36:
708:", frequently misconstrued as a measure of CPU speed, like a benchmark, but it does not actually measure any sensible (for end-users) value at all. It occurs as a side-effect of kernel timer calibration and yields highly varying values depending on CPU type, even at equal clock speeds.
368:
implemented a process file system, but went further than V8. V8's process file system implemented a single file per process. Plan 9 created a hierarchy of separate files to provide those functions, and made /proc a real part of the file system.
806:. If both values for a CPU package are the same, then hyper-threading is not supported. For instance, a CPU package with siblings=2 and "cpu cores"=2 is a dual-core CPU but does not support hyper-threading.
983:, because it is necessary for routing firewalls or tunnels. The file contains either a '1' or a '0': if it is 1, the IPv4 stack forwards packets not meant for the local host, if it is 0 then it does not.
150:
and other system information in a hierarchical file-like structure, providing a more convenient and standardized method for dynamically accessing process data held in the kernel than traditional
3265:
1152:
894:, a symlink to self/mounts which contains a list of the currently mounted devices and their mount points (and which file system is in use and what mount options are in use).
2783:
2730:
1196:
309:
filesystem, but a subsequent incremental version of it did. It only contained files representing the processes rather than the now common subdirectories.
305:
The original AT&T System V Release 3 (SVR3) operating system (available internally to AT&T in 1986 and generally in 1987) did not come with the
357:. Between 1995 and 1996, Roger Faulkner created the procfs-2 interface for Solaris-2.6 that offers a structured /proc filesystem with sub-directories.
390:
interface instead for process-related information. To provide binary compatibility with Linux user space programs, the FreeBSD kernel also provides
1227:
3260:
622:
also includes non-process-related system information, although in the 2.6 kernel much of that information moved to a separate pseudo-file system,
1439:
1414:
3255:
3059:
3030:
1084:
3245:
780:
On multi-core CPUs, /proc/cpuinfo contains the fields for "siblings" and "cpu cores" which represent the following calculation is applied:
2671:
2146:
2661:
1832:
1641:
1023:
version number (used to build the kernel) and any other pertinent information relating to the version of the kernel currently running
2283:
888:, containing a list of the kernel modules currently loaded . It gives some indication (not always entirely correct) of dependencies.
659:
524:, a symlink to the root path as seen by the process. For most processes this will be a link to / unless the process is running in a
119:
1349:
2834:
2778:
1949:
1671:
1631:
2753:
2723:
166:
at boot time. The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures about running processes in the kernel. In
3250:
2946:
2844:
692:, such as its vendor (and CPU family, model and model names which should allow users to identify the CPU) and its speed (CPU
384:
from Plan 9. As of
February 2011, procfs is gradually becoming phased out in FreeBSD, and it has turned to use the
194:
57:
1104:
414:/proc in Solaris was available from the beginning (June 1992). Solaris 2.6 in 1996 introduced procfs2 from Roger Faulkner.
3224:
2773:
2758:
1728:
2819:
2804:
2763:
2666:
2082:
1656:
1386:
423:
2985:
2932:
2587:
2435:
2367:
1661:
1468:
1346:- Plan 9 greatly expanded the procfs concept, providing a much expanded interface to control and manipulate processes.
990:
398:
in version 5.7, which was released in May 2015, because it "always suffered from race conditions and is now unused".
240:
236:
478:
file, if it still exists (a process may continue running after its original executable has been deleted or replaced).
100:
1309:
3000:
2839:
2716:
2472:
2462:
2452:
1844:
1434:
1407:
182:
72:
46:
3035:
2854:
2814:
2809:
2768:
430:
170:, it can also be used to obtain information about the kernel and to change certain kernel parameters at runtime (
155:
1204:
3078:
2965:
2829:
2537:
2390:
2293:
2238:
2113:
1969:
1738:
79:
1253:
2824:
2636:
2592:
2574:
2273:
2263:
1718:
1020:
689:
649:
53:
783:"siblings" = (HT per CPU package) * (# of cores per CPU package) "cpu cores" = (# of cores per CPU package)
3212:
3151:
3040:
3020:
2969:
2927:
2482:
2447:
2385:
1864:
1684:
1548:
1478:
1134:
333:
2995:
2961:
2863:
2799:
2618:
2527:
2477:
2420:
2166:
2136:
2087:
2039:
1939:
1912:
1789:
1679:
1592:
1483:
1400:
1231:
365:
210:
86:
1368:
426:, September 1992, and first began expanding it to non-process related data in v0.98.6, December 1992.
3192:
3166:
2692:
2653:
2467:
2197:
2186:
2161:
2098:
1802:
1619:
1609:
1565:
1530:
494:, a directory containing entries which describe the position and flags for each open file descriptor.
1013:, the length of time the kernel has been running since boot and spent in idle mode (both in seconds)
317:
268:
3161:
3113:
2990:
2697:
2643:
2582:
2171:
1839:
1780:
1696:
147:
68:
642:, which predate sysfs and contain various bits of information about the state of power management.
3098:
3005:
2687:
2549:
2512:
2425:
2151:
2141:
2126:
2067:
1897:
1560:
1553:
1540:
1493:
947:
549:
329:
151:
1380:
700:. The format and available information is highly architecture-depended. On some architectures,
321:
280:
3207:
3156:
3088:
3045:
2886:
2502:
2442:
2278:
1964:
1934:
1926:
1795:
1691:
1666:
1488:
1080:
1074:
1000:
919:
459:
429:
As of 2020, the Linux implementation includes a directory for each running process, including
819:, a list of character and block devices sorted by device ID but giving the major part of the
3187:
2739:
2522:
2430:
2228:
1878:
1822:
1511:
1031:
1026:
other files depending on various hardware, module configurations, and changes to the kernel.
869:
1355:
557:
3131:
3093:
3064:
2631:
2544:
2052:
1446:
904:, which lists existing network connections (particularly useful for tracking routing when
854:
799:
485:
829:, giving some information (including device numbers) for each of the logical disk devices
441:
is the process number. Each directory contains information about one process, including:
1374:
3217:
3141:
3103:
2975:
2532:
2517:
2457:
1635:
1506:
697:
511:
272:
973:
appear directories representing the areas of kernel, containing readable and writable
3239:
3083:
2922:
2876:
2562:
2507:
2181:
2121:
1980:
802:
and dual-core, i.e. the number of hyper-threads per CPU package can be calculated by
455:
178:
534:
contains basic information about a process including its run state and memory usage.
93:
3010:
2626:
2334:
1922:
1889:
1827:
1807:
974:
900:, a directory containing useful information about the network stack, in particular
468:
contains the names and values of the environment variables that affect the process.
229:
167:
956:, listing statistics on the caches for frequently-used objects in the Linux kernel
608:# List executable used to launch the most recently started `python3' process
293:
system call used for process tracing. Detailed documentation can be found in the
1284:
3136:
3118:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2324:
1423:
1112:
853:, giving some details about the devices (physical or logical) using the various
252:
159:
35:
17:
2602:
2400:
693:
581:# List all file descriptors of the most recently started `python3' process
501:
475:
190:
658:, containing directories representing various buses on the computer, such as
3073:
2980:
2906:
2871:
2557:
2298:
2176:
1907:
1775:
1770:
561:
541:
338:
251:
uses the proc file system to obtain its data, without using any specialized
248:
143:
835:, a list of the file systems supported by the kernel at the time of listing
1297:/proc/kmsg Messages output by the kernel. These are also routed to syslog.
962:, a list of the active swap partitions, their various sizes and priorities
3202:
2375:
2319:
2288:
2077:
1902:
1758:
1651:
1604:
1498:
905:
705:
634:
depending on the mode of power management (if at all), either directory,
336:
at USENIX in
January 1991. This kind of procfs supported the creation of
1073:
Nemeth, Evi; Snyder, Garth; Hein, Trent R.; Whaley, Ben (14 July 2010).
217:
dropped support in version 5.7, released in May 2015. It is absent from
177:
Many Unix-like operating systems support the proc filesystem, including
3197:
3126:
2896:
2329:
2303:
2130:
1763:
1733:
1624:
1580:
1337:
544:
to any tasks that have been started by this (i.e.: the parent) process.
395:
294:
214:
202:
2248:
2243:
2047:
1748:
1343:
1178:
1053:
implemented a procfs that is basically the same as the Linux procfs.
1050:
525:
515:
386:
377:
289:
284:
171:
2708:
1038:
processes) package, and only function in conjunction with a mounted
3146:
2597:
2395:
2380:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2258:
2253:
2191:
2072:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1954:
1944:
1849:
1817:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1597:
1525:
1473:
1261:
667:
623:
553:
399:
352:
222:
218:
198:
593:
lrwx------ 1 baldur baldur 64 2020-03-18 12:31 2 -> /dev/pts/3
590:
lrwx------ 1 baldur baldur 64 2020-03-18 12:31 1 -> /dev/pts/3
587:
lrwx------ 1 baldur baldur 64 2020-03-18 12:31 0 -> /dev/pts/3
402:
did not implement procfs and user space programs have to use the
2268:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2156:
2092:
2062:
2057:
1993:
1988:
1959:
1868:
1859:
1812:
1753:
1723:
1614:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1535:
1517:
932:
928:
878:, containing a summary of how the kernel is managing its memory.
786:
A CPU package means physical CPU which can have multiple cores (
186:
2712:
1396:
1392:
235:
The proc filesystem provides a method of communication between
3182:
1874:
1854:
1743:
1645:
663:
244:
206:
29:
1019:, containing the Linux kernel version, distribution number,
334:"The Process File System and Process Model in UNIX System V"
1030:
The basic utilities that use /proc under Linux come in the
394:
that is similar to the Linux procfs. It was removed from
965:
Access to dynamically configurable kernel options under
287:
in June 1984. The design of procfs aimed to replace the
938:
a symbolic link to the current (traversing) process at
927:, giving information about any devices connected via a
484:, a directory containing a symbolic link for each open
342:, but the files could only be accessed with functions
979:For example, a commonly referenced virtual file is
760:
model name : AMD Athlon(tm) II X2 270 Processor
730:
model name : AMD Athlon(tm) II X2 270 Processor
3175:
3112:
3058:
3019:
2954:
2945:
2915:
2862:
2853:
2792:
2746:
2680:
2652:
2617:
2573:
2491:
2413:
2366:
2312:
2207:
2112:
2038:
1978:
1921:
1888:
1455:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
918:names which the kernel has identified as existing
448:, the command that originally started the process.
146:operating systems that presents information about
3266:Pseudo file systems supported by the Linux kernel
1387:Discover the possibilities of the /proc directory
1135:"Why is procfs deprecated in favor of procstat?"
908:FORWARD is used to redirect network connections)
914:, a list of the device-numbers, their size and
1179:"Detailed changes between OpenBSD 5.6 and 5.7"
1007:contains a list of TTY drivers and their usage
696:), cache size, number of siblings, cores, and
682:, giving the boot options passed to the kernel
2724:
1408:
1377:An IBM developerWorks article by M. Tim Jones
1076:UNIX and Linux System Administration Handbook
798:for four). This allows a distinction between
670:under /sys/bus which is far more informative.
8:
510:, a binary image representing the process's
813:, a list of available cryptographic modules
500:, a text file containing information about
2951:
2859:
2731:
2717:
2709:
2495:
2211:
1975:
1461:
1415:
1401:
1393:
247:version of the process reporting utility
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Filesystem in Unix-like operating systems
1375:Access the Linux kernel using the Procfs
422:Linux first added a /proc filesystem in
232:extends it to non–process-related data.
1159:. The FreeBSD Project. 13 November 2019
1062:
862:, holding messages output by the kernel
504:files and blocks (like heap and stack).
406:interface for retrieving process data.
676:, a list of the available framebuffers
666:. This has been largely superseded by
1358:Linux kernel documentation for procfs
1352:Linux manual documentation for procfs
1340:- Description of the original procfs.
884:, one of the most important files in
868:, containing stats about the current
158:memory. Typically, it is mapped to a
7:
1338:Unix 8th Edition proc(2) manual page
1098:
1096:
1068:
1066:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1254:"Understanding Linux /proc/cpuinfo"
688:, containing information about the
1356:Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
1079:. Pearson Education. p. 136.
652:that handles memory fragmentation.
25:
2835:Object-oriented operating system
989:, containing memory-sharing and
950:is that of the current process).
433:processes, in directories named
34:
999:, containing information about
332:, and published a paper called
45:needs additional citations for
3261:Interfaces of the Linux kernel
2845:Supercomputer operating system
751:vendor_id : AuthenticAMD
721:vendor_id : AuthenticAMD
279:: he presented a paper titled
1:
1283:Nguyen, Binh (30 July 2004).
981:/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
380:cloned its implementation of
142:) is a special filesystem in
3256:Special-purpose file systems
2820:Just enough operating system
2805:Distributed operating system
1285:"Linux Filesystem Hierarchy"
1109:Mac OS X Internals: The Book
872:average in the last minutes.
514:, can only be accessed by a
474:, a symlink to the original
154:methods or direct access to
3246:Unix file system technology
2933:User space and kernel space
2588:Filesystem-level encryption
1383:Linux Documentation Project
991:inter-process communication
766:microcode : 0x10000c8
736:microcode : 0x10000c8
3282:
2840:Real-time operating system
1435:Comparison of file systems
1381:Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy
1350:Linux Manual Pages Proc(5)
1314:Linux Kernel documentation
739:cpu MHz : 2000.000
3036:Multilevel feedback queue
3031:Fixed-priority preemptive
2815:Hobbyist operating system
2810:Embedded operating system
2498:
2214:
1464:
1430:
1344:Plan 9 procfs manual page
1287:. Binh Nguyen. p. 63
772:cache size : 1024 KB
769:cpu MHz : 800.000
742:cache size : 1024 KB
540:, a directory containing
460:current working directory
3079:General protection fault
2830:Network operating system
2784:User features comparison
2538:Extended file attributes
2239:Compact Disc File System
1369:A brief history of /proc
1197:"3.2.2. /proc/buddyinfo"
711:
648:, information about the
566:
2825:Mobile operating system
2637:Installable File System
552:with a utility such as
2928:Loadable kernel module
1685:TiVo Media File System
1549:Encrypting File System
1310:"The /proc filesystem"
902:/proc/net/nf_conntrack
704:includes a value for "
548:(Users may obtain the
373:4.4BSD and derivatives
3251:Linux kernel features
2996:Process control block
2962:Computer multitasking
2800:Disk operating system
1680:Macintosh File System
1371:Eric Schrock's Weblog
211:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
3167:Virtual tape library
2759:Forensic engineering
2693:GUID Partition Table
2040:Distributed parallel
1788:Shared File System (
1157:FreeBSD Manual Pages
804:siblings / CPU cores
754:cpu family : 16
724:cpu family : 16
718:processor : 0
281:"Processes as Files"
54:improve this article
3176:Supporting concepts
3162:Virtual file system
2698:Apple Partition Map
2644:Virtual file system
2583:Access-control list
1697:NetWare File System
1207:on 2 September 2013
1141:. 22 February 2011.
1105:"/proc on Mac OS X"
1103:Amit Singh (2003).
763:stepping : 3
757:model : 6
748:processor : 1
733:stepping : 3
727:model : 6
295:proc(4) manual page
243:. For example, the
3099:Segmentation fault
2947:Process management
2688:Master Boot Record
2513:Data deduplication
2152:Google File System
2068:Google File System
1554:Extent File System
1516:Byte File System (
1389:by Federico Kereki
1228:"HT vs. dual-core"
993:(IPC) information.
849:and the directory
611:/usr/bin/python3.8
3233:
3232:
3089:Memory protection
3060:Memory management
3054:
3053:
3046:Shortest job next
2941:
2940:
2740:Operating systems
2706:
2705:
2613:
2612:
2503:Case preservation
2409:
2408:
2108:
2107:
2034:
2033:
1796:Smart File System
1086:978-0-13-211736-4
833:/proc/filesystems
716:cat/proc/cpuinfo
466:/proc/PID/environ
446:/proc/PID/cmdline
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3273:
3188:Computer network
2952:
2860:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2523:Execute in place
2496:
2229:Boot File System
2212:
1976:
1512:Boot File System
1462:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1260:. Archived from
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1230:. Archived from
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:. Archived from
1193:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1111:. Archived from
1100:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1041:
1037:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1005:/proc/tty/driver
998:
988:
982:
972:
968:
961:
955:
945:
941:
926:
917:
913:
912:/proc/partitions
903:
899:
893:
887:
883:
877:
867:
861:
855:system resources
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:/proc/interrupts
834:
828:
822:
818:
812:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
703:
687:
681:
675:
657:
647:
641:
637:
629:
626:, mounted under
621:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
539:
533:
532:/proc/PID/status
523:
509:
499:
493:
492:/proc/PID/fdinfo
483:
473:
467:
453:
447:
440:
436:
383:
275:(V8) version of
273:UNIX 8th Edition
271:implemented the
264:UNIX 8th Edition
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3171:
3132:Defragmentation
3117:
3108:
3094:Protection ring
3063:
3050:
3022:
3015:
2937:
2911:
2849:
2788:
2742:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2676:
2648:
2632:File system API
2609:
2569:
2545:File change log
2487:
2463:Record-oriented
2436:Self-certifying
2405:
2362:
2308:
2203:
2104:
2030:
1974:
1917:
1884:
1457:
1451:
1447:Unix filesystem
1426:
1421:
1365:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1264:on 3 April 2012
1252:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1016:
1010:
1004:
996:
986:
980:
978:
970:
966:
959:
953:
943:
939:
924:
915:
911:
901:
897:
891:
885:
881:
875:
865:
859:
850:
846:
842:
838:
832:
827:/proc/diskstats
826:
820:
816:
810:
800:hyper-threading
784:
778:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
701:
685:
679:
673:
655:
650:buddy algorithm
646:/proc/buddyinfo
645:
639:
635:
627:
619:
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
576:
572:
568:
537:
531:
521:
507:
497:
491:
486:file descriptor
481:
471:
465:
462:of the process.
451:
445:
438:
434:
420:
412:
381:
375:
363:
315:
303:
266:
261:
136:proc filesystem
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Proc filesystem
15:
12:
11:
5:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:User interface
3215:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:File attribute
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3104:Virtual memory
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3049:
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3043:
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3027:
3025:
3017:
3016:
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3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Context switch
2973:
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2943:
2942:
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2796:
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2743:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2672:Log-structured
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2575:Access control
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2533:File attribute
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Data scrubbing
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2473:Steganographic
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Log-structured
2450:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
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2364:
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2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
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1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1778:
1776:Reliance Nitro
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
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1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1639:
1636:Classic Mac OS
1629:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1507:Be File System
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1363:External links
1361:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1301:
1275:
1245:
1234:on 13 May 2016
1226:Baron, Jason.
1218:
1188:
1170:
1153:"linprocfs(5)"
1144:
1126:
1092:
1085:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1014:
1008:
994:
984:
963:
957:
954:/proc/slabinfo
951:
936:
922:
909:
895:
889:
879:
873:
863:
857:
836:
830:
824:
814:
782:
712:
710:
709:
683:
677:
671:
653:
643:
602:pgrep-npython3
598:readlink/proc/
575:pgrep-npython3
567:
546:
545:
538:/proc/PID/task
535:
529:
522:/proc/PID/root
519:
512:virtual memory
505:
498:/proc/PID/maps
495:
489:
479:
469:
463:
449:
419:
416:
411:
408:
374:
371:
362:
359:
318:Roger Faulkner
314:
311:
302:
299:
269:Tom J. Killian
265:
262:
260:
257:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3278:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Memory paging
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Device driver
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2864:Architectures
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
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2818:
2816:
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2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2662:Cryptographic
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Copy-on-write
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
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2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1981:wear leveling
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
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1880:
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1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
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1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1115:on 4 May 2012
1114:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1017:/proc/version
1015:
1009:
1002:
995:
992:
987:/proc/sysvipc
985:
976:
975:virtual files
964:
958:
952:
949:
937:
934:
930:
923:
921:
910:
907:
896:
890:
882:/proc/modules
880:
876:/proc/meminfo
874:
871:
866:/proc/loadavg
864:
858:
856:
847:/proc/ioports
837:
831:
825:
817:/proc/devices
815:
809:
808:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
707:
702:/proc/cpuinfo
699:
695:
691:
686:/proc/cpuinfo
684:
680:/proc/cmdline
678:
672:
669:
665:
661:
654:
651:
644:
633:
632:
631:
625:
617:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
536:
530:
527:
520:
518:'ing process.
517:
513:
508:/proc/PID/mem
506:
503:
496:
490:
487:
480:
477:
472:/proc/PID/exe
470:
464:
461:
457:
452:/proc/PID/cwd
450:
444:
443:
442:
432:
427:
425:
417:
415:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
379:
372:
370:
367:
360:
358:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
310:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3119:file systems
3011:Time-sharing
2627:File manager
2339:
2196:
2097:
1923:Flash memory
1890:Optical disc
1828:soft updates
1808:Soup (Apple)
1458:non-rotating
1424:File systems
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1296:
1289:. Retrieved
1278:
1266:. Retrieved
1262:the original
1257:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:the original
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:the original
1108:
1075:
1049:
1029:
1011:/proc/uptime
892:/proc/mounts
811:/proc/crypto
803:
795:
791:
787:
785:
779:
618:
615:
547:
482:/proc/PID/fd
428:
421:
413:
403:
391:
385:
376:
364:
351:
347:
343:
337:
325:
316:
306:
304:
288:
276:
267:
253:system calls
237:kernel space
234:
230:Linux kernel
227:
176:
163:
139:
135:
133:
131:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3137:Device file
3127:Boot loader
3041:Round-robin
2966:Cooperative
2902:Rump kernel
2892:Multikernel
2882:Microkernel
2779:Usage share
2593:Permissions
2208:Specialized
1440:distributed
1258:richweb.com
1183:openbsd.org
1139:freebsd.org
960:/proc/swaps
843:/proc/iomem
788:single core
160:mount point
3240:Categories
3067:protection
3023:algorithms
3021:Scheduling
2970:Preemptive
2916:Components
2887:Monolithic
2754:Comparison
2619:Interfaces
2603:Sticky bit
2483:Versioning
2448:Journaling
2391:Rubberhose
2187:SMB (CIFS)
1979:host-side
1201:centos.org
1057:References
944:/proc/PID/
940:/proc/self
935:controller
925:/proc/scsi
920:partitions
898:/proc/net/
860:/proc/kmsg
694:clockspeed
636:/proc/acpi
571:ls-l/proc/
542:hard links
476:executable
324:ported V8
241:user space
191:Tru64 UNIX
110:March 2010
80:newspapers
3157:Partition
3074:Bus error
3001:Real-time
2981:Interrupt
2907:Unikernel
2872:Exokernel
2478:Synthetic
2421:Clustered
2368:Encrypted
2299:OverlayFS
1908:ISO 13490
1484:Amiga OFS
1479:Amiga FFS
1001:terminals
997:/proc/tty
971:/proc/sys
969:. Under
967:/proc/sys
851:/proc/irq
796:quad core
794:for two,
792:dual core
790:for one,
698:CPU flags
656:/proc/bus
640:/proc/apm
435:/proc/PID
392:linprocfs
322:Ron Gomes
148:processes
144:Unix-like
3203:Live USB
3065:resource
2955:Concepts
2793:Variants
2774:Timeline
2563:Symbolic
2492:Features
2468:Semantic
2376:eCryptfs
2320:configfs
2289:SquashFS
2177:POHMELFS
2078:OrangeFS
1903:ISO 9660
1823:UFS/UFS2
1771:Reliance
1759:ReiserFS
1605:Files-11
1499:bcachefs
1456:Disk and
1319:9 August
1268:21 April
906:iptables
823:name too
706:bogomips
674:/proc/fb
437:, where
179:System V
69:"Procfs"
3198:Live CD
3152:Journal
3116:access,
3114:Storage
2991:Process
2897:vkernel
2764:History
2747:General
2681:Layouts
2667:Default
2330:debugfs
2304:UnionFS
2198:more...
2131:OpenAFS
2099:more...
1764:Reiser4
1734:OpenZFS
1625:HAMMER2
1581:ext3cow
1561:Episode
1332:Sources
1291:18 July
1238:28 June
1163:12 June
1119:10 July
584:total 0
458:to the
456:symlink
424:v0.97.3
410:Solaris
396:OpenBSD
348:write()
259:History
215:OpenBSD
203:IBM AIX
183:Solaris
152:tracing
94:scholar
3006:Thread
2877:Hybrid
2855:Kernel
2554:Links
2528:Extent
2458:Object
2426:Global
2344:specfs
2340:procfs
2335:kernfs
2313:Pseudo
2294:UMSDOS
2249:Davfs2
2244:cramfs
2182:Hadoop
2162:Lustre
2048:BeeGFS
2014:NILFS2
1749:QNX4FS
1712:NILFS2
1620:HAMMER
1610:Fossil
1211:23 May
1083:
1051:Cygwin
1046:CYGWIN
1032:procps
946:where
942:(i.e.
526:chroot
516:ptrace
502:mapped
431:kernel
404:sysctl
387:sysctl
378:4.4BSD
366:Plan 9
361:Plan 9
350:, and
344:read()
290:ptrace
285:USENIX
209:, and
172:sysctl
162:named
156:kernel
140:procfs
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3208:Shell
3147:Inode
2654:Lists
2598:Modes
2443:Flash
2414:Types
2396:SSHFS
2381:EncFS
2358:WinFS
2353:tmpfs
2348:sysfs
2325:devfs
2259:FTPFS
2254:EROFS
2192:SSHFS
2073:OCFS2
2026:UBIFS
2021:YAFFS
2009:NILFS
2004:LogFS
1999:JFFS2
1955:EROFS
1945:exFAT
1850:Xiafs
1833:WAPBL
1818:UBIFS
1729:OneFS
1707:NILFS
1702:Next3
1692:MINIX
1598:exFAT
1526:Btrfs
1494:AthFS
1474:AdvFS
1040:/proc
1036:/proc
886:/proc
668:sysfs
624:sysfs
620:/proc
558:pidof
554:pgrep
528:jail.
418:Linux
400:macOS
382:/proc
353:ioctl
326:/proc
307:/proc
277:/proc
223:macOS
219:HP-UX
199:Linux
168:Linux
164:/proc
101:JSTOR
87:books
2769:List
2558:Hard
2550:Fork
2431:Grid
2284:MVFS
2279:NOVA
2274:LTFS
2269:Lnfs
2264:FUSE
2234:CDfs
2224:AXFS
2219:Aufs
2157:GPFS
2142:Coda
2093:Xsan
2083:PVFS
2063:GFS2
2058:CXFS
2053:Ceph
1994:JFFS
1989:CHFS
1970:NVFS
1960:F2FS
1950:TFAT
1935:APFS
1925:and
1869:z/OS
1860:Xsan
1845:WAFL
1840:VxFS
1813:Tux3
1803:SNFS
1785:SFS
1754:ReFS
1724:NTFS
1676:MFS
1662:HTFS
1657:HPFS
1652:HFS+
1615:GPFS
1586:ext4
1576:ext3
1571:ext2
1545:EFS
1536:CXFS
1531:CVFS
1518:z/VM
1503:BFS
1489:APFS
1469:ADFS
1321:2024
1293:2016
1270:2015
1240:2011
1213:2011
1165:2021
1121:2021
1081:ISBN
933:RAID
929:SCSI
916:/dev
870:load
821:/dev
628:/sys
606:/exe
454:, a
330:SVR4
320:and
313:SVR4
301:SVR3
239:and
228:The
221:and
187:IRIX
134:The
73:news
3225:PXE
3213:CLI
3193:HAL
3183:API
2986:IPC
2401:ZFS
2386:EFS
2172:NFS
2167:NCP
2147:DFS
2137:AFP
2127:AFS
2114:NAS
2088:QFS
1965:JFS
1940:FAT
1927:SSD
1913:UDF
1898:HSF
1879:Sun
1875:ZFS
1865:zFS
1855:XFS
1781:RFS
1744:QFS
1739:PFS
1719:NSS
1672:LFS
1667:JFS
1646:MVS
1642:HFS
1632:HFS
1593:FAT
1566:ext
1541:DFS
1021:gcc
948:PID
931:or
775:...
745:...
714:$
690:CPU
664:USB
660:PCI
638:or
600:$ (
596:$
579:/fd
573:$ (
569:$
560:or
550:PID
439:PID
328:to
283:at
245:GNU
207:QNX
195:BSD
174:).
56:by
3242::
2968:,
2122:9P
1790:VM
1312:.
1295:.
1256:.
1199:.
1181:.
1155:.
1137:.
1107:.
1095:^
1065:^
1042:.
1003:;
845:,
841:,
630::
616:)
564::
562:ps
556:,
355:()
346:,
339:ps
297:.
255:.
249:ps
225:.
213:.
205:,
201:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
3062:,
2972:)
2964:(
2732:e
2725:t
2718:v
2133:)
2129:(
1881:)
1877:(
1871:)
1867:(
1792:)
1648:)
1644:(
1638:)
1634:(
1520:)
1416:e
1409:t
1402:v
1323:.
1272:.
1242:.
1215:.
1185:.
1167:.
1123:.
1089:.
1034:(
977:.
662:/
604:)
577:)
488:.
138:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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