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become disoriented by artificial lights and crash land on roads. They are often unable to take off again. The birds can then be eaten by predators or struck by vehicles. In 2009, the
Department of Conservation asked residents of Punakaiki to help reduce the occurrences of fledgling birds crash landing in the town by turning off outside lights and closing blinds at night, particularly during misty or stormy weather.
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pair-bonds. The female lays a single egg between May and June that hatches two months later, between August and
September. Both the male and female taking turns incubating the egg. After hatching, the parents care for the chick for about two weeks. After this time the chick is left alone, but is fed at night. If either parent dies before the chick is nearly ready for
576:, the chick will not survive. Fledging occurs between 120 and 130 days after hatching. Fledging begins in early November, with a peak around 20 November, and finishes in mid-January. In total, chick rearing takes between 177 and 198 days (approximately 6 to 6.5 months). After leaving the nesting sites, fledglings may not return for up to 10 years.
336:, that is they return to their natal colony to breed. The loss of a breeding colony can therefore have severe consequences for the population. The total area of all breeding colonies combined is only about 16 hectares (40 acres). In 2014, the breeding colony areas suffered extensive damage from landslips and tree fall during the tail-end of
696:(Waka Kotahi), in what was reported as a nationwide-first, turned off streetlights in Punakaiki between November and January, the period when the fledgling birds leave their burrows and take their first flight. Shortly after the start of this conservation initiative, Westland petrels were found crash-landed in
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Power lines have caused the deaths of adult petrels from collision during flight. Commercial fishing is another source of threat because petrels are sometimes accidentally captured in fishing nets. This is a significant risk for
Westland petrels, as they are known to interact closely with the fishing
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to celebrate the return of the petrel to its only known breeding sites, close to the town. It is a weekend-long festival in April or May that includes live music, various entertainment activities, and a local market. The festival begins with a viewing of the birds as they fly overhead and make their
735:
No diseases have been recorded to date that are significant for the
Westland petrel. However, little research has been done on disease and parasites in New Zealand seabirds. Avian pox may potentially pose a threat to the petrels, as it has killed a number of black petrel chicks. Other diseases that
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streetlights in
Greymouth was suggested as a possible cause of the increase. In 2021, it was reported that the number of birds crashing in Punakaiki had reduced significantly in response to the reduced lighting in the town, and the streetlights were again switched off during the next petrel fledging
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may strike during the breeding season when the birds are on land, preying on chicks in burrows and on adult birds. Feral cats are also infrequent predators of petrels. While not predators, concerns have been raised about the threat of burrow destruction by cattle and goats. They can trample burrows
659:
dogs are among the top threats to
Westland petrels at the breeding colonies. Pigs are a particularly serious threat because they can potentially destroy an entire nesting colony. There have been reports that hunters have deliberately released pigs in areas close to the colonies. Wandering dogs are
597:
fisheries during their breeding season as it overlaps with the fishing season, switching back to natural foraging at other times. They capture their prey by seizing or diving from the surface, and, less frequently, pursuit plunging. They have been recorded diving to depths of 8 metres (26 ft).
721:
between Canoe Creek and
Deverys Creek. Over eight years up to 156,000 tonnes of sand per year would be extracted to a depth of 10–15 m (33–49 ft), 24 hours a day, and processed on site, with the ore being transported to Westport or Greymouth for export. Locals had expressed concerns about
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area that lies beneath the flight path from the breeding colonies, looking for birds that have crash-landed on or near the road. Any birds that are found are placed in a box and delivered to the
Department of Conservation office in Punakaiki. Each bird gets a checkup, and is then released from a
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and the West Coast
Regional Council declined an application to mine 5,000 tonnes of ilmenite sands per week, citing environmental concerns, including the potential effects on sensitive waterways and the risks to Westland petrels from vehicle activity and lights associated with the mining project.
567:
The
Westland petrel is one of the few petrel species that still nest on the mainland. Their large size and aggressive behaviour have helped to ensure that they can resist predators that would attack smaller species. Westland petrels nest in burrows dug 1 to 2 metres into the hillside, often on a
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Many types of seabirds are vulnerable to injury and death as a result of being attracted to artificial lights at night. This is a particular threat for petrels and shearwaters. Burrow-nesting seabirds like the Westland petrel returning to their burrows at night, or leaving them before dawn, can
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brought very strong winds to the West Coast along with heavy rain. The storm caused widespread damage across the area of the breeding colonies, although not all colonies were equally affected. After the storm, a survey was conducted at colony locations containing 75% of the estimated breeding
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is pale yellow with a dark tip. Falla measured the female and male birds for his original description and pointed out that the male of the species measured slightly larger than the female. However the female specimen weighed slightly more than the male. It is one of the largest of the burrowing
571:
Westland petrel are winter breeders, arriving at their breeding grounds annually in late March or early April to prepare their burrows for nesting. Colonies are noted to be very vocal around three weeks before nesting, during the time when courtship and mating occur. Petrels can form life time
399:/muttonbird, but noticed that the behaviour of the 'mutton birds' in their area was quite different. They also sent Falla a dead bird, and within a few weeks he visited the West Coast. Initially he considered that the West Coast birds were a
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steep slope. There are around 29 colonies of petrel in the breeding territory. Each colony has between 50 and 1000 burrows. Colonies can be located anywhere from 50 to 200 metres (160 to 660 ft) above sea level.
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in 1946, it is a stocky bird weighing approximately 1,100 grams (39 oz), and is one of the largest of the burrowing petrels. It is a dark blackish-brown colour with black legs and feet. It has a pale yellow
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and migrates east to South American waters during the non-breeding season. They feed on fish, squid and crustaceans. This species is also known to be an opportunistic feeder, scavenging fish waste discarded by
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These were white, smooth, without gloss and generally similar to the eggs of most other petrels. They vary in shape from elongate pyriform to ovate. The average weight of the entire egg when fresh is about 4
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Westland petrels can forage during both day and night, preying primarily on fish, some squid, and less commonly on crustaceans. They are known to opportunistically scavenge fish from waste discarded by
452:
The adult Westland petrel is a stocky bird, weighing around 1,100 grams (39 oz). It is entirely dark blackish-brown, with black legs and feet. Some individuals may have a few white feathers. The
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1058:
623:—they return to their natal colony to breed. This means that the loss of a breeding colony through landslides, predation or human interference can have severe consequences for the population.
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Their strong vision allows them to spot prey, and recent studies have shown that smell is also important to petrel foraging, specific odours seeming to attract the birds to certain areas.
551:. They are often found in waters to the west of the Chilean coast. Individuals usually remain solitary during this time, rejoining the colony when the next breeding cycle begins.
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occurs in the Westland petrel in their non-breeding season between October and February, during migration to South America. The immature birds moult before older individuals do.
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The Westland petrel is endemic to New Zealand. It spends most of its life at sea, only returning to land to breed, and breeds only in a small region of the South Island's
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This species spends most of its life at sea but returns to land to breed. When at sea, it ranges across areas of the Pacific and Tasman seas around the
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The behavioural ecology of the threatened Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica): From colonial behaviours to their migratory and foraging ecology
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There is also a breeding colony located on private land. The total area of all breeding colonies combined is only about 16 hectares (40 acres).
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affect seabirds include avian malaria, avian cholera, and avian diphtheria but these have not been observed in Westland petrels to date.
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The only known breeding colonies of the Westland petrel are in New Zealand, in a small area of forest-covered coastal foothills between
1944:
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1994:
Airam Rodríguez; Nick D Holmes; Peter G Ryan; et al. (17 May 2017). "Seabird mortality induced by land-based artificial lights".
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population. In 4 out of the 6 colonies surveyed, over half of the breeding habitat had been lost through landslips and fallen trees.
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The breeding colonies are often on steep sites, and are vulnerable to damage resulting from landslips and tree fall. In April 2014,
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During the fledging season, a team of local conservationists patrol an 8 km (5.0 mi) section State Highway 6 in the
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S.A. Waugh; C. Barbraud; K. Delord; K. Simister; G.B. Baker; G.K. Hedley; K-J Wilson; D.R.D. Rands (10 October 2020).
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noise, light pollution, heavy vehicle traffic, and Westland petrels being attracted to lights. In February 2022, the
105:
1945:"Trends in density, abundance, and response to storm damage for Westland Petrels Procellaria westlandica, 2007-2019"
1824:
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also a significant threat, because the settlement of Punakaiki is only 2.5 km (1.6 mi) from the colonies.
1311:"An assessment of the breeding range, colony sizes and population of the Westland petrel (Procellaria westlandica)"
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business in the area that provides viewing opportunities at the breeding colony located on private land.
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and allow access to predators such as weka, that would have been unable to reach them otherwise.
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547:. In the non-breeding season, the birds migrate east to waters off South America and feed in the
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340:. Other significant potential threats to the breeding colonies are predation by feral pigs and
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1977:
1855:"Westland petrels and hoki fishery waste: opportunistic use of a readily available resource?"
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1657:"A review of the biology and ecology and an evaluation of threats to the Westland petrel
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Westland petrel chicks have historically been harvested for food in a practice known as
2579:
1690:"Distribution of breeding sites of the Westland black petrel (Procellaria westlandica)"
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289:
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17:
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1036:
Ngā uruora = The groves of life : ecology and history in a New Zealand landscape
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812:
536:
70:
2186:"West Coast mineral sand mine rejected partly over fears for Westland petrel colony"
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assessed its conservation status in 2021 as "At Risk: Naturally Uncommon" under the
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In 2021, Australian-owned Barrytown Joint Ventures Ltd applied for consents to mine
2439:
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During the breeding season, adults may be seen in waters around New Zealand from
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1144:"Dynamics of seasonal movements by a trans-Pacific migrant, the Westland Petrel"
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2064:"West Coast village going dark to save baby seabirds blinded by street lights"
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2017:
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332:. The birds nest in burrows excavated into hillsides and slopes, and exhibit
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1739:"Status of the Westland Petrel (Procellaria westlandica) off South America"
1550:"The breeding cycle of the Westland Black Petrel (Procellaria westlandica)"
922:
892:
2033:
1255:"Threats and threat status of the Westland Petrel Procellaria westlandica"
496:. The breeding range covers an 8 km (5.0 mi) wide strip between
2602:
2316:
2090:"Westland Petrels crashing in Greymouth after lights go out in Punakaiki"
1792:
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137:
700:, in larger numbers than reported in previous years. A recent switch to
2491:
2385:
2009:
285:
2276:
1463:
684:
Sign near Punakaiki warning drivers about Westland petrels on the road
2372:
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573:
379:
The Westland petrel was first described by New Zealand ornithologist
127:
2504:
2465:
2293:
1820:
1737:
Brinkley, ES; Howell, SNG; Force, MP; Spear, LB; Ainley, DC (2000).
1908:"Storm damage to Westland petrel colonies in 2014 from cyclone Ita"
1421:"Westland petrels (Procellaria westlandica) off the coast of Chile"
753:
As of 2021, this species is regarded as being endangered under the
455:
387:. The Westland petrel was identified in 1945 after the students of
359:
classified this species as "At Risk: Naturally Uncommon" under the
300:
2460:
679:
605:
583:
558:
483:
443:
415:
specimen, collected at Barrytown on 29 April 1946, is held at the
370:
2615:
668:
147:
2297:
2145:"Barrytown company submits more info on ilmenite mine proposal"
2169:
Curnow, Ellen (11 June 2021). "Locals protest mine proposal".
838:
836:
834:
832:
411:), but it was soon classified as a separate species. The male
535:
in the east. Westland petrels also range across areas of the
619:
Westland petrels, along with other types of seabird exhibit
2237:"Taiko festival 7–8 May: something wonderful for everyone"
391:
School wrote to Falla, as he was then the director of the
2211:"The Punakaiki petrel patrol: Helping an endangered bird"
1797:: the Importance of Fisheries Waste During Chick-rearing"
815:, although this is not thought to be part of traditional
717:
sands on 114 hectares (280 acres) of private land on the
924:
Birdstories : a history of the birds of New Zealand
508:, or other conservation land, or on land belonging to
1194:
The petrels : their ecology and breeding systems
464:
Falla described the eggs of this species as follows:
2306:
1434:. The Ornithological Society of New Zealand: 98–99.
998:(1946). "An undescribed form of the black petrel".
868:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698155A132629809.en
1138:Todd Landers; Matt Rayner; Richard A. Phillips;
639:Further damage to nesting areas occurred during
395:. They had heard in a radio broadcast about the
1595:
1593:
1039:. Wellington, N.Z.: Victoria University Press.
466:
292:, that is endemic to New Zealand. Described by
755:International Union for Conservation of Nature
349:International Union for Conservation of Nature
791:way to their nests in the mountains at dusk.
8:
1115:The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
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1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
967:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
225:
81:
59:
40:
31:
1647:
1645:
1244:
1242:
1113:Heather, Barrie; Robertson, Hugh (2015).
866:
430:, which also refers to the black petrel,
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
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916:
914:
763:New Zealand Threat Classification System
361:New Zealand Threat Classification System
887:
885:
828:
745:vessels and forage from fishery waste.
2138:
2136:
1924:from the original on 22 September 2020
1371:from the original on 18 September 2020
960:
819:food gathering practice in this area.
357:New Zealand Department of Conservation
2365:Procellaria_(Procellaria)_westlandica
1844:
1842:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1395:"Weekender: Wild luxury in Punakaiki"
1393:Steenhart, Josie (18 December 2016).
1388:
1386:
1304:
1302:
1300:
893:"Procellaria westlandica Falla, 1946"
246:
7:
2590:3c30ea7c-d7df-4d83-bff9-85aff54233a8
1827:from the original on 2 November 2020
1309:GC Wood; HM Otley (September 2013).
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1087:from the original on 1 February 2022
1061:from the original on 1 February 2022
949:from the original on 1 February 2022
757:Red List of Threatened Species. The
1514:Waugh, S. M.; Bartle, J.A. (2013).
854:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2184:Naish, Joanne (13 February 2022).
2143:Williams, Lois (21 October 2021).
2088:Naish, Joanne (21 December 2020).
2047:"DOC asks for help with petrels".
786:Every year, a festival is held in
25:
2062:Naish, Joanne (3 November 2020).
1548:; J. D. Coleman (December 1977).
1526:from the original on 25 June 2017
921:Norman, Geoff (23 October 2018).
385:Procellana parkinsoni westlandica
249:Procellana parkinsoni westlandica
2691:IUCN Red List endangered species
2116:"Darkness planned to help birds"
2114:Mills, Laura (27 October 2021).
1000:Records of the Canterbury Museum
104:
1688:H. A. Best; K. L. Owen (1976).
843:BirdLife International (2018).
1791:Freeman, Amanda N. D. (1998).
1315:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
627:Storm, landslide and tree fall
344:dogs from nearby settlements.
1:
2711:Vulnerable fauna of Australia
2267:at Department of Conservation
1327:10.1080/03014223.2012.736394
655:Predation by feral pigs and
610:Measuring a Westland Petrel.
2273:at West Coast Penguin Trust
1149:Ornithological Applications
351:classified this species as
2742:
2721:Taxa named by Robert Falla
2289:Tāiko Festival information
1917:. 2015, Vol. 62: 165–168.
1902:Waugh, S.M.; Poutart, T.;
1793:"Diet of Westland Petrels
1458:, ResearchSpace@Auckland,
1197:. London: Academic Press.
759:Department of Conservation
2706:Birds of the South Island
1801:Emu – Austral Ornithology
861:: e.T22698155A132629809.
709:Mining on Barrytown Flats
523:in the west, through the
488:Westland petrel in flight
245:
238:
233:
224:
206:
199:
101:Scientific classification
99:
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2241:West Coast Penguin Trust
2049:The West Coast Messenger
1835:– via tandfonline.
1668:West Coast Penguin Trust
1489:West Coast Penguin Trust
1162:10.1525/COND.2011.100064
1117:. Penguin Random House.
777:Relationship with humans
663:Other predators such as
480:Distribution and habitat
375:Westland petrel specimen
284:, is a moderately large
2716:Birds described in 1946
2668:Procellaria-westlandica
2453:procellaria-westlandica
2378:procellaria-westlandica
2352:Procellaria_westlandica
2338:Procellaria westlandica
2308:Procellaria westlandica
2279:at Paparoa Nature Tours
2277:Westland petrel – tāiko
2271:Westland petrel – tāiko
2265:Westland petrel – tāiko
1795:Procellaria westlandica
1659:Procellaria westlandica
1361:"Westland petrel/tāiko"
927:. Nelson, New Zealand.
847:Procellaria westlandica
615:Breeding colony hazards
588:Westland petrel hunting
563:Western petrel burrows.
555:Breeding and life-cycle
545:subtropical convergence
383:in 1946 under the name
310:subtropical convergence
268:Procellaria westlandica
210:Procellaria westlandica
18:Procellaria westlandica
1452:Landers, Todd (2012),
996:Robert Alexander Falla
731:Parasites and diseases
685:
611:
589:
564:
489:
471:
449:
433:Procellaria parkinsoni
409:Procellaria parkinsoni
376:
328:on the South Island's
277:
234:Westland petrel range
1602:"The Westland Petrel"
1600:J.R. Jackson (1958).
1419:Fraser, P.A. (2009).
1191:Warham, John (1990).
724:Grey District Council
683:
609:
587:
562:
506:Paparoa National Park
487:
447:
374:
288:in the petrel family
282:Westland black petrel
280:), also known as the
2283:Photos and fact file
1997:Conservation Biology
1726:on 18 February 2021.
1586:on 23 February 2021.
1520:nzbirdsonline.org.nz
1083:. Māori Dictionary.
1033:Park, Geoff (1995).
807:Harvesting of chicks
1983:on 6 February 2022.
1813:1998EmuAO..98...36F
1775:on 2 February 2021.
1653:Wilson, Kerry-Jayne
1349:on 1 February 2022.
1253:(15 October 2017).
1142:(1 February 2011).
694:NZ Transport Agency
676:Artificial lighting
448:Westland petrel egg
192:P. westlandica
51:Conservation status
2051:. 9 December 2009.
2010:10.1111/COBI.12900
1953:Marine Ornithology
1851:Kerry-Jayne Wilson
1263:Marine Ornithology
1251:Kerry-Jayne Wilson
686:
612:
590:
565:
490:
450:
377:
87:Naturally Uncommon
2678:
2677:
2624:Open Tree of Life
2300:Taxon identifiers
2217:. 12 January 2024
2120:Otago Daily Times
1516:"Westland petrel"
1485:"Westland petrel"
1124:978-0-143-57092-9
934:978-0-947503-92-5
580:Diet and foraging
417:Canterbury Museum
393:Canterbury Museum
305:with a dark tip.
259:
258:
253:
158:Procellariiformes
94:
74:
16:(Redirected from
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2044:
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1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1976:. Archived from
1949:
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1934:
1933:
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1929:
1923:
1912:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1891:on 3 March 2021.
1890:
1884:. Archived from
1859:
1849:Amanda Freeman;
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1788:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1768:. Archived from
1743:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1719:. Archived from
1694:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1638:on 4 March 2021.
1637:
1631:. Archived from
1606:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1579:. Archived from
1554:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1425:
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1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1345:. Archived from
1306:
1295:
1294:
1293:on 19 July 2020.
1292:
1286:. Archived from
1259:
1249:Susan M. Waugh;
1246:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1110:
1097:
1096:
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1024:
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973:
972:
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958:
956:
954:
918:
909:
908:
906:
904:
889:
880:
879:
877:
875:
870:
840:
621:natal philopatry
549:Humboldt Current
510:Forest And Bird.
457:
397:sooty shearwater
347:As of 2021, the
334:natal philopatry
302:
251:
229:
212:
109:
108:
88:
85:
84:
68:
63:
62:
44:
35:Westland petrel
32:
21:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2598:Observation.org
2596:
2588:
2586:
2580:westland-petrel
2578:
2576:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
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2503:
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2256:
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2209:
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2178:
2168:
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2153:
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2142:
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2134:
2124:
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2112:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2004:(5): 986–1001.
1993:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1910:
1901:
1900:
1896:
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1857:
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1821:10.1071/MU98005
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1365:www.doc.govt.nz
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994:
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842:
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830:
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797:
784:
779:
770:Barrytown Flats
751:
742:
733:
719:Barrytown Flats
711:
678:
653:
629:
617:
604:
582:
557:
533:Banks Peninsula
482:
459:
442:
369:
304:
263:Westland petrel
220:
214:
208:
195:
103:
95:
86:
82:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2739:
2737:
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2259:External links
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2054:
2039:
1986:
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1546:Allan J. Baker
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1321:(3): 186–195.
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813:muttonbirding
806:
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794:
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776:
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771:
766:
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756:
748:
746:
740:Other threats
739:
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703:
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695:
692:In 2020, the
690:
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537:Pacific Ocean
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264:
250:
247:
244:
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211:
205:
202:
201:Binomial name
198:
194:
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185:
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72:
67:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2307:
2244:. Retrieved
2240:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2173:. p. 1.
2170:
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2048:
2042:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1978:the original
1957:
1951:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1914:
1897:
1886:the original
1865:
1861:
1829:. Retrieved
1807:(1): 36–43.
1804:
1800:
1794:
1770:the original
1749:
1745:
1732:
1721:the original
1700:
1696:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1633:the original
1612:
1608:
1581:the original
1560:
1556:
1540:
1530:12 September
1528:. Retrieved
1519:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:
1479:
1454:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:
1375:12 September
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1347:the original
1318:
1314:
1288:the original
1267:
1261:
1193:
1186:
1156:(1): 71–79.
1153:
1147:
1133:
1114:
1091:12 September
1089:. Retrieved
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1035:
1028:
1003:
999:
953:14 September
951:. Retrieved
923:
901:. Retrieved
897:nztcs.org.nz
896:
872:. Retrieved
858:
852:
846:
810:
799:There is an
798:
785:
767:
752:
749:Conservation
743:
734:
712:
691:
687:
662:
654:
645:Cyclone Gita
641:Cyclone Fehi
638:
630:
618:
591:
570:
566:
514:
491:
472:
467:
463:
451:
431:
427:
421:
408:
405:black petrel
384:
381:Robert Falla
378:
346:
319:
307:
294:Robert Falla
281:
267:
265:
262:
260:
252:Falla, 1946
248:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
29:
2696:Procellaria
2637:SeaLifeBase
2565:Neotropical
2500:iNaturalist
2332:Wikispecies
1960:: 273–281.
1904:Wilson, K-J
1868:: 139–144.
1752:: 179–183.
1703:: 233–242.
1615:: 230–233.
1563:: 211–231.
1270:: 195–203.
1140:Mark Hauber
1081:"tāikoPlay"
1006:: 111–113.
874:18 November
633:Cyclone Ita
543:around the
527:, and from
525:Cook Strait
517:Cape Egmont
440:Description
338:Cyclone Ita
179:Procellaria
2685:Categories
2663:Xeno-canto
2246:4 February
2221:12 January
2154:5 February
2125:5 February
2099:5 February
2073:5 February
1974:Q110823653
1928:31 October
1882:Q110816822
1831:29 October
1766:Q110816692
1717:Q110816999
1673:6 February
1629:Q110816802
1577:Q110816542
1494:6 February
1472:Q112783527
1464:2292/17816
1404:6 February
1343:Q110816570
1284:Q110816456
1178:Q113499492
1065:29 October
1020:Q110817358
943:1045734859
903:4 February
823:References
801:ecotourism
795:Ecotourism
541:Tasman Sea
494:West Coast
424:Māori name
401:subspecies
355:, and the
353:endangered
330:West Coast
66:Endangered
2034:Q38984539
2018:0888-8892
1966:1018-3337
1874:0029-4470
1758:0029-4470
1709:0029-4470
1621:0029-4470
1569:0029-4470
1335:0301-4223
1276:1018-3337
1170:0010-5422
1012:0370-3878
963:cite book
788:Punakaiki
698:Greymouth
651:Predation
647:in 2018.
529:East Cape
521:Fiordland
502:Punakaiki
498:Barrytown
461:petrels.
389:Barrytown
326:Punakaiki
322:Barrytown
317:fishers.
186:Species:
124:Kingdom:
118:Eukaryota
2544:22698155
2518:11192950
2404:22698155
2399:BirdLife
2317:Wikidata
2285:– ARKive
2030:Wikidata
2026:28151557
1970:Wikidata
1919:Archived
1915:Notornis
1878:Wikidata
1862:Notornis
1853:(2002).
1825:Archived
1762:Wikidata
1746:Notornis
1713:Wikidata
1697:Notornis
1625:Wikidata
1609:Notornis
1573:Wikidata
1557:Notornis
1524:Archived
1468:Wikidata
1428:Notornis
1369:Archived
1339:Wikidata
1280:Wikidata
1213:21976122
1174:Wikidata
1085:Archived
1059:Archived
1055:34798269
1016:Wikidata
947:Archived
715:ilmenite
705:season.
574:fledging
474:Moulting
413:holotype
367:Taxonomy
240:Synonyms
164:Family:
138:Chordata
134:Phylum:
128:Animalia
114:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2701:Petrels
2570:wespet1
2492:2481494
2466:wespet1
2427:wespet1
2386:Avibase
2323:Q276196
2195:30 July
1809:Bibcode
773:cliff.
657:vagrant
602:Threats
403:of the
342:vagrant
286:seabird
174:Genus:
154:Order:
144:Class:
89: (
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