1564:. However, with postcranial material came the proposal of an elephantine relation. However, early depictions of deinotheres were too elephantine, practically only with the addition of lower tusks. These restorations were inaccurate, because they showed the lower lip directly beneath the trunk, with the tusks projecting from the "chin". According to a 2001 study, the tusks more likely projected above the lip, which followed the curvature of the jaw down. Another inaccuracy is likely the length of the trunks. Having a long, elephantine trunk was thought of as unlikely by multiple authors, including Harris and the 2001 study. Besides the large opening often associated with a trunk, the general skull structure makes it unlikely for the trunk to be elongated. The upper tusks, retained in all more derived proboscideans, were likely lost so that the upper lip could directly manipulate the food of
775:, with multiple features shared among all specimens, not necessarily to the exclusion of other species. Some of these features include "small size, generally simple dental structure, less enamel plication and crenulation, ... thus the valleys of the premolars are well separated, slender teeth, bicuspid mesial lophid in P3 (the cuspids are distinct but more compressed against each other than in P. hobleyi), and clear mesial projection (“preprotolophide”) in P3; sometimes is bicuspid." Other features noted earlier in 1957 include "the mesial lophid of P3 is well separated into two cuspids, the mesial projection of P3 is well developed and often bicuspid, and the base of the protoconid in P3 is longer than that of the metaconid."
631:
1239:
1412:
2989:
145:
1577:
125:
2976:
811:
742:
2983:
1615:. These could be found in closed woodland forests. The way they chewed their food was probably similar to that of modern tapirs, with the front teeth being used to crush the food, while the second and third molars have a strong vertical shearing action, with little lateral movement. This chewing action differs from both that of
1631:
or other vegetation. The supports for the tusks used in feeding is also based on the fact that juveniles have a different tusk morphology, which is consistent on them likely possessing a slightly different diet or feeding strategy. The trunks of deinotheres were likely similar to a tapirs, which
2124:
Calandra, I.; Göhlich, U.B.; Merceron, G. (2010). "Feeding preferences of
Gomphotherium subtapiroideum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Miocene of Sandelzhausen (Northern Alpine Foreland Basin, southern Germany) through life and geological time: evidence from dental microwear analysis".
794:. Most differences of deinothere genera are in the P3 tooth morphology and dimensions of the mandible and teeth. Measurements of the mandible have shown that the curve of the jaw is relative to the length of the jaw; a longer jaw means a stronger curve. A distinguishing feature of
898:
Deinotheres are quite controversial with regards to the systematics. Many species have been named, yet major studies by Harris and
Huttunen find that only three species in each genus are valid, based on distribution and smaller details. Within
657:
is estimated to be 2.47 m (8.1 ft) tall and weigh 3.1 t (3.1 long tons; 3.4 short tons), while an adult male measured 2.78 m (9.1 ft) tall and was about 4.3 t (4.2 long tons; 4.7 short tons). The earliest species
915:. Many descriptions of new species of deinotheres are based upon limited material compared to only a small number of the species. Thus, many species of deinotheres are no longer valid. In addition to invalid species,
649:, about 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) at the shoulders, but differing from elephants by lacking upper tusks and instead possessing downward-facing lower tusks. In appearance and many characters, it was like
501:, which were separated based on geographic location. The three species are from Europe, Africa, and Asia, respectively. However, because of usage of few characters to separate them, only one species,
852:
date to 20.0 Mya. However, more recent studies (from 1988, 1991, and 2002) find that the deposits date to >17.9, 19.5, and 17.0 Mya, respectively. After evolving in Africa,
653:, but differed in being of smaller size, having shorter fore limbs, and also in various details in the shape and form of the teeth. A potentially adult female specimen of
1491:, and although they were similar, the minor differences and geographical separation were enough for Andrews to create a new species. This species was later reassigned to
2200:
610:
both had large, downcurved tusks on the lower jaw, but none on the upper jaw. This could have been used to grasp food while the tusks moved branches out of the way.
761:
snout. Within the evolution of
Deinotheriidae, the paired "tongs" arrangement consisting of upper and lower incisors possessed by earlier Proboscideans was lost.
2006:
1716:
1376:. Diagnosed by dental features, and post cranial morphology, the specimen was later found similar to specimens from elsewhere in Europe, which were assigned to
2228:
3174:
1272:
1905:(Proboscidea; Mammalia) from the Mid-Tertiary Dharmsala Group of the Kangra Valley, NW Himalaya, India: Biochronologic and Biogeographic Implications"
1717:"A partial skeleton of Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene of Unterzolling (Upper Freshwater Molasse, Germany)"
3085:
1404:, and although the species has the unique feature of tusks that do not curve down and instead project forwards, Huttunen considered it a synonym of
1356:, for teeth from France. Lartet published no description, and did not mention this species in later works. Huttunen showed that the distribution of
757:
have a muscle attachment for a trunk-like structure. However, instead of an elephant-like trunk, the appendage was more muscular and similar to a
622:
species were similar in size, ranging from 2.5 to 2.8 m (8.2 to 9.2 ft) tall and weighing about 3.1 to 4.3 t (490 to 680 st).
3179:
3154:
1833:"Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from Lesvos island, Greece; the appearance of deinotheres in the Eastern Mediterranean"
1811:
Markov, G.N.; Spassov, N.; Simeonovski, V. (2001). "A reconstruction of the facial morphology and feeding behaviour of the deinotheres".
3149:
848:, where two deposits preserving the genus date to 22.5 and 19.5 Mya according to one 1978 study. The same study found that fossils from
3169:
3159:
1254:
358:
339:
260:
690:
from multiple features, including possessing a different dental formula of 003/103 and 0023/1023; M2-3 with an ornamentation; the
3164:
2221:
1373:
1368:, misspelling the genus name. The species was known from a jaw with teeth and some post cranial elements. This material was from
2007:"Anatomy and phylogenetic value of the mandibular and coronoid canals and their associated foramina in proboscideans (Mammalia)"
3144:
1348:, thus the latter became the senior synonym. Later in 1836, Lartet described yet another deinothere that eventually became
1594:
could only survive along the coast in closed forests. Rodents and fish may have lived in the same environment or region as
144:
2988:
939:. In a study 2011 analyzed the mandibles of multiple genera in a phylogenetic analysis. Their results are shown below:
2214:
2029:
602:
All deinotheres were large animals that evolved to be even larger, and many features are shared throughout the group.
1931:"A partial skeleton of Deinotherium (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the late Middle Miocene Gratkorn locality (Austria)"
1364:, thus considered the two species likely synonymous. Later, Ehik (1930) described the genus and the new species
857:
1257:
in 1831. However, his first description of the material came in 1833, in which he also created the new species
2975:
768:
676:. It flourished for several millions of years, before being replaced in the middle Miocene by the much larger
2171:
Harris, J.M. (1975). "Evolution of feeding mechanisms in the family
Deinotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea)".
798:
is that the area at the base of the curve in the jaw is flat, while a depression is seen in all specimens of
1468:
272:
1448:
3139:
3038:
1611:
Deinotheres were browsers, meaning they ate plants above ground level. Deinotheres possibly ate specific
3111:
1980:
1548:
were scientifically incorrect. Before postcranial material was known, the genera were considered to be
1332:
1287:, and found enough features to distinguish it as a separate species. Most deinotheres were lumped into
662:
was estimated at similar 2.7 m (8.9 ft) tall and 4.0 t (3.9 long tons; 4.4 short tons).
2056:
Palaeontological
Memoirs and Notes of the late Hugh Falconer: With a Biographical sketch of the Author
1632:
could have been used for grasping plant matter and moving it to where the tongue could manipulate it.
1426:'s notes from before his death were published, including the description of material that he labelled
630:
3076:
3001:
2982:
2134:
1942:
1871:
1844:
1731:
1691:
695:
867:
may have gone extinct around 15.5 Mya, based on the last known fossils from the
Arabian Peninsula.
473:, meaning "before terrible beast", was first named in 1930, but soon after, the only species in it,
2598:
2589:
2628:
1872:"On a Prodeinotherium bavaricum (Proboscidea, Mammalia) skeleton from Franzensbad, Czech Republic"
1761:
1238:
2343:
2150:
1981:"A mandible of Deinotherium (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from Aksakovo near Varna, Northeast Bulgaria"
1958:
1786:
1623:(horizontal shearing). Deinothere molars show little wear, indicating a diet of soft, nongritty,
307:
139:
1533:, and based on these features and age the species was thought to either be a species in between
3116:
3098:
2951:
2820:
691:
3103:
1529:. A study in 2010 by Vergiev & Markow noted that the teeth are quite similar to those of
2677:
2180:
2142:
2083:
2021:
1950:
1852:
1776:
1739:
719:
699:
1576:
1411:
1291:
until the studies of Harris, who concluded that morphology separated them into two genera,
879:
around the same time. These species are from Africa, Europe, and South Asia, respectively.
124:
3011:
3006:
2619:
2467:
1616:
1400:, the material includes a jaw with teeth. The tooth morphology is very similar to that of
1156:
1078:
710:; the articulation between the neck vertebrae and skull is more upturned; the skeleton is
703:
319:
2138:
1946:
1848:
1735:
1430:. This was from the Sewalik of India, he noted that the teeth were possibly the same as
17:
2941:
2773:
2649:
2605:
2514:
2484:
2428:
2374:
2184:
2087:
1092:
960:
829:
646:
576:
524:
462:
222:
209:
1856:
1743:
810:
741:
735:
3133:
3021:
2931:
2911:
2864:
2848:
2834:
2827:
2787:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2731:
2705:
2642:
2437:
2398:
2364:
2313:
2102:
2025:
1962:
1930:
1832:
1628:
1600:
1423:
1263:
991:
825:
672:
572:
529:
404:
284:
75:
2154:
1657:
2875:
2780:
2698:
2670:
2575:
2504:
2444:
2414:
2354:
2323:
1900:
1790:
1514:
1510:
1304:
1140:
1041:
731:
727:
595:
535:
2206:
723:
711:
2054:
1692:"Systematics and Taxonomy of the European Deinotheriidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia)"
3070:
3016:
2921:
2803:
2738:
2721:
2684:
2663:
2656:
2554:
2407:
2292:
2277:
2238:
2072:"On a new species of Dinotherium (Dinotherium hobleyi) from British East Africa"
1484:
1008:
946:
589:
584:
196:
50:
3061:
2691:
2635:
2568:
2538:
2333:
2268:
2146:
1954:
1561:
95:
60:
2901:
2891:
2745:
2547:
1553:
1509:, and is known from dental material and jaw. It was first found in 2005, in
1476:
1268:
787:
667:
481:. During the 1970s, however, the two genera were once again separated, with
156:
100:
44:
1781:
1658:
New large-bodied mammals from the late
Oligocene site of Chilga, Ethiopia.
1475:. Andrews described these remains, which included a mandible with teeth, a
1369:
1434:, but were within the range of a midsized individual. This presumption as
856:
spp. likely migrated into Asia and then Europe with the formation of the "
3055:
2857:
2494:
2384:
2256:
1620:
791:
176:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
1590:
was a herbivorous organism. Based on the known distribution of fossils,
786:
All deinothere mandibles have the same basic anatomy, with a downturned
3090:
2884:
2813:
2524:
1480:
1397:
1280:
1276:
1116:
715:
466:
458:
105:
80:
2071:
1627:
vegetation, with the down-turned lower tusks being used for stripping
1392:
was described in 1989 by Vörös, who found it to differ from all other
2561:
2262:
2250:
1624:
1612:
1557:
1549:
849:
186:
166:
3032:
1273:
Bayerische
Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und historische Geologie
840:, or the common ancestor of the two genera. The earliest remains of
1575:
1410:
1330:
is that of Kaup (1832). He described teeth previously assigned to
1237:
845:
809:
758:
629:
1344:. However, the size, morphology, and distribution match that of
3036:
2210:
1299:. As the earliest description of a small deinothere in Europe,
465:
that lived in Africa, Europe, and Asia in the early and middle
2203:
discussing the size and weight estimates of
Larramendi (2015).
1336:, finding them to be a new deinothere. Kaup assigned these to
1929:
Aiglstorfer, M.; Goehlich, U.B; Böhme, M.; Gross, M. (2014).
698:; the rostrum and external nares narrow; the swelling of the
559:, and it migrated into Asia and Europe before evolving into
1656:
Sanders, W. J., Kappelman, J. & Rasmussen, D. T., 2004
1452:
within a population. This species was later reassigned to
2101:
Qiu, Z.X.; Wang, B.W.; Li, H.; Deng, T.; Sun, Y. (2007).
618:, yet much larger than more primitive proboscideans. All
1483:, and other indeterminable fragments, shipped to him by
1315:
was named in 1830 by Ehik, and its name is derived from
1762:"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"
1608:, showing that the genera likely ate different plants.
1261:, the accidental change in genus spelling making it a
871:
was the first species to evolve, followed soon after
2947:
2937:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2845:
2798:
2716:
2616:
2586:
2535:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2425:
2395:
2380:
2370:
2360:
2350:
2339:
2329:
2319:
2309:
1521:
species. That study also found that the material of
706:; the roof of the skull is longer and wider than in
3045:
2874:
2844:
2797:
2715:
2615:
2585:
2534:
2465:
2424:
2394:
2290:
1372:, and was destroyed, but casts of it remain in the
903:, the species found valid by these authors include
1831:Koufos, G.D.; Zouros, N.; Mourouzidou, O. (2003).
1471:. The species was from East Africa, and was named
1899:Tiwari, B.N.; Verma, B.C.; Bhandari, A. (2006).
2076:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2059:. Vol. 2. Sottiswoode & Co. p. 5.
1912:Journal of the Paleontological Society of India
1813:The World of Elephants – International Congress
1755:
1753:
1446:in Europe, and the variation of individuals of
2201:Phenomena: The largest Beast to walk the Earth
1283:. Meyer compared the tooth to the material of
927:found to be valid by multiple studies include
832:, about 19.0 to 18.0 million years ago (Mya).
2222:
1879:Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
1699:Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
8:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1501:was described in 2007 as a late species of
583:. The deinotheriids are an early branch of
3033:
2473:
2302:
2298:
2287:
2229:
2215:
2207:
2103:"First discovery of a deinothere in China"
123:
31:
2173:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1935:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
1780:
666:was larger and more specialised than its
1544:Early depictions of deinotheres such as
1275:, selected from a group of specimens (a
740:
1974:
1972:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1640:
1253:was originally mentioned in a paper by
436:
398:
333:
2166:
2164:
919:has on occasion been synonymized with
771:, is the most well-studied species of
2005:Ferretti, M.P.; Debruyne, R. (2011).
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1710:
1708:
1388:, a conclusion followed by Huttunen.
253:
7:
1715:Huttunen, K.; Gohlich, U.B. (2002).
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1541:, or belonging to the latter genus.
1340:, using size to distinguish it from
783:mostly in these P3 characteristics.
1604:have been found alongside those of
1495:, as the only species from Africa.
1132:
1108:
1084:
1057:
1033:
983:
976:
952:
942:
3175:Aquitanian genus first appearances
2185:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1975.tb00275.x
2088:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01964.x
1979:Vergiev, S.; Markov, G.N. (2010).
1438:was based on the possibility that
718:has a prominent spine and a stout
634:Lateral view of the lower jaws of
505:, or many more species, including
25:
1517:age, thus is younger than other
1467:, was first described in 1911 by
1255:Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer
767:, fossils of which come from the
2987:
2981:
2974:
2026:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00637.x
1374:Hungarian Natural History Museum
143:
2014:Journal of the Linnaean Society
539:from Europe, Africa, and Asia.
523:is one of three genera of the
27:Extinct genus of proboscideans
1:
3180:Fossil taxa described in 1930
1857:10.1016/S0016-6995(03)00031-7
1769:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1744:10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00042-6
1660:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1352:. This new species was named
1326:Another early description of
638:at Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern
587:, although more derived than
461:representative of the family
3155:Prehistoric placental genera
2127:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
1267:. The material known is the
745:Skeletal reconstructions of
645:was the size of the present
423:(Sahni & Tripathi, 1957)
779:differs in morphology from
749:female (left), male (right)
694:turns down parallel to the
3196:
3150:Langhian genus extinctions
1663:Vol. 49, no.3, pp. 365–392
1505:; it was described by Qui
614:was slightly smaller than
499:Deinotherium pentapotamiae
415:Sahni & Tripathi, 1957
374:Prodeinotherium hungaricum
3170:Miocene mammals of Europe
3160:Miocene mammals of Africa
2996:
2971:
2476:
2305:
2301:
2286:
2245:
2147:10.1007/s12542-010-0054-0
1955:10.1007/s12549-013-0140-x
1428:Dinotherium pentapotamiae
1366:Prodinotherium hungaricum
1154:
1137:
1130:
1113:
1106:
1089:
1082:
1062:
1055:
1038:
1031:
1005:
988:
981:
974:
957:
950:
579:before being replaced by
555:was the first species of
401:Dinotherium pentapotamiae
313:
306:
252:
247:
140:Scientific classification
138:
133:Prodeinotherium bavaricum
131:
122:
34:
1598:. In Europe, fossils of
1442:was the only species of
1354:Deinotherium secondarium
883:was replaced in Asia by
769:Upper Freshwater Molasse
382:Prodeinotherium petenyii
366:Deinotherium secundarium
18:Prodeinotherium petenyii
3165:Miocene mammals of Asia
1760:Larramendi, A. (2016).
1619:(lateral grinding) and
1469:Charles William Andrews
664:Prodeinotherium hobleyi
420:Prodeinotherium orlovii
2107:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
2070:Andrews, C.W. (1911).
2053:Falconer, H.†(1868).
1782:10.4202/app.00136.2014
1584:
1419:
1285:Deinotherium gigantium
1251:Deinotherium bavaricum
1247:
818:
806:Taxonomy and evolution
750:
686:is distinguished from
639:
487:Deinotherium bavaricum
336:Deinotherium bavaricum
3145:Miocene proboscideans
3112:Paleobiology Database
1870:Huttunen, K. (2004).
1690:Huttunen, K. (2002).
1580:Restored skeleton of
1579:
1487:. It was compared to
1463:The African species,
1449:Mastodon longirostris
1414:
1259:Dinotherium bavaricum
1246:, illustrated in 1875
1241:
813:
744:
633:
485:diagnosed to include
355:Dinotherium bavaricum
3002:Plesielephantiformes
2237:Genera of the order
1323:– "terrible beast".
1234:History of discovery
885:Deinotherium indicum
836:likely evolved from
753:Deinotheres such as
734:are narrow, but not
696:mandibular symphysis
495:Deinotherium hobleyi
477:, was reassigned to
412:Deinotherium orlovii
2590:Choerolophodontidae
2139:2010PalZ...84..205C
1947:2014PdPe...94...49A
1849:2003Geobi..36..305K
1736:2002Geobi..35..489H
1489:Dinotherium cuvieri
1473:Dinotherium hobleyi
1384:to be a synonym of
1360:was within that of
1338:Dinotherium cuvieri
891:, and in Africa by
527:, the others being
439:Dinotherium hobleyi
347:Dinotherium cuvieri
1585:
1420:
1248:
819:
751:
640:
3127:
3126:
3099:Open Tree of Life
3039:Taxon identifiers
3030:
3029:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2952:Stegotetrabelodon
2821:Paratetralophodon
2461:
2460:
2133:(2010): 205–215.
1881:. 105 A: 333–361.
1701:. 103 A: 237–250.
1525:is distinct from
1333:Tapir gigantesque
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1020:
1019:
824:lived during the
533:from Africa, and
517:may be possible.
450:
449:
443:
424:
416:
408:
386:
378:
370:
362:
351:
343:
323:
300:
288:
276:
264:
243:
16:(Redirected from
3187:
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3034:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2949:
2939:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2847:
2800:
2718:
2678:Progomphotherium
2618:
2588:
2537:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2474:
2427:
2397:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2352:
2341:
2331:
2321:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2288:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2189:
2188:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2028:. Archived from
2011:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1828:
1817:
1816:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1687:
1664:
1654:
1552:, giant tapirs,
1456:, distinct from
1133:
1109:
1085:
1058:
1034:
984:
977:
953:
943:
909:P. pentapotamiae
873:P. pentapotamiae
702:is close to the
561:P. pentapotamiae
441:
422:
414:
403:
394:P. pentapotamiae
384:
376:
368:
357:
349:
338:
318:
294:
282:
280:P. pentapotamiae
270:
258:
241:
234:
221:
208:
148:
147:
127:
117:
47:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3077:Prodeinotherium
3075:
3074:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3047:Prodeinotherium
3041:
3031:
3026:
3012:Elephantimorpha
3007:Numidotheriidae
2992:
2973:
2957:
2870:
2840:
2802:
2801:"Tetralophodont
2793:
2720:
2711:
2620:Amebelodontidae
2611:
2581:
2530:
2470:
2468:Elephantiformes
2457:
2452:Prodeinotherium
2420:
2390:
2295:
2282:
2241:
2235:
2197:
2192:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1988:Palaeodiversity
1983:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1941:(2014): 49–70.
1928:
1927:
1923:
1907:
1903:Prodeinotherium
1898:
1897:
1886:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1830:
1829:
1820:
1810:
1809:
1798:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1667:
1655:
1642:
1638:
1606:Prodeinotherium
1596:Prodeinotherium
1592:Prodeinotherium
1588:Prodeinotherium
1574:
1566:Prodeinotherium
1546:Prodeinotherium
1535:Prodeinotherium
1519:Prodeinotherium
1503:Prodeinotherium
1493:Prodeinotherium
1454:Prodeinotherium
1394:Prodeinotherium
1380:. Harris found
1328:Prodeinotherium
1313:Prodeinotherium
1309:Prodeinotherium
1293:Prodeinotherium
1242:Skull bones of
1236:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1157:Elephantimorpha
1079:Elephantiformes
1066:Prodeinotherium
1021:
925:Prodeinotherium
917:Prodeinotherium
901:Prodeinotherium
887:, in Europe by
881:Prodeinotherium
865:Prodeinotherium
854:Prodeinotherium
842:Prodeinotherium
834:Prodeinotherium
822:Prodeinotherium
816:Prodeinotherium
808:
796:Prodeinotherium
773:Prodeinotherium
755:Prodeinotherium
684:Prodeinotherium
643:Prodeinotherium
628:
620:Prodeinotherium
612:Prodeinotherium
604:Prodeinotherium
569:Prodeinotherium
557:Prodeinotherium
545:Prodeinotherium
521:Prodeinotherium
483:Prodeinotherium
471:Prodeinotherium
454:Prodeinotherium
446:
435:
434:
427:
397:
396:
389:
332:
331:
240:
237:Prodeinotherium
232:
219:
206:
142:
118:
116:
115:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
43:20.5–15.5
42:
41:
38:
36:Prodeinotherium
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3067:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2945:
2942:Stegodibelodon
2935:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2777:
2774:Rhynchotherium
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2650:Archaeobelodon
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2606:Choerolophodon
2602:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2515:Palaeomastodon
2508:
2498:
2488:
2485:Dagbatitherium
2477:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2431:
2429:Deinotheriidae
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2375:Phosphatherium
2368:
2358:
2348:
2337:
2327:
2317:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2195:External links
2193:
2191:
2190:
2179:(4): 331–362.
2160:
2116:
2093:
2082:(4): 943–945.
2062:
2045:
2020:(2): 391–413.
1997:
1968:
1921:
1884:
1862:
1843:(3): 305–315.
1818:
1796:
1749:
1730:(4): 489–514.
1704:
1665:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1573:
1570:
1396:species. From
1358:D. secondarium
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:Palaeomastodon
1088:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
987:
982:
980:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
961:Phosphatherium
956:
951:
949:
941:
830:Middle Miocene
807:
804:
647:Asian elephant
627:
624:
577:Middle Miocene
571:lived for the
551:succeeded it.
525:Deinotheriidae
463:Deinotheriidae
448:
447:
445:
444:
430:
429:
428:
426:
425:
417:
409:
392:
391:
390:
388:
387:
379:
371:
363:
352:
344:
327:
326:
325:
316:Prodinotherium
311:
310:
304:
303:
302:
301:
289:
277:
265:
250:
249:
245:
244:
230:
226:
225:
223:Deinotheriinae
217:
213:
212:
210:Deinotheriidae
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
129:
128:
120:
119:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
48:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Deinotheriids
3138:
3137:
3135:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3023:
3022:Elephantoidea
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:Selenetherium
2926:
2924:
2923:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:Palaeoloxodon
2906:
2904:
2903:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2865:Stegolophodon
2862:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:Stegodontidae
2843:
2837:
2836:
2835:Tetralophodon
2832:
2830:
2829:
2828:Pediolophodon
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2788:Stegomastodon
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:Notiomastodon
2764:
2762:
2761:
2760:Gomphotherium
2757:
2755:
2754:
2753:Gnathabelodon
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2732:Blancotherium
2729:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:"Trilophodont
2714:
2708:
2707:
2706:Torynobelodon
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:Aphanobelodon
2640:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:Afrochoerodon
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2438:Chilgatherium
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2399:Barytheriidae
2393:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:Numidotherium
2359:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:Arcanotherium
2308:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2117:
2113:(4): 261–277.
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2049:
2046:
2035:on 2015-07-15
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:Gomphotherium
1597:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:P. hungaricum
1520:
1516:
1513:. It is of a
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Hugh Falconer
1418:
1415:Lower jaw of
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:P. hungaricum
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1264:lapsus calami
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:Numidotherium
986:
985:
979:
978:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
962:
955:
954:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:. Species of
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
859:Gomphotherium
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Chilgatherium
835:
831:
827:
826:Early Miocene
823:
817:
812:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
760:
756:
748:
743:
739:
737:
736:dolichopodous
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:adapted; the
713:
712:graviportally
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
674:
673:Chilgatherium
669:
665:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
637:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:
592:
591:
586:
585:proboscideans
582:
578:
574:
573:Early Miocene
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Chilgatherium
538:
537:
532:
531:
530:Chilgatherium
526:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:P. hungaricum
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:P. hungaricum
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:
442:Andrews, 1911
440:
437:
433:
421:
418:
413:
410:
406:
402:
399:
395:
383:
380:
375:
372:
367:
364:
360:
356:
353:
348:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
324:
321:
317:
312:
309:
305:
298:
293:
290:
286:
281:
278:
274:
269:
266:
262:
257:
254:
251:
246:
239:
238:
231:
228:
227:
224:
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
121:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
37:
33:
30:
19:
3046:
2980:
2950:
2940:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2883:
2876:Elephantidae
2863:
2856:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:gomphotheres
2786:
2781:Sinomastodon
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2722:gomphotheres
2704:
2699:Stenobelodon
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2671:Platybelodon
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2629:Afromastodon
2627:
2604:
2597:
2576:Zygolophodon
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2523:
2513:
2505:Hemimastodon
2503:
2493:
2483:
2451:
2450:
2445:Deinotherium
2443:
2436:
2415:Omanitherium
2413:
2406:
2383:
2373:
2363:
2355:Moeritherium
2353:
2342:
2332:
2324:Daouitherium
2322:
2312:
2273:
2267:Superorder:
2176:
2172:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2017:
2013:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1918:(1): 93–100.
1915:
1911:
1902:
1878:
1865:
1840:
1836:
1812:
1772:
1768:
1727:
1723:
1698:
1659:
1617:gomphotheres
1610:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:P. bavaricum
1581:
1572:Paleobiology
1565:
1545:
1543:
1539:Deinotherium
1538:
1534:
1531:Deinotherium
1530:
1527:P. bavaricum
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:Late Miocene
1511:Gansu, China
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1472:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:Deinotherium
1443:
1440:D. giganteum
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:P. bavaricum
1416:
1406:P. bavaricum
1405:
1402:P. bavaricum
1401:
1393:
1389:
1386:P. bavaricum
1385:
1381:
1378:P. bavaricum
1377:
1365:
1362:P. bavaricum
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:P. bavaricum
1349:
1346:P. bavaricum
1345:
1342:D. giganteum
1341:
1337:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:Deinotherium
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:type species
1301:P. bavaricum
1300:
1297:Deinotherium
1296:
1292:
1289:Deinotherium
1288:
1284:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1244:P. bavaricum
1243:
1155:
1141:Hemimastodon
1139:
1138:
1115:
1114:
1091:
1090:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1042:Moeritherium
1040:
1039:
1007:
1006:
990:
989:
959:
958:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:Deinotherium
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:P. bavaricum
904:
900:
897:
892:
889:D. giganteum
888:
884:
880:
877:P. bavaricum
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
853:
841:
837:
833:
821:
820:
815:
800:Deinotherium
799:
795:
790:, and lower
785:
781:P. bavaricum
780:
776:
772:
765:P. bavaricum
764:
763:
754:
752:
747:P. bavaricum
746:
732:tarsal bones
728:carpal bones
708:Deinotherium
707:
688:Deinotherium
687:
683:
682:
678:Deinotherium
677:
671:
670:predecessor
663:
659:
655:P. bavaricum
654:
651:Deinotherium
650:
642:
641:
636:P. bavaricum
635:
619:
616:Deinotherium
615:
611:
608:Deinotherium
607:
603:
601:
596:Moeritherium
594:
588:
581:Deinotherium
580:
568:
565:P. bavaricum
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:Deinotherium
548:
544:
540:
536:Deinotherium
534:
528:
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
503:P. bavaricum
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:Deinotherium
478:
474:
470:
453:
452:
451:
438:
431:
419:
411:
400:
393:
381:
373:
369:Lartet, 1836
365:
354:
346:
335:
329:P. bavaricum
328:
315:
314:
296:
291:
279:
267:
256:P. bavaricum
255:
236:
235:
132:
35:
29:
3071:Wikispecies
3017:Elephantida
2922:Primelephas
2739:Cuvieronius
2685:Protanancus
2664:Konobelodon
2657:Eurybelodon
2555:Losodokodon
2408:Barytherium
2344:Khamsaconus
2293:Proboscidea
2278:Tethytheria
2239:Proboscidea
1901:"Record of
1485:C.W. Hobley
1390:P. petenyii
1319:– "before"
1303:became the
1271:P3, in the
1009:Barytherium
947:Proboscidea
861:land bridge
724:metacromion
626:Description
590:Barytherium
385:Vörös, 1989
216:Subfamily:
197:Proboscidea
3134:Categories
3000:See also:
2692:Serbelodon
2636:Amebelodon
2569:Sinomammut
2539:Mammutidae
2334:Eritherium
2269:Afrotheria
2039:2015-07-15
1994:: 241–247.
1815:: 652–655.
1636:References
1562:marsupials
1499:P. sinense
1465:P. hobleyi
1458:D. indicum
937:P. orlovii
933:P. sinense
929:P. cuvieri
913:P. hobleyi
869:P. hobleyi
844:come from
777:P. hobleyi
726:; and the
700:preorbital
660:P. hobleyi
553:P. hobleyi
515:P. sinense
511:P. orlovii
507:P. cuvieri
432:P. hobleyi
377:Ehik, 1930
350:Kaup, 1832
292:P. sinense
268:P. hobleyi
242:Ehik, 1930
2902:Mammuthus
2892:Loxodonta
2746:Eubelodon
2548:Eozygodon
2249:Kingdom:
1963:128898944
1621:elephants
1554:sirenians
1477:calcaneum
1436:D. indium
1432:D. indium
1422:In 1868,
1269:lectotype
893:D. bozasi
875:and then
814:Range of
788:symphysis
668:Oligocene
563:and then
543:preceded
163:Kingdom:
157:Eukaryota
3062:Q2048802
3056:Wikidata
2858:Stegodon
2495:Eritreum
2385:Saloumia
2263:Mammalia
2257:Chordata
2255:Phylum:
2251:Animalia
2155:56260944
792:incisors
720:acromion
547:, while
405:Falconer
308:Synonyms
287:, 1868)
285:Falconer
275:, 1911)
263:, 1831)
248:Species
203:Family:
187:Mammalia
177:Chordata
173:Phylum:
167:Animalia
153:Domain:
3104:4943200
3091:4968822
2885:Elephas
2814:Anancus
2525:Phiomia
2261:Class:
2135:Bibcode
1943:Bibcode
1845:Bibcode
1837:Geobios
1791:2092950
1732:Bibcode
1724:Geobios
1481:patella
1398:Hungary
1281:Bavaria
1279:) from
1277:syntype
1117:Phiomia
716:scapula
692:rostrum
467:Miocene
459:extinct
273:Andrews
229:Genus:
193:Order:
183:Class:
112:↓
2562:Mammut
2153:
1961:
1789:
1625:forest
1613:dicots
1560:, and
1558:whales
1550:rhinos
1507:et al.
1370:Királd
935:, and
911:, and
850:Uganda
759:tapirs
513:, and
497:, and
457:is an
407:, 1868
361:, 1833
342:, 1831
322:, 1930
299:, 2007
297:et al.
3117:43281
2274:Clade
2151:S2CID
2033:(PDF)
2010:(PDF)
1984:(PDF)
1959:S2CID
1908:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1787:S2CID
1765:(PDF)
1720:(PDF)
1695:(PDF)
846:Kenya
704:orbit
359:Meyer
340:Meyer
261:Meyer
3086:GBIF
1629:bark
1537:and
1479:, a
1295:and
828:and
730:and
722:and
606:and
593:and
575:and
320:Ehik
295:Qiu
51:Preęž’
2181:doi
2143:doi
2084:doi
2022:doi
2018:161
1951:doi
1853:doi
1777:doi
1740:doi
1317:pro
1307:of
863:".
493:),
3136::
3114::
3101::
3088::
3073::
3058::
2276::
2177:56
2175:.
2163:^
2149:.
2141:.
2131:84
2129:.
2111:45
2109:.
2105:.
2080:81
2078:.
2074:.
2016:.
2012:.
1990:.
1986:.
1971:^
1957:.
1949:.
1939:94
1937:.
1933:.
1916:51
1914:.
1910:.
1887:^
1877:.
1851:.
1841:36
1839:.
1835:.
1821:^
1799:^
1785:.
1775:.
1773:61
1771:.
1767:.
1752:^
1738:.
1728:35
1726:.
1722:.
1707:^
1697:.
1668:^
1643:^
1568:.
1556:,
1460:.
1408:.
1311:.
931:,
907:,
895:.
802:.
738:.
680:.
599:.
567:.
509:,
489:(=
469:.
101:Pg
45:Ma
2948:â€
2938:â€
2928:â€
2918:â€
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2898:â€
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2799:â€
2724:"
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2617:â€
2587:â€
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2187:.
2183::
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2090:.
2086::
2042:.
2024::
1992:3
1965:.
1953::
1945::
1859:.
1855::
1847::
1793:.
1779::
1746:.
1742::
1734::
283:(
271:(
259:(
233:â€
220:â€
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106:N
96:K
91:J
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81:P
76:C
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61:O
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