1160:
135:
1651:
1741:
1657:
117:
319:
had developed their modern forms โ moa remains are also known from Saint
Bathans, already large and flightless. This supports genetic and morphological analyses indicating that the two clades arrived in New Zealand independently and are not particularly closely related, moas forming a clade with
501:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution".
295:, weighs at least 800 g), and its more gracile otic process may indicate a shorter bill. It bears distinctively slender hindlimbs, more comparable in terms of proportion to flying birds like the
487:
Phillips, M.J., Gibb, G.C., Crimp, E.A. & Penny, D. (2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites".
449:
Tennyson, A.J.D., Worthy, T.H., Jones, C.M., Scofield, R.P. & Hand, S.J. (2010). "Moaโs Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in
Zealandia".
1821:
436:
Worthy, T.H., Tennyson, A.J.D., Jones, C., McNamara, J.A. & Douglas B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from
Central Otago, New Zealand".
1159:
1808:
581:
299:
than to extant kiwis, and it is speculated to have been capable of powered flight, or to have evolved relatively recently from flying ancestors.
1915:
1910:
1920:
1905:
1900:
1895:
311:
lacked specialisation for a terrestrial, flightless lifestyle supports the hypothesis that kiwi ancestors flew to New
Zealand from
392:
Paleornithological
Research 2013, Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution
1890:
1650:
574:
134:
413:
652:
1885:
1761:
567:
1875:
1847:
1744:
1202:
989:
936:
706:
511:
380:
1059:
1656:
1045:
972:
289:
is considerably smaller than modern kiwis, weighing around 234.1 โ 377g (the smallest living kiwi,
1721:
1686:
1399:
944:
679:
545:
129:
1852:
1714:
1379:
1052:
1826:
1262:
1066:
1834:
1707:
1178:
1126:
1021:
958:
537:
1839:
1880:
1693:
1341:
1014:
887:
527:
519:
267:
1799:
1219:
1035:
951:
871:
637:
463:
515:
1572:
834:
291:
1869:
1545:
1481:
1389:
1099:
1077:
864:
776:
763:
718:
590:
549:
352:
340:
186:
67:
1700:
1503:
1419:
929:
919:
1784:
1793:
1600:
1588:
1561:
1521:
1512:
1460:
1426:
1334:
1269:
1211:
1089:
797:
691:
296:
275:
259:
206:
196:
42:
1674:
1474:
1444:
1348:
1307:
1242:
1190:
850:
808:
356:
344:
87:
52:
339:
Kiwis have also been found by molecular studies to be the sister taxa of the
1609:
1554:
1488:
1410:
1004:
982:
904:
857:
843:
819:
664:
523:
329:
312:
146:
92:
36:
541:
1778:
1626:
1616:
1453:
1327:
1300:
1252:
615:
166:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
1813:
1467:
1433:
1363:
1318:
1230:
1107:
321:
263:
232:
116:
97:
72:
30:
532:
609:
559:
325:
156:
1755:
271:
359:
ratites may have flown across the Indian Ocean around this time.
621:
176:
1759:
1672:
1176:
761:
602:
563:
1287:
333:
316:
470:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 February 2001
355:
as recently as the early
Miocene, indicating that the
1622:
1584:
1542:
1527:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1284:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1199:
1095:
1085:
1032:
1001:
969:
916:
900:
831:
815:
804:
793:
1768:
1599:
1571:
1541:
1511:
1502:
1443:
1409:
1362:
1317:
1283:
1229:
1198:
1189:
1125:
1076:
1031:
1000:
968:
915:
885:
830:
774:
717:
690:
663:
636:
385:, Apterygidae) are probably not phyletic dwarves"
351:establishes the existence of flying Australian
575:
8:
374:
372:
262:known from the 16โ19 million-year-old early
1756:
1669:
1577:
1508:
1368:
1292:
1195:
1186:
1173:
1122:
893:
786:
782:
771:
758:
696:
669:
642:
633:
599:
582:
568:
560:
115:
20:
531:
379:Worthy, Trevor H.; et al. (2013).
368:
7:
438:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
14:
381:"Miocene fossils show that kiwi (
1740:
1739:
1655:
1649:
1158:
451:Records of the Australian Museum
412:Egan, Joanna (15 January 2014).
133:
464:"Kiwi may be Australian export"
124:Illustration of holotype femur
1:
1916:Extinct monotypic bird genera
1911:Fossil taxa described in 2013
1921:Endemic birds of New Zealand
1906:Endemic fauna of New Zealand
1901:Extinct birds of New Zealand
414:"NZ kiwi made in Australia?"
324:, and kiwis with Australian
315:in the Miocene, well after
1937:
1896:Birds of the South Island
1735:
1681:
1668:
1646:
1580:
1371:
1295:
1185:
1172:
1155:
1121:
896:
789:
785:
770:
757:
699:
672:
645:
632:
598:
238:
231:
130:Scientific classification
128:
123:
114:
23:
524:10.1126/science.1251981
1891:Fossils of New Zealand
29:Temporal range: early
16:Extinct genus of birds
1848:Paleobiology Database
418:Australian Geographic
255:Proapteryx micromeros
242:Proapteryx micromeros
516:2014Sci...344..898M
489:Systematic Biology
245:Worthy et al. 2013
226:Worthy et al. 2013
1863:
1862:
1835:Open Tree of Life
1762:Taxon identifiers
1753:
1752:
1731:
1730:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1498:
1497:
1358:
1357:
1279:
1278:
1203:Opisthodactylidae
1179:Notopalaeognathae
1168:
1167:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1127:Notopalaeognathae
1117:
1116:
881:
880:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
510:(6186): 898โ900.
266:sediments of the
251:
250:
246:
227:
1928:
1856:
1855:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1829:
1817:
1816:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1757:
1743:
1742:
1694:Incognitoolithus
1670:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1624:
1586:
1578:
1544:
1529:
1509:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1369:
1293:
1288:Dinornithiformes
1286:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1123:
1097:
1087:
1034:
1003:
971:
918:
902:
894:
888:Struthioniformes
833:
817:
806:
795:
787:
783:
772:
759:
697:
670:
643:
634:
627:
626:
600:
584:
577:
570:
561:
554:
553:
535:
498:
492:
485:
479:
478:
476:
475:
460:
454:
447:
441:
434:
428:
427:
425:
424:
409:
403:
402:
400:
398:
389:
376:
268:St Bathans Fauna
244:
225:
218:
138:
137:
119:
109:
39:
21:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1727:
1677:
1660:
1648:
1632:
1595:
1567:
1537:
1494:
1439:
1405:
1354:
1313:
1275:
1225:
1220:Opisthodactylus
1181:
1164:
1157:
1141:
1113:
1072:
1036:Ergilornithidae
1027:
996:
990:Galligeranoides
964:
952:Palaeophasianus
937:Galligeranoides
911:
890:
877:
872:Pseudocrypturus
826:
779:
766:
733:
713:
686:
659:
653:Avemetatarsalia
638:Avemetatarsalia
628:
605:
604:
594:
588:
558:
557:
500:
499:
495:
486:
482:
473:
471:
462:
461:
457:
448:
444:
435:
431:
422:
420:
411:
410:
406:
396:
394:
387:
378:
377:
370:
365:
305:
284:
224:
216:
132:
110:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
34:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1805:
1790:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1581:
1575:
1573:Casuariiformes
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:Aepyornithidae
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1525:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1193:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1093:
1082:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1060:Sinoergilornis
1056:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1008:
998:
997:
995:
994:
986:
978:
976:
966:
965:
963:
962:
955:
948:
941:
933:
925:
923:
913:
912:
910:
909:
897:
891:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
876:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
839:
837:
835:Lithornithidae
828:
827:
825:
824:
813:
802:
790:
780:
775:
768:
767:
762:
755:
754:
751:
750:
747:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
734:
732:
731:
730:
729:
723:
721:
715:
714:
712:
711:
710:
709:
700:
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
683:
682:
673:
667:
661:
660:
658:
657:
656:
655:
646:
640:
630:
629:
625:
624:
618:
612:
603:
596:
595:
589:
587:
586:
579:
572:
564:
556:
555:
493:
480:
455:
453:, 62: 105โ114.
442:
429:
404:
367:
366:
364:
361:
341:elephant birds
307:The fact that
304:
301:
292:Apteryx owenii
283:
280:
258:is an extinct
249:
248:
236:
235:
229:
228:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
197:Apterygiformes
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
121:
120:
112:
111:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1933:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Miocene birds
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1390:Querandiornis
1384:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1328:Anomalopteryx
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:Pachystruthio
1094:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1078:Struthionidae
1075:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1046:Amphipelargus
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1006:
999:
992:
991:
987:
985:
984:
980:
979:
977:
974:
973:Palaeotididae
967:
961:
960:
956:
954:
953:
949:
947:
946:
942:
939:
938:
934:
932:
931:
927:
926:
924:
921:
914:
907:
906:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
884:
874:
873:
869:
867:
866:
865:Paracathartes
862:
860:
859:
855:
853:
852:
848:
846:
845:
841:
840:
838:
836:
829:
822:
821:
814:
811:
810:
803:
800:
799:
792:
791:
788:
784:
781:
778:
777:Palaeognathae
773:
769:
765:
764:Palaeognathae
760:
756:
727:
726:
725:
724:
722:
720:
719:Palaeognathae
716:
708:
704:
703:
702:
701:
698:
695:
693:
689:
681:
677:
676:
675:
674:
671:
668:
666:
662:
654:
650:
649:
648:
647:
644:
641:
639:
635:
631:
623:
619:
617:
613:
611:
607:
606:
601:
597:
592:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
565:
562:
551:
547:
543:
539:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
497:
494:
491:, 59: 90โ107.
490:
484:
481:
469:
465:
459:
456:
452:
446:
443:
439:
433:
430:
419:
415:
408:
405:
393:
386:
384:
375:
373:
369:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
293:
288:
287:P. micromeros
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
247:
243:
237:
234:
230:
223:
222:
215:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:Palaeognathae
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
122:
118:
113:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
32:
26:
22:
19:
1876:Paleognathae
1769:
1722:Tsondabornis
1720:
1713:
1706:
1701:Medioolithus
1699:
1692:
1687:Diamantornis
1685:
1625:
1615:
1608:
1587:
1560:
1553:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1504:Novaeratitae
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1432:
1425:
1420:Crypturellus
1418:
1400:Roveretornis
1398:
1388:
1378:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1308:Megalapteryx
1306:
1299:
1268:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1218:
1210:
1106:
1098:
1088:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1020:
1013:
988:
981:
957:
950:
945:Geranodornis
943:
935:
930:Eogeranoides
928:
920:Geranoididae
903:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
818:
807:
796:
507:
503:
496:
488:
483:
472:. Retrieved
467:
458:
450:
445:
437:
432:
421:. Retrieved
417:
407:
395:. Retrieved
391:
382:
353:palaeognaths
348:
338:
308:
306:
290:
286:
285:
254:
253:
252:
241:
239:
220:
219:
183:Infraclass:
24:
18:
1794:Wikispecies
1601:Casuariidae
1589:Diogenornis
1562:Mullerornis
1513:Apterygidae
1461:Nothoprocta
1427:Nothocercus
1342:Euryapteryx
1212:Diogenornis
1090:Orientornis
798:Asteriornis
707:Maniraptora
692:Maniraptora
591:Palaeognath
468:ABC Science
297:banded rail
276:New Zealand
207:Apterygidae
35:19โ16
1870:Categories
1800:Proapteryx
1770:Proapteryx
1715:Psammornis
1532:Proapteryx
1475:Rhynchotus
1445:Nothurinae
1380:Miniothura
1349:Pachyornis
1243:Heterorhea
1191:Rheiformes
1136:see belowโ
1053:Ergilornis
851:Fissuravis
809:Eremopezus
728:see belowโ
533:2328/35953
474:2015-02-27
440:, 5: 1โ39.
423:2015-02-27
363:References
349:Proapteryx
345:Madagascar
309:Proapteryx
303:Importance
221:Proapteryx
25:Proapteryx
1785:Q16757705
1610:Casuarius
1555:Aepyornis
1489:Tinamotis
1482:Taoniscus
1411:Tinaminae
1364:Tinamidae
1263:Protorhea
1067:Urmiornis
1005:Eogruidae
983:Palaeotis
905:Remiornis
858:Lithornis
844:Calciavis
820:Limenavis
680:Theropoda
665:Theropoda
608:Kingdom:
550:206555952
330:cassowary
313:Australia
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
1827:11913584
1779:Wikidata
1745:Category
1708:Namornis
1627:Emuarius
1617:Dromaius
1454:Eudromia
1301:Dinornis
1253:Hinasuri
1108:Struthio
1022:Sonogrus
959:Paragrus
616:Chordata
614:Phylum:
610:Animalia
542:24855267
357:Malagasy
322:tinamous
282:Features
203:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1881:Ratites
1840:6155593
1814:8679248
1522:Apteryx
1468:Nothura
1434:Tinamus
1319:Emeidae
1231:Rheidae
620:Class:
512:Bibcode
504:Science
397:24 July
383:Apteryx
326:ratites
264:Miocene
233:Species
213:Genus:
193:Order:
173:Class:
104:↓
31:Miocene
1853:333950
1675:Ootaxa
1015:Eogrus
593:genera
548:
540:
328:, the
1822:IRMNG
1335:Emeus
546:S2CID
388:(PDF)
272:Otago
1809:GBIF
1270:Rhea
705:see
678:see
651:see
622:Aves
538:PMID
399:2019
332:and
317:moas
260:kiwi
177:Aves
43:Pre๊
528:hdl
520:doi
508:344
343:of
334:emu
270:of
1872::
1850::
1837::
1824::
1811::
1796::
1781::
544:.
536:.
526:.
518:.
506:.
466:.
416:.
390:.
371:^
347:.
336:.
278:.
274:,
93:Pg
37:Ma
1623:โ
1592:?
1585:โ
1543:โ
1528:โ
1396:โ
1386:โ
1376:โ
1285:โ
1259:โ
1249:โ
1239:โ
1215:?
1200:โ
1103:?
1096:โ
1086:โ
1038:?
1033:โ
1007:?
1002:โ
993:?
975:?
970:โ
940:?
922:?
917:โ
908:?
901:โ
832:โ
823:?
816:โ
812:?
805:โ
801:?
794:โ
583:e
576:t
569:v
552:.
530::
522::
514::
477:.
426:.
401:.
240:โ
217:โ
98:N
88:K
83:J
78:T
73:P
68:C
63:D
58:S
53:O
48:๊
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