in the 1277:An agreement is known as the amended 430:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7: 1860:"Nationality, ethnicity in Slovakia" 1309:Southern Common Market member states 982:It was not until the passage of the 491:adding citations to reliable sources 296:is a membership and allegiance to a 7215:The End of History and the Last Man 7125:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 4184:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4075:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3846:; Walton-Roberts, Margaret (2015). 1780:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1285:Union citizens have also extensive 307:in today's English-speaking world, 4482: 3541:Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 25: 3085:Citizenship Teaching and Learning 2816:US Immigration Legislation Online 1961:, Brill Nijhoff, pp. 11–57, 1953:Rütte, Barbara von (2022-12-19), 1262:citizenship of the European Union 1252:Citizenship of the European Union 7185:The Open Society and Its Enemies 5484: 5483: 4143: 4129: 4117: 3322:from the original on 2010-12-18. 1774:Leydet, Dominique (2006-10-13). 1412:of 1946 provided for a distinct 1348:In some Commonwealth countries, 871:Citizenship of the United States 805:During this era, members of the 467: 415:This section is an excerpt from 5992:Family as a model for the state 4193:"Citizenship Laws of the World" 3500:Vladimirovich Kochenov, Dimitry 3252:Note: the consolidated version. 3020:(3). SAGE Publishing: 313–335. 2694:"A History of U.S. Citizenship" 2474:Hebert, Yvonne M., ed. (2002). 2374:Handbook of Citizenship Studies 2167:Koubi, Geneviève (1994-12-31). 2146:from the original on 2021-03-08 2099:from the original on 2022-01-19 2089:"CITIZENSHIP & NATIONALITY" 2061:from the original on 2021-09-30 2040:Handbook of Citizenship Studies 2015:from the original on 2021-09-30 1994:Handbook of Citizenship Studies 1525:Citizenship education (subject) 1428:adopted this principle such as 1239:intergovernmental organizations 478:needs additional citations for 7342:Separation of church and state 7240:Collectivism and individualism 7195:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5125: 4003:. University of Chicago Press. 3984:. Cambridge University Press. 3965:. Cambridge University Press. 3824:A Brief History of Citizenship 3757:. Princeton University Press. 3179:Citizenship: Critical Concepts 3008:Safran, William (1997-07-01). 2618:Citizenship: Critical Concepts 1959:The Human Right to Citizenship 895:The Naturalization Act of 1790 311:does not usually use the term 1: 7382:Category:Political philosophy 7255:Critique of political economy 4134:The dictionary definition of 4010:Citizenship and Social Theory 3947:. Cambridge University Press. 3289:Note: Articles 39, 43, 49 EC. 3208:"The Role of Civic Education" 2830:"Elections: Native Americans" 2208:10.1080/17457289.2023.2189727 2043:. SAGE Publications. p. 1997:. SAGE Publications. p. 1657:. In 1987, moral philosopher 1603:personal and social education 1108:theory, carries with it both 569:Responsibilities of a citizen 27:Legal membership in a country 7280:Institutional discrimination 7275:History of political thought 6007:Negative and positive rights 4108:Resources in other libraries 3891:. Rowman & Littlefield. 3785:Contemporary British History 3448:"Modern Studies Association" 3351:. March 2010. Archived from 3144:Beiner, Ronald, ed. (1995). 2945:www.departments.bucknell.edu 2920:www.departments.bucknell.edu 2794:"Naturalization Act of 1870" 1562:Citizenship is offered as a 1504:citizen of the United States 1462:may impose requirements, of 1422:British Nationality Act 1948 1188:Responsibilities of citizens 1104:. Citizenship status, under 7290:Justification for the state 7075:Two Treatises of Government 3872:. Oxford University Press. 3805:. Oxford University Press. 2854:. U.S. Department of State. 2852:The Office of the Historian 2746:Legal Information Institute 1618:schools in Northern Ireland 1299:Citizenship of the Mercosur 7434: 5960:Bellum omnium contra omnes 4331:Weberian (three-component) 4156:BBC PSHE & Citizenship 3889:Creating European Citizens 3241:Princeton University Press 3027:10.1177/019251297018003006 2531:Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). 2450:. pp. 1, 2 (tracks). 2442:Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). 2122:Kadelbach, Stefan (2007). 1522: 1512:United States Constitution 1443: 1318: 1296: 1260:introduced the concept of 1249: 1230: 1180: 1073: 998: 965:U.S. v. Bhagat Singh Thind 959:Ozawa v. the United States 927:Naturalization Act of 1870 868: 727: 600: 587: 414: 323:of collective membership. 29: 7377: 5479: 5145: 5132: 5119: 4489: 4476: 4289: 4260: 4103:Resources in your library 4008:Turner, Bryan S. (1994). 3980:Somers, Margaret (2008). 3844:Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. 3793:10.1080/13619460701189559 3608:. Duke University Press. 2722:. The Library of Congress 2126:. In Ehlers, Dirk (ed.). 1722:Transnational citizenship 1165:enlightened self-interest 66:Aboard aircraft and ships 7165:The Revolt of the Masses 5453:Pre-industrial East Asia 3999:Soysal, Yasemin (1994). 3906:Mukherjee, Riya (2024). 3787:(2008) 22#2 pp 203–225 3656:10.1017/CBO9781139343282 3049:Leary, Virginia (2000). 1743:has noted that the term 1409:Canadian Citizenship Act 1266:Treaty on European Union 1264:. Article 17 (1) of the 859:representative democracy 404:extent of citizen rights 354:citizens have been made 32:Citizen (disambiguation) 7145:The Communist Manifesto 6071:Tyranny of the majority 5982:Consent of the governed 4501:Administrative detainee 3943:Marshall, T.H. (1950). 3726:The Citizenship Debates 3486:10.1111/1467-8675.12340 3184:The Political Quarterly 2772:The Charters of Freedom 2229:keypoint (2022-09-14). 2033:Sassen, Saskia (2002). 1987:Sassen, Saskia (2002). 1934:: 143–144. 2019-06-19. 1446:Subnational citizenship 1335:Commonwealth of Nations 1208:proper balance between 1076:Israeli citizenship law 6022: 5972:Clash of civilizations 5958: 4917: 4122:Quotations related to 3961:Smith, Rogers (2003). 3820:Heater, Derek (2004). 3535:Sacco, Steven (2022). 3147:Theorizing Citizenship 3110:Gross, Feliks (1999). 2970:Jewish Virtual Library 2812:"1917 Immigration Act" 1864:Slovak Studies Program 1455: 1402:were still treated as 1330: 1275: 1202:civic responsibilities 1102:History of citizenship 1001:Soviet nationality law 973:Indian Citizenship Act 911:Dred Scott v. Sandford 886: 882:Dred Scott v. Sandford 758: 740:equality under the law 693: 686: 683:Geoffrey Hosking, 2005 607:Many thinkers such as 590:History of citizenship 362:of states were mostly 5987:Divine right of kings 5458:Pre-industrial Europe 3918:10.4324/9781003300892 3887:Maas, Willem (2007). 3377:"National curriculum" 2698:The Los Angeles Times 1707:Non-citizens (Latvia) 1467:fundamental basis of 1453: 1404:subjects of the Crown 1328: 1270: 1181:Further information: 1058:women in Nazi Germany 1046:Reich Citizenship Law 942:Chinese Exclusion Act 878: 691: 673:. Hosking explained: 579:Constitution of Ghana 530:non-citizens can vote 356:second-class citizens 203:Diplomatic protection 7135:Democracy in America 6514:political philosophy 6497:political philosophy 6312:political philosophy 6141:political philosophy 6051:Separation of powers 6012:Night-watchman state 5997:Monopoly on violence 5531:Political philosophy 5315: or countries 5126:By country or region 4364:Class discrimination 4152:at Wikimedia Commons 3952:Shue, Henry (1950). 3521:10.1093/icon/moaa108 3097:10.1386/ctl.8.1.21_1 2095:. 15 November 2012. 1692:Honorary citizenship 1545:It is taught in the 1460:Subnational entities 1414:Canadian Citizenship 1321:Commonwealth citizen 1048:of 1935 established 777:During the European 617:History of Sexuality 532:. In some countries 487:improve this article 428:. Article 15 of the 321:different dimensions 18:Proof of citizenship 7325:Right-wing politics 7205:A Theory of Justice 7175:The Road to Serfdom 7095:The Social Contract 5802:Christian democracy 4847:Vanniar (Chieftain) 4173:Leydet, Dominique. 3561:Weber, Max (1998). 3404:on 23 November 2011 2834:Library of Congress 2742:"Scott v. Sandford" 1717:Spatial citizenship 1697:Loss of citizenship 1677:Citizenship Studies 1655:anarcho-capitalists 1547:Republic of Ireland 1541:Republic of Ireland 1303:Citizenship of the 1173:citizenship in the 541:honorary conferment 459:Determining factors 382:, giving rise to a 380:ancient city-states 228:Permanent residency 7337:Political violence 7332:Political theology 7315:Left-wing politics 7310:Political spectrum 5428:18th-century Spain 5282:Standard of living 4986:Upper middle class 4981:Lower middle class 4572:Political prisoner 4354:Chattering classes 4326:Spoon class theory 4161:2016-06-19 at the 4028:Young, Iris Marion 3751:Archibugi, Daniele 2983:Amt, Auswärtiges. 1672:Citizen's dividend 1601:the model used is 1531:Active citizenship 1456: 1331: 1233:Global citizenship 1221:Arthur Stinchcombe 1136:, the individual, 919:American Civil War 887: 694: 654:or the bare life. 406:remain contested. 248:Identity cleansing 7390: 7389: 7300:Philosophy of law 7245:Conflict theories 7085:The Spirit of Law 6992: 6991: 6041:Original position 5497: 5496: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5308: 5307: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5106: 5009:Lumpenproletariat 4511:illegal immigrant 4472: 4471: 4384:Classless society 4148:Media related to 4089:Library resources 4019:978-0-8039-8611-4 3991:978-0-521-79394-0 3972:978-0-521-52003-4 3898:978-0-7425-5486-3 3879:978-0-19-829091-9 3835:978-0-8147-3672-2 3812:978-0-19-829768-0 3764:978-1-4008-2976-7 3740:978-0-8166-2880-3 3731:Queen's Quarterly 3595:978-0-7656-0098-1 3574:978-0-8166-2880-3 3270:eur-lex.europa.eu 3243:, Princeton, 2008 3231:Daniele Archibugi 3157:978-0-7914-2335-6 3123:978-0-313-30932-8 3066:978-0-7735-1893-3 2671:, pp. 46–47. 2628:978-0-415-07036-2 2542:978-1-4025-8360-5 2514:Civis Romanus sum 2487:978-0-8020-0850-3 2457:978-1-4025-8360-5 2384:978-0-7619-6858-0 2317:978-0-8047-3218-5 2180:978-2-402-10208-7 2170:De la citoyenneté 2054:978-0-7619-6858-0 2008:978-0-7619-6858-0 1968:978-90-04-51752-3 1858:Votruba, Martin. 1819:978-1-83910-254-7 1515:nationalization. 1432:, by way of the 1258:Maastricht Treaty 891:United States law 823:French Revolution 730:Roman citizenship 519: 518: 511: 426:international law 342:. Though through 309:international law 291: 290: 238:Right to homeland 16:(Redirected from 7425: 7305:Political ethics 7295:Machiavellianism 7235:Authoritarianism 7220: 7210: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7100: 7090: 7080: 7070: 7060: 7050: 7040: 7030: 7020: 7010: 6086: 6027: 5963: 5953:Balance of power 5927:Social democracy 5922:Social Darwinism 5897:Multiculturalism 5842:Environmentalism 5817:Communitarianism 5524: 5517: 5510: 5501: 5487: 5486: 5314: 5215:Mexican-American 5143: 5134: 5121: 4922: 4865:Business magnate 4755:Knowledge worker 4640: 4528:dual or multiple 4491: 4478: 4432:Social exclusion 4427:Social cleansing 4341: 4291: 4280:Economic classes 4241: 4234: 4227: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4188: 4179:Zalta, Edward N. 4147: 4133: 4121: 4078: 4065: 4023: 4004: 3995: 3976: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3902: 3883: 3861: 3839: 3827: 3816: 3780: 3768: 3744: 3719: 3698: 3669: 3640: 3619: 3598: 3578: 3549: 3548: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3514:(4): 1525–1530. 3496: 3490: 3489: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3450:. Archived from 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3314: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3262: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3173: 3162: 3161: 3141: 3128: 3127: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2895:www.marxists.org 2887: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2870:www.marxists.org 2862: 2856: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2800:. U.S. Congress. 2790: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2612: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2528: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2439: 2428: 2422: 2389: 2388: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2275: 2269: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2241: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2119: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2085: 2074: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2020: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1927: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1895: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1845: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1771: 1752: 1738: 1396:Irish Free State 1365:Governor-General 1183:Civic engagement 1146:right, and wrong 1134:military service 1096:Different senses 1023:member republics 934:Native Americans 906:US Supreme Court 783:medieval commune 756: 684: 659:Geoffrey Hosking 514: 507: 503: 500: 494: 471: 463: 358:. Historically, 348:disfranchisement 283: 276: 269: 243:Voluntary return 156:Lost citizenship 37: 21: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7418:Immigration law 7408:Human migration 7393: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7373: 7362:Totalitarianism 7223: 7218: 7208: 7198: 7188: 7178: 7168: 7158: 7148: 7138: 7128: 7118: 7108: 7098: 7088: 7078: 7068: 7058: 7048: 7038: 7035:Treatise on Law 7028: 7018: 7008: 6988: 6646: 6640: 6379: 6373: 6259: 6253: 6172: 6075: 6061:State of nature 6056:Social contract 6036:Ordered liberty 6024:Noblesse oblige 5941: 5775: 5704: 5533: 5528: 5498: 5493: 5467: 5416: 5304: 5276: 5243: 5227:Underprivileged 5169: 5128: 5127: 5103: 5033: 4990: 4950: 4932: 4851: 4769: 4729: 4631: 4586: 4485: 4484: 4468: 4447:Social position 4437:Social mobility 4335: 4285: 4256: 4255: 4245: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4191: 4172: 4163:Wayback Machine 4114: 4113: 4112: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4068: 4026: 4020: 4007: 3998: 3992: 3979: 3973: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3928: 3905: 3899: 3886: 3880: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3836: 3819: 3813: 3797: 3771: 3765: 3749: 3741: 3722: 3716: 3701: 3687: 3672: 3666: 3643: 3637: 3622: 3616: 3601: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3557: 3555:Further reading 3552: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3333:Murray v Parkes 3331: 3327: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3175: 3174: 3165: 3158: 3143: 3142: 3131: 3124: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3067: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2897: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2777: 2775: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2614: 2613: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2530: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2473: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2441: 2440: 2431: 2423: 2392: 2385: 2370: 2369: 2356: 2348: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2276: 2272: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2239: 2237: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2140: 2121: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2100: 2087: 2086: 2077: 2064: 2062: 2055: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2009: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1905: 1893: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1871: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1820: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1668: 1631: 1560: 1543: 1527: 1521: 1502:, as well as a 1448: 1442: 1420:in 1948 in the 1323: 1317: 1301: 1295: 1254: 1248: 1235: 1229: 1185: 1106:social contract 1098: 1078: 1072: 1040:(or so-called " 1031: 1003: 997: 873: 867: 855: 831: 809:had a range of 775: 757: 753:J. G. A. Pocock 751: 732: 726: 685: 682: 609:Giorgio Agamben 605: 599: 592: 574:the community. 571: 539:Citizenship by 515: 504: 498: 495: 484: 472: 461: 456: 455: 434:sovereign state 420: 412: 378:, particularly 298:sovereign state 287: 253:Right of return 198:Criminalization 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7395: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352:Social justice 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7260:Egalitarianism 7257: 7252: 7250:Contractualism 7247: 7242: 7237: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7211: 7201: 7191: 7181: 7171: 7161: 7151: 7141: 7131: 7121: 7111: 7101: 7091: 7081: 7071: 7061: 7051: 7041: 7031: 7021: 7011: 7000: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6383: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6263: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6046:Overton window 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5877:Libertarianism 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5448:Ottoman Empire 5445: 5440: 5435: 5433:Ancient Greece 5430: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5407:United Kingdom 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5300:Home-ownership 5297: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5234: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5179: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:American Dream 5152: 5146: 5140: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5068: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4960: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4648: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4567:Migrant worker 4564: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4486: 4483:By demographic 4481: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4463:Status Anxiety 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Ranked society 4414: 4409: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:Class conflict 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4342: topics 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316:Mudsill theory 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4189: 4170: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4127: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4083:External links 4081: 4080: 4079: 4066: 4046:10.1086/293065 4040:(2): 250–274. 4024: 4018: 4005: 3996: 3990: 3977: 3971: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3926: 3903: 3897: 3884: 3878: 3866:Kymlicka, Will 3862: 3856: 3840: 3834: 3817: 3811: 3799:Carens, Joseph 3795: 3781: 3769: 3763: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3720: 3714: 3699: 3685: 3670: 3664: 3641: 3635: 3620: 3614: 3599: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3527: 3491: 3474:Constellations 3464: 3439: 3414: 3389: 3368: 3337: 3325: 3301: 3291: 3282: 3254: 3245: 3223: 3199: 3192: 3163: 3156: 3129: 3122: 3102: 3075: 3065: 3041: 3000: 2975: 2957: 2932: 2907: 2882: 2857: 2839: 2821: 2803: 2785: 2759: 2733: 2711: 2700:. July 4, 1997 2685: 2673: 2661: 2649: 2634: 2627: 2602: 2587: 2572: 2560: 2548: 2541: 2518: 2505: 2493: 2486: 2463: 2456: 2448:Recorded Books 2429: 2390: 2383: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2316: 2296: 2270: 2246: 2221: 2202:(3): 466–489. 2186: 2179: 2156: 2138: 2109: 2075: 2053: 2025: 2007: 1979: 1967: 1945: 1914: 1880: 1850: 1825: 1818: 1791: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1614: 1606: 1595: 1568:United Kingdom 1559: 1558:United Kingdom 1556: 1542: 1539: 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1444:Main article: 1441: 1438: 1400:Irish citizens 1389:United Kingdom 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373:Prime Minister 1357: 1346: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1297:Main article: 1294: 1291: 1250:Main article: 1247: 1246:European Union 1244: 1228: 1225: 1179: 1178: 1169: 1168: 1097: 1094: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1030: 1027: 999:Main article: 996: 993: 869:Main article: 866: 863: 854: 851: 830: 827: 774: 771: 749: 728:Main article: 725: 722: 680: 667:ancient Greece 663:Modern Scholar 629:ancient Greece 601:Main article: 598: 593: 588:Main article: 570: 567: 566: 565: 553:Gulf countries 544: 537: 526: 517: 516: 475: 473: 466: 460: 457: 421: 413: 411: 408: 344:discriminatory 289: 288: 286: 285: 278: 271: 263: 260: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 250: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 213:Foreign worker 210: 205: 200: 195: 194: 193: 180: 179: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 168: 163: 153: 148: 147: 146: 141: 136: 129:Naturalization 126: 125: 124: 119: 114: 101: 100: 94: 93: 92: 91: 90: 89: 77: 70: 69: 68: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7430: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7285:Jurisprudence 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7117: 7116: 7115:Rights of Man 7112: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7036: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7025:De re publica 7022: 7017: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645:20th and 21st 6643: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6378:18th and 19th 6376: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234:Nizam al-Mulk 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917:Republicanism 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5513: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5490: 5482: 5481: 5478: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5412:United States 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313:Other regions 5311: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5138:United States 5135: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4577:Socioeconomic 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4452:Social stigma 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4442:Social orphan 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4401: 4400:Nouveau riche 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:Class traitor 4372: 4370: 4369:Class society 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:Gilbert model 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4205:on 2006-04-04 4201: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4175:"Citizenship" 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4140:at Wiktionary 4139: 4138: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4071:"Citizenship" 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3927:9781003300892 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912:. Routledge. 3911: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3857:9780812247176 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828:. NYU Press. 3826: 3825: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3715:9780262537797 3711: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3686:9780691138282 3682: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3665:9781139343282 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3636:9783031343575 3632: 3628: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3615:9780822362913 3611: 3607: 3606: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3454:on 2007-09-11 3453: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3429:on 2011-05-04 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3358:on 2013-09-28 3354: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3271: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3195: 3193:9780415102452 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2896: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2721: 2715: 2712: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2659:, p. 46. 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 44. 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2600:, p. 38. 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2585:, p. 37. 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570:, p. 36. 2569: 2564: 2561: 2558:, p. 35. 2557: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2503:, p. 33. 2502: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2478: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2343: 2340:, p. 32. 2339: 2334: 2331: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2297: 2285:. 5 July 2021 2284: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2139:9783110971965 2135: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2060: 2056: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2026: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1970: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1903: 1899: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1881: 1870:on 2014-09-25 1869: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1800:Irving, Helen 1795: 1792: 1781: 1777: 1776:"Citizenship" 1770: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659:Joseph Carens 1656: 1653:, especially 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1548: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1526: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508:constitutions 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1447: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1385: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:civil service 1358: 1355: 1354:right to vote 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1269: 1268:stated that: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1227:International 1226: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1175:public sphere 1171: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:human dignity 1158: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1095: 1093: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1083:jus sanguinis 1077: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 994: 992: 990: 985: 980: 978: 974: 969: 967: 966: 961: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 912: 907: 902: 900: 899:United States 896: 892: 884: 883: 877: 872: 865:United States 864: 862: 860: 852: 850: 848: 844: 843:republicanism 840: 836: 828: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 800: 796: 792: 791:grand burgher 788: 784: 780: 772: 770: 767: 763: 754: 748: 743: 741: 737: 731: 723: 721: 718: 713: 708: 707:ancient Greek 704: 700: 690: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 655: 653: 652: 646: 643: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 619:in the book, 618: 614: 610: 604: 597: 594: 591: 586: 582: 580: 575: 568: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 542: 538: 535: 531: 527: 524: 523: 522: 513: 510: 502: 499:November 2019 492: 488: 482: 481: 476:This section 474: 470: 465: 464: 458: 452: 450: 449:social rights 446: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 418: 409: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350:and outright 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 324: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 284: 279: 277: 272: 270: 265: 264: 262: 261: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 182: 181: 178: 174: 167: 164: 162: 161:denaturalized 159: 158: 157: 154: 152: 149: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122:transnational 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103: 102: 99: 95: 88: 87:Birth tourism 85: 84: 83: 82: 78: 76: 75: 74:Jus sanguinis 71: 67: 64: 63: 62: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 49: 46: 42: 38: 33: 19: 7366: 7265:Elite theory 7213: 7203: 7193: 7183: 7173: 7163: 7153: 7143: 7133: 7123: 7113: 7103: 7093: 7083: 7073: 7063: 7053: 7043: 7033: 7023: 7013: 7003: 6302:Guicciardini 6258:Early modern 6081:Philosophers 6031:Open society 5967:Body politic 5837:Distributism 5827:Conservatism 5822:Confucianism 5741:Gerontocracy 5731:Dictatorship 5685:Sovereignty‎ 5675:Ruling class 5565:Emancipation 5550:Citizenship‎ 5549: 5463:Soviet Union 5438:Ancient Rome 5295:Homelessness 5220:Upper Middle 5092: / 5073: / 5064: / 5029:Working poor 4925: 4912:Robber baron 4735:Intellectual 4725:Royal family 4689:Ancient Rome 4543:second-class 4522: 4461: 4404: 4403: / 4398: 4394:High society 4301:Elite theory 4278: 4271: 4264: 4251:Social class 4207:. 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