1171:
146:
1662:
1752:
1668:
128:
330:
had developed their modern forms โ moa remains are also known from Saint
Bathans, already large and flightless. This supports genetic and morphological analyses indicating that the two clades arrived in New Zealand independently and are not particularly closely related, moas forming a clade with
512:
Mitchell, K. J.; Llamas, B.; Soubrier, J.; Rawlence, N. J.; Worthy, T. H.; Wood, J.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Cooper, A. (2014). "Ancient DNA reveals elephant birds and kiwi are sister taxa and clarifies ratite bird evolution".
306:, weighs at least 800 g), and its more gracile otic process may indicate a shorter bill. It bears distinctively slender hindlimbs, more comparable in terms of proportion to flying birds like the
498:
Phillips, M.J., Gibb, G.C., Crimp, E.A. & Penny, D. (2010). "Tinamous and moa flock together: mitochondrial genome sequence analysis reveals independent losses of flight among ratites".
460:
Tennyson, A.J.D., Worthy, T.H., Jones, C.M., Scofield, R.P. & Hand, S.J. (2010). "Moaโs Ark: Miocene fossils reveal the great antiquity of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) in
Zealandia".
1832:
447:
Worthy, T.H., Tennyson, A.J.D., Jones, C., McNamara, J.A. & Douglas B.J. (2007). "Miocene waterfowl and other birds from
Central Otago, New Zealand".
1170:
1819:
592:
310:
than to extant kiwis, and it is speculated to have been capable of powered flight, or to have evolved relatively recently from flying ancestors.
1926:
1921:
1931:
1916:
1911:
1906:
322:
lacked specialisation for a terrestrial, flightless lifestyle supports the hypothesis that kiwi ancestors flew to New
Zealand from
403:
Paleornithological
Research 2013, Proceedings of the 8th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution
1901:
1661:
585:
145:
424:
663:
1896:
1772:
578:
1886:
1858:
1755:
1213:
1000:
947:
717:
522:
391:
1070:
1667:
1056:
983:
300:
is considerably smaller than modern kiwis, weighing around 234.1 โ 377g (the smallest living kiwi,
1732:
1697:
1410:
955:
690:
556:
140:
1863:
1725:
1390:
1063:
1837:
1273:
1077:
1845:
1718:
1189:
1137:
1032:
969:
548:
1850:
1891:
1704:
1352:
1025:
898:
538:
530:
278:
1810:
1230:
1046:
962:
882:
648:
474:
526:
1583:
845:
302:
1880:
1556:
1492:
1400:
1110:
1088:
875:
787:
774:
729:
601:
560:
363:
351:
197:
78:
17:
1711:
1514:
1430:
940:
930:
1795:
1804:
1611:
1599:
1572:
1532:
1523:
1471:
1437:
1345:
1280:
1222:
1100:
808:
702:
307:
286:
270:
217:
207:
53:
1685:
1485:
1455:
1359:
1318:
1253:
1201:
861:
819:
367:
355:
98:
63:
350:
Kiwis have also been found by molecular studies to be the sister taxa of the
1620:
1565:
1499:
1421:
1015:
993:
915:
868:
854:
830:
675:
534:
340:
323:
157:
103:
47:
552:
1789:
1637:
1627:
1464:
1338:
1311:
1263:
626:
177:
93:
88:
73:
68:
58:
1824:
1478:
1444:
1374:
1329:
1241:
1118:
332:
274:
243:
127:
108:
83:
41:
543:
620:
570:
336:
167:
1766:
282:
370:
ratites may have flown across the Indian Ocean around this time.
632:
187:
1770:
1683:
1187:
772:
613:
574:
1298:
344:
327:
481:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 9 February 2001
366:
as recently as the early
Miocene, indicating that the
1633:
1595:
1553:
1538:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1295:
1269:
1259:
1249:
1210:
1106:
1096:
1043:
1012:
980:
927:
911:
842:
826:
815:
804:
1779:
1610:
1582:
1552:
1522:
1513:
1454:
1420:
1373:
1328:
1294:
1240:
1209:
1200:
1136:
1087:
1042:
1011:
979:
926:
896:
841:
785:
728:
701:
674:
647:
396:, Apterygidae) are probably not phyletic dwarves"
362:establishes the existence of flying Australian
586:
8:
385:
383:
273:known from the 16โ19 million-year-old early
1767:
1680:
1588:
1519:
1379:
1303:
1206:
1197:
1184:
1133:
904:
797:
793:
782:
769:
707:
680:
653:
644:
610:
593:
579:
571:
126:
31:
542:
390:Worthy, Trevor H.; et al. (2013).
379:
7:
449:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
25:
392:"Miocene fossils show that kiwi (
1751:
1750:
1666:
1660:
1169:
462:Records of the Australian Museum
423:Egan, Joanna (15 January 2014).
144:
475:"Kiwi may be Australian export"
135:Illustration of holotype femur
1:
1927:Extinct monotypic bird genera
1922:Fossil taxa described in 2013
1932:Endemic birds of New Zealand
1917:Endemic fauna of New Zealand
1912:Extinct birds of New Zealand
425:"NZ kiwi made in Australia?"
335:, and kiwis with Australian
326:in the Miocene, well after
1948:
1907:Birds of the South Island
1746:
1692:
1679:
1657:
1591:
1382:
1306:
1196:
1183:
1166:
1132:
907:
800:
796:
781:
768:
710:
683:
656:
643:
609:
249:
242:
141:Scientific classification
139:
134:
125:
34:
535:10.1126/science.1251981
1902:Fossils of New Zealand
40:Temporal range: early
27:Extinct genus of birds
1859:Paleobiology Database
429:Australian Geographic
266:Proapteryx micromeros
253:Proapteryx micromeros
18:Proapteryx micromeros
527:2014Sci...344..898M
500:Systematic Biology
256:Worthy et al. 2013
237:Worthy et al. 2013
1874:
1873:
1846:Open Tree of Life
1773:Taxon identifiers
1764:
1763:
1742:
1741:
1675:
1674:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1509:
1508:
1369:
1368:
1290:
1289:
1214:Opisthodactylidae
1190:Notopalaeognathae
1179:
1178:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1138:Notopalaeognathae
1128:
1127:
892:
891:
764:
763:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
521:(6186): 898โ900.
277:sediments of the
262:
261:
257:
238:
16:(Redirected from
1939:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1768:
1754:
1753:
1705:Incognitoolithus
1681:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1635:
1597:
1589:
1555:
1540:
1520:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1380:
1304:
1299:Dinornithiformes
1297:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1134:
1108:
1098:
1045:
1014:
982:
929:
913:
905:
899:Struthioniformes
844:
828:
817:
806:
798:
794:
783:
770:
708:
681:
654:
645:
638:
637:
611:
595:
588:
581:
572:
565:
564:
546:
509:
503:
496:
490:
489:
487:
486:
471:
465:
458:
452:
445:
439:
438:
436:
435:
420:
414:
413:
411:
409:
400:
387:
279:St Bathans Fauna
255:
236:
229:
149:
148:
130:
120:
50:
32:
21:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1738:
1688:
1671:
1659:
1643:
1606:
1578:
1548:
1505:
1450:
1416:
1365:
1324:
1286:
1236:
1231:Opisthodactylus
1192:
1175:
1168:
1152:
1124:
1083:
1047:Ergilornithidae
1038:
1007:
1001:Galligeranoides
975:
963:Palaeophasianus
948:Galligeranoides
922:
901:
888:
883:Pseudocrypturus
837:
790:
777:
744:
724:
697:
670:
664:Avemetatarsalia
649:Avemetatarsalia
639:
616:
615:
605:
599:
569:
568:
511:
510:
506:
497:
493:
484:
482:
473:
472:
468:
459:
455:
446:
442:
433:
431:
422:
421:
417:
407:
405:
398:
389:
388:
381:
376:
316:
295:
235:
227:
143:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
45:
44:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1945:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1829:
1816:
1801:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1586:
1584:Casuariiformes
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:Aepyornithidae
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1104:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1071:Sinoergilornis
1067:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1019:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
997:
989:
987:
977:
976:
974:
973:
966:
959:
952:
944:
936:
934:
924:
923:
921:
920:
908:
902:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
887:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
850:
848:
846:Lithornithidae
839:
838:
836:
835:
824:
813:
801:
791:
786:
779:
778:
773:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
743:
742:
741:
740:
734:
732:
726:
725:
723:
722:
721:
720:
711:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
694:
693:
684:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
667:
666:
657:
651:
641:
640:
636:
635:
629:
623:
614:
607:
606:
600:
598:
597:
590:
583:
575:
567:
566:
504:
491:
466:
464:, 62: 105โ114.
453:
440:
415:
378:
377:
375:
372:
352:elephant birds
318:The fact that
315:
312:
303:Apteryx owenii
294:
291:
269:is an extinct
260:
259:
247:
246:
240:
239:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
208:Apterygiformes
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
132:
131:
123:
122:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
51:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1944:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Miocene birds
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:Querandiornis
1395:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:Anomalopteryx
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:Pachystruthio
1105:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:Struthionidae
1086:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1057:Amphipelargus
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
991:
990:
988:
985:
984:Palaeotididae
978:
972:
971:
967:
965:
964:
960:
958:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
942:
938:
937:
935:
932:
925:
918:
917:
910:
909:
906:
903:
900:
895:
885:
884:
880:
878:
877:
876:Paracathartes
873:
871:
870:
866:
864:
863:
859:
857:
856:
852:
851:
849:
847:
840:
833:
832:
825:
822:
821:
814:
811:
810:
803:
802:
799:
795:
792:
789:
788:Palaeognathae
784:
780:
776:
775:Palaeognathae
771:
767:
738:
737:
736:
735:
733:
731:
730:Palaeognathae
727:
719:
715:
714:
713:
712:
709:
706:
704:
700:
692:
688:
687:
686:
685:
682:
679:
677:
673:
665:
661:
660:
659:
658:
655:
652:
650:
646:
642:
634:
630:
628:
624:
622:
618:
617:
612:
608:
603:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
576:
573:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
505:
502:, 59: 90โ107.
501:
495:
492:
480:
476:
470:
467:
463:
457:
454:
450:
444:
441:
430:
426:
419:
416:
404:
397:
395:
386:
384:
380:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:
299:
298:P. micromeros
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
258:
254:
248:
245:
241:
234:
233:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:Palaeognathae
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
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95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1887:Paleognathae
1780:
1733:Tsondabornis
1731:
1724:
1717:
1712:Medioolithus
1710:
1703:
1698:Diamantornis
1696:
1636:
1626:
1619:
1598:
1571:
1564:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1515:Novaeratitae
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1443:
1436:
1431:Crypturellus
1429:
1411:Roveretornis
1409:
1399:
1389:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1319:Megalapteryx
1317:
1310:
1279:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1229:
1221:
1117:
1109:
1099:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1031:
1024:
999:
992:
968:
961:
956:Geranodornis
954:
946:
941:Eogeranoides
939:
931:Geranoididae
914:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
829:
818:
807:
518:
514:
507:
499:
494:
483:. Retrieved
478:
469:
461:
456:
448:
443:
432:. Retrieved
428:
418:
406:. Retrieved
402:
393:
364:palaeognaths
359:
349:
319:
317:
301:
297:
296:
265:
264:
263:
252:
250:
231:
230:
194:Infraclass:
35:
29:
1805:Wikispecies
1612:Casuariidae
1600:Diogenornis
1573:Mullerornis
1524:Apterygidae
1472:Nothoprocta
1438:Nothocercus
1353:Euryapteryx
1223:Diogenornis
1101:Orientornis
809:Asteriornis
718:Maniraptora
703:Maniraptora
602:Palaeognath
479:ABC Science
308:banded rail
287:New Zealand
218:Apterygidae
46:19โ16
1881:Categories
1811:Proapteryx
1781:Proapteryx
1726:Psammornis
1543:Proapteryx
1486:Rhynchotus
1456:Nothurinae
1391:Miniothura
1360:Pachyornis
1254:Heterorhea
1202:Rheiformes
1147:see belowโ
1064:Ergilornis
862:Fissuravis
820:Eremopezus
739:see belowโ
544:2328/35953
485:2015-02-27
451:, 5: 1โ39.
434:2015-02-27
374:References
360:Proapteryx
356:Madagascar
320:Proapteryx
314:Importance
232:Proapteryx
36:Proapteryx
1796:Q16757705
1621:Casuarius
1566:Aepyornis
1500:Tinamotis
1493:Taoniscus
1422:Tinaminae
1375:Tinamidae
1274:Protorhea
1078:Urmiornis
1016:Eogruidae
994:Palaeotis
916:Remiornis
869:Lithornis
855:Calciavis
831:Limenavis
691:Theropoda
676:Theropoda
619:Kingdom:
561:206555952
341:cassowary
324:Australia
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
1838:11913584
1790:Wikidata
1756:Category
1719:Namornis
1638:Emuarius
1628:Dromaius
1465:Eudromia
1312:Dinornis
1264:Hinasuri
1119:Struthio
1033:Sonogrus
970:Paragrus
627:Chordata
625:Phylum:
621:Animalia
553:24855267
368:Malagasy
333:tinamous
293:Features
214:Family:
178:Chordata
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
1892:Ratites
1851:6155593
1825:8679248
1533:Apteryx
1479:Nothura
1445:Tinamus
1330:Emeidae
1242:Rheidae
631:Class:
523:Bibcode
515:Science
408:24 July
394:Apteryx
337:ratites
275:Miocene
244:Species
224:Genus:
204:Order:
184:Class:
115:↓
42:Miocene
1864:333950
1686:Ootaxa
1026:Eogrus
604:genera
559:
551:
339:, the
1833:IRMNG
1346:Emeus
557:S2CID
399:(PDF)
283:Otago
1820:GBIF
1281:Rhea
716:see
689:see
662:see
633:Aves
549:PMID
410:2019
343:and
328:moas
271:kiwi
188:Aves
54:Pre๊
539:hdl
531:doi
519:344
354:of
345:emu
281:of
1883::
1861::
1848::
1835::
1822::
1807::
1792::
555:.
547:.
537:.
529:.
517:.
477:.
427:.
401:.
382:^
358:.
347:.
289:.
285:,
104:Pg
48:Ma
1634:โ
1603:?
1596:โ
1554:โ
1539:โ
1407:โ
1397:โ
1387:โ
1296:โ
1270:โ
1260:โ
1250:โ
1226:?
1211:โ
1114:?
1107:โ
1097:โ
1049:?
1044:โ
1018:?
1013:โ
1004:?
986:?
981:โ
951:?
933:?
928:โ
919:?
912:โ
843:โ
834:?
827:โ
823:?
816:โ
812:?
805:โ
594:e
587:t
580:v
563:.
541::
533::
525::
488:.
437:.
412:.
251:โ
228:โ
109:N
99:K
94:J
89:T
84:P
79:C
74:D
69:S
64:O
59:๊
20:)
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