134:
but the share had risen to 24% by 1972, and 35% by 2006. In that same essay, they argued that the notion of the PMC as a collective grouping was "in ruins" due to economic shifts in the 1990s and 2000s which changed their professional prospects. Some members (such as highly qualified scientists) "jump ship for more lucrative posts in direct services to capital"; others (such as lawyers, tenured professors, and doctors) found themselves in increasingly "corporation-like" workplaces; while others still (like those with backgrounds in media or the
33:
84:
professionals is distinguished from other social classes by their training and education, typically business qualifications and university degrees, with occupations thought to offer influence on society that would otherwise be available only to capital owners. The professional–managerial class tend
133:
The
Ehrenreichs defined the PMC as educated professionals who historically did not work in corporate environments, such as scientists, lawyers, academics, artists, and journalists. In a 2013 follow-up, they estimated that in the 1930s, PMC occupations made up less than 1% of total U.S. employment,
606:
361:
154:
voters. Among left-wing commentators, it is typically used as a pejorative description; in 2019, Barbara
Ehrenreich expressed disapproval over using the term as an "
458:
531:
306:
551:
325:
572:
438:
335:
285:
151:
644:
556:
536:
611:
595:
485:
98:
511:
85:
to have incomes above the average for their country, with major exceptions being academia and print journalism.
654:
649:
182:
146:
By the late 2010s, the term was more broadly used in
American political discourse as a shorthand reference to
277:
77:
622:
310:
186:
459:"Barbara and John Ehrenreich: The Real Story Behind the Crash and Burn of America's Managerial Class"
210:
194:
190:
127:
178:
167:
123:
627:
618:
Radical
America #11.02 featuring The professional–managerial class by Barbara and John Ehrenreich
407:
250:
240:
118:
and was used as an analytical category in the examination of non-proletarian employees. However,
107:
41:
138:) "spiral down to the retail workforce", unable to parlay their skills into higher-income jobs.
617:
516:
434:
399:
331:
281:
225:
220:
607:
On the
Origins of the Professional–Managerial Class: An Interview with Barbara Ehrenreich at
577:
230:
119:
362:"On the Origins of the Professional-Managerial Class: An Interview with Barbara Ehrenreich"
170:
103:
427:
245:
215:
198:
638:
174:
159:
155:
93:
37:
341:
291:
147:
81:
57:
17:
271:
73:
69:
135:
65:
61:
403:
235:
32:
463:
411:
387:
76:. Conceived as "The New Class" by social scientists and critics such as
115:
111:
64:
that, by controlling production processes through occupying a superior
532:"The Jacobin Show: The Professional-Managerial Class w/ Catherine Liu"
102:, but the term "professional–managerial class" was coined in 1977 by
96:
had proposed the idea of a leading managerial class in his 1941 book
31:
425:
Ehrenreich, John; Ehrenreich, Barbara (1979). Walker, Pat (ed.).
600:
552:"Aufhebunga Bunga podcast: The Worst Class ft. Catherine Liu"
40:, with the professional-managerial class being part of the
193:
of allegiances, not only between the leisured and working
573:"The Characterless Opportunism of the Managerial Class"
457:
Ehrenreich, Barbara; Ehrenreich, John (February 2013).
307:"Hidden Technocrats: The New Class and New Capitalism"
327:
Women's higher education in comparative perspective
426:
388:"Marxist versus Revisionist Concepts of Socialism"
273:Retrieving Democracy: In Search of Civic Equality
305:Kellner, Hansfried; Heuberger, Frank W. (1994).
189:" of its members, in reference to its constant
185:had previously written of the "characterless
8:
433:(1st ed.). Boston: South End Press.
110:. The PMC hypothesis contributed to the
452:
450:
324:Gail, Kelly; Slaughter, Sheila (1990).
262:
27:Proposed social class within capitalism
512:"Virtue Hoarders: our scolding elites"
7:
571:Frost, Amber A'Lee (November 2019).
355:
353:
351:
122:consider the PMC hypothesis to be
25:
166:(2021), characterized the PMC as
486:"Professional-Managerial Chasm"
128:Marxist understanding of class
1:
596:Professional–Managerial Chasm
557:University of Minnesota Press
537:University of Minnesota Press
50:professional–managerial class
80:in the 1970s, this group of
671:
623:The PMC Is Not a New Class
581:. Vol. 3, no. 4.
429:Between Labor and Capital
99:The Managerial Revolution
278:Rowman & Littlefield
183:Hans Magnus Enzensberger
78:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
311:Transaction Publishers
270:Green, Philip (1985).
181:of the working class.
45:
645:Working-class culture
386:Horton, John (1979).
68:position, is neither
35:
150:liberals or wealthy
114:debates on class in
540:. January 27, 2021.
175:superiority complex
492:. October 10, 2019
251:Upper middle class
241:Petite bourgeoisie
108:Barbara Ehrenreich
46:
42:upper middle class
36:A bar plot of the
18:Professional class
631:. (27 April 2024)
226:Lumpenbourgeoisie
221:Labor aristocracy
211:Bildungsbürgertum
173:afflicted with a
120:orthodox Marxists
16:(Redirected from
662:
612:Dissent Magazine
583:
582:
578:American Affairs
568:
562:
561:
548:
542:
541:
528:
522:
521:
508:
502:
501:
499:
497:
482:
476:
475:
473:
471:
454:
445:
444:
432:
422:
416:
415:
383:
377:
376:
374:
372:
366:Dissent Magazine
357:
346:
345:
321:
315:
314:
302:
296:
295:
267:
231:Managerial state
199:among themselves
179:ordinary members
21:
670:
669:
665:
664:
663:
661:
660:
659:
655:1977 neologisms
650:Social concepts
635:
634:
592:
587:
586:
570:
569:
565:
550:
549:
545:
530:
529:
525:
510:
509:
505:
495:
493:
484:
483:
479:
469:
467:
456:
455:
448:
441:
424:
423:
419:
385:
384:
380:
370:
368:
359:
358:
349:
338:
323:
322:
318:
304:
303:
299:
288:
269:
268:
264:
259:
207:
177:in relation to
164:Virtue Hoarders
144:
91:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
668:
666:
658:
657:
652:
647:
637:
636:
633:
632:
620:
615:
604:
591:
590:External links
588:
585:
584:
563:
543:
523:
503:
477:
446:
439:
417:
378:
347:
336:
316:
297:
286:
261:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
248:
246:Thought leader
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
216:Creative class
213:
206:
203:
143:
140:
90:
87:
56:) refers to a
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
667:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
640:
630:
629:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:
608:
605:
603:
602:
597:
594:
593:
589:
580:
579:
574:
567:
564:
559:
558:
553:
547:
544:
539:
538:
533:
527:
524:
519:
518:
513:
507:
504:
491:
487:
481:
478:
466:
465:
460:
453:
451:
447:
442:
440:0-89608-037-4
436:
431:
430:
421:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
382:
379:
367:
363:
360:Press, Alex.
356:
354:
352:
348:
343:
339:
337:9780792308003
333:
329:
328:
320:
317:
312:
308:
301:
298:
293:
289:
287:9780847674053
283:
279:
275:
274:
266:
263:
256:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
208:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:left liberals
169:
165:
161:
160:Catherine Liu
157:
153:
149:
141:
139:
137:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
95:
94:James Burnham
88:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
38:Gilbert model
34:
30:
19:
626:
610:
601:n+1 magazine
599:
576:
566:
555:
546:
535:
526:
515:
506:
494:. Retrieved
489:
480:
468:. Retrieved
462:
428:
420:
398:(1): 34–38.
395:
391:
381:
369:. Retrieved
365:
342:Google Books
340:– via
330:. Springer.
326:
319:
300:
292:Google Books
290:– via
272:
265:
168:white-collar
163:
148:technocratic
145:
132:
97:
92:
82:middle class
58:social class
53:
49:
47:
29:
470:October 31,
187:opportunism
124:revisionism
74:bourgeoisie
70:proletarian
639:Categories
257:References
152:Democratic
136:humanities
66:management
62:capitalism
404:0193-869X
392:Synthesis
236:New class
197:but also
156:ultraleft
142:Later use
48:The term
464:AlterNet
412:43783375
205:See also
191:shifting
628:Jacobin
195:classes
158:slur".
126:of the
116:Fordism
112:Marxist
89:History
60:within
517:Spiked
496:May 3,
437:
410:
402:
371:May 3,
334:
284:
408:JSTOR
162:, in
498:2021
472:2020
435:ISBN
400:ISSN
373:2021
332:ISBN
282:ISBN
106:and
104:John
72:nor
609:at
598:at
490:n+1
54:PMC
641::
625:.
575:.
554:.
534:.
514:.
488:.
461:.
449:^
406:.
394:.
390:.
364:.
350:^
309:.
280:.
276:.
201:.
130:.
560:.
520:.
500:.
474:.
443:.
414:.
396:3
375:.
344:.
313:.
294:.
52:(
44:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
